A Testimony of Jesus Christ

Copyright © 2004-2012 by Tony Garland
Revision 2.2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 - Preface

2 - Introduction

3 - Commentary

4 - Related Topics

5 - Reference Information

Note: document sections may not always be arranged in sequential order. Where this occurs, return to the previous level within the document structure by pressing [←] to locate the next section.

1 - Preface

1.1 - Copyright

1.2 - Acknowledgments

1.3 - Special Permission

1.4 - About the Author

1.5 - Abbreviations

1.1 - Copyright

This commentary is freely available and may be distributed with the following restrictions:

Copyright © 2004 by Tony Garland.
Anyone may reproduce and distribute unmodified copies of this commentary in any media provided that this copyright notice is retained in full. Copyrighted images which appear herein by special permission may not be extracted or reproduced for use in derivative works. In preparing this commentary the writer has received help from many sources, some acknowledged and many unacknowledged. He believes the material contained herein to be a true statement of Scripture truth, and his desire is to further, not to restrict, its use. This commentary may be obtained free of charge from www.SpiritAndTruth.org.

This copyright was registered with the United States Copyright Office effective July 8, 2004.

Unless otherwise noted, Scripture is taken from the New King James Version (NKJV). Copyright © 1982 by Thomas Nelson, Inc. Used by permission. All rights reserved.

Scripture quotations designated ASV used by permission of Thomas Nelson, Inc., original publisher of the American Standard Version.

Scripture quotations designated NASB or NASB95 are from the New American Standard Bible, © the Lockman Foundation 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1995.

Scripture quotations designated NIV are from the Holy Bible, New International Version®, © 1973, 1978, 1984 by International Bible Society. Used by permission of Zondervan Publishing House. All rights reserved.

Scripture quotations designated KJV are from the King James Version of the Holy Bible.

Scripture quotations designated ESV are from The Holy Bible, English Standard Version®, copyright © 2001 by Crossway Bibles, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. Used by permission. All rights reserved.

Scripture quotations designated NET are from The NET Bible® Copyright © 2005 by Biblical Studies Press, L.L.C. www.netbible.com All rights reserved

1.3 - Special Permission

We gratefully acknowledge the following ministries and individuals who granted permission to include copyrighted materials herein.

Ariel Ministries granted permission to include diagrams from [Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003)].²

Todd Bolen of www.BiblePlaces.com granted permission to include photos of places of significance to the book of Revelation.

Because these materials are copyrighted, they may not be extracted from this commentary for use in derivative works. See the Copyright.

Notes

¹ Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003).

² Ariel Ministries, P.O. Box 3723, Tustin, CA 92781. www.Ariel.org.

5.7 - Bibliography

Works which are particularly recommended for further study of the Book of Revelation are emphasized.

Aland, Kurt and Bruce M. Metzger. The Greek New Testament. Stuttgart, Germany: German Bible Society. 1983. 3 references.

Aldrich, Roy L. “Anglo-Israelism Refuted.” In Bibliotheca Sacra, vol. 93 no. 369 (Dallas, TX: Dallas Theological Seminary, January-March 1936), 41-63. 7 references.

Ali, Abdullah Yusuf. The Meaning of the Holy Qur’an. Beltsville, MD: Amana Publications. 2001. 3 references.

Anderson, R. T. “Samaritans.” In Geoffrey W. Bromiley, ed., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979, 1915), 4:303-308. 1 reference.

Anderson, Robert. The Coming Prince. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications. 1957. 2 references.

Arthur, Kay. How To Study Your Bible. Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers. 1994. 1 reference.

Ausubel, Nathan. The Book of Jewish Knowledge. New York, NY: Crown Publishers. 1964. 2 references.

Baly, D. “Jezreel, Valley Of.” In Geoffrey W. Bromiley, ed., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979, 1915), 2:1060. 2 references.

Barnavi, Eli. A Historical Atlas of the Jewish People. New York, NY: Schocken Books. 1992. 2 references.

Barnhouse, Donald Grey. Revelation. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House. 1971. 95 references.

Barns, Albert. Notes on the Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House. 1884-85. 1 reference.

Baron, David. Zechariah: A Commentary On His Visions And Prophecies. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications. 1918. 13 references.

Barrick, William D. “Review of ‘The Book of Revelation’ by Hindson.” In Richard L. Mayhue, ed., The Master’s Seminary Journal, vol. 13 no. 2 (Sun Valley, CA: The Master’s Seminary, Fall 2002), 284-286. 1 reference.

Beale, Gregory K. The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.. 1999. 48 references.

Beckwith, Isbon T. The Apocalypse of John. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers. 2001. 34 references.

Beere, Moshe. “Judaism (Babylonian Judaism).” In David Noel Freeman, ed., The Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York, NY: Doubleday, 1996, c1992), 3:1076-1083. 1 reference.

Birnbaum, Philip. Encyclopedia of Jewish Concepts. New York, NY: Hebrew Publishing Company. 1995. 2 references.

Boettner, Loraine. The Reformed Doctrine of Predestination. Phillipsburg, NJ: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company. 1932. 3 references.

Borchert, G. L. “Ephesus.” In Geoffrey W. Bromiley, ed., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979, 1915), 2:115-117. 3 references.

Bray, Gerald L. “Athanasius: A Pillar of Orthodoxy.” In John D. Woodbridge, ed., Great Leaders of the Christian Church (Chicago, IL: Houghton Mifflin, 1993), 63-68. 1 reference.

Bray, Gerald L. “Tertullian and Western Theology.” In John D. Woodbridge, ed., Great Leaders of the Christian Church (Chicago, IL: Houghton Mifflin, 1993), 49-54. 2 references.

Bromiley, Geoffrey W. “Diadem.” In Geoffrey W. Bromiley, ed., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979, 1915), 941. 1 reference.

Bromiley, Geoffrey W., ed. International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.. 1979, 1915. 28 references.

Brown, R. E., J. A. Fitzmyer, and R. E. Murphy. The Jerome Biblical Commentary. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 1996, c1968. 1 reference.

Brown, Raymond Edward, Joseph A. Fitzmyer, and Roland Edmund Murphy, eds. The Jerome Biblical Commentary. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 1996, c1968. 1 reference.

Bruce, F. F. “Paul the Apostle.” In Geoffrey W. Bromiley, ed., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979, 1915), 3:696-720. 1 reference.

Bruce, F. F. The Canon of Scripture. Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity Press. 1988. 1 reference.

Bullinger, E. W. Commentary On Revelation. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications. 1984, 1935. 100 references.

Bullinger, E. W. Number in Scripture: Its Supernatural Design and Spiritual Significance. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications. 1967. 7 references.

Butler, Trent C., Chad Brand, Charles Draper, and Archie England, eds. Broadman and Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Nashville, TN: Broadman and Holman Publishers. 2003. 7 references.

Caner, Ergun Mehmet and Emir Fethi Caner. Unveiling Islam. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications. 2002. 1 reference.

Chafer, Lewis Sperry. Major Bible Themes. rev. ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House. 1974. 2 references.

Chafer, Lewis Sperry. Systematic Theology. Dallas, TX: Dallas Theological Seminary. 1976. 2 references.

Charlesworth, James H. “Lost Tribes, The.” In David Noel Freeman, ed., The Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York, NY: Doubleday, 1996, c1992), 4:372. 1 reference.

Charlesworth, James H. The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha - Vol. 1. New York, NY: Doubleday. 1983. 1 reference.

Chestnut, Glen F. “Eusebius of Caesarea.” In David Noel Freeman, ed., The Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York, NY: Doubleday, 1996, c1992), 2:673-676. 1 reference.

Chilton, David. The Days of Vengeance. Tyler, TX: Dominion Press. 1987. 18 references.

Chisholm, Robert B. “Joel.” In John F. Walvoord and Roy B. Zuck, eds., The Bible Knowledge Commentary (Wheaton, IL: SP Publications, 1983), 1:1409-1424. 1 reference.

Clark, Gordon H. Logical Criticisms of Textual Criticism. Jefferson, MD: The Trinity Foundation. 1990. 1 reference.

Collins, Adela Yarbro. “Book of Revelation.” In David Noel Freeman, ed., The Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York, NY: Doubleday, 1996, c1992), 5:693-707. 7 references.

Combs, James O. Rainbows From Revelation. Springfield, MO: Tribune Publishers. 1994. 1 reference.

Conn, H M. “Missions, Evangelical Foreign.” In Daniel G. Reid, Robert Dean Linder, Bruce L. Shelly, and Harry S. Stout, eds., Dictionary of Christianity in America (Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity, 1997, c1990). 1 reference.

Constable, Thomas L. “2 Thessalonians.” In John F. Walvoord and Roy B. Zuck, eds., The Bible Knowledge Commentary (Wheaton, IL: SP Publications, 1983), 2:713-725. 1 reference.

Couch, Mal, ed. A Bible Handbook to Revelation. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications. 2001. 52 references.

Couch, Mal, ed. A Bible Handbook to the Acts of the Apostles. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications. 1999. 1 reference.

Couch, Mal. “Angelology in the Book of Revelation.” In Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 150-171. 1 reference.

Couch, Mal. “Bibliology in the Book of Revelation.” In Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 81-91. 1 reference.

Couch, Mal. Classical Evangelical Hermeneutics. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications. 10 references.

Couch, Mal, ed. Dictionary of Premillennial Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications. 1996. 24 references.

Couch, Mal. “Ecclesiology in the Book of Revelation.” In Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 122-130. 4 references.

Couch, Mal. “How Has Revelation Been Viewed Interpretively?.” In Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 36-44. 2 references.

Couch, Mal. “Interpreting the Book of Revelation.” In Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 45-68. 6 references.

Couch, Mal. Introductory Thoughts on Revelation. Ft. Worth, TX: Tyndale Theological Seminary. n.d. 1 reference.

Couch, Mal. “Israelology in the Book of Revelation.” In Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 172-186. 1 reference.

Couch, Mal. “Soteriology in the Book of Revelation.” In Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 163-171. 3 references.

Couch, Mal. “The Literary Structure of Revelation.” In Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 69-80. 3 references.

Couch, Mal. “The War Over Words.” In Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 283-305. 2 references.

Couch, Mal. “Why is Revelation Important?.” In Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 15-21. 4 references.

Criswell, W. A. and Paige Patterson, eds. The Holy Bible: Baptist Study Edition. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers. 1991. 9 references.

Croly, George. The Apocalypse of St. John. London, England: C. & J. Rivington. 1827. 1 reference.

Crutchfield, Larry V. “Millennial Views of the Church Fathers.” In Mal Couch, ed., Dictionary of Premillennial Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1996), 255-258. 2 references.

Crutchfield, Larry V. “Millennial Year-Day Tradition.” In Mal Couch, ed., Dictionary of Premillennial Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1996), 265-266. 1 reference.

Crutchfield, Larry V. “Revelation in the New Testament.” In Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 22-35. 15 references.

Cuffey, Kenneth H. “Gog.” In David Noel Freeman, ed., The Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York, NY: Doubleday, 1996, c1992), 2:1056. 1 reference.

Dana, Tommie P. and Julius R. Mantey. A Manual Grammar of the Greek New Testament. Toronto, Ontario: The Macmillan Company. 1955. 1 reference.

Danker, Frederick William and Walter Bauer. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 2000. 120 references.

DeMar, Gary. Last Days Madness. Atlanta, GA: American Vision. 1994. 1 reference.

DeMoss, Matthew. Pocket Dictionary for the Study of New Testament Greek. Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity Press. 2001. 1 reference.

Diprose, Ronald E. Israel and the Church: The Origin and Effects of Replacement Theology. Rome, Italy: Istituto Biblico Evangelico Italiano. 2000. 1 reference.

Dotan, Aron. Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers. 2001. 2 references.

Dowley, Tim, ed. Introduction to the History of Christianity. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press. 1977. 1 reference.

Dowley, Tim, ed. The History of Christianity. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press. 1995. 1 reference.

Edersheim, Alfred. Bible History, Old Testament. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers. 1995. 2 references.

Edersheim, Alfred. The Life and Times of Jesus The Messiah. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers. 1993. 2 references.

Edersheim, Alfred. The Temple: Its Ministry and Services. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers. 1994. 3 references.

Editors. “Worldwide Church of God.” In Daniel G. Reid, Robert Dean Linder, Bruce L. Shelly, and Harry S. Stout, eds., Dictionary of Christianity in America (Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity, 1997, c1990). 1 reference.

Elliger, K. and Rudolph. Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. Stuttgart, Germany: German Bible Society. 1977. 2 references.

Elwell, Walter A., ed. The Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House. 1984. 1 reference.

Enns, Paul. The Moody Handbook of Theology. Chicago, IL: Moody Press. 1989. 1 reference.

Essex, Keith H. “The Rapture and the Book of Revelation.” In Richard L. Mayhue, ed., The Master’s Seminary Journal, vol. 13 no. 1 (Sun Valley, CA: The Master’s Seminary, Spring 2002), 215-240. 2 references.

Estep, William R. Renaissance and Reformation. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdman’s Publishing Company. 1986. 1 reference.

Falwell, Jerry, Edward D. Hindson, and Michael Woodrow Kroll, eds. KJV Bible Commentary. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson. 1997, c1994. 4 references.

Fausset, A. R. “The Revelation of St. John the Divine.” In Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997, 1877). 75 references.

Feinberg, Charles. Premillennialism or Amillennialism. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House. 1936. 2 references.

Feinberg, Charles. The Prophecy of Ezekiel: The Glory of the Lord. Chicago, IL: Moody Press. 1969. 3 references.

Feinberg, John S., ed. Continuity And Discontinuity. Westchester, IL: Crossway Books. 1988. 5 references.

Feinberg, Paul D. “Bible, Inerrancy and Infallibility of.” In Walter A. Elwell, ed., The Evangelical Dictionary of Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1984), 141-145. 1 reference.

Feinberg, Paul D. “Hermeneutics of Discontinuity.” In John S. Feinberg, ed., Continuity And Discontinuity (Westchester, IL: Crossway Books, 1988), 109-130. 1 reference.

Ferguson, Everett. “Irenaeus: Adversary of the Gnostics.” In John D. Woodbridge, ed., Great Leaders of the Christian Church (Chicago, IL: Houghton Mifflin, 1993), 43-47. 2 references.

Foos, Harold D. “Christology in the Book of Revelation.” In Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 104-113. 5 references.

Fortune, A. W. “Babylon in the NT.” In Geoffrey W. Bromiley, ed., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979, 1915), 1:391. 3 references.

Franz, Gordon. “Was ‘Babylon’ Destroyed when Jerusalem Fell in A.D. 70?.” In Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 221-236. 4 references.

Freeman, David Noel, ed. The Anchor Bible Dictionary. New York, NY: Doubleday. 1996, c1992. 16 references.

Friberg, Timothy, Barbara Friberg, and Neva F. Miller. Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books. 2000. 68 references.

Fruchtenbaum, Arnold G. A Review of the Pre-Wrath Rapture of the Church. Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries. n.d. 3 references.

Fruchtenbaum, Arnold G. Israelology: The Missing Link in Systematic Theology. Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries. 1989. 1 reference.

Fruchtenbaum, Arnold G. Messianic Christology. Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries. 1998. 4 references.

Fruchtenbaum, Arnold G. The Footsteps of Messiah. rev ed. Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries. 2003. 137 references.

Fruchtenbaum, Arnold. “The Day of the Lord.” In Mal Couch, ed., Dictionary of Premillennial Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1996), 87-88. 1 reference.

Fruchtenbaum, Arnold. “The Little Apocalypse of Zechariah.” In Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 251-282. 1 reference.

Gaebelein, Arno C. The Revelation. Neptune, NJ: Loizeaux Brothers. 1961. 8 references.

Garland, Tony. “Does Dispensationalism Teach Two Ways of Salvation?.” In The Conservative Theological Journal, vol. 7 no. 20 (Fort Worth, TX: Tyndale Theological Seminary, March 2003), 40-63, [http://www.spiritandtruth.org/id/article.htm#4]. 3 references.

Garland, Tony. “Revelation 1:7 - Past or Future?.” n.p. 2004 In The Conservative Theological Journal, vol. 9 no. 27 (Fort Worth, TX: Tyndale Theological Seminary, August 2005), 210-224, [http://www.spiritandtruth.org/id/article.htm#17]. 1 reference.

Geisler, Norman L. and William E. Nix. A General Introduction to the Bible. Chicago, IL: Moody Press. 1986. 12 references.

Geisler, Norman L. and Abdul Saleeb. Answering Islam. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books. 1993. 3 references.

Geisler, Norman L., ed. Inerrancy. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House. 1980. 2 references.

Gentry, Kenneth L. Before Jerusalem Fell: Dating the Book of Revelation. Atlanta, GA: American Vision. 1998. 5 references.

Gentry, Kenneth L. and Thomas Ice. The Great Tribulation: Past or Future?. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications. 1999. 3 references.

Gesenius, Wilhelm and Samuel Prideaux Tregelles. Gesenius’ Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures. Bellingham, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc.. 2003, 1810-1812. 1 reference.

Gilbert, Martin. The Illustrated Atlas of Jewish Civilization. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Company. 1990. 3 references.

Green, Jay P. and Maurice A. Robinson. A Concise Lexicon to the Biblical Languages. Lafayette, IN: Sovereign Grace Publishers, Inc.. 1987. 2 references.

Green, Jay P. The Literal Translation of the Holy Bible. Lafayette, IN: Sovereign Grace Publishers, Inc.. 2001. 1 reference.

Gregg, Steve. Revelation Four Views: A Parallel Commentary. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson. 1997. 16 references.

Gromacki, Robert G. “Twenty Four Elders of Revelation.” In Mal Couch, ed., Dictionary of Premillennial Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1996), 377-378. 1 reference.

Harless, Hal. “666: The Beast and His Mark in Revelation 13.” In The Conservative Theological Journal, vol. 7 no. 22 (Fort Worth, TX: Tyndale Theological Seminary, December 2003), 334-362. 6 references.

Harrington, C. E. and W. S. Lasor. “Euphrates.” In Geoffrey W. Bromiley, ed., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979, 1915), 2:202-204. 1 reference.

Harris, Robert Laird, Gleason Leonard Archer, and Bruce K. Waltke. Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament. Chicago, IL: Moody Press. 1999, c1980. 3 references.

Hart, Ulrich and HÜbner. “Bozrah in Edom.” In David Noel Freeman, ed., The Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York, NY: Doubleday, 1996, c1992), 1:774-775. 1 reference.

Hemer, Colin J. The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. 1989. 53 references.

Henry, Matthew. Matthew Henry’s Commentary on the Whole Bible : Complete and Unabridged in One Volume. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson. 1996, c1991. 2 references.

Hindson, Edward. “Battle of Armageddon.” In Mal Couch, ed., Dictionary of Premillennial Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1996), 56-57. 1 reference.

Hindson, Edward. Revelation: Unlocking the Future. Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers. 2002. 12 references.

Hitchcock, Mark. “The Stake in the Heart—The A.D. 95 Date of Revelation.” In Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 123-150. 15 references.

Hodges, Zane C. and Arthur L. Farstad. The Greek New Testament According To The Majority Text. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishing. 1985. 6 references.

Hoehner, Harold. Chronological Aspects of the Life of Christ. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. 1977. 3 references.

Huckel, Tom. The Rabbinic Messiah. Philadelphia, PA: Hananeel House. 1998. 2 references.

Hullinger, Jerry M. “The Problem of Animal sacrifices in Ezekiel 40-48.” In Bibliotheca Sacra, vol. 152 no. 607 (Dallas, TX: Dallas Theological Seminary, July-Sep 1995), 279-289. 2 references.

Ice, Thomas. “Harold L. Lindsey.” In Mal Couch, ed., Dictionary of Premillennial Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1996), 242-243. 1 reference.

Ice, Thomas. “Has Bible Prophecy Already Been Fulfilled?.” In The Conservative Theological Journal, vol. 4 no. 13 (Fort Worth, TX: Tyndale Theological Seminary, December 2000), 291-327. 1 reference.

Ice, Thomas. “Hermeneutics and Bible Prophecy.” In Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 67-82. 1 reference.

Ice, Thomas. “Postmillennialism.” In Mal Couch, ed., Dictionary of Premillennial Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1996), 307-310. 1 reference.

Ice, Thomas, ed. Pre-Trib Perspectives. Dallas, TX: Pre-Trib Research Center. January 2003, [www.pre-trib.org]. 1 reference.

Ice, Thomas, ed. Pre-Trib Perspectives. vol. 7 no. 11. Dallas, TX: Pre-Trib Research Center. March 2003, [www.pre-trib.org]. 1 reference.

Ice, Thomas, ed. Pre-Trib Perspectives. vol. 8 no. 1. Dallas, TX: Pre-Trib Research Center. May 2003, [www.pre-trib.org]. 1 reference.

Ice, Thomas, ed. Pre-Trib Perspectives. vol. 8 no. 8. Dallas, TX: Pre-Trib Research Center. November/December 2003, [www.pre-trib.org]. 1 reference.

Ice, Thomas, ed. Pre-Trib Perspectives. vol. 8 no. 10. Dallas, TX: Pre-Trib Research Center. February 2004, [www.pre-trib.org]. 2 references.

Ice, Thomas, ed. Pre-Trib Perspectives. vol. 8 no. 23. Dallas, TX: Pre-Trib Research Center. May 2005, [www.pre-trib.org]. 1 reference.

Ice, Thomas. “Preterist ‘Time Texts’.” In Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 83-108. 5 references.

Ice, Thomas and Randall Price. Ready to Rebuild. Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers. 1992. 4 references.

Ice, Thomas. “Some Practical Dangers of Preterism.” In Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 419-430. 4 references.

Ice, Thomas. “The 70 Weeks of Daniel.” In Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 307-353. 1 reference.

Ice, Thomas. “The Great Tribulation is Future.” In Kenneth L. Gentry and Thomas Ice, The Great Tribulation: Past or Future? (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1999). 1 reference.

Ice, Thomas. “The History of Preterism.” In Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 37-66. 2 references.

Ice, Thomas. “The Olivet Discourse.” In Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 151-200. 2 references.

Ice, Thomas and Timothy J. Demy. The Return. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications. 1999. 5 references.

Ice, Thomas. “What Is Preterism?.” In Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 17-35. 7 references.

Ice, Thomas and Timothy J. Demy. When the Trumpet Sounds. Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers. 1995. 2 references.

Ice. “An Interpretation of Matthew 24-25—Part XIII.” In Thomas Ice, ed., Pre-Trib Perspectives, vol. 8 no. 1 (Dallas, TX: Pre-Trib Research Center, May 2003), [www.pre-trib.org/article-view.php?id=90]. 1 reference.

Ice. “Babylon in Bible Prophecy.” In Thomas Ice, ed., Pre-Trib Perspectives, vol. 7 no. 11 (Dallas, TX: Pre-Trib Research Center, March 2003). 1 reference.

Ice. “The Death and Resurrection of the Beast, Part 2.” In Thomas Ice, ed., Pre-Trib Perspectives, vol. 8 no. 23 (Dallas, TX: Pre-Trib Research Center, May 2005), [www.pre-trib.org]. 1 reference.

Jamieson, Robert, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown. A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments. Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc.. 1997, 1877. 75 references.

Johnson, Alan F. Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House. 1966. 56 references.

Jones, Floyd Nolen. Chronology of the Old Testament. Woodlands, TX: KingsWord Press. 1999. 1 reference.

Josephus, Flavius. The Complete Works of Josephus. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications. 1981. 7 references.

Kac, Arthur W. The Messiahship of Jesus. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House. 1980. 1 reference.

Keil, Carl Friedrich and Franz Delitzsch. Commentary on the Old Testament. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson. 2002. 15 references.

Kik, J. Marcellus. Revelation Twenty: An Exposition. Philadelphia, PA: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company. 1955. 5 references.

Kittel, Gerhard, Geoffrey William Bromily, and Gerhard Friedrich, eds. Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. 1964-c1976. 1 reference.

Koehler, Ludwig, Walter Baumgartner, M. Richardson, and Johann Stamm. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. New York, NY: E. J. Brill. 1999, c1994-1996. 1 reference.

LaHaye, Tim and Thomas Ice. Charting the End Times. Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers. 2001. 4 references.

LaHaye, Tim. Revelation Unveiled. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House. 1999. 2 references.

LaHaye, Tim and Thomas Ice, eds. The End Times Controversy. Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers. 2003. 65 references.

LaHaye, Tim. The Rapture. Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers. 2002. 1 reference.

LaHaye. “A Literal Millennium as Taught in Scripture, Part 2.” In Thomas Ice, ed., Pre-Trib Perspectives, vol. 8 no. 8 (Dallas, TX: Pre-Trib Research Center, November/December 2003). 1 reference.

LaHaye. “A Literal Millennium as Taught in Scripture, Part 4.” In Thomas Ice, ed., Pre-Trib Perspectives, vol. 8 no. 10 (Dallas, TX: Pre-Trib Research Center, February 2004). 2 references.

LaHaye. “Newsletter.” In Thomas Ice, ed., Pre-Trib Perspectives (Dallas, TX: Pre-Trib Research Center, January 2003). 1 reference.

Ladd, G. E. “Revelation, Book of.” In Geoffrey W. Bromiley, ed., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979, 1915), 4:172-177. 3 references.

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The Conservative Theological Journal. vol. 9 no. 27. Fort Worth, TX: Tyndale Theological Seminary. August 2005. 1 reference.

1.2 - Acknowledgments

First and foremost, I thank my Lord and Savior Jesus Christ Who opened my eyes to the truth and sustained me during this project. May this work, in some small way, bring You glory. I also am grateful for my wife, Deb. For 13 years she lived with an unbelieving husband while petitioning God on my behalf. Her faithful support and encouragement made this work possible. She also spent many hours proofreading the commentary and providing detailed suggestions.

Beryl Cahoon provided invaluable assistance spending many hours proofreading the commentary and the associated slide shows. Steve Lewis reviewed an early draft of the introduction, provided numerous corrections to the associated slide shows, and provided much-appreciated encouragement when the work seemed overwhelming. Even though I have had considerable help in finding and correcting errors, whatever errors remain are my responsibility.

Dr. Mal Couch of Tyndale Theological Seminary first suggested the project of producing a detailed course on the Book of Revelation. Preparation for teaching that course eventually led to the production of this commentary. I am also indebted to Dr. Couch and the instructors at Tyndale Seminary for an affordable education in Systematic Theology and Biblical languages.

Igor Stelmachenko provided website support so the commentary and associated slide shows could be published for internet use. Mike McCorkle and Hugh and Celia Johnston showed great patience living next door to a recluse for an extended period.

Brandon Staggs’ excellent SwordSearcher Bible Study Program greatly facilitated access to my notes while making it possible to efficiently incorporate Scripture information into the commentary. The magnitude of my task was greatly reduced by his excellent program. I also relied heavily upon Libronix Bible Software for work in the original Greek and for access to an extensive set of digital study resources.

Connecticut College’s Wetmore Print Collection¹ provided non-copyrighted images of Albrecht Durer’s famous woodcuts.²

Several individuals and ministries granted permission for their copyrighted materials to appear within this commentary. See Special Permission.

The developers of the Python Programming Language are to be thanked for an extremely productive scripting language. Without the Python language, converting the marked-up original text into an extensively cross-referenced, formatted, final version would have been much more difficult. Python was also used to automatically generate the topic and Scripture indexes.

I am especially indebted to the many men of God who journeyed through the book of Revelation ahead of me and took the time and effort to leave a path of “breadcrumbs” for those who would follow later. Their down-to-earth, literal interpretation of the book of Revelation blows as a fresh breeze in the midst of an ocean of allegory and symbolic conjecture. Many of these men have already gone on to glory: Barnhouse,³ Bullinger,⁴ Larkin,⁵ McClain,⁶ Morris,⁷ Newell,⁸ Scott,⁹ Seiss,¹⁰ Trench,¹¹ and Walvoord.¹² Others are still with us: Fruchtenbaum,¹³ MacArthur,¹⁴ Pentecost,¹⁵ and Thomas.¹⁶ How much poorer we would be without their stewardship of the torch of literal, grammatical-historical interpretation so that we might “keep the words of the prophecy of this book” (Rev. 1:3+; 22:7+)!

Notes

¹ See www.conncoll.edu/visual/wetmore.html.

² See www.conncoll.edu/visual/Durer-prints/index.html.

³ Donald Grey Barnhouse, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1971).

⁴ E. W. Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1984, 1935).

⁵ Clarence Larkin, The Book of Revelation (Glenside, PA: Rev. Clarence Larkin Estate, 1919).

⁶ Alva J. McClain, The Greatness Of The Kingdom (Winona Lake, IN: BMH Books, 1959).

⁷ Henry Morris, The Revelation Record (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1983).

⁸ William R. Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1994,c1935).

⁹ Walter Scott, Exposition of The Revelation (London, England: Pickering & Inglis, n.d.).

¹⁰ J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966).

¹¹ Richard Chenevix Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1861).

¹² John F. Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1966).

¹³ Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003).

¹⁴ [John MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1999)], [John MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 2000)].

¹⁵ J. Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1958).

¹⁶ [Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 1-7 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1992)] and [Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 8-22 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1995)].

3.1 - Revelation 1

3.1.1 - Revelation 1:1 Open Bible at Rev. 1:1 Listen to Rev. 1:1

Up to this point, we have spent considerable time discussing background information in order to better prepare the reader for the verse-by-verse exposition to follow. Having read the background material, the reader should now be equipped to understand the principles behind the method of our exposition and the liabilities we believe attend competing views.

Moving forward, we will place greater emphasis upon exposition than refuting alternate views, although we will continue to make mention of them at key places in the text.¹

See the Introduction for a discussion of various background topics related to the book of Revelation.

The Revelation

The first word of this book, Ἀποκάλυψις [Apokalypsis] , should be kept in mind by the reader throughout the book. For it is God’s intention to reveal rather than conceal:

In the New Testament, apokalypsis always has the majestic sense of God’s unveiling of himself to his creatures, an unveiling that we call by its Latin name revelation. . . . It depicts the progressive and immediate unveiling of the otherwise unknown and unknowable God to his church throughout the ages.²

The clearness and lucidity (perspicuity) of the Scriptures is their consistent theme (Deu. 29:29; Pr. 13:13; Isa. 5:24; Isa. 45:19; Mat. 11:25; Mat. 24:15; Luke 10:21, 26; 24:25; 2Ti. 3:16; 2Pe. 1:19). Yet if Scripture is meant to be understood, why do we have such a difficult time understanding it, and especially this book? Our problem is not so much the difficulty of understanding, but our own idolatry and rebellion. We are unwilling to study to know God and to submit in obedience to that which may be known. We are more interested in other pursuits than in seeking God through His revealed words of life (John 6:63, 68). As is often the case where Scripture is concerned, our inability to understand is more a reflection of our lack of zeal than the difficulty which attends the interpretation of God’s Word. When the average person in our country spends multiple hours in front of a television set daily, but “just can’t find the time” to read God’s Word, the issue is not one of time management, but idolatry.

When we come to this last book of Scripture, our lack of preparation is evidenced all the more because what God intends as revelation, we see as mystery. Yet Paul holds that revelation is the antithesis of mystery (Rom. 16:25). This book is not intended to be a veiled document full of mysterious symbols, but an unveiling and clarification of things which have heretofore not been revealed by God.³ In order to grasp the meaning of this revelation, we need a foundation in the rest of Scriptures, and especially the Old Testament. (See The Importance of the Old Testament.)

There are several reasons why we believe that this book is not intended to be enigmatic. First, we believe that a chief purpose of God was the creation of language to communicate with man. If this is so, then the intellect of man and the clarity of language must be sufficient for this task:

If God is the originator of language and if the chief purpose of originating it was to convey His message to humanity, then it must follow that He, being all-wise and all-loving, originated sufficient language to convey all that was in His heart to tell mankind. Furthermore, it must also follow that He would use language and expect people to understand it in its literal, normal, and plain sense.⁴

Second, we have the pattern established by the rest of Scripture. “It is unthinkable to believe that God would speak with precision and clarity from Genesis to Jude, and then when it comes to the end abandon all precision and clarity.”⁵ It is not God’s intention to train us how to read and understand 65 books of the Bible and then “throw us a curve” in the 66th book by expecting that we adopt an entirely different approach. (See the discussion regarding The Art and Science of Interpretation.)

So it is our duty here to make sense of this book, based upon what related passages reveal concerning its central themes, while reading the text in the same way as the rest of Scripture.

of Jesus Christ

The central question surrounding this phrase is whether Jesus Christ is the source of the revelation (subjective genitive) or being described by the revelation (objective genitive).

Elsewhere, a very similar Greek phrase ἀποκαλύψεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ [apokalypseōs Iēsou Christou] is used by Paul: “For I neither received it from man, nor was I taught it, but it came through the revelation of Jesus Christ” (Gal. 1:12).⁶ It would seem that in Galatians the genitive Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ [Iēsou Christou] is subjective rather than objective, for Paul is discussing the source of his revelatory knowledge. It did not come through man, nor was it taught, but it came through the revelation of Jesus. Jesus was the source of Paul’s revelation, not man.

In favor of the objective genitive (Jesus as the object being revealed), is the oft-expressed longing of the NT writers for His appearing (1Cor. 1:7; 2Th. 1:7; 1Pe. 1:7). In these passages, the appearing of Jesus is referred to as the “revelation of Jesus Christ.” Apart from the glimpses provided within this book and elsewhere in the NT, the true character and glory of Christ is yet hidden. When He appears, His glory will no longer be veiled and all men everywhere will understand that He is God.⁷

If “context is king” in interpretation, then the next phrase would indicate we are to take this as the subjective genitive: “which God gave Him to show His servants.”⁸ The emphasis here is on Jesus Christ as the source of the revelation being given to John.

Wallace suggests the possibility that this is a plenary genitive indicating the revelation is both from Christ and about Christ.⁹ However, as Thomas has observed, such an understanding violates the basic interpretive principle that the original author had only one intended meaning.¹⁰

The context favors the subjective genitive (the revelation is from Jesus Christ), but we should be aware that throughout Scripture, Jesus is involved with revelation in at least three ways:

He is the source of revelation (Gal. 1:12; 1Pe. 1:11; Rev. 1:1+).

He is the object of revelation (Luke 24:44; 1Cor. 1:7; 2Th. 1:7; 1Pe. 1:7; Rev. 1:11-18+; 5:6-10+; 19:11-16+). “Many fail to see the centrality of Jesus Christ in this volume. . . . [Some] become preoccupied with the identification of events and persons other than our Lord. Many seem to be more interested in the Antichrist than in Jesus Christ.”¹¹

His incarnation is the revelation of God to man (Isa. 9:1-2; John 1:14, 18; 12:45; 14:8-9; Col. 1:15; 2:9; Heb. 1:2; 1Jn. 1:2).

Paul makes plain that the revelation he received was not the result of teaching he received from men. In other words, biblical revelation is not by human insight or instruction. It is the unveiling of that which was previously unknown and would forever remain unknown if God had not graciously granted us His self-disclosure. This is why the natural world can never be classified as the 67th book of the Bible, for the “revelation” it provides is not biblical revelation. It is subject to the finding out of man and the manner in which it is discerned is subject to the flawed interpretations and theories of fallen men. This alone tells us why Genesis takes precedence over the speculative investigation of prehistory by modern science. Scriptural revelation, the direct revelation of God, has no equal.

It is for these very reasons that biblical revelation is always initiated by God and never by man. It was the Lord who opened Hagar’s eyes so that she saw water nearby (Gen. 21:19). It was the Lord who revealed the Angel of the Lord blocking Balaam’s way (Num. 22:31). The Lord opened the eyes of Elisha’s servant so that he might see the angelic host (2K. 6:17). Moses would have remained a man unknown to history if the Lord had not made His ways known to him (Ps. 103:7). Peter’s declaration of Jesus as “the Christ” would not have occurred without the direct revelation of the Father (Mat. 16:17). The disciples on the road to Emmaus would not have understood Christ in the Scriptures apart from the initiative of God (Luke 24:45). This too is the foundation of prophecy—the revealing of that which is yet future and which no man could ever plumb (Isa. 48:5-8). Hence, it is the unique signature of God alone. This revelation of God is a key ministry of the Holy Spirit Whom Jesus said would “take of what is Mine and declare it to you” (John 16:14).

Biblical revelation is not confined to the head, but spans the 18 inches of wilderness from the head to the heart. It results not in a cold apprehension of facts, but in a response of faith which births the soul into newness of life. It was the Lord Who opened Lydia’s heart “to heed the things spoken by Paul” (Acts 16:14) resulting in the first believer in Thyatira, destined to become the site of a thriving Church addressed directly by our Lord in this book (Rev. 2:18+). The mind of the unbeliever remains without revelation, blinded to the things of God. The veil over his mind is unresponsive to the efforts of man (John 1:13), but is “taken away in Christ” (2Cor. 3:14). No one can know the Father except those to whom “the Son wills to reveal Him” (Luke 10:22).

Here we come away with a foundational theme of Scripture: man is wholly dependent upon God. Without God, man has no hope. It is only by God’s gracious revelation that light enters into our depraved darkness. John could write none of the Revelation if it were not for God’s initiative totally apart from John. This fact alone renders many of the discussions concerning “John’s motive for writing” null and void.

which God gave Him

Some have taken this as an indication that Jesus did not know the content of the Revelation which was provided by the Father. When Jesus came in the incarnation, He “made Himself of no reputation, taking the form of a bondservant, and coming in the likeness of men” (Php. 2:7). Between His birth of the virgin Mary and His ascension to the Father, Jesus exhibited traits of His humanity. As a child, He grew in stature and wisdom (Luke 2:40, 52). He learned by the things that He suffered (Heb. 5:8), and when speaking to His disciples concerning His Second Coming, He admitted of limitations to His earthly knowledge: “But of that Day and hour no one knows, not even the angels in heaven, nor the Son, but only the Father.” [emphasis added] (Mark 13:32).

Yet these characteristics of His humanity were recorded prior to His ascension and glorification (John 16:14; 17:5). It seems unlikely that Jesus, the very Source of “the Spirit of Christ” who “testified beforehand the sufferings of Christ, and the glories that would follow” (1Pe. 1:11) and the Agent of what is revealed to John (Rev. 1:10+), would lack the information related in this book. It seems best to understand the revelation as a gift from the Father which recognizes the role distinctions within the Trinity (John 5:20; 1Cor. 15:28).

The members of the Trinity are co-equal, yet occupy different roles within the plan and purposes of God. Here, the Father gives revelation to the Son. To the unfamiliar reader, this might seem to imply an inferior position of Jesus in relation to the Father. Not so. Within the Trinity there is a beautiful harmony of perfect cooperation to affect God’s purpose. The submission of the Son to the Father is that of a perfect voluntary servanthood (Isa. 49:6; 50:10; 52:13; 53:11; Mat. 12:18; John 5:19). It is by this motivation that Jesus delivers His kingdom to God the Father (1Cor. 15:24-28). It was the love of Jesus both for mankind and to fulfill the will of the Father which caused him to make “Himself of no reputation, taking the form of a bondservant, and coming in the likeness of men” (Php. 2:7). This is to be the model of those who follow Him. We submit not because it is required, but out of obedience to His Word and a desire to follow His example.¹²

to show His servants

The Revelation is not just for John, nor just for the Seven Churches of Asia, but for all saints of all ages. “Here, then, in the Prologue are five links in the chain of authorship: God, Christ, his angel, his servant John, and those servants to whom John addressed his book [the seven churches and the saints of all ages].”¹³

The revelation is to be shown to His servants (literally, ‘slaves’). These are they who hear His voice (John 10:3, 16, 27; Acts 22:14; Heb. 3:7, 15; 4:7) and respond in faith. Those who lack faith in the Son are unable to comprehend what is shown here:

This is why unbelievers find the book of Revelation incomprehensible; it was not intended for them. It was given by the Father to the Son to show to those who willingly serve Him. Those who refuse to acknowledge Jesus Christ as Lord cannot expect to comprehend this book. “A natural man,” explains Paul, “does not accept the things of the Spirit of God, for they are foolishness to him; and he cannot understand them, because they are spiritually appraised” (1Cor. 2:14).¹⁴

For more on the spiritual conditions necessary for an understanding of this book and the Scriptures in general, see Hiding or Revealing?.

must

The things which God has prophesied are guaranteed to transpire (Dan. 2:29, 45; Mat. 24:6; 26:54; Mark 13:7; Luke 21:9) for “Scripture cannot be broken” (John 10:35). The things which transpire here are not without Scriptural foundation and this is the very reason they must take place. See Related Passages and Themes.

shortly take place

Shortly is ἐν τάχει [en tachei] . Considerable discussion attends the meaning of this phrase. Three alternatives are before us:

The phrase requires all of the events set forth in the book to have transpired within the lifetimes of John’s initial readers (the preterist interpretation).

The phrase denotes events which may be in the distant future, but which transpire in rapid sequence once they begin.

The phrase denotes closeness in time, but from God’s perspective.

The phrase ἐν τάχει [en tachei] (“shortly”) occurs in the following NT passages:

“he will avenge them speedily” (Luke 18:8) God will avenge His elect who cry out day and night though he bears long with them.

“Arise quickly” (Acts 12:7)

“going there shortly” (Acts 25:4)

“get out of Jerusalem quickly” (Acts 22:18)

“And the God of peace will crush Satan under your feet shortly” (Rom. 16:20)

“I hope to come to you shortly” (1Ti. 3:14)

“things which must shortly take place” (Rev. 22:6+) (after which Jesus says “I am coming quickly” ἔρχομαι ταχύ [erchomai tachy] )

Of these uses, the majority favor an understanding of “closeness in time.” However, three of the passages utilize this phrase to describing events which are delayed for long time periods (Luke 18:8; Rom. 16:20; Rev. 22:6+). Even moderate preterists, who hold to a future bodily Second Coming of Christ, take the last passage as denoting a time period lasting at least 2,000 years:

Gentry cites Revelation 22:7-9+ as a reference to the yet future second coming. This creates a contradiction within Gentry’s brand of preterism. Since Revelation 22:6+ refers to the whole book of Revelation, it would be impossible to take tachos as a reference to A.D. 70 (as Gentry does) and at the same time hold that Revelation 22:7-9+ teaches the second coming.¹⁵

As Mills observes, it is impossible to restrict the sense of en tachei to the lifetime of John’s readers:¹⁶

The Greek noun translated ‘shortly’ is used only twice in Revelation, once in Rev. 1:1+ and again in 22:6+, thus effectively bracketing the whole book. The prophecies bracketed by these ‘shortlys’ include letters addressed to churches that existed two millennia ago (chapters 2-3), clear descriptions of Christ’s physical return to this earth (Rev. 1:7+; 19:19-27 [sic]), and a prediction of His reign on earth for one thousand years (Rev. 20:4+). Both uses of this word, then, must be understood as having the same sense and yet embrace, at the absolute minimum, a period of nearly three millennia. Therefore, only two interpretations present themselves: either, when the events start occurring they will proceed rapidly, or that the whole sweep of history is seen from a divine perspective in which one thousand years is as but a day (2Pe. 3:8). [emphasis added]¹⁷

The use of this same verb within the LXX also provides evidence for a long delay in fulfillment:

It is significant to note that the Septuagint uses tachos in passages which even by the most conservative estimations could not have fulfillments within hundreds or even thousands of years. For example, Isaiah 13:22 . . . was written around 700 B.C. and foretold the destruction of Babylon, which occurred at the earliest in 539 B.C. Similarly, Isaiah 5:26 speaks of the manner, not the time frame, by which the Assyrian invasion of Israel “will come with speed swiftly.”¹⁸

Since en tachei can span long periods of time, the question then becomes one of whether it denotes the manner in which events will transpire (rapidly) or the certainty and imminency attending the events?

It may be that the stress [in Rev. 22:20+] is on the certainty of the coming or on the immediacy of the coming. But one’s view does not hinge on the futuristic present, but on the adverb ταχύ [tachy] . The force of the sentence may then mean, “Whenever I come, I will come quickly,” in which case the stress is on the certainty of the coming (cf. Matt 28:8). Or, it may mean, “I am on my way and I intend to be there very soon.”¹⁹

Some understand the primary meaning of en tachei in this passage as denoting the manner in which the events transpire:

tachy does not mean soon but swiftly. It indicates rapidity of action, as is well seen in its accurate use in the medical compound tachycardia (tachy and kardia = the heart), which does not mean that the heart will beat soon, but that it is beating rapidly. Of course, the swift action may take place at the very same time, as in Mat. 28:7-8 . . .—G. H. Lang, The Revelation of Jesus Christ: Selected Studies (Miami Springs, FL: Conley & Schoettle Publishing Co., 1945, 1985), 387-88.²⁰

Not only is there a preponderance of lexical support for understanding the tachos family as including the notion of “quickly” or “suddenly,” there is also the further support that all the occurrences in Revelation are adverbs of manner. These terms are not descriptive of when the events will occur and our Lord will come, but rather, descriptive of the manner in which they will take place when they occur.²¹

Both futurists and nonfuturists . . . agree that the idea of tachos here has to do with swiftness of execution when the prophetic events begin to take place. . . . Both certainty and rapidity of action are involved here. Whatever seeming delay there is, action is certain and it will be swift.²²

Although this meaning is possible, it does not seem to be the best understanding of the meaning here because, “To say that the relief will come ‘suddenly’ offers no encouragement, but to say that it will come ‘soon’ does.”²³ It seems more likely that en tachei emphasizes the certainty and imminency of the events:²⁴

The presence of en tachei in Rev. 1:1+ shows that for the first time the events predicted by Daniel and foreseen by Christ stood in readiness to be fulfilled. Therefore, John could speak of them as imminent, but earlier prophets could not.²⁵

Either ‘tachus’ means that when the events occur they will be rapid, or the whole sweep of history is seen from a divine perspective where one thousand years is as but a day (2Pe. 3:8). The latter must be preferred as the former leaves unresolved the tension that part of Revelation relates to churches that existed two millennia ago. This understanding readily accepts as completely honest and trustworthy the doctrine of the imminent return of Christ; expressed in human terms, then, ‘tachus’ denotes imminence and not immediacy. The irony of this situation is that those scholars who take ‘tachus’ literally end up allegorizing the text, and those scholars who take the text literally end up seeking an unusual meaning for this word! The only satisfactory position I can see is therefore to regard ‘tachus’ as being used in a technical sense—a sense understood as being within the whole biblical framework of the doctrine of the imminent return of Christ.²⁶

See Imminency.

signified it

Ἐσήμανεν [Esēmanen] . The same root word is used in John 12:33, σημαίνων [sēmainōn] , where Jesus describes His death on the cross by indicating He will be lifted up from the earth in the same way as Moses lifted up the serpent on a pole. Elsewhere, Agabus indicated by the Spirit that there was to be a worldwide famine (Acts 11:28). The appearance of this term does not justify a departure from the Golden Rule of Interpretation when interpreting symbols as some hold. It merely indicates a way of communicating which includes symbol or analogy. Although symbols occur, they reside within a textual framework which is subject to normative interpretation with due recognition of the meaning conveyed by the symbols. “This symbolism . . . in no way gives license for a departure from the normal grammatical-historical system of hermeneutics. To clarify this point Govett proposes that esemanen be translated ‘represent.’ The revelation given to John, symbolic though it be, is to be interpreted just as one would interpret the rest of the Bible.”²⁷ “This term evidently meant a kind of communication that is neither plain statement nor an attempt at concealment. It is figurative, symbolic, or imaginative, and is intended to convey truth by picture rather than by definition.”²⁸

The revelation has already been signified from the perspective of the reader: “John’s use of the aorist emartyresen, then, is best explained by his adoption of the perspective of his readers in regard to his composition of this book. When they received it, his testimony as recorded in its pages would be a thing of the past.”²⁹

See Interpreting Symbols.

angel

An angelic host shows John the Revelation. One of the seven angels who had the seven bowls filled with the seven last plagues (Rev. 21:9+). This angel was specifically sent to show John the things which must shortly take place (Rev. 22:6+, 16+). Here, as elsewhere in Scripture, an angel serves as the intermediary by which revelation is given to man:

Angels were used for the revelation of the Law of Moses (Acts 7:53; Gal. 3:19; Heb. 2:2). They were active in the presenting of the prophetic truth to Daniel (Dan. 7:16-27; 8:16-26; 9:20-27; 10:1-12:13) and to Zechariah (Zec. 1:9; 2:3; 4:1, 5; 5:5; 6:4, 5). Angels were used to announce the birth of John to Zacharias (Luke 1:11-20) and the birth of Jesus to Mary (Luke 1:26-38) and to Joseph (Mat. 1:20-21).³⁰

Some suggest that the angel actively contributed to the train of visionary events which passed before John:

The office of the angel, as I take it, was, to form the connection between John’s senses or imagination and the things which he was to describe, making to pass in review before him what was only afterwards to take place in fact. How this was done, I cannot say: but as the devil could take Jesus to a high mountain and show him at one view “all the kingdoms of the world, and the glory of them,” I am sure that it falls sufficiently within the sphere of angelic natures thus to picture things to man; and that when commissioned of the Lord for the purpose, no good angel is wanting in ability to be the instrument in making John see whatever visions he describes in this book.³¹

This seems unlikely given that John was said to be “in the Spirit” (Rev. 1:10+)—the Holy Spirit is elsewhere the agent by which such visionary events are presented.

The phrase “And I saw. . .” occurs no less than forty times.³² This indicates John’s primary role as a scribe rather than an author.

3.1.2 - Revelation 1:2 Open Bible at Rev. 1:2 Listen to Rev. 1:2

bore witness

An epistolary aorist, referring to the perspective of the readers of this book once it had been completed.³³

who bore witness to the word of God

The phrase word of God is a signature of the Apostle John and occurs in John 1:1; 1Jn. 1:1; 2:14; 5:7 TR; Rev. 1:2+; 19:13+. This is strong evidence that John the Apostle is indeed the author of this work, as tradition holds. There are many parallels between Jesus and God’s revealed word:

Among the parallels between Jesus and Scripture are 1) their eternality; 2) their production by the Holy Spirit; 3) a divine message embodied in earthly form; 4) the accommodation of man’s limited intellect; 5) perfect—without sin; 6) having unique divine authority; 7) rejected by man; 8) victorious over foes; 9) revealed by faith; 10) bearing witness one to another; 11) the sole means of revelation of the Father; 12) called the Word of God.³⁴

In the same way that Jesus was fully human and yet without error (divine), the written word of God was given through human vessels who were superintended by the Holy Spirit so that the result is inerrant.

testimony of Jesus Christ

There are two ways which the testimony of Jesus Christ may be understood:

Jesus is the Subject - The testimony was provided by Jesus. He is its source (subjective genitive). Both here and in Rev. 19:10+, the grammatical evidence points toward taking this as the subjective genitive (the testimony born by Jesus Christ—which God gave Him).³⁵

Jesus is the Object - The testimony is about Jesus (objective genitive). He is the One revealed by the testimony. John was banished to Patmos “for the testimony of Jesus Christ” (Rev. 1:9+). This almost certainly refers to persecution resulting from his testimony about Jesus. When the fifth seal is opened, John sees martyrs “who had been slain for the word of God and for the testimony which they held” (Rev. 6:9+). When the two witnesses finish their testimony, the beast ascends from the bottomless pit and overcomes them (Rev. 11:7+). The saints who overcome Satan do so by the (spoken) word of their testimony (Rev. 12:11+). The enraged dragon goes forth to make war against those who “have the testimony of Jesus Christ” (Rev. 12:17+). At the start of the Millennial Kingdom, John sees “the souls of those who had been beheaded for their witness to Jesus (μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ [martyrian Iēsou] , testimony of Jesus)” (Rev. 20:4+). In these situations, Scripture records persecution as the result of holding the testimony. This cannot refer to merely receiving a testimony from Jesus. It must refer to giving that testimony forth in the face of opposition. This objective sense would also be in accord with what John records concerning the role of John the Baptist (John 1:7). Many other passages indicate that Jesus is the primary object of prophetic revelation: the “volume of the book” is written of Him (Ps. 40:7; Luke 18:31; 24:27, 44; John 5:39, 46; Acts 8:35; 10:43; Heb. 10:7).

A survey of various passages concerning the testimony of Jesus Christ indicates that Jesus is both the subject and the object of testimony. Prophetic motivation is from Jesus: “the Spirit of Christ . . . testified” (1Pe. 1:11). It is also about Jesus: “indicating . . . beforehand the sufferings of Christ and the glories that would follow” (1Pe. 1:11). The relationship of the saints to the testimony of Jesus concerns both aspects: (1) we receive the testimony provided by the Holy Spirit, the Spirit of Christ; (2) we are charged with delivering the testimony concerning Jesus to others. The ministry of the saints can be found entirely within the phrase: Knowing Him to make Him known. If either part of this “ministry equation” is neglected, our testimony suffers.³⁶

3.1.3 - Revelation 1:3 Open Bible at Rev. 1:3 Listen to Rev. 1:3

Blessed is he

Luther’s comments underscore the need for a consistently literal interpretation of this book: “Even if it were a blessed thing to believe what is contained in it, no man knows what that is.”³⁷ For if different interpretive views render wholly different meanings, then what blessing could be derived and how could the prophecy be kept? How can one keep what one is not sure one has in the first place?

One reason for such blessing is undoubtedly to be found in the close ties between this book and all the rest of Scripture: “The reason is easy to understand. Since so much of this book is based on the Old Testament, a proper study of it will require a study of the Old Testament, resulting in a more comprehensive knowledge of the Bible.”³⁸ This is one of seven unique blessings found in Revelation for:

He who reads and those who hear the words of this prophecy (Rev. 1:3+).

The dead who die in the Lord during part of the Tribulation (Rev. 14:13+).

He who watches and keeps his garments (Rev. 16:15+).

Those who are called to the marriage supper of the Lamb (Rev. 19:9+).

He who has part in the first resurrection (Rev. 20:6+).

He who keeps the words of this prophecy (Rev. 22:7+).

Those who do His commandments (Rev. 22:14+).

See commentary on Revelation 1:1 regarding the perspicuity of Scripture.

he who reads and those who hear

The phrase denotes a single reader who reads the letter out loud in the midst of a congregation of listeners. At the time the book was written, writing materials were expensive and scarce. Nor was there an inexpensive means for producing copies of a written document—tedious copying by hand being the means of replication. Generally, a Christian assembly might only have access to a single copy of a document so written works were often read so that their contents might be accessible to the wider assembly.³⁹

the words

The message of God is not conveyed by some existential and personal encounter. Rather, it is conveyed by words. God has specifically chosen normative language as the mode for communicating what He wants us to know and keep. This is the basis for the Golden Rule of Interpretation discussed in the introduction.

Scripture makes plain that the Word of God is a detailed message conveyed by individual words, not mere concepts (Jos. 8:35; Jer. 26:2; Mat. 5:18; Luke 16:17; John 5:46; John 17:8; Acts 24:14; Rom. 3:2; Rom. 16:26; 1Cor. 14:37; Rev. 22:7+, 18-19+). Jesus Himself said that not one jot or one tittle will “pass from the law till all be fulfilled” (Mat. 5:18). A “jot” refers to the smallest Hebrew character: י, yod. A “tittle” is the fraction of a pen stroke which distinguishes similar Hebrew characters, for example the tiny overhang in the upper right which distinguishes a dalet ( ד ) from a resh ( ר ). This tiny pen stroke distinguishes words which appear almost identical, but with meanings as different as “to stand” ( אָמַד [ʾāmaḏ] ) and “to speak” ( אָמַר [ʾāmar] ).

It has become fashionable to promote the idea that Scripture conveys information primarily at the level of concepts rather than words. But one must appreciate that the building blocks for expressing thoughts are individual words. And without the precision of individual words, both in their meaning and preservation, the thoughts and intent of the original author cannot be reliably determined. This, in part, explains the emphasis of Scripture on the very words themselves as evidenced by the reliance of Jesus on grammatical subtleties in His arguments employing the Scriptures (Mat. 22:31, 42-45; John 10:35; Gal. 3:16).

The importance of the individual words of Scripture is also illustrated by the sober warning which attends those who would add or remove words from this prophecy given to John. This is the heart of the issue as to which translation is best suited for study. It is our view, and that of others knowledgeable on the subject, that the best translation is one which follows a policy of formal equivalence where the very meaning of the individual words is preserved as closely as possible. While it is an undeniable fact that all translations involve interpretation by the translators, some translations involve more interpretation than others. It is these translations, which employ thought-for-thought dynamic equivalence, which are to be avoided:

There is an Italian proverb which says, “Translators are traitors” (Traddutore, traditore; “Translators, traitors”), and it’s true. All translation loses meaning. All translators are traitors to the actual meaning. There is no such thing as a noninterpretive translation. . . . Are you going to translate words [formal equivalence] and be interpretive, or are you going to translate meaning [dynamic equivalence] and be more interpretive? [emphasis added]⁴⁰

The concept is this: as a disciple of Jesus Christ, we want the minimum distance between the inspired inerrant text and our own understanding. A word-for-word (formal equivalence) translation tends to minimize the interpretive layer which separates us from the original. A thought-for-thought translation (dynamic equivalence) steps in to interpret things for us. What is particularly damaging about the latter is that ambiguity in the text—involving issues that we as students of the Word need to wrestle with and recognize involves ambiguity—is masked by the interpretive decisions of the thought-for-thought translators. In effect, they are performing both translation and interpretation. It is the latter which we seek to minimize:

Translators have to ask themselves, “What am I going to do with ambiguity?” If the Greek or Hebrew isn’t clear, when it can mean several different things, what am I going to do? The KJV, NASB, RSV, and ESV generally answer that question, “Leave it alone. If we can reproduce in English the same ambiguity that is present in the Greek, then we will leave it ambiguous. We will not make up the reader’s mind.” On the other hand, the NIV will not leave any ambiguity. They make up the reader’s mind whenever they feel it is necessary, and the NLT goes to even greater lengths than the NIV.⁴¹

One helpful rule of thumb on this matter is as follows: the only reliable translations for detailed study are those which include italicized words. These translations use formal equivalence as evidenced by the italicized words which signify phrases and conjunctions added by the translators for clarity of reading, but for which no corresponding words exist in the original language text. This also helps the careful student to know when he is standing on solid ground (words not in italics) or thin ice (italicized phrases).⁴²

Now it is certainly true that every believer is a “translation” of God’s Word and not necessarily a word-for-word representation. God uses our testimony, even though imperfect, to witness of Christ and the Bible to others around us. This is as it should be. We need not always carry a Bible with us and read from it with precision for people to hear and respond in faith. Yet, when it comes to studying God’s Word where we have a choice of which written text to study and how close we adhere to the original, this is another matter entirely. We should always opt to stay as close to the Words of the Master as possible.

This is illustrated by the popular game where people sit in adjacent positions and a story is told by the person on one end of the row of chairs. Each person in line whispers the story to the next person in line. When the story reaches the opposite end of the line, it is retold to all. It is amazing to observe how the story has changed little-by-little as it goes along until significant differences have occurred between its source and its destination. The student of God’s Word ought to be concerned about how many chairs separate him from the Words of the Master. Some of those chairs might be unavoidable—perhaps the student is unable to learn the original languages of the Bible so he must depend upon a translation into his own tongue. Yet why choose to sit two or three chairs further away from the Master by using a paraphrase which allows His Word to be distorted and misunderstood?⁴³

this prophecy

This book is not merely an allegory or devotional treatise extolling the eventual victory of good over evil. The events described within this book are bona fide prophecy and include the prediction of actual historical events. See Can’t God Prophesy?

and keep those things which are written

Keep is the present active participle τηροῦντες [tērountes] , “while holding fast.” The saints are told to “be continually hanging on to” the things which John writes. This requires focus and energy and implies the need for watchfulness in order to avoid having them taken away.

One aspect of keeping those things which are written involves a proper interpretation of their meaning. For it is possible to keep the words (Rev. 22:7+), but with their incorrect meaning. The result is that the things written herein are not properly kept for they are not properly understood. One example of such corruption of the things written would be amillennialism which holds that there is no future earthly kingdom of a thousand years (Rev. 20:4-6+), but that the kingdom period has already begun. Keeping the words in such a way as to denude them of their meaning is no preservation at all.

Another aspect of keeping those things which are written is the preservation of both the content and proper interpretation of the text and passing it on to each successive generation. Jesus’ haunting words come to mind: “Nevertheless, when the Son of Man comes, will He really find faith on the earth?” (Luke 18:8b). This is where an understanding of church history can be a great boon to the saints of any age in that they come to appreciate their position within the stream of biblical history and doctrine which flows from Genesis to the Second Coming of Christ. Without such understanding, it is unlikely that we will keep those things which are written in the way God intended.

The things which are written include both prophetic revelation concerning events in history, but also important exhortations concerning the application of the message within this book. The Psalm writer admonishes the saints to keep God’s precepts (Ps. 119:4). James tells us to be doer’s of the Word and not just hearers only (Jas. 1:22). We are told to watch and keep our garments, lest we “walk naked and they see our shame” (Rev. 16:15+). Christianity is not a passive intellectual exercise, but an active application and promulgation of the message of God (Mat. 24:42-44; 25:13).

We would do well to remember the response of Jesus to the woman who blessed His mother Mary:

And it happened, as He spoke these things, that a certain woman from the crowd raised her voice and said to Him, “Blessed is the womb that bore You, and the breasts which nursed You!” But He said, “More than that, blessed are those who hear the word of God and keep it!” (Luke 11:27-28)

the time is near

The Greek phrase is καιρὸς ἐγγύς [kairos engys] . Kairos is a key eschatological term indicating a coming time of crisis associated with the last times.⁴⁴

The word used in Revelation 1:3+ . . . is kairos. It does not speak of an era or time span, but signifies “the right time,” “the right moment,” “the opportune time.” It is used in Galatians 4:4 wherein the Bible states, “But when the fulness of the time [kairos] was come, God sent forth His son. . .” Christ came at just the right moment. The time was “ripe” for the coming of God’s Son.⁴⁵

[Engus] can refer to any event predicted by the prophets, as when Mark indicates that “the time [kairos] is fulfilled, and the kingdom of God is at hand [engus]” (Mark 1:15). Something was “at hand” that has to do with kairos time. It was the Kingdom hope and aspiration of every Old Testament Jew who knew the writings of the Hebrew prophets.⁴⁶

This word for “time” differs from chronos which generally refers to what we would call chronological time:

Καιρός [Kairos] (“time”) frequently has a technical sense in the NT, referring to the end times when the earthly kingdom of Israel will be instituted (cf. Acts 1:7; 3:20; 1Th. 5:1). The events of this book are thus identified with the last of the critical epoch-making periods foreordained of God. From the perspective of prophetic anticipation this period is declared to be ἐγγύς [engys] (“near”).⁴⁷

Time does not translate chronos, which refers to time on a clock or calendar, but kairos, which refers to seasons, epochs, or eras. The next great era of God’s redemptive history is near.⁴⁸

James makes an almost identical statement using the same Greek verb concerning the coming of the Lord for believers (not in judgment): “Therefore be patient, brethren, until the coming of the Lord. See how the farmer waits for the precious fruit of the earth, waiting patiently for it until it receives the early and latter rain. You also be patient. Establish your hearts, for the coming of the Lord is at hand (ἤγγικεν [ēngiken] )” (Jas. 5:7-8). The meaning in James is that “of approaching in time . . . [and concerns] the Lord’s return.”⁴⁹ Peter uses the same term: “the end of all things is at hand” (1Pe. 4:7).

As with the previous statement concerning things which must shortly take place (Rev. 1:1+), this perspective of time is that of God and concerns the last times when prophetic predictions would come to pass. “Some interval, however, is presupposed between the vision and its fulfillment, otherwise it would be futile to write the visions down, and to arrange for their circulation throughout the churches. A certain career is anticipated for the book of Revelation.”⁵⁰

Preterist interpreters generally argue that this phrase must denote fulfillment in the lifetime of John’s readers. Yet they are not consistent on this point when the phrase occurs elsewhere:

This creates a contradiction within [moderate] preterism. Since Rev. 22:6+ is a statement referring to the whole book of Revelation, it would be impossible to take tachos as a reference to A.D. 70 . . . and at the same time hold that Rev. 20:7-9+ teaches the Second Coming. [Moderate preterists] must either adopt a view similar to futurism, or shift to the extreme preterist view that understands the entire book of Revelation as past history, thus eliminating any future Second Coming and resurrection.⁵¹

A better way to understand the text, as in verse 1, is denoting the imminency of the events John records. See Imminency.

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John

This simple statement identifying the writer as “John” is evidence for the traditional view of John the Apostle as author. For what other John would designate himself simply as “John” when “John the Apostle” was the most prominent “John” amongst the Asian churches during this period? If it had been another “John,” he would have clarified so. John was ideally suited to write to these churches because he had been living in Asia Minor and ministering among the churches since approximately A.D. 66.⁵²

seven churches which are in Asia

See Seven Churches of Asia. The names of the seven churches are listed in Revelation 1:11+.

Although the text to follow addresses each church in turn, the book of Revelation is addressed to all seven churches for all seven churches are to benefit from its contents and to learn from those things which are said concerning the other churches (Rev. 2:7+, 11+, 17+, 29+; 3:6+, 13+, 22+).

See Seven: Perfection, Completeness.

from Him who is and who was and who is to come

This is a reference to God the Father as can be seen by the Son being mentioned in the following verse “and from Jesus Christ” (Rev. 1:5+).

This unusual grammatical construction is comprised of a present participle (ὁ ω῍ν [ho ōn] , he who is), an imperfect verb (ὁ ἦν [ho ēn] , he was) and another present participle (ὁ ἐρχόμενος [ho erchomenos] , he who is coming). A more literal rendering might be, “the One who is and the He was and the coming One”.

Several unusual aspects of this grammatical construction have been noted:

Another rare grammatical phenomenon of this title is the finite verb en doing duty for a participle (Simcox). It is modified by a definite article and is parallel with participles in the first and third members of the expression. The reason for this peculiarity lies in a limitation of the verb εἰμί [eimi] (“I am”), which has no participial form to express continuing action in past time. The writer wanted to describe the Father’s being by including His eternal and continuing existence prior to the present moment. The imperfect indicative was the only linguistic device for doing so.⁵³

Regarding “who is” (nominative) following the preposition “from,” Wallace observes:

This is the first and worst grammatical solecism in Revelation, but many more are to follow. There are two broad options for how to deal with it: Either the author unintentionally erred or he intentionally violated standard syntax. If unintentional, it could be due to a heavily Semitized Greek, or merely represent the level of linguistic skill that a minimally educated man might achieve (as in the vulgar papyri). Either of these is doubtful here because (1) such a flagrant misunderstanding of the rudiments of Greek would almost surely mean that the author simply could not compose in Greek, yet the Apocalypse itself argues against this; (2) nowhere else does the Seer use a nominative immediately after a preposition (in fact, he uses ἀπό [apo] 32 times with a genitive immediately following). If intentional, the question of what the author intends. Few scholars would disagree with Charles’ assessment [R.H. Charles, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Revelation of St. John]: “The Seer has deliberately violated the rules of grammar in order to preserve the divine name inviolate from the change which it would necessarily have undergone if declined. Hence the divine name is here in the nominative.” It would be like one American saying to another, “Do you believe in ‘We the People?’ ” If the question had been, “Do you believe in us the people?” the allusion to the Preamble to the Constitution would have been lost.⁵⁴

The phrase is to be regarded as an indeclinable proper name⁵⁵ meant to be familiar to readers of the Greek Old Testament who read of the name which God revealed to Moses at the burning bush, Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ὢν [Egō eimi ho ōn] , “I AM WHO I AM” (Ex. 3:14, LXX).

Although the phrase denotes God’s eternality, it also emphasizes one of the themes of this book: His soon coming. “Such a means of referring to the future also heightens the focus upon the imminence of His coming: He who is already on His way may arrive at any moment.”⁵⁶

It is difficult to understand how so many should assume without further question that ὁ ἐρχόμενος [ho erchomenos] [the coming one] here is==ὁ ἐσόμενος [ho esomenos] [the one who shall be], and that thus we have the eternity of God expressed here so far as it can be expressed, in forms of time: “He who was, and is, and shall be.” But how ὁ ἐρχόμενος [ho erchomenos] should ever have this significance is hard to perceive. . . . What is the key-note to this whole Book? Surely it is, “I come quickly. The world seems to have all things its own way, to kill my servants; but I come quickly.” With this announcement the Book begins, Rev. 1:7+; with this it ends, Rev. 22:7+, 12+, 20+ and this is a constantly recurring note through it all, Rev. 2:5+, 16+; 3:11+; 6:17+; 11:18+; 14:7+; 16:15+; 18:20+.⁵⁷

seven spirits

Isaiah provides a list of qualities of the Spirit which shall rest upon the Messiah who shall come from the stem of Jesse (David’s father): “The Spirit of the LORD shall rest upon Him, the Spirit of wisdom and understanding, the Spirit of counsel and might, the Spirit of knowledge and of the fear of the LORD” (Isa. 11:2).⁵⁸ In the fourth chapter, John calls our attention to “Seven lamps of fire were burning before the throne, which are the seven Spirits of God” [emphasis added] (Rev. 4:5+). These Spirits are also said to be “seven eyes, which are the Seven Spirits of God sent out unto all the earth” (Rev. 5:6+). The omniscience of the Holy Spirit is in view and His worldwide ministry, also mentioned by Zechariah (Zec. 4:6-10). One of His worldwide ministries is convicting “of sin, and of righteousness, and of judgment” (John 16:8). He provides the breath of life to all the world’s creatures (Gen. 2:7; Job 34:14-15). He strives with all men to restrain sin (Gen. 6:3; 20:6; 2Th. 2:6-7).

Here, the Spirits are specifically said to be Spirits of God making the connection to Isaiah 11:2 more plausible and denoting seven different aspects of the Holy Spirit Who was poured out on the Anointed One (the Mashiach or Christos).

That these spirits are not angels⁵⁹ is seen from their elevation on a par with the other two members of the Trinity: “The seven Spirits might conceivably refer to a group of angelic beings. But coming between references to the Father and the Son it is more probable that this is an unusual way of designating the Holy Spirit.”⁶⁰

The number of spirits matches the number of lampstands and would seem to represent the activity of Christ through the Holy Spirit in and to the seven churches (Zec. 4:6). The epistle to each church closes with the admonition, “He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches” (Rev. 2:7+, 11+, 17+, 29+; 3:6+, 13+, 22+).⁶¹

See Seven: Perfection, Completeness.

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and from Jesus Christ

Within this simple greeting can be found a neglected doctrine of paramount importance: the Trinity. The greeting is from each member of the Trinity: from Him who is and who was and who is to come (the Father), from the seven Spirits who are before His throne (the Holy Spirit), and from Jesus Christ (the Son). Before we have even begun to plumb the depths of the amazing statements made concerning Christ in the verses to follow, His divinity is already in plain view before us.

the faithful witness

Among the unique titles of Jesus, He is “called Faithful and True” (Rev. 19:11+). Here, we see His character as God, Who cannot lie (Num. 23:19; Rom. 3:4; Tit. 1:2; Heb. 6:18). Where God is involved, other witnesses are unnecessary, for God bears truthful and reliable witness of Himself (John 8:14). The witness of Christ was faithful in that He finished the work which the Father had given Him (John 17:4), manifesting the Father’s name to His disciples (John 17:6) and resisting the temptation to circumvent the cross (Luke 22:42-44). In His incarnation, Jesus provided a witness of God to man (Isa. 9:1-2; John 1:14, 18; 12:45; 14:8-9; Col. 1:15; 2:9; Heb. 1:2; 1Jn. 1:2).

firstborn from the dead

He is the firstborn from the dead “that in all things He may have the preeminence” (Col. 1:18). He thus establishes the pattern for all His brethren who will also rise from the dead (Rom. 8:29).

The term “firstborn” (πρωτότοκος [prōtotokos] ), emphasizes not His generation, but His position (Ps. 89:27) [the LXX uses the same Greek term (Psalm 88:28 in the LXX)].⁶²

The Greek term πρωτότοκο [prōtotoko] could refer either to first in order of time, such as a first born child, or it could refer to one who is preeminent in rank. M. J. Harris, Colossians and Philemon (EGGNT), 43, expresses the meaning of the word well: “The ‘firstborn’ was either the eldest child in a family or a person of preeminent rank. The use of this term to describe the Davidic king in Ps. 88:28 LXX (=Ps 89:27 EVV), ‘I will also appoint him my firstborn (πρωτότοκο [prōtotoko] ), the most exalted of the kings of the earth,’ indicates that it can denote supremacy in rank as well as priority in time. But whether the proto- element in the word denotes time, rank, or both, the significance of the -tokos element as indicating birth or origin (from τίκτω [tiktō] give birth to) has been virtually lost except in reference to literal birth.” In Col. 1:15 the emphasis is on the priority of Jesus’ rank as over and above creation (cf. Col. 1:16 and the ‘for’ clause referring to Jesus as Creator).⁶³

A connection with Psalm 2 is seen in that Christ is here firstborn from the dead (“begotten,” Ps. 2:7 cf. Acts 13:33; Heb. 1:5; Rom. 1:4) and ruler over the kings of the earth (Ps. 2:8). It was at His resurrection that His divine Sonship was made manifest and attested by the Father (Acts 13:33; Rom. 1:4).⁶⁴

Although not the first to be raised from the dead, Christ is the first to be resurrected to obtain a glorified body never to die again (1Cor. 15:35-44). “There were resurrections before His in the Old Testament (1K. 17:17-23; 2K. 4:32-36; 13:20-21), and He Himself raised others during His earthly ministry (Mat. 9:23-25; Luke 7:11-15; John 11:30-44).”⁶⁵ Yet all of these who were resurrected prior to Christ continued to age and eventually died again.⁶⁶

Christ is indeed “the first begotten of the dead,” notwithstanding that such raisings from the grave as that of the widow’s son, and Jairus’s daughter, and Lazarus, and his who revived at the touch of Elisha’s bones (2K. 13:21), went before. There was for them no repeal of the sentence of death, but a respite only; not to say that even during their period of respite they carried about with them a body of death. Christ first so rose from the dead, that he left death forever behind Him, did not, and could not, die any more (Rom. 6:9); in this respect was “the first-fruits of them that slept” (1Cor. 15:20, 23), the Prince of life (Acts 3:15).⁶⁷

The resurrection of Christ is unique because He is the first instance of that transformation which the resurrection effects. It is more than a resuscitation of mortal flesh, such as took place in the cases of Jairus’ daughter or of Lazarus, for they underwent no essential change of the body. . . . they were restored to their friends; but there is not a hint that they were made physically immortal, or that death did not overtake them at some later date.⁶⁸

ruler over the kings of the earth

The rule of Jesus over the kings of the earth is by divine right, not by the willing acceptance of the kings themselves (Ps. 2; Dan. 2:34-35, 44-45; 7:11-14, 24-27). For the world will reject the reign of God. The arrival of God’s kingdom on earth is a major theme of this prophecy given through John and culminates in the destruction of the armies of the kings of the earth at the Second Coming of Christ (Rev. 19:11-21+).

While it is true that Jesus is the ruler over all men today, most do not realize this to be the case. A time is coming when the knowledge of the Lord will extend over the face of the entire earth and there will no longer be difference of opinion regarding Who is in control (Isa. 2:3; 11:9; Mic. 4:2; Zec. 14:8-11).

who loved us

“Loved,” (Ἀγαπῶντι [Agapōnti] ) is a present participle, He is loving (present tense) us. The love of God for us is demonstrated in many ways, but chiefly, in the way in which He gave His Son on our behalf: “For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him should not perish but have everlasting life” (John 3:16). The “so” in this oft-quoted verse is not only speaking of the degree of God’s love, but the way in which it was manifested—by the giving of His Son.⁶⁹ This is made clear by the context of the passage, and especially the preceding verses: “And as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of Man be lifted up, that whoever believes in Him should not perish but have eternal life” [emphasis added] (John 3:14-15).

In his epistle, John also explained the giving of Jesus on the cross as a demonstration of God’s love. “In this the love of God was manifested toward us, that God has sent His only begotten Son into the world, that we might live through Him. In this is love, not that we loved God, but that He loved us and sent His Son to be the propitiation for our sins” (1Jn. 4:9-10). This love of God is not restricted to the Father giving the Son, but includes the Son giving Himself (Eph. 5:2). Our love of God is not natural, but in reaction to His first having loved us (1Jn. 4:19).

The degree of God’s love for us is fathomless. Yet God desires our finite minds to attempt to comprehend it as best we are able. The depth of His love is demonstrated by an ongoing study of what is said concerning the relationship between the Father and the Son (John 1:1; 17:5, 25) and the agonizing cost to God in order to redeem us (Mat. 27:46; Mark 15:34). This cost is all the more amazing when our condition as enemies of God is considered (Rom. 5:6-10).

Our inability to worship God correlates with our ignorance of His Word. For it is by His Word that we come to an ever deeper understanding of the intimacy between the Father and the Son and the painful rent in that fabric necessary to secure our undeserved redemption. Emotional worship experiences in and of themselves can never substitute for a response based upon a Scriptural understanding of His love for us, as limited as it may ultimately be.

washed us

NU has “freed” (λύσαντι [lysanti] ) whereas MT has “washed” (λούσαντι [lousanti] ) - a difference of a single Greek letter. Scripture describes both as being true of the believer who has been set free (Mat. 20:28; Gal. 3:13; 4:5; 1Ti. 2:6; Heb. 9:12; 1Pe 1:18; Rev. 5:9+; 14:3-4+) and washed, a picture of spiritual cleansing (Ps. 51:4; Isa. 1:16-18; Eze. 36:25; Acts 22:16; Eph. 5:26; Tit. 2:14; 3:5; Heb. 1:3; 9:14; 2Pe. 1:9). The imagery of the immediate passage, in His own blood, argues for the latter as does internal evidence elsewhere in the book (Rev. 7:14+).

Whereas loved us is in the present tense, washed us is in the aorist tense. The provision for our redemption, His death on the cross which washes away all our sin both past and future, is accomplished and its full merits are applied in full the moment we believe. Yet He continually loves us.

in His own blood

A bloodless gospel is an ineffectual gospel. For it is by the spilling of blood that God has chosen to atone for sin (Lev. 17:11; Heb. 9:22).⁷⁰

Why did God choose blood for this purpose? Ultimately, we may never know, for the “secret things belong to the LORD our God” (Deu. 29:29). Scripture reveals that the use of blood for atonement is related to its life-giving qualities (Gen. 9:4). The “life of the flesh is in the blood” (Lev. 17:11). “Life” in this verse is Hebrew נֶפֶשׁ [nep̄eš] , the same term which is translated “soul” where Scripture records the once-for-all atonement made by Isaiah’s Suffering Servant: “Yet it pleased the LORD to bruise Him; He has put Him to grief. When You make His soul an offering for sin” [emphasis added] (Isa. 53:10). By His blood atonement, Jesus was prophesied to “sprinkle many nations” (Isa. 52:15), thus fulfilling the many OT types pointing to Him.

It was by blood sacrifice that the first man and woman were covered in response to their sin (Gen. 3:21). It was by blood sacrifice that the first men were to approach God (Gen. 4:4). It was by a blood sacrifice that God established His covenant with Abraham (Gen. 15:9-21). It was by blood placed on the door posts and lintel that the Jews were “covered” from the destroyer Who passed over Egypt taking the firstborn of each family (Ex. 12:23). It was by the sprinkling of blood that the Mosaic Law was ratified between God and the Israelites (Ex. 24:8). Ever since the bloodless offering of Cain (Gen. 4:3-5), man has attempted to approach God by some other means than that which God Himself has established. These would try to circumvent the single path which God requires: “Jesus said to him, ‘I am the way, the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father except through Me.’ ” (John 14:6)

This necessity of blood offering is offensive to man, and we believe intentionally so. For it is a messy business and continual reminder of man’s lack of righteousness (Rom. 3:23) and his desperate need of the “righteousness of God,” a righteousness which is freely given rather than earned (Rom. 3:21-26; 2Cor. 5:21; Php. 3:9). Yet many prefer to continue in the way of religion rather than relationship, offering up their own puny works in a vain attempt to justify themselves before a perfect and Holy God (Rom. 10:3). Religion preserves our pride, whereas relationship requires us to cast it aside.

See Hide and Seek.

3.1.6 - Revelation 1:6 Open Bible at Rev. 1:6 Listen to Rev. 1:6

made us kings and priests

In both NU and MT, the Greek has appointed us a kingdom (singular), priests to God. A similar difference occurs in Revelation 5:10+. The singular form (a kingdom) would be in keeping with the original calling of Israel to be “a kingdom of priests” (Ex. 19:6). Some have noted the Jewish audience of Peter’s epistle and rightly understood 1Peter 2:9 as being a reminder to his readers of the original calling of the Jews (Ex. 19:6). Yet in this book the concept is unmistakably broadened to include all those who trust in Christ, whether Jew or Gentile, from among every “tribe and tongue and people and nation” (Rev. 5:10+). Our priesthood is made possible by our “great High Priest who has passed through the heavens, Jesus the Son of God” (Heb. 4:14), therefore we have complete and full access to the Father. “Let us therefore come boldly to the throne of grace, that we may obtain mercy and find grace to help in time of need.” (Heb. 4:16).

Whether we are to be “kings and priests” or “a kingdom [of] priests,” it is clear that believers will co-rule with Christ during His coming earthly reign (Rev. 20:4-6+). This future reign will not come to pass until after Antichrist has his time on the world stage and a judgment is made in favor of the saints (Dan. 7:18, 25-27).⁷¹

Both now and in the future, our function is primarily priestly. That is, we are to minister to God. Here we run into an extremely important distinction which has not been adequately appreciated among many who lead God’s people. Our primary responsibility is to minister to God and not to men. Our focus is to be God-ward rather than man-ward. We are to “offer up spiritual sacrifices to God through Jesus Christ” (1Pe. 2:5). As we take care to minister to God, He will minister to men through us.

The focus of our ministry is the New Covenant (2Cor. 3:6), not the Law of Moses, and is characterized by a series of contrasts and seeming contradictions (2Cor. 6:4-10). Our lives should evidence a consistency of living whether with the people of God or with unbelievers: “God intends the eventual abolition of all distinctions between holy and profane, sanctified and common (Zec. 14:20-21).”⁷²

In one sense, there has been and will only ever be a single “kingdom of God.” This is His universal dominion over His entire creation. Yet, in another sense, God has chosen to use men as mediators of His rule during periods of history.⁷³

The progression of the kingdom of God is revealed in stages:

The progression of the “kingdom of God” is gradually revealed. What is this kingdom in principle if it is not the sphere where God reigns? In the Scriptures we can trace for it seven distinct steps: 1. Paradise . . . (Gen. 1:31) 2. The theocracy of Israel . . . 3. The kingdom announced by the prophets . . . (1S. 7:8; Isa. 11:1-16) 4. The kingdom offered and rejected in the gospels . . . (Mat. 4:17; Luke 17:21; Luke 10:9-11) 5. The kingdom hidden in the heart . . . (John 3:3-5; Col. 1:13) 6. The thousand year reign . . . (Rev. 20:1-10+) 7. The eternal kingdom in heaven . . . (2Ti. 4:18; 2Pe. 1:10-11).⁷⁴

Our rule is not contingent upon our status in the world, but upon our position in Christ:

Let men despise and contemn religion as they may, there is empire connecting with lowly discipleship, royalty with penitence, and prayers, and sublime priesthood with piety. Fishermen and taxgatherers, by listening to Jesus, presently find themselves in apostolic thrones, and ministering as priests and rulers of a dispensation, wide as the world, and lasting as time. Moses, by his faith, rises from Jethro’s sheepfold to be the prince of Israel; and Daniel, from the den of condemnation and death, to the honour and authority of empire; and Luther, from his cell, to dictate to kings and rule the ages. There is not a believer, however obscure or humble, who may not rejoice in princely blood, who does not already wield a power which the potencies of hell cannot withstand, and who is not on the way to possess eternal priesthood and dominion.⁷⁵

to Him be glory and dominion

The nearest antecedent is the Son to which glory and dominion are given, literally into the ages of the ages (εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων [eis tous aiōnas tōn aiōnōn] ). Yet elsewhere it is said that God will not share His glory with another (Isa. 48:11). Clearly, Jesus is God!

3.1.7 - Revelation 1:7 Open Bible at Rev. 1:7 Listen to Rev. 1:7

He is coming

The OT Scriptures predicted a “coming one” (Deu. 18:15-18; Ps. 2; 22; 118:26; Isa. 9:6; 48:16; 53; 61:1; Jer. 23:5-8; Dan. 9:25; Mic. 5:2; Zec. 2:8-11; 6:12-15; etc.). This was the expectation of those among whom Jesus ministered (John 1:21; 1:45; 6:14; 7:40). John the Baptist knew of these predictions and sent his disciples to Jesus inquiring, “ ‘Are You the Coming One (ἐρχόμενος [erchomenos] ), or do we look for another?’ ” [emphasis added] (Mat. 11:3; Luke 7:19). Peter and Stephen explained it was Jesus who fulfilled these predictions (Acts 3:22; 7:37).

Yet this Coming One represented a Scriptural enigma. At times, He was said to be victorious king who would reign forever (Num. 24:17; Isa. 9:6-7). But He was also forsaken, despised, rejected, and crushed (Ps. 22; Isa. 53). How could these seeming contradictions be reconciled? Some chose to apply these passages to two different individuals, a “suffering Messiah” (Messiah ben-Joseph) and a “victorious Messiah” (Messiah ben-David).⁷⁶ Others held that the fulfillments were mutually exclusive and which would eventuate depended upon the obedience of Israel.⁷⁷

The key which unlocks this mystery is the resurrection of Messiah (Ps. 16:10; Isa. 53:10). He would come once, die for the sins of the world, be resurrected back to life, and come a second time in judgment. His First Coming, death, and resurrection are now past. All that remains is His reappearance as described to John here and elsewhere in the NT. “It has been estimated that one out of every twenty-five verses in the New Testament refers to the Second Coming.”⁷⁸

Jesus came the first time in humiliation; He will return in exaltation. He came the first time to be killed; He will return to kill His enemies. He came the first time to serve; He will return to be served. He came the first time as the suffering servant; He will return as the conquering king. The challenge the book of Revelation makes to every person is to be ready for His return.⁷⁹

He is coming (present tense) and every eye will see Him (future tense). The grammar places the event on the edge between the present and the future—the futuristic present. It is ‘about to occur.’ It is imminent:

The verb form ἔρχεται [erchetai] is an example of the futuristic use of the present tense, the future connotation being provided by the word’s meaning. The idea is that Christ is already on His way, i.e., He is in the process of coming and hence will arrive. This use of the present tense enhances emphasis on the imminence of that coming (cf. ἔρχομαι [erchomai] , John 14:3).⁸⁰

This same verb is used directly or indirectly eleven more times in this book in reference to the return of Christ (cf. Rev. 1+;4,8+; 2:5+, 16+; 3:11+; 4:8+; 16:15+; 22:7+, 12+, 20+ [twice]), seven coming from the lips of Christ Himself (Rev. 2:5+, 16+; 3:11+; 16:15+; 22:7+, 12+, 20+). The current verse obviously is the theme verse for the whole book.⁸¹

See Imminency.

with clouds

Clouds are often associated with the glory of the Lord. Clouds were often one aspect of the visible manifestation of the Lord’s presence (Ex. 16:10; 19:9, 16; 24:15-16; 34:5; 40:34; Deu. 5:22). Clouds indicated His presence over the mercy seat where He dwelt between the cherubim (Lev. 16:2). During Solomon’s prayer dedicating the Temple, he recognized God’s habitation as the dark cloud (2Chr. 6:1). In response, the glory of the Lord filled the Temple (2Chr. 7:1), no doubt including a manifestation of clouds. The psalmist understood dark clouds to be God’s canopy (Ps. 18:11; Ps. 97:2).

The manifestation of God by clouds indicates His localized presence on the earth, among men:

the Shechinah Glory is the visible manifestation of the presence of God. It is the majestic presence or manifestation of God in which He descends to dwell among men. Whenever the invisible God becomes visible, and whenever the omnipresence of God is localized, this is the Shechinah Glory. The usual title found in Scriptures for the Shechinah Glory is the glory of Jehovah, or the glory of the Lord. The Hebrew form is Kvod Adonai, which means “the glory of Jehovah” and describes what the Shechinah Glory is. The Greek title, Doxa Kurion, is translated as “the glory of the Lord.” Doxa means “brightness,” “brilliance,” or “splendor,” and it depicts how the Shechinah Glory appears. Other titles give it the sense of “dwelling,” which portrays what the Shechinah Glory does. The Hebrew word Shechinah, from the root shachan, means “to dwell.” The Greek word skeinei, which is similar in sound as the Hebrew Shechinah (Greek has no “sh” sound), means “to tabernacle” . . . In the Old Testament, most of these visible manifestations took the form of light, fire, or cloud, or a combination of these. A new form appears in the New Testament: the Incarnate Word.⁸²

The visible manifestation of God indicating the place where he dwelt has been called the “Shekinah” glory from the Hebrew verb שָׁכַן [šāḵan] meaning “dwell, live among, inhabit, abide, stay, remain, camp, i.e., to live or reside in a place, usually for a relatively long amount of time (Gen. 9:27).”⁸³ See The Abiding Presence of God.

The cloud is probably not to be interpreted as a vapor cloud or as a storm cloud, but as a cloud of glory betokening the presence of God. . . . The “cloud,” then, may be the cloud of the Shekinah, which led the children of Israel out of Egypt and through the desert, and which overshadowed the Tabernacle and the Temple (Ex. 13:21-22; 40:34; Num. 9:15-16; 2Chr. 7:2-3).⁸⁴

When Jesus revealed His glory to Peter, James and John on the Mount of Transfiguration, the voice of the Father spoke from within a bright cloud saying, “This is My beloved Son in whom I am well pleased. Hear Him!” (Mat. 17:5). Jesus explained His appearance with the clouds to be the sign of His coming (Mat. 24:30) and His mention of “coming on the clouds of heaven” (Mat. 26:64) was understood by the high priest as a blasphemous claim (Mat. 26:64-65). He tore his garments in response, a clear indication of his understanding of what Jesus was claiming (Dan. 7:13).

John’s mention here of Jesus coming with clouds is an allusion from the book of Daniel which records the presentation of the Son to the Father: “I was watching in the night visions, and behold, One like the Son of Man, coming with the clouds of heaven! He came to the Ancient of Days, and they brought Him near before Him.” (Dan. 7:13). This presentation of the Son is to receive His kingdom (Dan. 7:14) and does not take place until all of His enemies are made His footstool (Ps. 110:1). This includes His future enemy, Daniel’s “little horn” (Dan. 7:8, 20-21). At present, He is seated at the right hand of the Father awaiting that day. The Son began the period of sitting at the right hand and waiting for His enemies to be made His footstool at His ascension (Acts 2:32-35; Heb. 10:11-13). His earthly kingdom did not come at the time of His ascension, but occurs when He rises from His seat beside the Father and descends to take up His Davidic throne on earth (Mat. 25:31; Luke 1:32-33).⁸⁵

At other times, the Lord is said to ride “on a swift cloud” (Isa. 19:1). It is such a passage which provides the basis for the preterist interpretation which holds that this verse is describing a “cloud coming” in judgment upon a nation. Such a judgment in the OT was not attended by a literally visible manifestation of God. Yet here, we are explicitly told that every eye will see Him. Not just the “clouds of judgment,” but Him! This return of Jesus will be with clouds, bodily, and visible as the angels informed His disciples at the time of His ascension (Acts 1:9-11). His return is the subject of the latter portion of Revelation 19+. If this were a “judgment coming” of Christ in A.D. 70 upon the Jews of Jerusalem as the preterists claim, what relevance would that have to the seven churches of Asia who were hundreds of miles away and virtually unaffected by the event?⁸⁶

As our discussion regarding the Date the Revelation was written shows, the best evidence supports a late date near the end of Domitian’s reign when John had the vision (A.D. 95-96). That being the case, the “coming” described here cannot refer to the “cloud coming in judgment” to destroy Jerusalem in A.D. 70 as the Preterist Interpretation holds.

every eye will see Him

This phrase would seem to be almost intentionally aimed at undercutting the claims of various cults and aberrations of Christianity which have taught non-visible fulfillments of the coming of Jesus in history past. His future coming will be visible to every eye. This simple fact destroys the claims of preterism that this “cloud coming” occurred spiritually in 70 A.D. with the destruction of Jerusalem and the ending of the Jewish state.⁸⁷

While mild preterism is not a cult, it shares this aberrant teaching that the coming of Jesus here is not a visible coming. “The crucifiers would see Him coming in judgment—that is, they would understand that His coming would mean wrath on the land.”⁸⁸ Notice the preterist sleight of hand. The verse states that every eye will see Him, whereas DeMar states that it is an understanding of His judgment that is being described. These are not the same thing. DeMar realizes the difference and attempts to overcome this liability: “Equating ‘seeing’ with ‘understanding’ is not Scripture twisting. It is a common biblical metaphor.”⁸⁹ Yet there are fundamental differences between this passage and those DeMar offers in support of the preterist view. Here, the passage states that every eye will see. If the preterist interpretation is correct and the “seeing” is an “understanding of judgment,” then why didn’t the entire nation of Israel “understand” and turn to Christ at the destruction of Jerusalem? Apparently, the vast majority of Jews had no idea of the correlation between the destruction of Jerusalem and the “coming of Jesus” which the preterists maintain and which John states every eye would see. “Seeing” is describing literal visibility by every eye, not an abstract “understanding” by a few Jews.

even they

A subgroup from among every eye, establishing the global nature of the manifestation of Christ.

Both Jews and Gentiles are responsible for the crucifixion of Jesus (Acts 4:27-28). It was Jewish mouths (Mark 15:13; Luke 23:21; John 19:6, 14-16) together with Gentile hands (John 19:23) which crucified Jesus. Ultimately, it was the sin of all mankind which sent Jesus to the cross (Rom. 4:25). Yet this passage refers to the Jews who have a particular responsibility (Acts 3:12-15) because Jesus is their promised national Messiah (Rom. 9:4-5). The Jewish generation which witnessed the crucifixion of Messiah made the fearful mistake of pronouncing a curse upon themselves and their children: “And all the people answered and said, ‘His blood [be] on us and on our children.’ ” (Mat. 27:25). So it is Jews who will specially mourn when they realize their grave error and the historical destruction it has wrought. As Lightner observes: “You don’t put kings on crosses, you put them on thrones!”

even they who pierced Him

“Pierced” is ἐξεκέντησαν [exekentēsan] . John uses this identical Greek word in John 19:37 when quoting Zechariah 12:10. These are the only two places in the entire NT where this particular verb appears—another piece of evidence that the Apostle John was the writer of both books.⁹⁰

The one who is coming is the one who they pierced—Jesus Christ. Yet Zechariah (Zec. 12:10) tells us that it is God who they pierced (Hebrew דָּקָרוּ [dāqārû] - “drive through, pierce, stab, run through, i.e., make physical impact with a sharp implement”⁹¹ ). “The weapon associated with [Hebrew] daqar is usually the sword, though a spear is the instrument in Num. 25:8.”⁹² Not only were spikes driven through Jesus’ hands and feet, but He was pierced with a spear (John 19:34). Comparing Zechariah 12:10 with this verse, we see once again that Jesus is identified as God! Isaiah prophesied that He would be “wounded” (“pierced,” NASB), Hebrew הָלַל [hālal] .⁹³ “John is the only one of the Evangelists who records the piercing of Christ’s side. This allusion identifies him as the author of the Apocalypse.”⁹⁴

Some hold that “every eye” describes all Israel whereas “even they that pierced” describes a subgroup from among the Jews who are more directly responsible for the crucifixion. But Zechariah defines those who pierced Him using terms which are synonymous with all Israel:

And I will pour on the house of David and on the inhabitants of Jerusalem the Spirit of grace and supplication; then they will look on Me whom they pierced. Yes, they will mourn for Him as one mourns for his only son, and grieve for Him as one grieves for a firstborn. Zec. 12:10 [emphasis added]

Here, Zechariah identifies “they who pierced” (Revelation 1:7+) as being all Israel-not a subset specifically held responsible for the crucifixion of Messiah from among a larger group of Jews.

The recipients of the spiritual blessing [identical with those who mourn] will be (1) “the house of David,” through whom the promise of the Messianic-Davidic Kingdom was made (2S. 7:8-16), and through whom it will be realized (Luke 1:31-33); and (2) “the inhabitants of Jerusalem”—the whole saved remnant of Israel, by metonymy, the capital representing the whole nation (cf. 1K. 20:34, where “Samaria,” the capital, represents the nation).⁹⁵

The fact that only the inhabitants of Jerusalem are named, and not those of Judah also, is explained correctly by the commentators from the custom of regarding the capital as the representative of the whole nation. And it follows . . . from this, that in v. 8 also the expression “inhabitants of Jerusalem” is simply an individualizing epithet for the whole of the covenant nation. But just as in v. 8 the house of David is mentioned emphatically along with these was the princely family and representative of the ruling class, so is it also in v. 10, for the purpose of expressing the thought that the same salvation is to be enjoyed by the whole nation, in all its ranks, from the first to the last.⁹⁶

Also, if “they who pierced” is to be understood as a subgroup from among the Jewish nation, how does one establish the precise boundary between all the Jews living at the time of Christ versus those who contributed to His crucifixion? And what does contributing to His crucifixion entail? Direct persuasion, such as manifested by the Jewish religious leaders? Does incitement by the crowd count? What about Jews who were not present at Jerusalem at the crucifixion, but opposed Jesus’ ministry? And how does such a distinction between some Jews and not others square with the generational curse pronounced by and upon the Jews in general (Mat. 27:25)?

all the tribes

In many places, tribes (φυλαι [phylai] ) specifically denotes the Jewish tribes (e.g., Mat. 19:28; Luke 2:36; 22:30; Acts 13:21; Rom. 11:1; Heb. 7:13; Php. 3:5; Jas. 1:1; Rev. 5:5+; 7:4-9+; 21:12+). Elsewhere, especially when appearing in the phrase all the tribes, it has a more global meaning (e.g., Mat. 24:30; Rev. 1:7+) over against the twelve [Jewish] tribes (Mat. 19:28; Luke 22:30; Acts 26:7; Jas. 1:1; Rev. 21:12+).Φυλαι [Phylai] is differentiated from nation (ἔθνος [ethnos] ), people (λαός [laos] ), and tongue (γλῶσσα [glōssa] ) in Rev. 7:9+; 11:9+; 13:7+.

of the earth

The closely-related phrase “all the families of the earth” appears in several places in the OT (Gen. 12:3; 28:14; Amos 3:2; Zec. 14:17). In all of these contexts, the phrase clearly refers to the global community (not just the tribes of Israel).⁹⁷ It is through Abraham’s seed that “all the families of the earth” (Gen. 12:3; 28:14) will be blessed.⁹⁸ God says to Israel, “You only have I known of all the families of the earth.” (Amos 3:2) Whichever “of the families of the earth does not go up to Jerusalem to worship the King” (Zec. 14:17) during the Millennium will not receive rain. These families include “the family of Egypt” (Zec. 14:18). In each of these OT passages, the Septuagint renders the phrase using the same Greek term (φυλαι [phylai] ) found here.⁹⁹ ¹⁰⁰

There is a close connection between this passage and Zechariah 12. Preterists make the same mistake in both passages of trying to limit the scope to Israel and Jerusalem. But the Zechariah passage is clearly describing a time “when all nations of the earth are gathered against [Jerusalem]” (Zec. 12:3). And the outcome of the battle is entirely different than the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70: “In that Day the LORD will defend the inhabitants of Jerusalem. . . I will seek to destroy all the nations that come against Jerusalem.” (Zec. 12:8-9). But nothing of the kind happened in A.D. 70. In the preterist “fulfillment” of these related passages, a single nation (Rome), unopposed by God, attacked Jerusalem completely destroying both the city and the Temple, resulting in the death of over 1 million Jews.¹⁰¹

[preterists conclude] that “earth” means the land of Israel, as in Zec. 12:12 and that the “tribes” in Rev. 1:7+ must be the literal Israelite tribes, who are being judged in 70 A.D. in fulfillment of the Zechariah 12 prophecy. But there are difficulties with this perspective. First, Zechariah 12 does not prophesy Israel’s judgment but Israel’s redemption. Furthermore, the Zechariah citation is combined with Dan. 7:13, which also refers to the eschatological deliverance, not judgment of Israel.¹⁰²

The global context is also evident because John has just said that Jesus is “the ruler over the kings of the earth” [emphasis added] (Rev. 1:5+). The plural kings indicates a wider area than just the land of Israel argued by preterists. There were not multiple kings over the Jews at the time of John’s vision.

The weightiest consideration of all appears to be the worldwide scope of the book. “Those who dwell on the earth” (Rev. 3:10+; 6:10+; 8:13+; 11:10+ [twice]; 13:8+, 12+, 14+ [twice]; 17:2+, 8+) are the objects of the wrath that is pictured in its pages, and evidence points to the multi-ethnic nature of this group. The scope of the judgments of the book is also worldwide, not localized (e.g., Rev. 14:6+; 15:4+). Besides this, the people on whom these judgments fall do not respond by repenting.¹⁰³

Further evidence against the preterist attempt to interpret Revelation as concerning the A.D. 70 judgment of Israel is found in a comparison of Ezekiel 3 with Revelation 10+. Both prophets, Ezekiel and John, are given books to eat. Both books are sweet to the taste, but bitter once digested. Both books contain prophecy. However, one significant difference occurs between what Ezekiel and John ingest: Ezekiel eats a message intended for Israel but John eats a message for all nations. Ezekiel is told to prophesy to the “house of Israel, not to many people of unfamiliar speech” (Eze. 3:6) whereas John “must prophesy again about many peoples, nations, tongues, and kings” (Rev. 10:11+). The message of John is about many peoples, nations, tongues, and kings. What more could God say to make its global extent clearer? See commentary on Revelation 10:11.¹⁰⁴ .

mourn

The word κόψονται [kopsontai] refers to the act of beating one’s breast as an act of mourning.¹⁰⁵ Jesus refers to this event when all the tribes of the earth will mourn (κόψονται [kopsontai] , Mat. 24:30). There it is said to be in response to “The sign of the Son of Man” which will “appear in heaven.” This sign appears in heaven—visible worldwide and cannot be restricted to the region of Israel as preterists maintain.

The Jews will mourn because of the awful realization of the truth of the crucifixion of their own Messiah and the subsequent record of history triggered by this most colossal mistake of all history:

Israel must, indeed, be dumb if one asks them today: Tell me, pray: How can it be that the Eternal sent the fathers out of their land into captivity in Babylon for only seventy years, on account of all the abominations and idolatry by which they for centuries defiled the Holy Land:—and now Israel has been dispersed among all peoples for over eighteen hundred years, and Jerusalem, the city of the great King, is trodden down by the nations until this day? What, then, is the great and terrible blood-guiltiness which perpetually prevents you from dwelling in peace in the land of your fathers?—But Israel is not willing to know! And yet it is precisely its sin against its Messiah that is indeed the root of Israel’s misery.¹⁰⁶

The Gentiles too will mourn as they realize the truth of Christianity which they have steadfastly rejected, and the inescapable fact of their impending judgment. John records the astonishing hardness of heart of the “earth dwellers” at the time of the end. Even in the face of overwhelming evidence of God’s existence, sovereignty, and power, they will not repent (Rev. 16:9+, 11+, 21+). It is our belief that this is one reason Paul says, “now is the day of salvation” (2Cor. 6:2). For every day, every hour, every minute that a person continues to reject the knowledge of God makes it more likely they will never turn to accept the free offer of salvation.¹⁰⁷

Brethren, I do not wonder that worldlings and half-Christians have no love of this doctrine, or that they hate to hear about Christ’s speedy coming. It is the death knell of their gaieties and pleasures—the turning of their confidence to consternation—the conversion of their songs to shrieks of horror and despair. There is a day coming, when “the loftiness of man shall be bowed down, and the haughtiness of man shall be made low;” [Isa. 2:11, 17]¹⁰⁸

3.1.8 - Revelation 1:8 Open Bible at Rev. 1:8 Listen to Rev. 1:8

I am

A trademark of the book of John which records the self-identification of Jesus using this phrase. Jesus said unless you believe “I am” (John 8:24), you will die in your sins. He said that before Abraham “I am” (John 8:58), an intentional reference to the self-existent One of Exodus (Ex. 3:6, 14) for which the Jews attempted to stone Him.¹⁰⁹ It was before the power of this declaration of deity that those who came to arrest Jesus fell back: “Now when he said to them “I am,” they drew back and fell to the ground” (John 18:6).

the Alpha and the Omega, the Beginning and the End

This complete title is applied both to the Father (Rev. 21:6+) and to the Son (Rev. 22:13+). The phrase is also applied to the Son in two parts (Rev. 1:11+; 2:8+). It is clear that the title can apply to both Father and Son and is therefore yet another clear indication of the deity of the Son.

The use of a very similar phrase by Isaiah underscores the uniqueness of God: “Besides Me there is no God” (Isa. 44:6). Alpha, being the first letter of the Greek alphabet (as our “A”) stands for the “beginning.” Omega, being the last letter of the Greek alphabet (as our “Z”) stands for the “end.” Because God existed from before all time and will exist beyond all time, there is no room for another God (Isa. 43:10). Throughout the Father’s preexistence, the Son was with Him (John 1:1-3; 8:54; Col. 1:17).

the Lord

Designating someone as “Lord,” especially in John’s day, could have serious implications. It was a title which Christians did not use lightly: “ ‘Lord’ (kyrios) means that the bearer was worthy of divine recognition and honor. The apostolic writers and early believers were well aware of this meaning. Polycarp, for example, died as a martyr rather than call Caesar kyrios.”¹¹⁰

who is and who was and who is to come

See commentary on Revelation 1:4. Some see grammatical evidence identifying the speaker here as the Father.¹¹¹ Yet the switch to the Father here after the Son has just been the subject (Rev. 1:7+) and prior to similar statements by the Son (Rev. 1:11+, 17+) seems too abrupt.¹¹² Elsewhere we discuss the role of the Antichrist, empowered by Satan, as the Master Imitator. Pink notes the correlation between this phrase describing God’s self-existence and the phrase applied to Antichrist: “Christ is referred to as Him ‘which was, and is, and is to come’ (Rev. 4:8+); the Antichrist is referred to as him that ‘was, and is not; and shall ascend out of the bottomless pit’ (Rev. 17:8+).”¹¹³

the Almighty

Ὁ παντοκράτωρ [Ho pantokratōr] (“the Almighty”) is derived from ὁ πάντων κρατῶν [ho pantōn kratōn] (“the one who holds all”) and is rendered in the LXX for שַׁדַּי [šadday] in the book of Job and צְבָאוֹת [ṣeḇāʾôṯ] (“hosts”) elsewhere.¹¹⁴ It is a reference to God’s sovereignty and might, His command of powerful force.

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I, John

John also refers to himself this way in Rev. 21:2+ and 22:8+, perhaps indicating an awareness of his unworthiness and inadequacy in serving as the chosen vessel for such great revelation (Rev. 22:8+). The only other writer to refer to himself in such a way was Daniel (Dan. 7:28; 9:2; 10:2).

brother

Like Peter before him (1Pe. 5:1), John emphasizes his equality with other believers. The leadership hierarchy which now characterizes many church bodies of our day was unknown to John.¹¹⁵ He saw himself as a fellow believer and servant of Christ (Rev. 1:1+).

At the time of the vision, he was the only remaining apostle, and perhaps the only survivor of those with whom Christ had personally conversed. He was therefore the most interesting and exalted Christian then living upon the earth—a most reverend and venerable man. But he was as humble and meek as he was high in place.¹¹⁶

tribulation. . . kingdom. . . patience

Although the earthly kingdom is yet future, those who believe in Jesus have already been “conveyed . . . into the kingdom of the Son” (Col. 1:13). The same triplet occurs in Acts 14:22.

Patience is better rendered “perseverance” (ὑπομονη [hypomonē] ). It is through patience that the believer bears fruit (Luke 8:15). By patience those who are in the midst of tribulation are able to possess their souls (Luke 21:16-19; Rev. 13:10+; 14:9-12+). It is the perspective and position of the believer which enables him to stand through trials and situations which otherwise would be insurmountable. When cancer strikes or an unexpected automobile accident leaves a loved one paralyzed, our eternal perspective based upon the truth of the Scriptures is the remedy for utter hopelessness. When all else fails and our resources are depleted, we can and must stand upon God’s Word, being convinced of our unshakable position in Christ and the perspective that this life is not all there is. It is but a “shadow” and a “vapor” by which we are prepared for eternity to come.

island called Patmos

A small Greek island off the coast of modern-day Turkey.

Patmos near Asia Minor

The island is one of a group of about fifty islands called the Dodecanese. Patmos is located between two other islands named Icaria and Leros. Patmos, shaped like a crescent with its horns facing eastward, was a safe place for vessels to anchor during storms and was therefore important to navigators. It was the last stopping place when traveling from Rome to Ephesus and the first stopping place on a return trip to Rome. Being a rocky and barren place, it was chosen as a penal settlement by the Romans, as were other islands in the group. Early Christian tradition says John was sent here during Domitian’s reign over Rome (A.D. 81-96) and was forced to work in the mines. Another tradition adds that when Domitian died, John was permitted to return to Ephesus.¹¹⁷

The Island of Patmos

The Island of Patmos¹¹⁸

Less than a year ago I passed that island. It is a mere mass of barren rocks, dark in colour and cheerless in form. It lies out in the open sea, near the coast of Western Asia Minor. It has neither trees nor rivers, nor any land for cultivation, except some little nooks between the ledges of rocks. There is still a dingy grotto remaining, in which the aged Apostle is said to have lived, and in which he is said to have had this vision. A chapel covers it, hung with lamps kept burning by the monks.¹¹⁹

The Church of the Apocalypse

The Church of the Apocalypse¹²⁰

It is a frequent pattern within Scripture that great revelation was often given to those close to God while in captivity outside Israel and while Jerusalem lay in ruins. We think of Ezekiel, Daniel, and now John. Often, the greatest revelation from God occurs when least expected and in the most unusual places (e.g., Paul in Arabia, Gal. 1:15-17.)

for the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus Christ

Some have suggested the John sought out Patmos on a mission to preach the gospel to its inhabitants. But this seems highly doubtful since many more people lived in the mainland population centers in Asia and we have no record of John initiating any such trip. It is much more likely, as tradition records, that John was banished to Patmos contrary to his own desires. “According to Victorinus, John though aged, was forced to labor in the mines located at Patmos.”¹²¹ “Tacitus refers to the use of such small islands for political banishment (Annals 3.68; 4.30; 15.71). Eusebius mentions that John was banished to the island by the emperor Domitian in A.D. 95 and released eighteen months later by Nerva (Ecclesiastical History 3.20. 8-9).”¹²²

It has been sometimes asked, When was that prophecy and promise fulfilled concerning John, that he should drink of his Lord’s cup, and be baptized with his Lord’s baptism (Mat. 20:22)? . . . Origin, however, no doubt gave the right answer long ago. . ., Now—in this his banishment to Patmos; not thereby denying that there must have been a life-long φλῖψις [phlipsis] for such a one as the Apostle John, but only affirming that the words found their most emphatic and crowning fulfilment now.¹²³

Restricted to a small spot on earth, he is permitted to penetrate the wide realms of heaven and its secrets. Thus John drank of Christ’s cup, and was baptized with His baptism (Mat. 20:22).¹²⁴

Under Domitian, history records the banishment of Christians who were considered “atheists” because they refused to pay homage to Caesar or to Roman gods:

Dio Casius records that Domitian executed the aristocrat Flavious Clemens and banished his wife Flavia Domitilla because of “atheism” (ἀθεότης [atheotēs] ). . . . Dio’s full statement views “atheism” as “a charge on which many others who drifted into Jewish ways were condemned.” A similar but later statement affirms that Domitian’s persecution was explicitly two-pronged, being directed against “maiestas [treason]” or against “adopting the Jewish mode of life.” . . . With particular reference to Flavia Domitilla, inscriptions and Christian tradition affirm that she professed Christianity, which would have made her a prime candidate for a charge of “atheism” by those believing in the deity of the emperor.¹²⁵

Opposition is to be the expectation for those who truly carry the uncompromising message of the cross. The testimony of Jesus which John was banished for is most naturally understood to be opposition that which he testified about Jesus (objective genitive). “The nominal Christian and the formalist the world cannot hate, for they are of it, and it will love its own; but the Johns and Pauls must go into banishment, or give their necks to the state block.”¹²⁶ When we are accepted by the world, it is time for serious self-examination. See commentary on Revelation 1:2.

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in the Spirit

All prophetic revelation has its origin in the Holy Spirit (2Pe. 1:20-21) and never from man (Gal. 1:12-16; 2:2). Mysteries, things which are unknown and unknowable by man, are revealed only by the Spirit (Eph. 3:3). Often, spiritual revelation by the Holy Spirit involves a transporting of the prophet, physically or in a vision, to a different location where information is revealed (Eze. 8:3; 11:24; 37:1; Dan. 8:2; 2Cor. 12:2; Rev. 4:2+; 17:3+; 21:10+).

Here, John mentions he was in the Spirit indicating that what he is about to describe involves supernatural revelation by means of a vision. This statement puts an end to all speculation as to the motives and initiative of John himself in writing the book of Revelation. For John didn’t write the book, he recorded it!

Revelation from the Spirit is found both in the OT and NT.¹²⁷ Being ‘in the Spirit’ in the sense John describes is not something initiated by man. It is a sovereign action initiated by God in order to impart divine instruction. As Ezekiel describes it: “the hand of the Lord was upon him” (Eze. 1:3).

Luke describes the similar experience of Peter (Acts 10:10) and Paul (Acts 22:17) as an “ecstasy” (ἔκστασις [ekstasis] ):

A throwing of the mind out of its normal state, alienation of mind, whether such as makes a lunatic or that of a man who by some sudden emotion is transported as it were out of himself, so that in this rapt condition, although he is awake, his mind is drawn off from all surrounding objects and wholly fixed on things divine that he sees nothing but the forms and images lying within, and thinks that he perceives with his bodily eyes and ears realities shown him by God.¹²⁸

Peter, Paul, and John were passive recipients of that which God initiated. In this sense, the experience is diametrically opposed to the ecstatic frenzies associated with cultish prophets (1K. 18:28) and some modern movements wherein the person actively participates in bringing about an altered state of consciousness.

the Lord’s Day

There are several views concerning the meaning of this passage. One view holds that it refers to Sunday, the first day of the week. The phrase uses the same adjective (“Lord’s”) as does Paul when describing the Lord’s Supper: “Therefore when you come together in one place, is it not to eat the Lord’s Supper (κυριακὸν δεῖπνον [kyriakon deipnon] )” (1Cor. 11:20)?

Deissmann has proven (Bible Studies, p. 217f; Light, etc., p. 357ff) from inscriptions and papyri that the word (Grk: kuriakos, Strongs: G2960) was in common use for the sense “imperial” as imperial finance and imperial treasury and from papyri and ostraca that (Grk: heemera, Strongs: G2250) (Grk: Sebastee, Strongs: G4575) (Augustus Day) was the first day of each month, Emperor’s Day on which money payments were made (cf. 1Cor. 16:1f). It was easy, therefore, for the Christians to take this term, already in use, and apply it to the first day of the week in honor of the Lord Jesus Christ’s resurrection on that day (Didache 14, Ignatius Magn. 9).¹²⁹

Others note that Sunday, which came to be the day of Christian worship, is nowhere else referred to using this phrase, but is described instead as “the first day of the week” (Mat. 28:1; Mark 16:2, 9; Luke 24:1; John 20:1, 19; Acts 20:7; 1Cor. 16:2).

It also appears that John’s use of the phrase predates its use among Christians to designate the day of Christ’s resurrection.¹³⁰

Another view is that the phrase does not describe the first day of the week, but denotes the eschatological “Day of the Lord”:¹³¹

However, such an interpretation is open to the objection that (1) such a meaning has no relevance to the context; (2) the term is never so applied in Scripture, where the day of Christian worship is uniformly called the “first day of the week”; (3) such an interpretation does not agree with the Patristic understanding of the verse; (4) the interpretation is a reading back into the text of a term subsequently applied to Sunday. The term “Lord’s day” is better understood as John’s way of expressing the common Hebrew term “day of the Lord,” in a manner in Greek which places the emphasis upon “Lord’s” (by placing it in an initial position) in the same manner as the Hebrew expression places emphasis upon “Lord” (by placing it in the final position) in “day of the Lord.” Supposing the expression refers to Sunday cannot account for the presence of the Greek article “the” used in the expression. When the article is lacking, there are several possible explanations to account for the fact, but when an interpretation cannot account for the presence of the Greek article, the interpretation stands self-condemned (J. B. Smith, Comm. on Revelation, Appendix 5, p. 320). The expression “on the Lord’s day” would better be translated “in the Lord’s day,” as a reference to this specific prophetic time period. The Greek preposition en is more usually rendered “in,” only once in Revelation is it translated “on,” in the expression “on the earth,” Rev. 5:13+. Everywhere else where en is followed by the word “day” it is rendered “in” (Rev. 2:13+. 9:6+. 10:7+. 11:6+. 18:8+). Understanding this term to refer to the “day of the Lord” emphasizes that the events which transpire in the third division of the book (“things which shall be hereafter”) are events which take place during the “day of the Lord,” a future time which begins at the Great Tribulation and concludes with the judgment of the Great White Throne at the end of the Millennium, and specifically ties in the prophecies of this book with the rest of Scripture relating to this coming day.¹³²

The key that unlocks the door to the understanding of this book is, we believe, that it relates to The Day of the Lord, and not to any tradition which limits the reception of this Vision to a particular day of the week; and that day Sunday. . . . Thus did Abraham also see Christ’s Day. He saw it, and rejoiced, and was glad. It must have been “in Spirit,” whatever meaning we may put upon the expression. There was no other way of his seeing Christ’s Day; and that is the way in which it says John saw “the Lord’s Day.” . . . The majority of people, being accustomed from their infancy to hear the first day of the week called the Lord’s Day, conclude in their own minds that day is thus called in Rev. 1:9+ because that was the name of it. But the contrary is the fact: the day is so called by us because of this verse. In the New Testament this day is always called “the first day of the week.” (See Mat. 28:1; Mark 16:2, 9; Luke 24:1; John 20:1, 19; Acts 20:7; 1Cor. 16:2). Is it not strange that in this one place a different expression is thought to refer to the same day? And yet, so sure are the commentators that it means Sunday, . . . There is no evidence of any kind that “the first day of the week” was ever called “the Lord’s Day” before the Apocalypse was written. That it should be so called afterwards is easily understood, and there can be little doubt that the practice arose from the misinterpretation of these words in Rev. 1:9+.¹³³

A difficulty with this view is the difference in wording when compared with the phrase “Day of the Lord” found elsewhere in the NT: “Some feel that John was transported into the future day of the Lord, the prophetic day of God’s great judgment and the return of Christ . . . The major objection to this is that John does not use the common expression for the eschatological ‘day of the Lord’ (hēmera kyriou).”¹³⁴ “The Greek phrase translated the Lord’s day (τη κυριακη ἡμερα [tē kyriakē hēmera] ) is different from the one translated ‘the Day of the Lord’ (τη ἡμερεα του κυριου [tē hēmerea tou kyriou] , or ἡμερεα κυριου [hēmerea kyriou] ; cf. 1Cor. 5:5; 1Th. 5:2; 2Th. 2:2; 2Pe. 3:10) and appears only here in the New Testament.”¹³⁵ Proponents of the eschatological view attempt to explain this difference as one of the Hebraism’s in Revelation.¹³⁶

A third view is that John is describing neither a day of the week nor the “Day of the Lord,” but is referring to his condition in the Spirit:

It does not refer to a specific day of the week, such as the Sabbath (Saturday) or Sunday. Rather, it was a day in which John was enraptured by prophetic and divine ecstasy and received divine revelation. It was a day in which he fell under the control of the Holy Spirit and was given prophetic inspiration. Thus, for him, it was a “lordy day.”¹³⁷

as of a trumpet

Much of what John sees or hears is new, different, or unearthly and therefore difficult to describe precisely. John frequently employs simile in which two different, but similar things are compared. Later, this same voice will beckon John to heaven saying, “come up here” (Rev. 4:1+).

Elsewhere in Scripture, trumpets attend events of great importance. A trumpet announced the manifestation of God’s presence upon Mount Sinai (Ex. 19:16; 20:18). The year of jubilee when all debts were forgiven was heralded by the blast of a trumpet (Lev. 25:9). The sounding of trumpets attended the downfall of Jericho (Jos. 6:4-20). A trumpet will attend God’s overthrow of the kingdoms of the earth (Ps. 45:7) and warns that the Day of the Lord is at hand (Joel 2:1). A trumpet signals the gathering of the Church at the Rapture (1Cor. 15:42; 1Th. 4:6) and of the elect prior to the Millennial Kingdom (Mat. 24:31). Trumpets also attend significant events in this book (Rev. 8:2+, 6+, 13+; 9:14+). Here, we do not have a trumpet, but a voice as of a trumpet, signifying its power and the attention it commands.

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I am the Alpha and the Omega, the First and the Last

God is said to be “everlasting” (Gen. 21:33). He “inhabits eternity” (Isa. 57:15) and is without beginning and without end: “from everlasting to everlasting” (Ps. 90:2). This appellation is especially reminiscent of that given by Isaiah: “Thus says the LORD, the King of Israel, and his Redeemer, the LORD of hosts: ‘I am the First and I am the Last; besides Me there is no God’ ” (Isa. 44:6).

Whoever said Jesus never claimed to be God need look no further. For the next verse leaves absolutely no doubt that it is the Son Who is applying to Himself titles which are reserved exclusively for God (Isa. 41:4; 48:12; Rev. 21:6+; 22:13+)! This is consistent with the OT where the promised Son is referred to as “Everlasting Father” (Isa. 9:6).

God is the unique “uncaused first cause,” “Before Me there was no God formed, nor shall there be after Me” (Isa. 43:10). He is self-existent and outside of the limitations of time. This is why He alone can predict the future:

Tell and bring forth your case; yes, let them take counsel together. Who has declared this from ancient time? Who has told it from that time? Have not I, the LORD? And there is no other God besides Me, a just God and a Savior; there is none besides Me. (Isa. 45:21)

God’s existence outside of time is a unique identifying feature of His character which God challenges any other to try and duplicate:

Let them bring forth and show us what will happen; let them show the former things, what they were, that we may consider them, and know the latter end of them; or declare to us things to come. (Isa. 41:22)

This is but one of many reasons why we choose to trust the text of Genesis over after-the-fact and error-prone interpretation of distant history by modern science.

See commentary on Revelation 1:8.

write what you see

Literally, “what you are seeing [you] write!” The verb “see” (Βλέπεις [Blepeis] ) is in the present tense. John’s contribution will be as a moment-by-moment observer, recording the events and scenes which are brought before him while in the Spirit. This, no doubt, accounts in part for the lack of grammatical polish which has been observed in the Greek text. This is not a carefully crafted literary document containing sophisticated themes originating in John’s own mind. John is continually reminded to “write” as he experiences the various scenes of the Revelation (Rev. 1:11+, 19+; 2:1+, 8+, 12+, 18+; 3:1+, 7+, 12+, 14+; 10:4+; 14:13+; 19:9+; 21:5+). This would seem to support the view that John is making a moment-by-moment record of the scenes which he is being shown. As with other writers of Scripture, the Holy Spirit is superintending the process, but it seems unlikely that John is given the time or luxury of carefully analyzing and crafting that which he records.

to the seven churches

Tradition holds that John left Jerusalem in the late sixties of the first century, prior to the destruction of Jerusalem by Rome. He went to Asia where he became the recognized leader of the Asian churches, following in the footsteps of Paul’s earlier missionary work which directly or indirectly founded many of the churches mentioned here.

The epistolary form of address immediately distinguishes this book from all other Jewish apocalyptic works . . . None of the pseudepigraphical works contains such epistolary addresses. John writes to actual, historical churches, addressing them in the same way the NT epistles are addressed.¹³⁸

(See The Genre of the book of Revelation for more on the literary genre of apocalyptic.)

The seven churches are listed in the same order as their respective letters appear in Revelation 2+ and 3+. It has been suggested that their order indicates the natural route messengers would take to deliver copies of the letter to the seven churches.¹³⁹

See Seven Churches of Asia.

which are in Asia

This is neither Asia nor even Asia Minor, but what we would today know as the region of western Turkey.

In the New Testament, as generally in the language of men when the New Testament was written, Asia meant not what it now means for us, and had once meant for the Greeks, one namely of the three great continents of the old world. . ., nor yet even that region which geographers about the fourth century of our era began to call “Asia Minor;” but a strip of the western seaboard containing hardly a third portion of this . . . its limits being nearly identical with those of the kingdom which Attalus the Third bequeathed to the Roman people. Take “Asia” in this sense, and there will be little or no exaggeration in the words of the Ephesian silversmith, that “almost throughout all Asia” Paul had turned away much people from the service of idols (Acts 19:26; cf. ver. 10); word which must seem to exceed even the limits of an angry hyperbole to those not acquainted with this restricted use of the term.¹⁴⁰

The “Asia” of which the Scriptures speak is not the great continent of Asia, or even of Asia Minor, but only the western part of Asia Minor, directly south of the Black Sea. The whole of it does not include a larger territory than the single state of Pennsylvania.¹⁴¹

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I turned to see

John is about to enter into the experience of many other prophets who were given a revelation of the glory of the Lord, usually near the beginning of their prophetic ministry. We think of Moses (Ex. 33:22-23; 34:5-6), Ezekiel (Eze. 1), Isaiah (Isa. 6), Daniel (Dan. 10:5-6), and Paul (Acts 9:3; 22:6). John had been given a previous taste of God’s glory on the Mount of Transfiguration with Peter and James (Mat. 17:1; Mark 9:2; Luke 9:29).¹⁴²

St. John Beholding the Seven Candelabra

St. John Beholding the Seven Candelabra¹⁴³

seven golden lampstands

The symbolism of these lampstands is explained: “the seven lampstands which you saw are the seven churches” (Rev. 1:20+). The churches bear light, but are not the source of light (Mat. 5:14-16; John 1:4-5, 7-9; 5:32-35; Eph. 5:11-13; Php. 2:15).

The “seven candlesticks” . . . are intended to send us back, to the seven-branched candlestick, or candelabrum, which bears ever the same name of λυχνία [lychnia] in the Septuagint (Ex. 25:31 cf. Heb. 9:2); the six arms of which with the central shaft . . . made up the mystical seven, each with its several lamp (λύχνος [lychnos] , Zec. 4:2).¹⁴⁴

See Interpreting Symbols. See symbolic meaning of seven.

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in the midst

The Levites, who performed the priestly duty of the OT, camped around the glory of the Lord which resided in the Tabernacle (Num. 1:50; 1Chr. 9:27). The glory of the Lord was in the “midst” of the Levitical priests. The lampstands, which represent the churches (Rev. 1:20+), made up of believers who are priests unto God (Rev. 1:6+), also have the glory of the Lord in their midst (Mat. 18:20).¹⁴⁵

Unlike other religions of the world, the Christian is not serving a famous mortal man whose body is now long moldering in the grave. Christ’s corpse is unavailable because He is risen and active among His Church as the body of Christ continues to minister on the earth in His absence.

Unlike the glory of God in the OT which departed from the people of God due to their sin (1S. 16:14; Ps. 51:11; Eze. 8:6; 9:3; 10:4, 18-19; 11:22-23; Hos. 5:14), each NT believer is indwelt and permanently sealed with the Holy Spirit (John 6:27; 14:16; 2Cor. 1:22; Eph. 1:13; 4:30).¹⁴⁶ He is in the midst of His Church, and will remain there “for the day of redemption” (Eph. 4:30).

the seven lampstands

In the OT, the Menorah was made of a single central shaft to which six (or eight) branches were joined, the entire assembly being a single affair. Here, we have seven individual lamps, representing the seven typical (and historical) churches which represent the witness of Christ through the church. The central shaft joining these seven lamps and providing the oil for their continued illumination is Christ Himself (John 15:5). Some have seen in the separate lampstands a reference to the dispersion of the Jews.¹⁴⁷

Son of Man

In a remarkable passage in the OT “a likeness with the appearance of a man” (Eze. 1:26) is seen high above the throne. His form is clothed in brilliant radiance which Ezekiel describes as “the likeness of the glory of the LORD” (Eze. 1:27). This is the One Who was seen by Stephen just prior to his death (Acts 7:56). Consistent with the description found in Revelation 1:7, this is the One who is presented to the Ancient of Days in the book of Daniel (Dan. 7:13) and who is to receive “dominion and glory, and a kingdom” (Dan. 7:14). Jesus applied this term to Himself in the gospels (Dan. 7:13; Mat. 24:30; 26:64; Mark 13:26; 14:62; Luke 21:27). Jesus is both the “Son of God” and “Son of Man.” These two titles hint at the mystery of the incarnation, where all the fullness of God dwelt in human form (Col. 2:9). Jesus, as the “Son of God,” is divine and without sin. As the “Son of Man,” he was begotten of Mary in the line from David, Abraham, and Adam (Mat. 1:1, 6; Luke 3:31, 34, 38; Rev. 12:1-5+). His divinity and virgin birth provide the necessary perfection by which His death could atone for the sins of the world (Isa. 53:9; John 8:46; 14:30; 2Cor. 5:21; Heb. 4:15; 7:26; 9:14; 1Pe. 1:19; 2:22; 1Jn. 3:5). Although He is truly a man (Php. 2:7; Heb. 2:17), He is unique from all other men in His sinless perfection (Rom. 8:3).

As the “Son of Man,” His humanity provides for His role as the judge (John 5:27) and kinsman-redeemer (Goel, 1Ti. 2:5)¹⁴⁸ of mankind (Rev. 5:4-5+); to taste of death (Heb. 2:14); and to restore the dominion lost by the first man Adam.¹⁴⁹

One like the Son of Man appears again in Rev. 14:14+ where He reaps a harvest from the earth.

garment down to the feet

Apparently a reference to His priestly garments. “The long robe is every where in the East the garment of dignity and honour (Gen. 37:3; Mark 13:38 [sic]; Luke 15:22)—the association of dignity with it probably resting originally on the absence of the necessity of labor.”¹⁵⁰

girded about the chest

The high priest wore a priestly “sash” around his priestly garment at the height of the breast (Ex. 28:4; 28:39; 39:29; Lev. 8:7; 16:4). But this sash was not made of gold (see below). A garment reaching to the feet was impractical for those who were laborers and came to denote a position of status. The seven angels of Rev. 15:6+ are similarly girded.

The ordinary girding for one actively engaged was at the loins (1K. 2:5; 18:46; Jer. 13:2 cf. Luke 12:35; Eph. 6:14; 1Pe. 1:13); but Josephus expressly tells us that the Levitical priests were girt higher up, about the breast . . . favouring, as this higher cincture did, a calmer, more majestic movement.¹⁵¹

Christ has an unchangeable priesthood because He continues forever (Heb. 7:14). “Therefore He is also able to save to the uttermost those who come to God through Him, since He always lives to make intercession for them.” (Heb. 7:25).

with a golden band

How similar John’s vision is to that of Daniel by the Tigris (Dan. 10:5-6). Daniel saw “a man . . . whose waist was girded with gold of Uphaz” (Dan. 10:6). His visitor had eyes like torches of fire and feet like burnished bronze and spoke with a voice like the voice of a multitude. Yet it seems that Daniel’s visitor could not have been the Son of Man which John sees here, for how could the prince of Persia (an angelic being influencing the kingdom of Persia) have ever withstood the Lord of Glory (Dan. 10:13)? And when did God ever require help (Dan. 10:13)?¹⁵²

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like wool, as white as snow

In Daniel’s vision, it is the Ancient of Days (the Father) who’s “hair of His head was like pure wool” (Dan. 7:9). Here it is that of the Son of Man. John is being shown the glory of the Son, which He had with the Father “before the World was” (John 17:5).

It is evident that His ultimate glory was veiled in order to make possible a ministry to His disciples in scenes on earth. After His ascension into heaven, Christ never appeared again apart from His glory. In Acts 7:56, Stephen saw Christ standing at the right hand of the Father in the midst of the glory of God. In the appearance of Christ to Paul recorded in Acts 9:3-6, the glory of Christ was such that Paul was blinded. A similar experience befell the Apostle John in Revelation 1:12-20+ where John fell at the feet of Christ as one dead when he beheld the glory of Christ in His resurrection.¹⁵³

Wool and snow also speak of His sinless purity (Isa. 1:18). A hypothetical question which might be asked (on a par with the question whether Adam and Eve had belly buttons) is whether Jesus would have had gray hair if he had not been crucified but lived? Since death is the wages of sin and Jesus knew no sin, we can infer the answer would be “no.” The hair white as wool is not a description of age or wisdom, but the incendiary brightness of His glory:

The white hairs of old age are at once the sign and the consequence of the decay of natural strength, in other words, of death commencing; . . . Being then this, how can the white hairs, the hoary head which is the sign of weakness, decay, and the approach of death, be ascribed to Him who, as He is from everlasting, so also is He to everlasting? . . . How then shall we explain this hair “white like wool”? It is a part of the transfiguration in light of the glorified person of the Redeemer; a transfiguration so complete that it reaches to the extremities, to the very hairs of the head.¹⁵⁴

eyes like a flame of fire

His eyes are singled out as being like a flame of fire. This evokes the image of a gaze which instantly pierces the deepest darkness to lay bear all sin. It is a reference to His omniscience, omnipresence, and judgment. There is no evil activity of men which Jesus does not see (Job 28:24; Ps. 90:8; 94:9; 139:23; Pr. 15:3). There is no den of iniquity so dark that Jesus is not there (Job 34:22; Ps. 139:7; Jer. 23:24; Amos 9:2). There is no work of man which will go unjudged by His piercing gaze (1Cor. 3:15; 2Cor. 5:10; Heb. 4:13). Truly, God is an all-consuming fire (Num. 11:1; Deu. 5:25; 9:3; 2K. 1:10; Ps. 50:3; 78:63; Isa. 33:14; Luke 9:54; Heb. 12:29; Rev. 11:5+).

When speaking to the church at Thyatira, after mentioning His “eyes like a flame of fire” (Rev. 2:18+), Jesus continues, “I know your works” (Rev. 2:19+). He says to the same church, “all the churches shall know that I am He who searches the minds and hearts. And I will give to each one of you according to your works” (Rev. 2:23+).

His piercing eyes are an identifying description in Rev. 19:12+. It is impossible to escape His gaze! “And there is no creature hidden from His sight, but all things are naked and open to the eyes of Him to whom we must give account” (Heb. 4:13).

3.1.15 - Revelation 1:15 Open Bible at Rev. 1:15 Listen to Rev. 1:15

His feet

It would appear that His feet were unshod:

They were no doubt bare; as were the feet of the Levitical priesthood ministering in the sanctuary. We are no where indeed expressly told of these that they ministered barefoot, but every thing leads us to this conclusion. Thus while all the other parts of the priestly investiture are described with the greatest minuteness, and Moses accurately instructed how they should be made, there is no mention of any covering for the feet. Then again the analogy of such passages as Ex. 3:5; Jos. 5:15, and the fact that the moral idea of the shoe is that of defense against the defilements of the earth, of which defilements there could be none in the Holy Place, all this irresistibly points to the same conclusions.¹⁵⁵

fine brass, refined in a furnace

The etymology of χαλκολίβανος [chalkolibanos] [fine brass] being uncertain, it may be intended to describe the resulting hardness of brass after the refining process, this being an allusion to the treading or trampling down of those who are unbelieving or unfaithful (Ps. 58:10; 68:23; Isa. 63:3; Rev. 2:18-29+; 19:15+). It is in reality an unknown metal.¹⁵⁶

Bochart sees in χαλκολίβανος [chalkolibanos] [fine brass], a hybrid formation, the combination of a Greek word and a Hebrew, χαλκός [chalkos] , and לִבֵּן [libbēn] = “albare,” to make white; brass which in the furnace has attained what we call “white head.” . . . If this be correct, the χαλκολίβανο [chalkolibano] will not be “fine brass” or the “shining,” but the “glowing brass.” This conclusion is very much strengthened by the following phrase, “as if they burned in a furnace;”¹⁵⁷

It has often been suggested that our term was familiar to the important local guild of bronze-workers [in Thyatira, Rev. 2:18+] . . . I suggest then that an alloy of copper with metallic zinc was made in Thyatira, the zinc being obtained by distillation. This was a finer and purer brass than the rough and variable coinage-alloy. . . . The product, I suggest, was known there as χαλκολίβανος [chalkolibanos] , which I conjecture to be a ‘copulative compound’, literally rendered ‘copper-zinc’, λίβανος [libanos] being an unrecorded word, perhaps peculiar to the trade, for a metal obtained by distillation, and so derived from the verb λείβω [leibō] .¹⁵⁸

Refined is πεπυρωμένης [pepyrōmenēs] : “Make red hot, cause to glow, heat thoroughly . . . By such heating precious metals are tested and refined (Job 22:25; Ps. 11:7; 65:10; Pr. 10:20).”¹⁵⁹

voice as the sound of many waters

The phrase sound of many waters is used to describe the sound of a multitude (Isa. 17:12-13; Rev. 19:6+) or noise like the tumult of an army (Eze. 1:24). Here, as in other passages, it is the sound attributed to a single voice.Daniel heard such a voice in his vision by the Tigris (Dan. 10:6). Ezekiel also heard a similar voice in his vision of the glory of the Lord returning to the east gate of the Millennial Temple (Eze. 43:2). In Ezekiel and in Revelation 1:15+ and 14:2+, it appears to be the voice of God Himself. For reasons mentioned in Revelation 1:13, the voice Daniel heard was most likely that of a mighty angel.¹⁶⁰

3.1.16 - Revelation 1:16 Open Bible at Rev. 1:16 Listen to Rev. 1:16

in His right hand seven stars

These stars are the seven angels of the churches as explained in Revelation 1:20. The picture of the stars being within His right hand (the side of favor) is of great comfort to believers for what Christ grasps in His hand cannot be snatched away (John 10:28-29). The angels and the churches they are associated with need not fear any but God Himself.

Christ, we feel sure, could not have placed Himself in the relation which He does to them, as holding in his hand the seven stars, walking among the seven golden candlesticks, these stars being the Angels of the Churches, and the candlesticks the Churches themselves, unless they ideally represented and set forth, in some way or other, the universal Church, militant here upon earth.¹⁶¹

See the discussion of the identity of the angels at Revelation 1:20. See Seven: Perfection, Completeness.

out of His mouth went a sharp two-edged sword

A heavy broadsword:

It [ῥομφαια [hromphaia] , sword] is properly the long and heavy broadsword . . ., which the Thracians and other barbarous nations used; and as such to be distinguished from the μάχαιρα [machaira] , the sacrificial knife, or short stabbing sword; . . . The word occurring six times in the Apocalypse, only occurs once besides in the New Testament (Luke 2:35).¹⁶²

Some have obtained fanciful interpretations regarding the two-edged sword, such as representing both “the old and the new law.”¹⁶³

The sword goes out of His mouth in agreement with all the creative acts of God which were spoken forth by the Word of God (Gen. 1:3, 6, 9, 11, 14, 20, 24, 26; 2Pe. 3:5). It is for this reason that Jesus is the Word (λόγος [logos] ). The speaking forth of God’s will can bring creation or destruction. Isaiah informs us that the mouth of the Messiah is “like a sharp sword” (Isa. 49:2) and with His lips He will “slay the wicked” (Isa. 11:4). The Word spoken through the prophets is a weapon in the hand of God (Hos. 6:5). It is the only offensive weapon of the Christian (Eph. 6:17). Its power as a sword is seen in its ability to pierce “even to the division of soul and spirit” and discern “the thoughts and intents of the heart” (Heb. 4:12). The Word of God has already slain His enemies because it sets forth their impending doom in words “which cannot be broken” (John 10:35). That which is prophecy today, will be accomplished history tomorrow. It is in this sense that Jesus slays His enemies with the sword of His mouth (2Th. 2:8; Rev. 2:12+, 16+; 19:15+). The sword signifies His judicial power which will be in accordance with His Word (Mat. 25:31-32; John 5:22; Acts 10:42; 17:31; Rom. 2:16; 14:10; 2Cor. 5:10; 2Ti. 4:1; 1Pe. 4:5; Rev. 20:12+).

like the sun

This is now the second time that John has been privileged to see the Savior’s glory shining from His face like the son (Mat. 17:2).. At the Mount of Transfiguration, Peter, James, and John were given a preview of “the Son of Man coming in His kingdom” (Mat. 16:28). This glorious vision which John beholds is some small indication of what the entire world will behold at the Second Coming of Christ.

I urge you in the sight of God who gives life to all things, and before Christ Jesus who witnessed the good confession before Pontius Pilate, that you keep this commandment without spot, blameless until our Lord Jesus Christ’s appearing, which He will manifest in His own time, He who is the blessed and only Potentate, the King of kings and Lord of lords, who alone has immortality, dwelling in unapproachable light, whom no man has seen or can see, to whom be honor and everlasting power. Amen. (1Ti. 6:13-16) [emphasis added]

See Interpreting Symbols.

3.1.17 - Revelation 1:17 Open Bible at Rev. 1:17 Listen to Rev. 1:17

fell at His feet as dead

This is the unrehearsed response of all who have been privileged to see the glory of the Lord (Isa. 6:4; Eze. 1:28; 3:23; 43:3; 44:4; Dan. 8:17; 10:8, 16-17; Mat. 17:6; Acts 9:4). It is as much in recognition of the power and might of God as in a realization of their utter unworthiness (Jdg. 6:22; 13:22; Isa. 6:5, 7). “The beloved disciple, who had handled the Word of life, lain in his Lord’s bosom in the days of his flesh, can as little as any other endure the revelation of his majesty.”¹⁶⁴

laid His right hand on me

Daniel experienced a similar loss of all strength at the imposing presence of his visitor by the river Tigris (Dan. 10:8). He too was told not to be afraid and was touched in a similar act of restoration (Dan. 10:10). When Ezekiel was overcome by the glory of the Lord (Eze. 1:28), the Holy Spirit restored him to his feet (Eze. 2:1-2). Although years had passed, perhaps this brought to mind John’s previous experience on the Mount of Transfiguration where John had his first glimpse of the glory of Jesus and was similarly restored (Mat. 17:6-7).

do not be afraid

The unavoidable response of those who saw even a glimpse of His glory is that of fear. Yet how cavalier we are today in our attitude toward the Maker of a myriad of galaxies! We, who dare not even touch a 60-watt light bulb without wearing protective gloves, often treat Him as our “Genie on call.”¹⁶⁵ We haven’t the slightest notion or appreciation of His holiness, even daring to think that worship is about pleasing us—expressing our dislike if the music is not to our taste or we are unable to drink coffee during the “worship service.” How much we are in need of a glimpse of His glory that we might have a Scriptural fear of the Lord!¹⁶⁶ A lack of fear for God is the characteristic of His enemies (Ps. 36:1; Jer. 2:19; 5:24; Rom. 3:18) and “fear” is one of His titles (Gen. 31:42, 53).

Yet the fear that His children are to have is not the cowering response of a creature fearing retribution. It is the healthy, reverent, fear one would have toward a human father of perfect discipline and unconditional love, if one were to exist. Coupled with the recognition of power and great might is a deep comfort in the realization that God is also our Protector. As Paul observed, “If God is for us, who can be against us” (Rom. 8:31)? When we look into the face of the Judge of the Universe, it is our Savior’s face we will see!

I am the First and the Last

See commentary on Revelation 1:11.

3.1.18 - Revelation 1:18 Open Bible at Rev. 1:18 Listen to Rev. 1:18

I am He who lives

John calls Him ὁ ζῶν [ho zōn] , “the living one” (present, active participle).“Life” is an essential attribute of God Who is consistently described as “the living one” over and against other idols and gods who are lifeless.¹⁶⁷

and was dead

Here is the fatal text for those, such as Jehovah’s Witnesses, who maintain that Jesus Christ is not fully God. For when did God die except for Jesus on the cross? In this verse is a contradiction so profound that it would be the height of nonsense if it were not also the manifestation of the genius of God: that God Himself would take on the form of a man, to come in the flesh, to be oppressed by men, and nailed to a tree! The infinite and omnipotent Creator bound Himself in time and space and stooping to be abused by His finite and puny creatures (Mat. 26:67-68; Luke 22:64). “I the source of all life stooped even to taste of death”¹⁶⁸ (Heb. 2:9). Yet such is the depth of God’s love for us that He endured such shame!

The Maker of the universe
As man to man was made a curse;
The claims of law which He had made
Unto the uttermost He paid.

His holy fingers made the bough
That grew the thorns that pierced His brow;
The nails that pierced His hands were mined
In secret places He designed.

He made the forest whence there sprung
The tree on which His body hung;
He died upon a cross of wood,
Yet made the hill on which it stood.

The throne on which He now appears
Was His from everlasting years -
But a new crown adorns His brow,
And every knee to Him shall bow.

—F. W. Pitt, Maker of the Universe

How unnatural eternal life seems to us from our current perspective. Yet this was God’s design prior to the entrance of sin:

Christ sets Himself forth here as the overcomer of death natural; which it must always be remembered is rather death unnatural; for man was made for immortality (Gen. 2:17), and death is the denial and reversal of the true law of his creation (Rom. 5:12).¹⁶⁹

The work of Jesus makes possible the wonderful promise set forth later in this book which describes the condition of those who place their trust in Him: “There shall be no death” (Rev. 21:4+). Jesus reiterates this fact to encourage the persecuted church at Smyrna (Rev. 2:8+).

When confronted with members of any non-Christian religion, here is the central issue at stake: Is Jesus God or is He not? Only orthodox Christianity will assert His full divinity. It is fruitless to engage in lengthy interaction with all such cults who deny His divinity because every other issue pales into insignificance compared to this central issue. This particular verse is of great benefit for it removes all “wiggle room” from those who would try to deny that Jesus Christ is the One here described as “the First and the Last” Who is “alive forevermore” for the same was also “dead!” Until the cult member can answer you, “When did God die?” there is little point in further discussion.

This purpose of revealing the deity of Christ is thus seen to permeate the whole book, and no unbiased reader of Revelation can reach any conclusion other than that Christ is God, with the full endorsement and approval of the Father. He has received His throne from the hand of God, unlike Satan who tried to usurp the office. Jesus Christ’s powers and attributes are all those of deity. Any doubt of His deity must be laid to rest. [emphasis added]¹⁷⁰

behold, I am alive forevermore

Literally, Καὶ ὁ ζῶν, καὶ ἐγενόμην νεκρὸς καὶ ἰδοὺ ζῶν εἰμι εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων [Kai ho zōn, kai egenomēn nekros kai idou zōn eimi eis tous aiōnas tōn aiōnōn] , “I am the living one and I was dead and behold living I am into the ages of the ages.”¹⁷¹

The Son has eternal life and has been given authority over all flesh by the Father. For this reason, Jesus is able to give eternal life to as many as the Father has given Him (John 17:2). This is the basis for His amazing statement to Thomas. “Jesus said to him, ‘I am the way, the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father except through Me.’ ” (John 14:6). Jesus is “the life.” He alone, among men, has immortality (1Ti. 6:16) and offers it to those who come to Him. The eternal life which Jesus offers is not some future promise, but is granted the instant a person believes on Him: “Jesus said to her, ‘I am the resurrection and the life. He who believes in Me, though he may die, he shall live. And whoever lives and believes in Me shall never die. Do you believe this?’ ” (John 11:25-26).

During His earthly ministry, Jesus demonstrated that He was “the life,” in numerous ways. The Law of Moses stated that lepers were unclean (Lev. 13:44-45). They were to be separated from others and to cry ‘unclean! unclean!’ in order to warn others of their presence. To touch a leper or any of his clothing made one unclean and also carried the very real risk of infection. It was unthinkable to touch a leper! Yet when lepers approached Jesus for healing, Jesus did the unthinkable, He touched them! But instead of Jesus getting leprosy, the lepers got “Jesus-sy”—they were instantly healed (Mat. 8:3; Mark 1:41; Luke 5:13)! Because Jesus is “the life,” it is impossible that He could be defiled. Instead, His life-giving power went out to others in the performance of healing miracles and the restoration of the dead to life (Mark 5:41-42; Luke 7:14-15; Luke 8:54-55; John 11:43-44).

The primary demonstration that Jesus is “the life” is found in His resurrection from the dead. “Jesus answered and said to them, ‘Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up’ ” [emphasis added] (John 2:19); “Therefore My Father loves Me, because I lay down My life that I may take it again” [emphasis added] (John 10:17). Not only would Jesus rise from the dead, but He Himself would be the agent of His resurrection!¹⁷²

Then ὁ ζῶν [ho zōn] expresses not so much that he, the Speaker, “lived,” as that He was “the Living One,” the Life (John 1:4; 14:6), αὑτοζωή [hautozōē] , having life in Himself, and the fountain and source of life to others. . . . To Him belongs absolute being (ὄντως εἶναι [ontōs einai] ), as contrasted with the relative being of the creature, with the life which be no life, seeing that it inevitably falls under the dominion of corruption and death, so soon as it is separated from him, the source from which it was derived¹⁷³

Christ says, “behold,” emphasizing that His demonstration of life beyond the grave is of paramount importance, for Christ’s resurrection bears witness that those who trust in Him will likewise rise from the dead (John 14:19; Rom. 6:8-9). If it were not for the fact of the resurrection—without the “Living One”—Christianity would be meaningless (1Cor. 15:12-17).

keys of Hades and of Death

With rare exception, all who enter this life face the certainty of physical death. In some passages, death and Hades are personified as enemies of the living (Hos. 13:14; Rev. 6:8+), for it is by death that people enter Hades.¹⁷⁴

The reference to keys points to many passages in which the entrance to death and Hades is described as being controlled by gates (Job 38:17; Ps. 9:13; 107:18; Isa. 38:10; Mat. 16:18). Those who are held therein, are described as “prisoners” (Isa. 24:22; 1Pe. 3:19). As in real life, keys in Scripture denote the power to lock and unlock, to open and shut (Isa. 22:22; Mat. 16:19; Rev. 3:7+; Rev. 9:1+; 20:1-3+).¹⁷⁵ The keys of Hades and of Death unlock the gates of Hades and death so that those who would previously have been held securely by death and Hades are now set free to eternal life. Whereas death holds the bodies of men, Hades holds their souls.¹⁷⁶ Jesus’ offer of eternal life to those who accept Him overcomes the power of Hades and death (1Cor. 15:55). In this sense, death and Hades were “raided” by Jesus Who liberated man who was destined to this fate by the curse (Gen. 3:19). Jesus is the “firstfruits of those who have fallen asleep” (1Cor. 15:20) and in His resurrection demonstrated dominion over death. It is because Jesus is the “living One” that He has the keys of Hades and Death. His resurrection “turned the key” in the gates of Hades and death liberating us to eternal life. Our liberation grants us freedom from the bondage of the fear of death (Heb. 2:15).

What millions have gone down beneath [the power of death], and are now held by it! Every acre of the earth is full of them, and the bottom of every sea. I have seen their grim skeletons on mountain summits, eight thousand two hundred feet above the level of the sea; and I have walked upon their ashes more than a thousand feet below that level. And from far deeper depths to still more elevated heights, on all the slopes and hillsides, and in all the fields and valleys of the earth, death’s victims lie in fetters of darkness, silence and dust. Even on the life-powers of the Son of God were these manacles made fast. But by him they were also opened: for he hath the keys of death.¹⁷⁷

3.1.19 - Revelation 1:19 Open Bible at Rev. 1:19 Listen to Rev. 1:19

the things which you have seen

This phrase introduces the key verse for interpreting the main sections of the book. The things which you have seen includes those things revealed to John prior to addressing the seven churches (Revelation 1+).¹⁷⁸

the things which are

The things that attend John’s present time, which are set forth in the letters to the seven churches found in Revelation 2+ and 3+.¹⁷⁹

the things which will take place after this

The things yet future to John’s time, constituting most of the remainder of the book, from Revelation 4+ onward: “Where is the dividing line in Revelation between a symbolic view of the present and a symbolic view of the future? . . . The answer seems to be contained in Rev. 4:1+, where the voice of a trumpet summoned the seer to heaven to see ‘the things which must come to pass hereafter.’ ”¹⁸⁰

The conjunction καὶ [kai] can be translated by “and,” “even,” or “both.” The question arises as to whether there are three divisions or only two?

Does Christ give John a chronological outline as a key to the visions in the book? Many think he does. If so, are there three divisions: “seen,” “now,” and “later”? Or are there two: “seen,” i.e., “now” and “later”? In the latter case, where does the chronological break take place in the book?¹⁸¹

The passage may be rendered: “Write the things which thou sawest, both the things which are and the things which shall be hereafter.” Such a rendering is grammatically possible, though it is not favored by the majority of expositors. If correct, it means that Revelation relates only to the present and to the future, not to the past at all.¹⁸²

The threefold division seems most natural and has been favored by most interpreters:

The advantage of this outline is that it deals in a natural way with the material rather than seizing on incidentals as some expositors have done or avoiding any outline at all, as is true of other expositors. It is not too much to claim that this outline is the only one which allows the book to speak for itself without artificial manipulation and which lays guidelines of sufficient importance so that expositors who follow this approach have been able to establish a system of interpretation of the book of Revelation, namely, the futurist school.¹⁸³

See the Structural Outline given in our discussion of the Literary Structure of the book.

after this

Literally, μετὰ ταῦτα [meta tauta] , “after these [things],” plural.

3.1.20 - Revelation 1:20 Open Bible at Rev. 1:20 Listen to Rev. 1:20

mystery

As is frequently the case within Scripture, the answers to our questions are “in the back of the book” (in this case, the back of the chapter). Jesus explains the mystery of the seven stars and seven golden lampstands.¹⁸⁴

A “mystery” in the constant language of Scripture is something which man is capable of knowing, but only when it has been revealed to him by God (Mat. 18:11; Rom. 11:25; Eph. 6:19; 1Cor. 13:2), and not through any searching of his own.¹⁸⁵

Many of the fanciful interpretations offered for this book can be reigned in by the simple process of carefully observing what the book offers in the way of explaining the meaning of symbols: “This verse points up the fact that, when symbols are used in the book of Revelation, they are explained internally, not subject to imaginative suggestions by allegorizing expositors.”¹⁸⁶

seven stars

Due to their brightness and location in heaven, angels are often represented as stars (Job 38:7; Isa. 14:13; Rev. 9:1+). See Seven: Perfection, Completeness.

There are seven stars, not twelve. The number of stars is an important aspect for differentiating this group of stars from another group of stars mentioned elsewhere (Gen. 37:9; Rev. 12:1+). These are said to be the churches of Asia Minor. The twelve stars of Revelation 12:1+ represent the twelve tribes of Israel, not the church.

angels of the churches

Here we enter upon perhaps the most difficult interpretive question in this chapter: the identity of these angels? Each of the primary views is attended with some difficulty:

The Identity of the Angels

Identity
For
Against

Heavenly guardian angels of the churches
The term “angel” describes heavenly beings elsewhere in the book of Revelation.¹⁸⁷
The angels are charged, as individuals, with various sins. Elect angels do not sin.¹⁸⁸ The complexity of communication: why would the revelation be given from God to Jesus to a heavenly angel to John (a man) to another heavenly angel (the star) and then to the church?¹⁸⁹ Why would elect angels, known for their steadfast service and power, be said to be protected in the right hand of the Son of Man? The awards for the overcomer correspond to those promised to redeemed humans. Angels do not partake of the tree of life (Rev. 2:7+), cannot be imprisoned by men or killed (Rev. 2:10-11+), are not written in the Book of Life (Rev. 3:5+), nor will they reign over the nations (Rev. 2:26-27+; 3:21+). If the angel is a heavenly guardian angel, then almost all that is said of him must be strictly representative of the people within the church he guards.

Human messengers from the churches¹⁹⁰
The term “angels” is occasionally used of human messengers.¹⁹¹ Human messengers may have been sent to Patmos for the purpose of meeting with John and carrying a copy of the letter back to each church.¹⁹² There are fewer problems attending this view. “The view that takes the angeloi as men who are representatives of the churches, but are without a unique leadership function appears to be the most probable choice, largely because objections to it are easier to answer than objections to the other . . . views.”¹⁹³
Human messengers are never called “stars” (but see Gen. 37:9 cf. Rev. 12:1+; Dan. 12:3).¹⁹⁴ Why would secondary human messengers be held personally responsible as individuals for the sins of the church?¹⁹⁵

A Human leader of the church in each city (elder or bishop)¹⁹⁶
The angels are individually responsible for the spiritual welfare of the churches and are protected in the right hand of the Son of Man.¹⁹⁷
There is no precedent within Scripture or church history for referring to church leaders as “angels.”¹⁹⁸ Even apostles with great authority, such as Peter and John, refer to themselves merely as “elder” (1Pe. 5:1; 2Jn. 1:1; 3Jn. 1:1).¹⁹⁹ NT church leadership consists of a plurality of elders.²⁰⁰ The individual leader could not be personally responsible for the character of the entire church.²⁰¹ Cities such as Ephesus probably had multiple house churches.²⁰²

Personifications of the churches²⁰³
The close identification between each “angel” and the character of the church. Christ speaks to the churches both in the singular and plural.
Lack of scriptural evidence for the personification of congregations of believers. “Stars” or “angels” are not used this way anywhere else. In assigning sin to a personification, ambiguity remains as to who is truly responsible. This view would make the stars and lampstands virtually identical.²⁰⁴

In most cases, the grammar of the letters to each church implicates each individual angel. This is reflected by the preponderance of verb forms in the second-person singular. Yet the things which are said to the angel include aspects which could only be true of the wider church membership. In some cases, the grammar itself reflects a broader application. For example, in the letter to the angel of the church of Smyrna, seven of the Greek words indicate the angel is an individual (second-person singular, you). Yet three words indicate the larger church membership (second-person plural, you all).

To the angel [singular] . . . I know your [singular] works . . . but you [singular] are rich . . . You [singular] do not fear . . . those things which you [singular] are about to suffer . . . the devil is about to throw some of you [plural] into prison . . . that you [plural] may be tested, and you [plural] will have tribulation . . . You [singular] be faithful . . . and I will give you [singular] the crown of life. (Rev. 2:8-10+)

Since a number of individuals are to be thrown into prison to be tested, the promise of the crown of life cannot be strictly for the individual angel, but surely must apply to all those who remain faithful. We should take care not to make too much of the grammatical distinctions between the single angel and the plural congregation.

When all these factors are considered, it would appear that the best solution is one that takes the “angels” as human messengers or leaders of the churches while recognizing that much of what Christ says to the angel as an individual is also meant for the entire church.²⁰⁵

In our commentary on the individual letters to the seven churches, we will interpret the comments directed to each singular angel as being descriptive of the entire congregation.

Notes

¹ As teachers, our primary calling is to make the Scriptures known. “The best defense is a strong offense.”

² Richard Chenevix Trench, Synonyms of the New Testament (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1989), 371.

³ To be sure, many aspects of this revelation are set forth elsewhere in Scripture, but not in the completeness or sequence shown John.

⁴ Charles C. Ryrie, Dispensationalism (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1995), 81.

⁵ John MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1999), Rev. 1:1.

⁶ In Galatians, apocalypse appears in the genitive whereas in Revelation 1:1+ it is in the nominative.

⁷ “Some accept the words as if they were meant to express the revealment of the Revelation. This I take to be a mistake . . . It is not the Apocalypse which is the subject of the disclosure. This book is not the Apocalypse of the Apocalypse, but THE APOCALYPSE OF JESUS CHRIST. . . . If ‘The Revelation of Jesus Christ’ meant nothing more than certain communications made known by Christ, I can see no significance or propriety in affixing this title to this book, rather than to any other books of holy Scripture. Are they not all alike the revelation of Jesus Christ, in this sense? Does not Peter say of the inspired writers in general, that they were moved by the Spirit of Christ which was in them? Why then single out this particular book as ‘The Revelation of Jesus Christ,’ when it is no more the gift of Jesus than any other inspired book?”—J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 16. “These opening words in the book present two major ideas about Christ. First, this book is an unveiling by or from Him, that is, a revelation of the future that God gave Him to give to us through His servant. Second, the book is an unveiling concerning Jesus Christ, an unveiling in which God makes known to us the future and Christ’s role in it. The second of these seems more prominent. Though this book certainly is a revelation by Jesus Christ, it is foremost a revelation or unveiling of Him.”—Harold D. Foos, “Christology in the Book of Revelation,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 104.

⁸ So [Henry Barclay Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1998, 1906)], [M. R. Vincent, Vincent’s Word Studies (Escondido, CA: Ephesians Four Group, 2002)], and [A. T. Robertson, Robertson’s Word Pictures in Six Volumes (Escondido, CA: Ephesians Four Group, 2003)].

⁹ “Is the revelation that which comes from Christ or is it about Christ? In Rev. 22:16+ Jesus tells John that his angel was the one proclaiming the message of the book to John. Thus, the book is certainly a revelation from Christ (hence, we may have a subjective genitive in Rev. 1:1+). But the revelation is supremely and ultimately about Christ. Thus, the genitive in Rev. 1:1+ may also be an objective genitive. The question is whether the author intended both in Rev. 1:1+. Since this is the title of his book—intended to describe the whole of the work—it may well be a plenary genitive.”—Daniel B. Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics - Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House and Galaxie Software, 1999, 2002), 120.

¹⁰ “Wallace has fallen into the same pit as have so many others by his neglect of the basics of hermeneutics. One of his glaring errors violates the principle of single meaning. In his consideration of a category he calls the ‘Plenary Genitive,’ he labors the point that a particular passage’s construction may be at the same time both objective genitive and subjective genitive. . . . Wallace consciously rejects the wisdom of past authorities . . . His volume could have been helpful, but this feature makes it extremely dangerous.”—Robert L. Thomas, Evangelical Hermeneutics (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2002), 158.

¹¹ Foos, “Christology in the Book of Revelation,” 105.

¹² This equality among the persons of the Trinity while fulfilling different roles well-illustrates the principle of equality of value, but difference in role so essential to the biblical family unit. The man and the women are absolutely equal in value before God, yet occupy different roles if the harmony and synergy God intended is to come to fruition in the family unit. The man is to be the leader (1Cor. 11:3; Eph. 5:22-24; Col. 3:18) while demonstrating sacrificial love toward his wife (Eph. 5:25; Col. 3:19). This delicate balance within the family unit requires selflessness. It is selfishness which factors large in divorce.

¹³ Alan F. Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 21.

¹⁴ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 1:1.

¹⁵ Thomas Ice, “Preterist ‘Time Texts’,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 105.

¹⁶ An exception to this statement can be made in the case of full preterism which holds that the entire book of Revelation has already been fulfilled. But this is outside of orthodox Christianity.

¹⁷ Monty S. Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John (Dallas, TX: 3E Ministries, 1987), s.v. “Introduction.”

¹⁸ Ice, “Preterist “Time Texts”,” 105.

¹⁹ Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics - Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament, 536.

²⁰ The Conservative Theological Journal, vol. 4 no. 13 (Fort Worth, TX: Tyndale Theological Seminary, December 2000), 304-305.

²¹ Ice, “Preterist “Time Texts”,” 104.

²² Mal Couch, “The War Over Words,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 295.

²³ Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 1-7 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1992), 55.

²⁴ “ ‘Soonness’ means imminency in eschatological terms.”—Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, 21.

²⁵ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 56.

²⁶ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 1:1.

²⁷ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 56.

²⁸ Merrill C. Tenney, Interpreting Revelation (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1957), 186.

²⁹ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 59.

³⁰ Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 12.

³¹ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 20.

³² Tenney, Interpreting Revelation, 34.

³³ Robertson, Robertson’s Word Pictures in Six Volumes.

³⁴ Rene Pache, The Inspiration & Authority of Scripture (Salem, WI: Sheffield Publishing Company, 1969), 35-40.

³⁵ [Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 58-59], [Robertson, Robertson’s Word Pictures in Six Volumes].

³⁶ Most often, we are too eager to make Him known without truly knowing Him (Luke 10:38-42). When we do this, we misrepresent our Lord and present a caricature of God to a skeptical world.

³⁷ Alva J. McClain, The Greatness Of The Kingdom (Winona Lake, IN: BMH Books, 1959), 6.

³⁸ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 13.

³⁹ Contrast this with our own day which enjoys unprecedented ability to duplicate and distribute materials worldwide, but where Christian teaching and worship music suffers at the hands of restrictive copyrights (Mat. 10:8).

⁴⁰ William D. Mounce, Greek for the Rest of Us (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2003), 30.

⁴¹ Ibid.

⁴² As a case in point, suppose we are studying the Scriptural teaching on Israel? We use a concordance or computer search to find all the occurrences of the word “Israel” in the NT. Using the NIV translation, we find Ephesians 3:6 among the verses listed: “This mystery is that through the gospel the Gentiles are heirs together with Israel, members together of one body, and sharers together in the promise in Christ Jesus.”. Yet in the Greek below this verse, the word “Israel” (Ισραηλ [Israēl] ) never appears! This may seem like a fine point to some, especially since in this particular verse the idea captured by the NIV would seem correct. But over the long haul it is problematic to rely on a dynamic equivalency translation for study—you simply do not know when you are looking at a detail which is not there in the original. We suppose such translations may be suitable for devotional study—that is, if you don’t mind having flawed devotions.

⁴³ “The Message” is one such paraphrase which distorts God’s Word to such a degree that it undermines the very Message after which it was titled! How close must we come to violating Revelation 22:18-19+ before we realize we are doing a disservice to God’s Word?

⁴⁴ “One of the chief eschatological terms. ὁ καιρὸς [ho kairos] the time of crisis, the last times”—Frederick William Danker and Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 394.

⁴⁵ Larry Spargimino, “How Preterists Misuse History to Advance their View of Prophecy,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 142-143.

⁴⁶ Ibid., 143.

⁴⁷ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 61.

⁴⁸ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, s.v. “Time does not translate .”

⁴⁹ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature.

⁵⁰ Nicoll.

⁵¹ Kenneth L. Gentry and Thomas Ice, The Great Tribulation: Past or Future? (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1999), 112.

⁵² Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 130.

⁵³ Ibid., 65.

⁵⁴ Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics - Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament, 62-63.

⁵⁵ Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John, 5.

⁵⁶ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 66.

⁵⁷ Richard Chenevix Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1861), 6-7.

⁵⁸ There is some uncertainty as to whether Isaiah lists seven Spirits, or only six (in this case “Spirit of the LORD” being seen as a summary of the six which follow). It seems likely, given the use of seven throughout Scripture, that Isaiah lists these attributes to indicate the fullness of the Holy Spirit.

⁵⁹ “Some writers say these verses are speaking of the seven angels who are before the throne of God (Rev. 8:2+).”—Russell L. Penney, “Pneumatology in the Book of Revelation,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 115. “Other interpreters understand the designation as a reference to the seven archangels of Jewish tradition. In 1 Enoch 20:1-8 they are listed as Uriel, Raphael, Raguel, Michael, Saraquael, Gabriel, and Remiel (cf. Tobit 12:15; Esd. 4:1; Dan. 10:13).”—Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977), 69.

⁶⁰ Robert P. Lightner, “Theology Proper in the Book of Revelation,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 92.

⁶¹ Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, 24.

⁶² “The verb [τικτωο [tiktōo] , Strongs: G5088] which is one of the components of [πρωτότοκος [prōtotokos] ,Strongs: G4416) ‘first-begotten or born,’ is everywhere in the New Testament used in the sense of ‘to bear or to bring forth,’ and has nowhere the meaning ‘beget,’ unless James 1:15 be an exception.”—Vincent, Vincent’s Word Studies, s.v. “The verb [.”

⁶³ New Electronic Translation : NET Bible, electronic edition (Dallas, TX: Biblical Studies Press, 1998), Col. 1:15.

⁶⁴ “I should rather put this passage in connection with Ps. 2:7, ‘Thou art my son; this day have I begotten Thee.’ It will doubtless be remembered that St. Paul (Acts 13:33; cf. Heb. 1:5) claims the fulfillment of these words not in the eternal generation before all time of the Son; still less in his human conception in the Blessed Virgin’s womb; but rather in his resurrection from the dead; ‘declared to be the Son of God with power by the resurrection from the dead’ (Rom. 1:4).”—Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 12.

⁶⁵ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 1:5.

⁶⁶ “He was not the first who rose from the dead, but the first who so rose that death was thenceforth impossible for Him (Rom. 6:9).”—Vincent, Vincent’s Word Studies, Rev. 1:5. Those who were raptured, such as Enoch (Gen. 5:24) and Elijah (2K. 2:11), did not taste of death.

⁶⁷ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 11.

⁶⁸ Tenney, Interpreting Revelation, 118.

⁶⁹ “The Greek adverb οὕτως [houtōs] can refer (1) to the degree to which God loved the world, that is, to such an extent or so much that he gave his own Son . . . or (2) simply to the manner in which God loved the world, i.e., by sending his own son . . . Though the term more frequently refers to the manner in which something is done, . . . the following clause . . . plus the indicative (which stresses actual, but [usually] unexpected result) emphasizes the greatness of the gift God has given. With this in mind, then, it is likely (3) that John is emphasizing both the degree to which God loved the world as well as the manner in which He chose to express that love. This is in keeping with John’s style of using double entendre or double meaning. Thus, the focus of the Greek construction here is on the nature of God’s love, addressing its mode, intensity, and extent.”—New Electronic Translation : NET Bible, John 3:16.

⁷⁰ The following verses may be studied for further insight into the atoning characteristics of Christ’s blood: Gen. 9:4; Ex. 12:23; 24:8; Lev. 17:11; Isa. 52:15; Zec. 9:11; Mat. 26:28; 27:4; Luke 22:20; John 19:30; Acts 20:28; Rom. 5:9; 1Cor. 10:16; Eph. 1:7; 2:13; Col. 1:14, 20; 2:14-15; Heb. 9:12, 14, 22; 10:19, 29; 11:28; 12:24; 13:12, 20; 1Pe. 1:18-19; 1Jn. 1:7; 5:8; Rev. 1:5+; 5:9+; 7:14+; 12:11+.

⁷¹ Israel will have a unique place as “priests of the Lord” (Isa. 61:5-6) during the Millennial Kingdom.

⁷² Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, Rev. 1:6.

⁷³ For more on this topic, see [McClain, The Greatness Of The Kingdom] and [George H. N. Peters, The Theocratic Kingdom (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1978, 1884)].

⁷⁴ Pache, The Inspiration & Authority of Scripture, 106.

⁷⁵ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 29.

⁷⁶ “The first messiah, ‘Messiah son of Joseph,’ who suffered in Egypt would come to suffer and die to fulfill the servant passages [Isa. 49:1-26; 53]. The second messiah, ‘Messiah son of David,’ would then come and raise the first Messiah back to life. He would then establish His Kingdom to rule and to reign.”—Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, Messianic Christology (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 1998), 57.

⁷⁷ “As described in Talmud (Sanhedrin 98a): ‘Rabbi Joseph the son of Levi objects that it is written in one place “Behold one like the son of man comes with the clouds of heaven,” but in another place it is written “lowly and riding upon an ass.” The solution is, if they be righteous he shall come with the clouds of heaven, but if they not be righteous he shall come lowly riding upon an ass.’ ’ ”—Ibid., 66.

⁷⁸ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 1:7.

⁷⁹ Ibid.

⁸⁰ Robertson, Robertson’s Word Pictures in Six Volumes, s.v. “The verb form .”

⁸¹ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 76.

⁸² Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 500.

⁸³ James Swanson, Dictionary of Biblical Languages With Semantic Domains : Hebrew (Old Testament), electronic ed. (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1997), Rev. 1:7.

⁸⁴ Tenney, Interpreting Revelation, 121.

⁸⁵ See Revelation 3:11+ which clarifies the distinction between the throne of the Father versus the throne of the Son.

⁸⁶ Even preterists admit that some cloud coming passages relate to the Second Coming. “Preterists such as Gentry do see some passages that have ‘cloud language’ as referring to the Second Coming (Acts 1:9-11; 1Th. 4:13-17)”—Thomas Ice, “Hermeneutics and Bible Prophecy,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 79. “Another hermeneutical shortcoming of preterism relates to the limiting of the promised coming of Christ in Rev. 1:7+ to Judea [the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD]. What does a localized judgment hundreds of miles away have to do with the seven churches of Asia? John uses two long chapters in addressing those churches regarding the implications of the coming of Christ for them. For instance, the promise to shield the Philadelphian church from judgment (Rev. 3:10-11+) is meaningless if that judgment occurs far beyond the borders of that city.”—Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 225.

⁸⁷ An awkward reality for preterists is the reestablishment of the Jewish state in the Promised Land. If it were to have been finally destroyed in A.D. 70 by the wrath of God as preterists maintain, evidently God did an incomplete job.

⁸⁸ Gary DeMar, Last Days Madness (Atlanta, GA: American Vision, 1994), 162.

⁸⁹ Ibid.

⁹⁰ “The choice of ἐκκεντέω [ekkenteō] to render the Hebrew דָּקַר [dāqar] of Zec. 12:10 in John 19:37 and Rev. 1:7+ adds strength to the case that the two books had the same author. Both uses differ from the LXX’s obviously erroneous choice of κατορχέω [katorcheō] to render the same Hebrew word.”—Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 82.

⁹¹ Swanson, Dictionary of Biblical Languages With Semantic Domains : Hebrew (Old Testament), Rev. 1:7.

⁹² Robert Laird Harris, Gleason Leonard Archer, and Bruce K. Waltke, Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1999, c1980), s.v. “449a.”

⁹³ “In the messianic passage Isa. 53:5, ‘wounded’ (KJV margin ‘tormented’; jb ‘pierced through’) follows the divine smiting (Isa. 53:4). The Poel form used . . . is similar to that in Isa. 51:9; cf. ‘pierced by the sword’ (Pual, Eze. 32:26). The quotation in John 19:12 (‘they shall look on him whom they have pierced’) is from Zec. 12:10 but this Isa. 53:5 uses another verb (דָקַר [ḏāqar] ) ‘pierced through fatally’ (usually in retribution). In Jer. 51:4 and Lam. 4:9 דָקַר [ḏāqar] is used as a synonym of הָלַל [hālal] .”—Ibid., s.v. “#660.”

⁹⁴ A. R. Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” in Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997, 1877), Rev. 1:7.

⁹⁵ Merrill F. Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), 2040.

⁹⁶ Carl Friedrich Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Commentary on the Old Testament (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2002), 10:609.

⁹⁷ “The problem with interpreting Revelation 1:7+ to refer to the land of Israel is that all the other uses of the exact phrase ‘all the tribes of the earth’ in the original language always has a universal nuance (Gen. 12:3; 28:14; Ps. 72:17; Zec. 14:17).”—Ice, “Preterist “Time Texts”,” 99.

⁹⁸ The distinction between Abraham’s seed and all the families of the earth makes plain that the families are a superset beyond the physical seed. Where Gen. 12:3 is cited in Acts 3:25, the word for “families” is πατριαὶ [patriai] .

⁹⁹ “ ‘all the tribes of the earth’ refers to all nations in every one of its Septuagint occurrences (πα῀σαι αἱ φυλαὶ τῆς γῆς [pasai hai phylai tēs gēs] , Gen. 12:3; 28:14; Ps. 71:17; Zec. 14:17).”—Gregory K. Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1999), 26.

¹⁰⁰ Preterists respond to this evidence from the Septuagint by noting that where the Septuagint renders “tribes” as φυλαι [phylai] , the underlying Hebrew is מִשְׁפְּחֹת [mišpeḥōṯ] - a different Hebrew word from the more frequently encountered word for “tribe” which describes Israel: שֵׁבֶת [šēḇeṯ] . They claim that by rendering both שֵׁבֶת [šēḇeṯ] and מִשְׁפְּחֹת [mišpeḥōṯ] as “tribes,” the Septuagint loses the precision of the underlying Hebrew text. We agree, but what does it have to do with the evidence before us? The observation that the Septuagint renders both shebet and מִשְׁפְּחֹת [mišpeḥōṯ] by φυλαι [phylai] (“tribes”) provides further evidence against the preterist contention that φυλαι [phylai] is a technical term which always denotes Israelite tribes. This response of the preterists is simply a smoke screen, which when considered carefully, actually supports the opposite conclusion.

The fact is that the Septuagint, translated by Hebrew rabbinical scholars familiar with the use of Greek in times much nearer to the NT than our own, renders two different Hebrew words-denoting both Jewish tribes and non-Jewish tribes or families-as φυλαι [phylai] This leads us to conclude that φυλαι [phylai] is not a technical term denoting only Jewish tribes. It can have different meanings which are dependent upon the context. This is also obvious from the numerous qualifiers which appear in conjunction with φυλαι [phylai] : “tribes of the earth,” “the twelve tribes,” “every tribe,” etc. Why would these additional qualifiers be necessary if φυλαι [phylai] always referred to Israelite tribes as preterists claim?

¹⁰¹ [Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 638]. If one seeks evidence for how far astray interpretation can go where the meaning of a passage is entirely reversed from its intended meaning, one can do no better than the preterist interpretation of Zechariah 12 through 14.

¹⁰² Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, 26.

¹⁰³ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 79.

¹⁰⁴ See [Tony Garland, “Revelation 1:7 - Past or Future?,” (n.p. 2004) in The Conservative Theological Journal, vol. 9 no. 27 (Fort Worth, TX: Tyndale Theological Seminary, August 2005)]

¹⁰⁵ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature.

¹⁰⁶ Erich Sauer, The Dawn of World Redemption (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdman’s Publishing Company, 1951, c1964), 118-119.

¹⁰⁷ Having personally sat with those in their dying days who continue to reject God’s free and gracious offer of salvation when they have nothing to lose and everything to gain, we have gained a genuine appreciation regarding the fearful consequences of the continual rejection of the gospel offer.

¹⁰⁸ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 81.

¹⁰⁹ It was the Angel of the Lord who met Moses in the burning bush (Ex. 3:2) and who made claims that no ordinary angel dare make (Ex. 3:14). Indeed, it was no ordinary Angel, but the preincarnate Messiah (John 1:14, 18).

¹¹⁰ Foos, “Christology in the Book of Revelation,” 107.

¹¹¹ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 11.

¹¹² John F. Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1966), 40.

¹¹³ Arthur Walkington Pink, The Antichrist (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1999, 1923), s.v. “Comparisons between Christ and the Antichrist.”

¹¹⁴ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 81.

¹¹⁵ See the discussion of the Nicolaitans for the view that they may have contributed to the development of church hierarchy where none was intended beyond that of elders, deacons, and the flock.

¹¹⁶ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 35.

¹¹⁷ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 87.

¹¹⁸ Copyright © 2003 www.BiblePlaces.com. This image appears by special permission and may not be duplicated for use in derivative works.

¹¹⁹ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 86.

¹²⁰ Copyright © 2003 www.BiblePlaces.com. This image appears by special permission and may not be duplicated for use in derivative works.

¹²¹ Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ, 41.

¹²² Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, 28.

¹²³ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 19.

¹²⁴ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 1:9.

¹²⁵ Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, 6-7,9.

¹²⁶ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 86.

¹²⁷ Gen. 26:2, 24; 46:2; Num. 12:6; 1S. 3:15; 1K. 22:19; Job 33:15; Isa. 1:1; 6:1; Eze. 1:3; 8:3; 11:24; Dan. 2:19; 7:2; 8:1, 16; 9:21; 10:1; Joel 2:28; Acts 2:17; 9:10-12; 10:3, 11; 11:5; 16:9-10; 18:9; 22:18; 23:11; 26:19; Rev. 1:10+; 4:2+; 9:17+.

¹²⁸ James Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Ontario: Woodside Bible Fellowship, 1996), G1611.

¹²⁹ Robertson, Robertson’s Word Pictures in Six Volumes, Rev. 1:10.

¹³⁰ “Some have assumed from this passage that ἡμέρα κυριακή [hēmera kyriakē] was a designation of Sunday already familiar among Christians. This however, seems a mistake. The name had probably its origin here.”—Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 23.

¹³¹ “Sunday belongs indeed to the Lord, but the Scriptures nowhere call it ‘the Lord’s day.’ None of the Christian writings, for 100 years after Christ, ever call it ‘the Lord’s day.’ . . . I can see no essential difference between ἡ Κυριακη ἡμερα [hē Kyriakē hēmera] —the Lord’s day,— and ἡ ἡμερα Κυριου [hē hēmera Kyriou] —the day of the Lord. They are simply the two forms for signifying the same relations of the same things. . . . And when we come to consider the actual contents of this book, we find them harmonizing exactly with this understanding of its title. It takes as its chief and unmistakable themes what other portions of the Scriptures assign to the great day of the Lord.”—Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 18.

¹³² Jerome Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1992), s.v. “Not Sunday.”

¹³³ E. W. Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1984, 1935), xvi-xvii, 9.

¹³⁴ Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, 29.

¹³⁵ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 1:10.

¹³⁶ “Objection has been taken to the interpretation of ‘the Lord’s Day’ here, because we have (in Rev. 1:9+) the adjective ‘Lord’s’ instead of the noun (in regimen), ‘of the Lord,’ as in the Hebrew. But what else could it be called in Hebrew? Such objectors do not seem to be aware of the fact that there is no adjective for ‘Lord’s’ in Hebrew; and therefore the only way of expressing ‘the Lord’s Day’ is by using the two nouns, ‘the day of the Lord’—which means equally ‘the Lord’s Day’ (Jehovah’s day).”—Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, 11-12.

¹³⁷ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 16.

¹³⁸ Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, 23.

¹³⁹ Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John, 14.

¹⁴⁰ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 4.

¹⁴¹ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 56.

¹⁴² Interestingly, John is the only gospel writer who does not record his experience on the Mount of Transfiguration except if John 1:14 be taken as a reference to it.

¹⁴³ Albrecht Durer (1471 - 1528). Image courtesy of the Connecticut College Wetmore Print Collection.

¹⁴⁴ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 23.

¹⁴⁵ The context of Mat. 18:20 infers that Jesus will be present in any gathering of believers to grant both authority and guidance concerning matters of church discipline.

¹⁴⁶ The intended permanence of sealing may be seen in the following examples: (1) the tomb (Mat. 27:66); (2) Jesus’ testimony (John 3:33); (3) Jesus sealed by the Father (John 6:27); (4) witnessed during the Tribulation (Rev. 7:3+); (5) what the seven thunders uttered (Rev. 10:4+); (6) Satan during the Millennium (Rev. 20:3+).

¹⁴⁷ “Here, the scattered condition of the nation [of Israel] is just as distinctly indicated by the fact that the seven lamps are no longer united in one lamp-stand. The nation is no longer in the Land, for Jerusalem is not now the centre; but the people are ‘scattered’ in separate communities in various cities in Gentile lands. So that just as the one lamp-stand represents Israel in its unity, the seven lamp-stands represent Israel in its dispersion; and tells us that Jehovah is about to make Jerusalem again the centre of His dealings with the earth.”—Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, 72.

¹⁴⁸ Goel is a Hebrew term describing the person who is next of kin and his respective duties: to buy back what his poor brother has sold and cannot himself regain (Lev. 25:25-26); to avenge any wrong done to a next of kin, particularly murder (Num. 35:19-27); to purchase land belonging to one deceased who was next of kin and to marry his widow and to raise up children for the deceased (Ru. 2:20; 4:14). Boaz, the kinsman-redeemer of the book of Ruth (Ru. 4) is a type of Christ as our kinsman-redeemer.

¹⁴⁹ It is instructive to study the following parallels between Adam and Christ: 1) Adam was created in God’s image, Christ is the manifestation of God in the flesh; 2) Adam’s disobedience brought condemnation leading to death, Christ’s obedience brought justification leading to life; 3) Those who are ‘in Adam’ die, those who are ‘in Christ’ have eternal life (1Cor. 15:22); 4) Adam is the ‘son of God’ (Luke 3:38) as is Christ (both were directly created by God); 5) All men are ‘born once’ in Adam, believers are ‘born again’ in Christ; 6) The first Adam became a living being (Gen. 2:7), the last Adam became a life-giving Spirit (1Cor. 15:45); 7) Adam is from the earth—made of dust (Gen. 2:7), Christ is from heaven; 8) Adam lost dominion, Christ regained it. 9) A tree bore Adam’s downfall, a tree bore Christ’s victory. 10) Adam’s body was animated by the breath of God (Gen. 2:7), the body of Christ is animated by the breath of God (1Cor. 12:13).

¹⁵⁰ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 31.

¹⁵¹ Ibid., 32.

¹⁵² Some interpreters separate Daniel 10 into two separate passages, the first part (Daniel 10:1-9) being a vision of Christ and the second part (Daniel 10:10-21) involving an angelic being who required assistance (Dan. 10:13, 21). We believe several factors favor understanding the same heavenly being as being in view throughout the chapter.

¹⁵³ John F. Walvoord, Jesus Christ Our Lord (Chicago, IL: Moody Bible Institute, 1969), 204-205.

¹⁵⁴ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 33.

¹⁵⁵ Ibid., 35.

¹⁵⁶ Robertson, Robertson’s Word Pictures in Six Volumes.

¹⁵⁷ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 37.

¹⁵⁸ Colin J. Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1989), 111-112,116.

¹⁵⁹ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 731.

¹⁶⁰ This return of the glory of the Lord to the Millennial Temple ends the most recent departure of God from His Temple which occurred when Jesus departed to the Mount of Olives (Mat. 23:37-39). It is for this reason that His “house” in Jerusalem has been desolate for these long ages. See The Abiding Presence of God.

¹⁶¹ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 27.

¹⁶² Ibid., 40.

¹⁶³ Augustine in [Ibid.].

¹⁶⁴ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 45.

¹⁶⁵ The term Genie is derived from the Arabic word for demon: Jin.

¹⁶⁶ The fear of God is a major theme of Scripture: Gen. 31:42, 53; Ex. 1:17; 15:11; 20:20; Jos. 4:24; 1K. 18:3; 2Chr. 19:7, 9; Job 9:34; 23:15-16; 25:1; 28:28; Ps. 5:7; 89:7; 111:10; 115:13; 119:38, 120; 128:4; 145:19; Pr. 2:5; 8:13; 9:10; 10:27; 14:26; 15:16, 33; 16:6; 19:23; 22:4; 23:17; 24:21; 31:30; Ecc. 5:7; 8:12; 12:13; Isa. 8:13; 11:3; 33:5; 50:10; 57:11; 59:19; Jer. 5:22-24; Hab. 3:16; Luke 12:5; Acts 9:31; 10:2, 35; 2Cor. 5:13; 1Pe. 3:15; Rev. 19:5+.

¹⁶⁷ Ex. 3:6; Deu. 5:26; Jos. 3:10; 1S. 17:26, 36; 2K. 19:4, 16; Ps. 42:2; 84:2; Isa. 37:4, 17; Jer. 10:10; 23:36; Dan. 6:20, 26; Hos. 1:10; Mat. 16:16; 22:32; 26:63; John 6:69; Acts 14:15; Rom. 9:26; 2Cor. 3:3; 6:16; 1Ti. 3:15; 4:10; 6:17; Heb. 3:12; 9:14; 10:31; 12:22; Rev. 7:2+.

¹⁶⁸ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 47.

¹⁶⁹ Ibid., 48.

¹⁷⁰ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 1:17.

¹⁷¹ “And the living, and I became dead, and behold, I am living for evermore.”—Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 47.

¹⁷² The resurrection is attributed to all three members of the Trinity. To Jesus: John 2:19; 10:17. To the Father: Acts 4:10; 10:41; Rom. 4:24; 6:4; 8:11. To the Holy Spirit: 1Pe. 3:18.

¹⁷³ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 42.

¹⁷⁴ The word death probably refers to the location of the body, whereas Hades refers to the location of the immaterial part of man—his soul. Israel My Glory, July/August 2001, 22. The former describes the state of the dead whereas the latter describes the location of the dead. [Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 112] “Hades is the unseen world where all who die reside. It includes both Paradise (Luke 23:43) and Gehenna (Luke 12:5)—Abraham’s bosom and the state of torment and anguish (Luke 16:22-28).”—Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 8-22 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1995), 433.

¹⁷⁵ “The Rabbinical proverb said: ‘There are four keys lodged in God’s hand, which He committeth neither to angel nor to seraph: the key of the rain, the key of food, the key of the tombs, and the key of a barren woman.’ ”—Vincent, Vincent’s Word Studies, Rev. 1:18.

¹⁷⁶ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 48.

¹⁷⁷ Ibid., 47.

¹⁷⁸ “I favor understanding ‘the things which you have seen’ as linked to Rev. 1:2+, and thus to be the authority to write John’s Gospel . . . , though others see this as indicating chapter 1+. . . . Allowing my understanding of ‘the things which you have seen,’ then, the first chapter becomes very much part of chapters 2+-3+.”—Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 1:19.

¹⁷⁹ Some see this phrase as being descriptive of the things John saw in the previous phrase: “Write therefore what things thou sawest and what they are, . . . even what things are about to happen hereafter.”—Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, 159.

¹⁸⁰ Tenney, Interpreting Revelation, 39.

¹⁸¹ Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, 33.

¹⁸² Tenney, Interpreting Revelation, 39.

¹⁸³ Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ, 48.

¹⁸⁴ To study the use of “mystery” in the NT, see Mark 4:11; Rom. 11:25; 16:25; 1Cor. 2:7; 13:2; 15:51; Eph. 1:9; 3:3-4, 9; 5:32; 6:19; Col. 1:26; 2:2; 4:3; 2Th. 2:7; 1Ti. 3:9, 16; Rev. 1:20+; 10:7+; 17:7+.

¹⁸⁵ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 51.

¹⁸⁶ Henry Morris, The Revelation Record (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1983), 45.

¹⁸⁷ Variations of the word angel occur 72 times in this book, and unless the references to these angels of the churches be excepted, all mentions are of divine beings. Angels are ministering spirits actively involved in other aspects of God’s plan. “True churches of the Lord have individual angels assigned for their guidance and watch-care. This fact is hardly surprising in view of the innumerable company of angels (Hebrews 12:22) and their assigned function as ministering spirits of those who are heirs of salvation (Hebrews 1:14). Individual believers have angels assigned to them (Matthew 18:10; Acts 12:15). Angels are present in the assemblies during their services (1 Corinthians 11:10) and are intensely interested in their progress (1 Corinthians 4:9; Ephesians 3:10; 1 Timothy 3:16; 5:21; Hebrews 13:2; 1 Peter 1:12).”—Ibid.

¹⁸⁸ “How could holy Angels be charged with such delinquencies as are laid to the charge of some of the Angels here (Rev. 2:4+; 3:1+, 15+)?”—Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 52.

¹⁸⁹ “The complexity of the communication process is one thing that raises problems with it. It presumes that Christ is sending a message to heavenly beings through John, an earthly agent, so that it may reach earthly churches through angelic representatives. . . . An even more decisive consideration against the view of guardian angels lies in the sinful conduct of which these angels are accused. Most of the rebukes of [Revelation] chapters 2-3 are second person singular, messages that look first at the individual messengers and presumably through them to the churches they represent.”—Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 117.

¹⁹⁰ “This rare and difficult reference should be understood to refer to the heavenly messengers who have been entrusted by Christ with responsibility over the churches and yet who are so closely identified with them that the letters are addressed at the same time to these ‘messengers’ and to the congregation (cf. the plural form in Rev. 2:10+, 13+, 23-24+).”—Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, 34.

¹⁹¹ Αγγελος [Angelos] is occasionally used of human messengers. Examples include John the Baptist (Mat. 11:10; Mark 1:2), the messengers sent to Jesus by John the Baptist (Luke 7:24), the spies hidden by Rahab (Jas. 2:25) and possibly the leaders of the seven churches, if these are to be understood as human leaders (Rev. 2:1+, 8+, 12+, 18+; 3:1+, 7+, 14+). “In the Septuagint ἄγγελος [angelos] is used in rare instances of a human messenger of God (Mal. 2:7; 3:1; cf. 1:1, where the LXX so renders the name or title ‘Malachi’ itself). In the New Testament it twice denotes simply an emissary (Luke 9:52; Jas. 2:25). Elsewhere it is always used of a supernatural being. The idea of an angel as the guardian of the nation is found in Dan. 12:1, as guardian of the individual in . . . Mat. 18:10; Acts 12:15.”—Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 32.

¹⁹² “Some think these men journeyed to Patmos to receive the finished book of Revelation from the hands of John, and that they returned to their respective cities and shared the message.”—Mal Couch, “Ecclesiology in the Book of Revelation,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 128.

¹⁹³ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 118.

¹⁹⁴ “[The idea that the angel is a human messenger] is at first sight attractive, for ‘messenger’ is the primary meaning of ἄγγελος [angelos] , and the book may indeed have been distributed through messengers delegated by each church to tour its district. But . . . usage favours ‘angels’ and the emissary could not be made representative of the community. Nor could he be readily symbolized by the ‘stars’ of Rev. 1:20+.”—Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 33.

¹⁹⁵ “But in answering a letter by a messenger, men write by him, they do not usually write to him; nor is it easy to see where is the correspondency [sic] between such messengers, subordinate officials of the Churches, and stars; or what the ‘mystery’ of the relation between them then would be; or how the Lord should set forth as an eminent prerogative of his, that He held the seven stars, that is, the seven messengers, in his right hand (Rev. 2:1+).”—Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 56-57.

¹⁹⁶ “The Angel in each Church is one; but surely none can suppose for an instant that there was only one presbyter, or other minister serving in holy things, for the whole flourishing Church of Ephesus, or of Smyrna; and that we are in this way to account for the single Angel of the several Churches. . . . What can he be but a bishop?”—Ibid., 53-54.

¹⁹⁷ “The spiritual significance is that these angels are messengers who are responsible for the spiritual welfare of these seven churches and are in the right hand of the Son of Man, indicating possession, protection, and sovereign control. As the churches were to emit light as a lampstand, the leaders of the churches were to project light as stars.”—Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ, 45.

¹⁹⁸ “In early noncanonical Christian literature no historical person connected with the church is ever called an angelos.”—Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, 34. “Who shall authorize us to understand the word ‘angels’ as having any connection with the Church of God? No one ever heard (until quite recent times) of such a title being given to any church officer either in Scripture, in history, or in tradition.”—Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, 161.

¹⁹⁹ “If ‘angel’ means ‘pastor’ here, it is used with this meaning here and nowhere else. If the Lord Jesus meant the pastors of the churches, why did He not say ‘pastors?’ Or why did He not say ‘elders,’ a term which is used in the New Testament as essentially synonymous with ‘pastors,’ and which is later used twelve times in Revelation?”—Morris, The Revelation Record, 45.

²⁰⁰ Acts 11:30; 14:23; 15:2-4; 20:17, 28; 21:18; Php. 1:1; 1Th. 5:12; Tit. 1:5; Heb. 13:17; Jas. 5:14; 1Pe. 5:1-5.

²⁰¹ “The individual could scarcely be held responsible for the character of the church, and there is no unambiguous evidence for the idea of episcopal authority in the churches of the Revelation, though it looms large in Ignatius twenty years later.”—Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 33.

²⁰² “In a city the size of Ephesus, by this time, there must have been a large number of house-churches meeting separately from one another.”—Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 128.

²⁰³ “Personifications of the prevailing spirit.”—Mounce, The Book of Revelation, 86.

²⁰⁴ “This gives the required sense, but raises problems in the usage of symbolism. The ‘stars’ and the ‘lampstands’ of Rev. 1:20+ are made virtually the same thing. Some writers justify this conception by regarding the ‘angel’ as the heavenly counterpart of the earthly church.”—Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 33.

²⁰⁵ Bullinger suggests an alternate view on the basis that these congregations may have exhibited customs carried over from the Judaism of the synagogue: “The Bible student is at once confronted with an overwhelming difficulty. He has read the Epistles which are addressed to the churches by the Holy Spirit through the Apostle Paul; and, on turning to the Epistles in Rev. 2+ and 3+, he is at once conscious of a striking change. He finds himself suddenly removed from the ground of grace to the ground of works. He meets with church-officers of whom he has never before heard; and with expressions with which he is wholly unfamiliar: and he is bewildered. . . . we do meet with the word Angel in connection with the Synagogue . . . [the] ‘Angel of the Assembly,’ who was the mouthpiece of the congregation. His duty it was to offer up public prayer to God for the whole congregation. Hence his title; because, as the messenger of the assembly, he spoke to God for them. When we have these facts in our hands, why arbitrarily invent the notion that ‘angel’ is equivalent to Bishop, when there is not a particle of historical evidence for it?”—Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, 63, 66.

2 - Introduction

2.1 - Audio Course

2.2 - As We Begin

2.3 - Audience and Purpose

2.4 - Theme

2.5 - Anti-supernatural Bias

2.6 - The Genre of the book of Revelation

2.7 - Interpreting Symbols

2.8 - Style of Writing

2.9 - Authorship

2.10 - Acceptance into the Canon

2.11 - Date

2.12 - Systems of Interpretation

2.13 - Related Passages and Themes

2.14 - Literary Structure

2.1 - Audio Course Listen to Audio Course

A companion audio course on the book of Revelation is available over the internet from

www.SpiritAndTruth.org/teaching/5.htm

The course includes audio recordings of many of the background topics as well as verse-by-verse teaching through the entire book of Revelation. The course is available in a variety of formats and can be download to your computer for more convenient access or future reference.

Audio Teaching Button

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2.2 - As We Begin Listen to As We Begin

2.2.1 - An Invitation

We invite the reader to journey along with us as we explore what the last book of the Bible, the book of Revelation¹ has to say concerning a simple carpenter born 2,000 years ago in Bethlehem, Israel. Although many recognize that the life of Jesus has had a greater impact upon the world than that of any other person of history, relatively few realize how much He will intervene in history yet to come as He proves Himself to a skeptical world as being much more than a simple carpenter: the King of kings and Lord of lords risen from the dead.

If you do not yet know Jesus, we urge you to consider the importance of believing in Him:

For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him should not perish but have everlasting life. For God did not send His Son into the world to condemn the world, but that the world through Him might be saved. He who believes in Him is not condemned; but he who does not believe is condemned already, because he has not believed in the name of the only begotten Son of God. (John 3:16-18)

Thomas said to Him, “Lord, we do not know where You are going, and how can we know the way?” Jesus said to him, “I am the way, the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father except through Me.” (John 14:5-6) [emphasis added]

God our Savior . . . desires all men to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth. For there is one God and one Mediator between God and men, the Man Christ Jesus, who gave Himself a ransom for all, to be testified in due time. (1Ti. 2:3-6)

We invite you to consider the free gift offered in the final chapter of the Bible:

And the Spirit and the bride say, “Come!” And let him who hears say, “Come!” And let him who thirsts come. Whoever desires, let him take the water of life freely. (Rev. 22:17+)

If you already know this carpenter personally, may your knowledge of Him be increased by our study of the book of Revelation.

2.2.2 - Using the Commentary

In this section, we discuss some practical matters related to the use of this commentary.

2.2.2.1 - Section Numbers

Because this commentary is being made available in a wide variety of formats (including digital formats), it is not practical to rely upon page numbers to locate information. Instead, numbers are used to designate the section within which related information appears.² Sections are numbered in a hierarchical fashion where subsections include the section number of their containing section. For example, section 5 will have subsections numbered 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, etc. Section 5.1 will have subsections numbered 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.1.3, and so on.

2.2.2.2 - Finding Your Way Around

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2.2.2.3 - Cross-References

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2.2.2.4 - New King James Version

This commentary utilizes the New King James Version (NKJV) English text based upon the Greek Textus Receptus (TR) which stands in the line of the Majority Text (MT).⁴ We feel this text has several advantages:⁵

The NKJV text provides a readable, modern text.

Because of its close affinity with the historic King James Version (KJV), the NKJV indirectly benefits from the many historic reference works based on the KJV.⁶

We are unconvinced by arguments that the Critical Text (NU)⁷ necessarily represents an improvement over the traditional text.⁸

The NKJV text provides helpful footnotes where the Critical Text (NU) and the Majority Text (MT) differ from the Textus Receptus (TR).

Although there are many variations in the Greek Text of the book of Revelation, they are mainly associated with minor aspects of the text and do not present undue difficulty in understanding the message.⁹

2.2.2.5 - Use of Bible Addresses

All book names within Bible addresses appear in one of two forms: (1) the full formal name (e.g., Revelation), or (2) a standardized abbreviation. The standardized abbreviations are: Gen., Ex., Lev., Num., Deu., Jos., Jdg., Ru., 1S., 2S., 1K., 2K., 1Chr., 2Chr., Ezra, Ne., Est., Job, Ps., Pr., Ecc., Sos., Isa., Jer., Lam., Eze., Dan., Hos., Joel, Amos, Ob., Jonah, Mic., Nah., Hab., Zep., Hag., Zec., Mal., Mat., Mark, Luke, John, Acts, 1Cor., 2Cor., Gal., Eph., Php., Col., 1Th., 2Th., 1Ti., 2Ti., Tit., Phm., Heb., Jas., 1Pe., 2Pe., 1Jn., 2Jn., 3Jn., Jude, Rev.¹⁰

Citations from other works appear verbatim with the following exceptions: (1) Bible addresses for which the book of Revelation is assumed, which omit an explicit book name, have been modified to include an initial book name designating the book of Revelation; (2) Bible addresses which employ abbreviated book names have been converted to use the standardized book abbreviations (above); (3) Bible addresses for single-chapter books which omit the chapter number (e.g., “Jude 5”) have been augmented with an initial chapter number of “1” (e.g., “Jude 1:5”). These changes have been made to standardize Bible addresses to facilitate the automated conversion and adaptation of this text for inclusion in computer-based study tools.

In digital versions of this commentary, all Bible addresses are cross-referenced to a companion Bible. By clicking on a Bible address with the mouse, the companion Bible opens at the specified passage. Bible addresses within the book of Revelation contain an additional cross-reference to the associated verse-by-verse commentary within this commentary. Click on the “+” sign following any address in the book of Revelation to open the verse-by-verse commentary for the related chapter and verse. Clicking on the address itself opens the companion Bible. Clicking on the “+” sign which follows the address opens the verse-by-verse commentary. You can try it with the following Bible address: Rev. 1:1+.

2.2.2.6 - Hebrew and Greek Fonts

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2.2.2.6.1 - Transliteration

The transliteration of Hebrew and Greek makes use of the Arial Unicode MS font. If you are viewing this commentary in digital format you may need to obtain this commonly-available font in order for dots and overbars and underbars to be displayed within the transliteration (see below). A key for the transliteration from the original language symbols into Roman characters follows:

Hebrew consonants: Aleph : א [ ʾ ] , Bet : בּ [b ] ב [ḇ ] , Gimel : גּ [g ] ג [ḡ ] , Dalet : דּ [d ] ד [ḏ ] , He : ה [h ] הּ [h ] , Waw : ו [w ] , Zayin : זּ [z ] ז [z ] , Het : ח [ḥ ] , Tet : טּ [ṭ ] ט [ṭ ] , Yod : יּ [y ] י [y ] , Kaf : כּ [k ] כ [ḵ ] , Lamed : לּ [l ] ל [l ] , Mem : מּ [m ] מ [m ] , Nun : נּ [n ] נ [n ] , Samek : סּ [s ] ס [s ] , Ayin : ע [ ʿ ] , Pe : פּ [p ] פ [p̄ ] , Tsade : צּ [ṣ ] צ [ṣ ] , Qof : קּ [q ] ק [q ] , Resh : ר [r ] , Sin : שּׂ [ ś ] שׂ [ ś ] , Shin : שּׁ [ š ] שׁ [ š ] , Taw : תּ [t ] ת [ṯ ] .

Hebrew vowel vocalizations. Short Vowels : Pathach : בַּה [bah ] , Seghol : בֶּה [beh ] , Hireq : בִּה [bih ] , Qamets Hatuf : בָּה [boh ] , Qibbuts : בֻּה [buh ] . Changeable Long Vowels : Qamets : בָּה [bâ] בָּהּ [bāh ] , Tsere : בֵּה [bēh ] , Holem : בֹּה [bōh ] . Unchangeable Long Vowels : Qamets Yod : בָּי [bâ ] , Tsere Yod : בֵּי [bê ] , Seghol Yod : בֶּי [bè ] , Hireq Yod : בִּי [bî ] , Holem Waw : בּוֹ [bô ] , Shureq : בּוּ [bû ] . Reduced Vowels : Hateph Pathach : בֲּה [băh ] , Hateph Seghol : בֱּה [běh ] , Hateph Qamets : בֳּה [bŏh ] , Shewa : בְּה [beh ] .

Greek - Alpha : Α α [A a ] , Beta : Β β [B b ] , Gamma : Γ γ [G g ] , Delta : Δ δ [D d ] , Epsilon : Ε ε [E e ] , Zeta : Ζ ζ [Z z ] , Eta : Η η [ Ē ē ] , Theta : Θ θ [Th th ] , Iota : Ι ι [I i ] , Kappa : Κ κ [K k ] , Lambda : Λ λ [L l ] , Mu : Μ μ [M m ] , Nu : Ν ν [N n ] , Xi : Ξ ξ [X x ] , Omicron : Ο ο [O o ] , Pi : Π π [P p ] , Rho : Ρ ρ [R r ] , Sigma : Σ σ ς [S s s ] , Tau : Τ τ [T t ] , Upsilon : Υ υ [U u ] , Phi : Φ φ [Ph ph ] , Chi : Χ χ [Ch ch ] , Psi : Ψ ψ [Ps ps ] , Omega : Ω ω [ Ō ō ] .

Greek transliteration examples: εὐαγγέλιον [euangelion] , μυστήριον [mystērion] , ὑπερ [hyper] , ῥαββι [hrabbi] , Ἰσραηλ [Israēl] , Ἰεροσόλυμα [Ierosolyma] . Hebrew transliteration examples: אָדָם [ʾāḏām] , אֶ֫רֶץ [ʾereṣ] , יִסְרָאֵל [yisrāʾēl] , יְרוּשָׁלַיִם [yerûšālayim] , אֱלֹהִים [ʾělōhîm] , יָהּ [yāh] .

2.2.2.7 - Automatic Lookup

The HTML version of this commentary supports the ability to automatically open at a section or chapter and verse. To perform an automated lookup, include a search string specifying the section number, section name, or Bible address of interest. For example, to open the commentary at this section, specify: www.spiritandtruth.org/id/revc.htm?Automatic Lookup. To open the commentary at section number 1.6, specify a search string of ?1.6. To open the commentary at Revelation chapter 1 and verse 10, specify: ?1:10. If you downloaded the HTML commentary for offline use, pass the search string to the index.htm file in the top level directory of the commentary, for example: index.htm?Automatic Lookup.

2.2.2.8 - Endnote References

This commentary draws from references which exist in both digital and traditional paper media. Citations to references in traditional book or article form typically make use of the page number to locate the citation. While this means of locating a citation is viable for books in print form and for some forms of digital media, many digital references do not support traditional pagination. Therefore, a different means of locating a citation is required. Moreover, even those references which currently exist in print may eventually be more readily available in digital format where pagination may not be preserved. Wherever possible, we have chosen to indicate the location of citations by Bible address (e.g., Rev. 12:10+) rather than page number. This is not possible in all cases—as when citing material from a nonbiblical source or which does not deal with the verse-by-verse treatment of the Bible text. It is our expectation that over time this approach will prove to be more digital-friendly for the use of this work in conjunction with other study aids in electronic format.

2.2.2.9 - HTML Page Formats

HTML¹¹ versions of the commentary provide two different page formats:

Short Page Format - This format is preferred when viewing the commentary over an internet connection where smaller file sizes are desirable. Every section appears on a separate page and provides links from the top of each page to the pages of any subsections it contains. Although more efficient when using the internet or a slow computer, this format splits information up into smaller pieces making it more difficult to view the context within which a section appears. It is also more difficult to copy and paste lengthy portions of text which span several sections.

Long Page Format - This format is preferred when viewing the commentary from a local CDROM or hard drive or when using a fast internet connection where larger file sizes are acceptable. Pages may contain a section and all its subsections allowing the full context of the text to be evident. This also makes it easier to copy and paste portions of the text which span multiple sections.

You are presently viewing the Long Page Format.

Click on one of the links above or visit the Table of Contents to switch between formats.

2.2.3 - Why Another Commentary on Revelation?

If one were to attempt to climb to the moon upon a stairway made of books published upon a single topic, the informed person would choose to build that staircase out of biblical commentaries. Next to the Bible itself, the most voluminous stream of publication down through history must be the writing of men and women who have attempted to understand and explain the biblical text. The number of commentaries, dictionaries, devotionals, and other study aids which focus upon the Word of God is truly staggering.

Out of this vast stream of biblical interpretation, perhaps the largest tributary consists of commentaries upon the book of Revelation, otherwise known as The Apocalypse. The sheer number of commentaries on the last book of the New Testament is a daunting consideration for anyone who would attempt to contribute to this flow of words which has spanned centuries and occupied some of the best minds and most devoted spirits mankind has been graced with by God. When scanning the footnotes or bibliography of one of the many modern commentaries on the book of Revelation, one is immediately overwhelmed by the breadth of material which has been written on this book.

Any writer who considers casting his small pebble into such a mighty flow must ask himself what his work could possibly contribute to the already large body of material on the subject? Why attempt to extend the work of giants who have gone before? Will it not be equivalent to painting over the face of a finished diamond? Surely, close attention must be given to the motives and goals of such a task!

It is from such a perspective that we offer this work. It is not our intention to supersede or improve upon those which have gone before, but to glean from their work while achieving the following goals:

Unrestricted Use - To provide a commentary which is not subject to the royalty and permission limitations so prevalent in our times. A primary goal of this work is to provide a modern commentary on the book of Revelation which may be copied and freely distributed by any means and for any purpose. This is particularly important in our current age of digital study tools and worldwide distribution via the internet. It is our desire that this commentary would be freely available for reading or inclusion with any of the many free or low-cost Bible-study programs which are now available.¹² The copyright for this commentary embraces this goal.

Use of Modern Technology - To present the commentary using modern text-processing, cross-referencing, and presentation technology. This facilitates the ease with which the material can be read when using a computer, with or without an accompanying digital Bible text.

Introduction to Other Works - To guide the inquiring student toward what we believe are the most valuable and trustworthy works available on the book of Revelation. Fortunately, after dismissing those works which compromise the core values of Evangelicalism or are written by those lacking the illumination of the Holy Spirit because they have not been “born again,” the number is reduced substantially.¹³ Readers will find additional aids for the study of the book of Revelation within the endnotes and bibliography.

A Policy of Inoculation - It is our desire to alert the unfamiliar reader concerning some of the potential pitfalls which accompany a study of Revelation, and the Bible in general.

2.2.4 - Attacks upon the book of Revelation

As we consider this last book of the Bible, we would do well to bear in mind the strategy of the enemy which has long sought to undermine a plain acceptance and understanding of this capstone of God’s revelation. The confusion which exists concerning the interpretation of the book of Revelation is one of many evidences which reflect his desire that this important part of God’s Word might not have its intended effect among the saints. In fact, the two “bookends” of the Bible, Genesis and Revelation, are of foundational importance in revealing the purposes and plan of God.

If the authority of Genesis can be unseated, then the rest of God’s Word which is constructed upon it, will also be seriously eroded. This, then, is a key aspect of the admittedly clever but unsupportable theory of evolution which substitutes random events for the Grand Designer. If evolution were true, then the entire gospel of Jesus Christ collapses.

As one atheist has observed:¹⁴

Without Adam, without the original sin, Jesus Christ is reduced to a man with a mission on the wrong planet. Sin becomes not an ugly fate due to man’s disobedience, but only the struggle of instincts. Christianity has fought, still fights, and will fight science to the desperate end over evolution, because evolution destroys utterly and finally the very reason Jesus’ earthly life was supposedly made necessary. Destroy Adam and Eve and the original sin, and in the rubble you will find the sorry remains of the son of god. Take away the meaning of his death. If Jesus was not the redeemer who died for our sins, and this is what evolution means, then Christianity is nothing! Christianity, if it is to survive, must have Adam and the original sin and the fall from grace or it cannot have Jesus the redeemer who restores to those who believe what Adam’s disobedience took away. ¹⁵

Similar spiritual elements which are at work attempting to undermine the trustworthiness of the book of Genesis are also busily attempting to undermine the message of the book of Revelation. Morris observes the importance of both Genesis and Revelation as antidotes for existentialism and postmodernism which now characterize secular philosophy:

It is small wonder that the great Enemy of God’s truth has directed his most intense attacks against Genesis and Revelation, denying the historicity of the former and the perspicuity of the latter. With neither creation nor consummation—neither beginning nor ending—all that we would have is the existential present, and this unfortunately has become the almost universal emphasis of modern philosophy and religion.¹⁶

Not only do the books of Genesis and Revelation serve as important moorings for understanding our place in the scheme of God’s universe, but the book of Revelation serves also as God’s unveiling to His saints of important future events. The master deceiver is well aware of this and has specially targeted this book for attack.

The Apocalypse not only reveals much concerning the person and work of the Man of Sin, but it describes his doom, as it also announces the complete overthrow of the Trinity of Evil. This, no doubt, accounts for much of the prejudice which obtains against the study and reading of this book. It is indeed remarkable that this is the only book in the Bible connected with which there is a distinct promise given to those who read and hear its prophecy (Rev. 1:3+). And yet how very rarely it is read from the pulpits of those churches which are reputed as orthodox! Surely the great Enemy is responsible for this. It seems that Satan fears and hates above every book in the Bible this one which tells of his being ultimately cast into the Lake of Fire. But ‘we are not ignorant of his devices’ (2Cor. 2:11). Then let him not keep us from the prayerful and careful perusal of this prophecy which tells of those things .which must shortly come to pass.¹⁷

What may be surprising to the newer believer is the source of these attacks: from both outside and within Christianity. Of these two, the latter is more damaging.¹⁸

2.2.5 - Avoidance within Christianity

As has been long observed, the book of Revelation is not often taught from the pulpits of Christianity by the very men whom God has raised up for the purpose of serving as balanced, in-depth guides to the truths therein.

There is a widespread prejudice against the study of the Apocalypse. Though it is the great prophetic book of the New Testament, the last of all the writings of Inspiration, a special message from the ascended Saviour to His Churches on earth, and pressed upon every one’s attention with uncommon urgency, there are religious guides, sworn to teach “the whole counsel of God,” who make a merit of not understanding it, and of not wishing to occupy themselves with it.¹⁹

Even the greatest commentator of the Reformation, John Calvin, avoided writing a commentary on Revelation.²⁰

One side-effect of this avoidance of the book of Revelation by pastors tasked with edifying the saints is that others who are less qualified step in and attempt to do the job in their place. Due to its seemingly mysterious nature and wealth of symbols, the curiosity of believers is aroused. If they are unable to find solid teaching about the book from their local church pulpit, they naturally look elsewhere. Unfortunately, most of the alternative sources are lacking in intimacy with our Lord, biblical understanding, or are motivated to gain followers and notoriety by “tickling the ears” of the saints, as Paul warned Timothy (2Ti. 4:3-4).

2.2.6 - Hiding or Revealing?

The intent of the book of Revelation is provided by the very first word of the first verse: ʼΑποκάλυψις [Apokalypsis] ²¹ which Strong defines as “1 a laying bare, making naked. 2 a disclosure of truth, instruction. 2A concerning things before unknown. 2B used of events by which things or states or persons hitherto withdrawn from view are made visible to all. 3 manifestation, appearance.”²² The emphasis shared by all these varied meanings is making known or revealing things which previously were not known and is rendered by our English word revelation which has a similar meaning: “1.a. The act of revealing or disclosing. b. Something revealed, especially a dramatic disclosure of something not previously known or realized.”²³ That it is God’s intent to reveal information is made plain later in the same verse where it is said that God gave the Revelation to Jesus “to show His servants.” Clearly, the book of Revelation is not meant to obscure, but to reveal! Yet many would admit to finding the last book of the Bible difficult to understand, even puzzling—almost as if written to frustrate the very goal stated in the first verse. ²⁴

It is our belief that this tension between God’s desire to reveal and the fact that many are unable to understand the book of Revelation stems from a principle which Jesus spoke about. Like many of Jesus’ teachings, it is a disturbing teaching which is very important to grasp.

After Jesus had been rejected by the religious leaders of the Jews, Matthew records:

On the same day Jesus went out of the house and sat by the sea. And great multitudes were gathered together to Him, so that He got into a boat and sat; and the whole multitude stood on the shore. Then He spoke many things to them in parables, saying. . . (Mat. 13:1-3)

This is the first mention of the word “parable” by Matthew and underscores an essential shift in the teaching ministry of Jesus.²⁵ Previously, Jesus had not relied heavily upon the use of parables for teaching. Matthew identifies this shift for the reader:

All these things Jesus spoke to the multitude in parables; and without a parable He did not speak to them (Mat. 13:34) [emphasis added]

At first, one might be tempted to interpret this change in teaching style to Jesus’ desire to impart deep truths through simple illustrations. Such an understanding is partly true, but there is another more ominous aspect of the use of parables which is more germane to our topic at hand—understanding the book of Revelation. Toussaint explains:

According to the etymology of the word “parable” παραβολή [parabolē] is the act of placing one thing beside another so that a comparison may be made between them. As a result the word came to mean a comparison, illustration, or figure. [Henry Barkclay Swete, The Parables of the Kingdom, p. 1.] . . . The key to the purpose of these parables is found in the Lord’s own explanation (Mat. 13:11-18). He says that He uses parables at this juncture for two purposes—to reveal truth and to conceal it. To the ones who accept the Messiah the truth and interpretation of the parables is revealed (Mat. 11:25-26; 13:11-16). On the other hand, to those who have hardened their hearts the truth is veiled by the parables (Mat. 11:25-26; 13:11-15). [emphasis added]²⁶

Here then is a principle which all who seek to understand God’s Word must come to grips with: the Word of God is like a two-sided coin. One side reveals His truth to those who seek Him. The other side hides that same truth from those who have hardened their heart against Him. Jesus Himself explained it best:

He answered and said to them, “Because it has been given to you to know the mysteries of the kingdom of heaven, but to them it has not been given. For whoever has, to him more will be given, and he will have abundance; but whoever does not have, even what he has will be taken away from him. Therefore I speak to them in parables, because seeing they do not see, and hearing they do not hear, nor do they understand. And in them the prophecy of Isaiah is fulfilled, which says: ‘Hearing you will hear and shall not understand, and seeing you will see and not perceive.’ ” (Mat. 13:11-14 cf. Isa. 6:9-10)

The surprising and rather difficult aspect of this teaching of Jesus is to some it has not been given. Jesus spoke of this need for spiritual regeneration to receive revelation when Nicodemus came visiting one night. Jesus told Nicodemus, “Most assuredly, I say to you, unless one is born-again, he cannot see the kingdom of God.” (John 3:3). This need to be born-again reflects the fact that those who have not come to faith in Christ are unable to understand the things of God. Paul also wrote of it: “But the natural man does not receive the things of the Spirit of God, for they are foolishness to him; nor can he know them, because they are spiritually discerned” [emphasis added] (1Cor. 2:14).

Isaiah related the same principle. Unless men have the proper attitude and heart toward God, He will keep things hidden from them and frustrate their attempts at understanding:

Pause and wonder! Blind yourselves and be blind! They are drunk, but not with wine; they stagger, but not with intoxicating drink. For the LORD has poured out on you the spirit of deep sleep, and has closed your eyes, namely, the prophets; and He has covered your heads, namely, the seers. The whole vision has become to you like the words of a book that is sealed, which men deliver to one who is literate, saying, “Read this, please.” And he says, “I cannot, for it is sealed.” Then the book is delivered to one who is illiterate, saying, “Read this, please.” And he says, “I am not literate.” Therefore the Lord said: “Inasmuch as these people draw near with their mouths and honor Me with their lips, but have removed their hearts far from Me, and their fear toward Me is taught by the commandment of men, therefore, behold, I will again do a marvelous work among this people, a marvelous work and a wonder; for the wisdom of their wise men shall perish, and the understanding of their prudent men shall be hidden.” (Isa. 29:9-14) [emphasis added]

Here we meet with the first of several caveats which must be considered when attempting to understand the book of Revelation. Unless you, the reader, are “born-again,” you will not understand God’s Word—including that which is recorded in the book of Revelation. Even if you are born-again, commentaries and study aids produced by those who have not experienced regeneration are of very limited, even negative, value. This alone eliminates massive volumes of verbiage by those who lack the illumination of the Holy Spirit.²⁷ For how can those who lack the essential means of spiritual understanding ever hope to teach spiritual truth to others? The very symbols and allusions within God’s Word are intended by design to conceal spiritual truth from the unregenerate. Yet many commentators throughout history have continued in this vain attempt to rely on purely natural insight to explain this spiritual book. The fruitlessness of such attempts are perhaps no more evident than in prophetic portions of Scripture which employ symbols like those found in the book of Revelation. “Prophecy therefore must be expressed in symbolic language in order that only the faithful and the spiritually discerning might know. Symbols confuse unbelieving skeptics without unnecessarily frustrating believing Christians.”²⁸ Although there is clearly an intent by God to hide truth from those without eyes to see, Tan notes this is not the primary purpose of prophecy: “Prophecy is given more primarily to reveal the future to believers than to veil it from unbelievers.”²⁹

Another source of difficulty is the variety of interpretations which result from those who undertake to study the book and explain it to others. “It is doubtless true that no other book, whether in sacred or profane literature, has received in whole or in part so many different interpretations.”³⁰ Many of these interpretations are more enigmatic than the book itself. “The literary genius G.K. Chesterson once quipped, ‘Though St. John the Evangelist saw many strange monsters in his vision, he saw no creatures so wild as one of his own commentators.’ ”³¹ This variety of interpretive results has been damaging to the cause of Christ and was certainly not His intention when He first gave it to His servant John.³²

This diversity of interpretive results serves to obscure rather than reveal the message which God intended His saints to understand and receive a blessing from (Rev. 1:3+; 22:7+, 14+). If God Who created language also created the human brain, surely He did so having in mind the sufficiency of communication between His creature and Himself and from creature to creature. If language and man’s intellect is sufficient and God’s revealed Word is Holy and perfect, what accounts for the wide variations in understanding attributed to the book of Revelation? In a word: hermeneutics!

Although we treat the issues in more depth in our discussion of Interpreting Symbols, here we will simply note that unless a uniform approach to interpretation based on the normal rules of communication is extended to every part of God’s Word, then the perspicuity of Scripture is greatly compromised. This can be seen in the huge variation of interpretive results by those who depart from these rules of grammatical historical interpretation. The large variety of meanings attributed to the book of Revelation are the result of using a faulty hermeneutic. This is one of the many tools used by the enemy of God to undermine the understanding of His Word. When one restricts the interpretive variations to those who employ a literal hermeneutic, the range of possibilities dwindles significantly resulting in much agreement and thus, the perspicuity of the Scriptures is preserved. One can only wonder why those who employ techniques which yield hugely varying interpretations fail to see the variance in their results as irrefutable evidence of the faultiness of their approach!

No, it is God’s intent that we understand the message He has given. Although we may never understand all that He has revealed, it is not His purpose to frustrate or confuse (1Cor. 14:33). While it is our firm conviction that much may be known with confidence, it would be foolhardy to lay claim to a complete understanding. As Pink has observed:

To speculate about any of the truths of Holy Writ is the height of irreverence: better far to humbly acknowledge our ignorance when God has not made known His mind to us. Only in His light do we see light. Secret things belong unto the Lord, but the things which are revealed (in Scripture) belong unto us and to our children. . . . As the time of the manifestation of the Man of Sin draws near, God may be pleased to vouchsafe a fuller and better understanding of those parts of His Word which make known “the things which must shortly come to pass.”³³

2.2.7 - The Importance of Historical Perspective

As we will see when we come to the various systems of interpretation, maintaining the proper historical perspective is of utmost importance. In particular, two extremes must be avoided: (1) assuming that everything written in the book applies exclusively to our day; (2) assuming that everything written in the book applies exclusively to John’s day. While this may seem obvious to some, it is amazing how often interpretation runs astray of these guidelines by overemphasizing one or the other of these two extremes.

Hindson explains the tendency which is most prevalent in the time of the reader:

There is always a great temptation to read about the future through the eyes of the present! From our current standpoint in history, we presume to speculate on how the events predicted in the Revelation will eventually be fulfilled. The problem is that each generation tends to assume that it is the terminal generation and that the end will come in their lifetime. [emphasis added]³⁴

This has been the bane of historical and futurist interpretations of Scripture and has led otherwise careful interpreters into the trap of date-setting when they should have known better.

[Hal] Lindsey taught that within a generation (a generation equals forty years) of Israel’s becoming a nation again, the Lord would return (Late Great Planet, p. 43). This was based upon his interpretation that the fig tree in Matthew 24:32 is a symbol for the reconstitution of Israel as a nation. Thus, the generation (Mat. 24:34) that saw Israel become a nation would also see the Second Coming. Since Israel became a nation in 1948, many believe that Lindsey implied Christ’s return would occur by 1988. . . . none of Lindsey’s mentors agreed with his view.³⁵

The unfortunate result of such errors has been the discrediting of the most valid interpretive system applied to the book of Revelation: (futurism). This is throwing the baby out with the bath-water.

Another common danger is to see all of Scripture through the eyes of the salvation history of our own experience. For those who have come to Christ since the Day of Pentecost, this is the perspective of the Church.

No matter what part of the Bible may we read, the one object seems to be to “find the Church.”. . . This arises from our own natural selfishness. “We” belong to the Church, and therefore all “we” read “we” take to ourselves, not hesitating to rob others of what belongs to them. . . . On this system of interpretation the Bible is useless for the purposes of Divine revelation. . . . And yet it is on this same principle that the Apocalypse is usually treated. Everywhere the Church is thrust in: John . . . represents the Church; the living creatures, or Cherubim . . . are the Church; the four and twenty elders . . . are the Church; the 144,000 . . . are the Church, the great multitude . . . is the Church; the “women clothed with the sun” . . . is the Church; the man child . . . is the Church; the bride . . . is the Church; the “New Jerusalem” . . . is the Church.³⁶

While we might disagree with some of the foregoing examples, the general tendency is no doubt valid: a tendency to read past distinctions in the text and to read “ourselves” into passages which are really focused on believers in another age. Here we must use caution since “all Scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness, that the man of God may be complete, thoroughly equipped for every good work” (2Ti. 3:17). But whereas all Scripture is profitable, not all Scripture is written to the same specific audience. This is especially true of the prophetic passages of Scripture which are written primarily to those who will live through the times described and only secondarily to the rest of the saints throughout history.³⁷ Here, we are touching on the foundational issues of dispensationalism: a belief that a careful reading of Scripture while recognizing its self-consistent nature results in the understanding that God has dealt with different people in different ways as biblical history and progressive revelation have unfolded. When we ignore these distinctions found in God’s Word, our understanding of His message suffers.

The flip-side of our tendency to find the “church” everywhere in Scripture is a failure to recognize the Jewishness of God’s Word. Especially our lack of familiarity with God’s promises made to national Israel throughout the Old Testament. Even when we have studied these promises of God from the older books, many incorrectly assume these are no longer to be literally understood. Instead they subject them to spiritual interpretation in a vain attempt to replace Israel with the Church. The failure to grasp the Jewishness of much of what transpires throughout Scripture, but especially in the book of Revelation, has led many interpreters astray. No more so than in their attempt to understand and explain allusions made in the Apocalypse using pagan or historic sources which are tangential or even opposed to the principles of God.³⁸ We discuss these and other issues related to the interpretation of symbols in greater depth elsewhere.

Another error to beware of is artificially limiting the scope of the events described within the book of Revelation. The scope can be limited in numerous ways. Historically, there is a tendency to neglect vast ages of time which have a bearing on the visions John sees, but which don’t conveniently fit with the polemic purpose of the interpreter. For example, many Reformers, intent on using every weapon at their disposal to separate from Rome, tended to limit their understanding of the harlot of Revelation 17+ to the machinations of the Roman Catholic system. Geographically, the historical school of interpretation has tended to limit the scope of events portrayed in the book to only those of significance to Western Christianity or even Europe:

To limit [the scope of the Apocalypse] to Popery, or to Christendom (so called) is we believe, wholly to miss the scope of the Book; and committing the mistake condemned by true logic—vis., of putting a part (and a small part too) for the whole. The awful conflict is of far wider extent than this. It exceeds all the general petty views of its scope; as affairs of State transcend those of a Parish Vestry. . . . the scope of the book, . . . is the winding up of the affairs of the whole creation, and the fixing of the eternal states of all things in heaven and on earth. . . . While many fritter away its solemn scenes in the common-place history of Europe, there are others who see beyond.³⁹

The careful interpreter will understand this capstone of God’s revelation as closing up all history covering a worldwide scope and will strive to avoid artificially limiting his interpretation where the text itself does not.⁴⁰ Anderson has observed, “The bible is not intended for the present dispensation only, but for the people of God in every age.”⁴¹ The correct interpretation will recognize the benefit of the entire book of Revelation for all readers of all historic ages and perspectives yet without denying specific prophetic settings peopled by different saints of God in different historic situations. These historical and prophetic scenes are described from both the vantage point of heaven and that of earth:

We have here . . . a doctrine of the history of the consummation . . . an exposition of the nature of history. The book is a revelation of the connection between things that are seen and things that are not seen, between things on earth and things in heaven; a revelation which fuses both into one mighty drama; so that the movements of the human action, and the course of visible fact, are half shrouded, half disclosed, amid the glory and the terror of the spiritual agencies at work around us, and of the eternal interests which we see involved. . . . it becomes more plain that the earth is the battlefield of the kingdoms of light and darkness.—Canon Bernard, Progress of Doctrine in the New Testament⁴²

2.2.8 - Overemphasis on Extra-biblical Sources

There is an endless amount of material written about and urged as essential to understanding the book of Revelation. Most authors recognize the OT context from which the book of Revelation springs, but some assert the need to go ever farther afield in the quest to find related material. Thus, not only must we understand the historical context and setting necessary for grammatical historical interpretation, we should seek the explanation of symbols and their intended meaning from secular and even pagan source material. We believe this to be an incorrect emphasis on extra-biblical material.

While it is certain that elements of the book of Revelation are intimately connected with the historical setting of the recipients (e.g., the letters to the churches of Asia), commentators too often assume this cultural/historical connection extends to the rest of the book where no such direct connection may be established. For example, Osborne states: “It is clear in Revelation that one of the primary problems of the believers in the province of Asia is some form of emperor worship (Rev. 13:4+, 14-17+; 14:9+; 15:2+; 16:2+; 19:20+; 20:4+).”⁴³ It is one thing to recognize the significance of emperor worship to the immediate readers at the time the book of Revelation was written. It is quite another to assert that a proper understanding of prophetic passages which reveal events in a potentially distant future are dependent upon the events of the time of the writer. This goes too far and fails to appreciate the pattern established throughout Scripture by prophetic passages which although written and entrusted to an immediate readership serve to set forth events to come for the benefit of God’s people yet unborn (Ps. 22:30; 102:18; John 17:20; 20:29; Rom. 15:4).

The unintended but real result of this over-emphasis on extra-biblical material is an implicit denial of the sufficiency of Scripture (Ps. 19:1-14; John 8:31; 1Cor. 4:6; 2Ti. 3:15-17; Heb. 4:12-13; 2Pe. 1:3, 19-21; Jude 1:3) and a subtle, but disastrous drawing of the reader ever further afield from the inspired Word of God in search of gold which, more often than not, is fool’s gold. This is especially problematic for the new believer who is ill-equipped to dredge through non-canonical writings such as the pseudepigrapha and apocrypha while avoiding catastrophe. Commentators who encourage this route are akin to blind guides who leave blindfolded travelers at the edge of a precipice to wander at their pleasure. Such action is in direct contradiction to the mandate of God’s Word for those more experienced to proactively guide and guard both themselves and those under their influence (Acts 20:28-29; Col. 2:8; 1Ti. 6:20; 1Pe. 5:2-3). The truths of God are not to be taught by the university model—where the widest smorgasbord of ideas is presented for the ungrounded to sample. Instead, we are to guard our minds and to cast down non-canonical writings and ideas which attempt to assert their influence above the very inspired Word of God (Rom. 1:21-22; 1Cor. 1:19; 2Cor. 10:5; Col. 2:3, 8, 18; 2Pe. 3:16-18). Not only is this emphasis on extra-biblical sources dangerous, but it results in all manner of incorrect conclusions as pagan or legendary ideas form the basis for the interpretation of inspired symbols. Nowhere is this perhaps more evident than in the far-fetched identifications proffered for the Woman of Revelation 12+.

This emphasis on extra-biblical material becomes so acute that the implication for the simple child of God is that an understanding of the last book of the Bible is essentially beyond his grasp unless he immerses himself in the socio-political details of the late first-century, including the broad study of pagan beliefs, practices, and symbols of the secular society. Such an emphasis fails to understand the guidelines which the divine Author of the book has set forth for His children (Ps. 101:3; Isa. 33:15; Php. 4:8) and undermines the perspicuity of Scripture because most saints through the ages have lacked and continue to lack access to the extra-biblical materials these authors assert as essential to our understanding of this important book.

Another deleterious side-effect of the over-emphasis on extra-biblical material for an understanding of the Apocalypse is the blurring of the distinction between inspired writings versus uninspired writings. When the boundary between the inerrant and the speculative and even fraudulent is minimized or overlooked, the results are predictable: questionable conclusions result and the student of Scripture begins to equate the uninspired writings of secular writers with the matchless and unique written Word of God. This is the well-traveled path to religious liberalism and even apostasy which has been a key tool of Satan throughout history and in our own day.

Within this commentary, we make occasional reference to extra-biblical writings, mainly when they provide insight into thought patterns, beliefs, and historical events of their time. For example, in the discussion of related passages and themes we make mention of Jewish rabbinical writings because these help illustrate the common understanding of Jewish rabbis regarding events related to the book of Revelation. We are not using the Rabbis to teach about the book of Revelation, but as a point of evidence that the Old Testament was understood by early rabbis to teach a future time of peril coming upon the world. It is our conviction that those similarities which do occur between extra-biblical writings and inspired Scripture reflect a dependence of the extra-biblical material upon the Scripture. It has been our observation that many scholars assume exactly the opposite—that extra-biblical myths and beliefs had great influence upon the writers of Scripture.

2.2.9 - Simplicity over Academics

As J. Vernon McGee was fond of observing, “Remember. . . [God] is feeding sheep—not giraffes!.” Nowhere is this observation perhaps more relevant than to the topic at hand.

If our tone regarding the dangers of various streams of thought regarding the interpretation of the book of Revelation sounds overly negative, perhaps it is in reaction to the painful, laborious, and often depressing task of hours spent wading through numerous commentaries which are deeply academic and highly acclaimed by some, but which are void of faith and spiritual insight. Worse, they propose a seemingly endless series of fanciful or disjointed interpretations served up with a large dose of unbelief and skepticism. With rare exception, the words of former U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower could describe many of these works: “An intellectual is a man who takes more words than necessary to tell more than he knows.”

Much of what passes for enlightened inquiry is an endless series of conjectures and discussions centered on a number of highly-questionable assertions made, for the most part, by unbelievers and their allies, liberal academics. These ever-taller ivory towers are impressive at first sight, until one learns to recognize the house-of-cards foundation upon which they are built. The sooner the believer recognizes these tangents as the distractions which they are, the less time will be spent attempting to understand and subsequently refute ideas which contradict the teachings of Jesus. We are speaking here of ideas such as the Documentary Hypothesis, Deutero-Isaiah theories, redaction criticism and others which have consumed an enormous amount of energy and time while yielding little if any fruit.⁴⁴ For those who are born-again, the simple words of Jesus fell these academic constructions. For those who are not born-again, we suggest that there is a more pressing issue than academic distractions concerning the book of Revelation—such as one’s stance in regard to these infrequently quoted verses from another of John’s writings: John 3:18-19, 36.

Let us say up-front that the approach we have chosen is unlikely to appeal to academics who place greater emphasis on interacting with each other’s often questionable theories than on understanding the text and edifying the saints. Our approach here is not encyclopedic nor does it favor critical scholarship.⁴⁵ While recognizing alternate views, the emphasis is upon an understanding of the text itself and its priority over secondary commentary.

2.2.10 - A Policy of Inoculation

Someone has said “every writer has biases, but only some admit to it.” It is not our intention here to provide an unbiased tour of a wide variety of views concerning the Apocalypse. There are many other works which the reader could refer to which fill that function. Here, we will practice a policy of ‘inoculation’ in regard to alternate views. That is, we intend to set forth enough information concerning the alternative view for readers to be aware of its major features. We also provide information refuting aspects of the view which we find most problematic. Neither the alternate view nor the refutation will proceed in great detail, but will include suitable references for those who wish to pursue the subject in greater depth. It is our hope that in the same way that an inoculation injects a small amount of a deadly disease into the human body so that it may build up its natural defenses, an understanding of aspects of alternate views will help the reader understand the problems accompanying them and so avoid the mistake of endorsing questionable ideas mainly because they are “new” or “different.”⁴⁶

Some of the matters we discuss are not simply differences in view within Evangelical ranks, but touch on basic issues concerning the nature of the Scriptures—which have been undermined by many who purport to lead others into a deeper understanding of Scripture. Teachers who endorse questionable views concerning the inspiration, inerrancy, and authorship of Holy Scripture are adept at dressing their skepticism within the garb of inference, making it less obvious to the inexperienced student of Scripture. We hope to make these implicit teachings more explicit where needed.

2.2.11 - Dispensational, Premillennial, Pretribulational Exposition

The reader should know that this commentary is written from the perspective of a dispensational, premillennial, and pretribulational view of Scripture as we believe that this is what God’s Word teaches when rightly interpreted.

By way of background, let us state that we came to salvation and spent the first five years of our Christian walk in a church which endorsed preterism. The book table at the church featured books by authors such as David Chilton and embraced both Dominion Theology and Replacement Theology. During these five years, we learned many valuable things for which we will eternally be grateful. Yet the place of prophecy in the Word of God and the book of Revelation specifically were seldom, if ever taught. Having a better grasp of the issues and interpretive systems involved, we now understand that the book of Revelation was seen as having already passed its point of relevance. Having believed it was written primarily for first-century believers describing political events of their day, all fulfilled by the hyperbolic language thought to be found in the book, the book was relegated to serving as a devotional text for Christian living. While it is undeniable that one great purpose of the book of Revelation is to inspire the saints of all ages, especially those in times of intense persecution, this is not the only or even primary purpose of the book.

Even though raised in a preterist environment, as our understanding of the Word of God grew over time, it became clear that a plain reading of Scripture (we didn’t know about grammatical historical interpretation or hermeneutics) portrayed a very different picture than that what we had been taught. It has been our observation since that time that many who are trained to observe details and integrate the teachings of Scripture into a self-consistent whole wind up in the dispensational, premillennial camp.⁴⁷ Not because we hold this a priori understanding, but because the Scriptures, when interpreted in a consistently literal way where figures of speech and symbols are duly recognized as such and handled in their normative fashion, evidence differences in the requirements which God prescribes to different groups at different times.⁴⁸ For example, Scripture maintains a consistent distinction between the role of the nation Israel and the Church,⁴⁹ and sets forth Jesus as returning prior to the Millennium (Rev. 19+-20+).

This may disappoint those who find the “straightjacket” of literal interpretation too constraining. Some favor the broad vistas of devotional creativity and alternative understandings which result from non-literal interpretation. But it is our opinion that the very breadth of such vistas is strong indication of their unsoundness for they evidence an “unknowability” which undermines the value of the book of Revelation itself. If the stated purpose of the Revelation is for God to “show His servants things which must shortly take place” (Rev. 1:1+), what value can there be in allegorical or devotional interpretation which misplaces the locus of understanding from the actual words of the text to the mind of the reader? How are His servants to know when the results of non-literal interpretation abound in variety of meaning? The variety of results evidenced by non-literal interpretation serve as strong evidence against its suitability for the purpose stated by God.⁵⁰

2.2.12 - Learning God’s Way

Each of us that comes to the book of Revelation would do well to consider the words of Paul to the Corinthian church:

And I, brethren, could not speak to you as to spiritual people but as to carnal, as to babes in Christ. I fed you with milk and not with solid food; for until now you were not able to receive it, and even now you are still not able. (1Cor. 3:1-2)

Although Paul is admonishing the Corinthian believers regarding their lack of maturity, as evidenced by relational confrontation among them (1Cor. 3:3), the inability to teach mature subjects to immature believers is also evident. The writer to the Hebrews echoes this principle:

Therefore, leaving the discussion of the elementary principles of Christ, let us go on to perfection, not laying again the foundation of repentance from dead works and of faith toward God, of the doctrine of baptisms, of laying on of hands, of resurrection of the dead, and of eternal judgment. And this we will do if God permits. (Heb. 6:1-3)

The writer hopes to avoid conveying the same foundational knowledge previously related, but to go on to more advanced principles.

There is a progression found in God’s Word. Many of its foundational truths are extremely simple and readily understood. Other truths are less evident and require a long-term foundation of Scriptural knowledge upon which the Holy Spirit builds our understanding. As Gregory the Great succinctly observed: “Holy Scripture is a stream of running water, where alike the elephant may swim, and the lamb walk.”⁵¹

This explains why God’s Word is fresh and powerful for both the new believer and the elderly saint—the “lamb” is refreshed in the shallows of the stream while the “elephant” plunges into the depths. But a problem may develop when the “lamb” decides to take matters into its own hands and undertake a short-cut straight for deeper waters. It will quickly find itself out of its depth, and in the case at hand, confused.

There is a head-on collision between the fast-food, instant-gratification mentality of our society and the way in which the Holy Spirit reveals the truths of God’s Word to the diligent student. In our rush to plumb the depths of Scripture, we neglect the reality that the truths therein are often presented like peeling an onion—layer by layer God leads us deeper in His Word. He is not a God of our making and most certainly not a “God of the short-cut.” He is the antithesis of “have it your way” and instead favors the spiritual tortoise over the hare.

Numerous times we have observed eager believers who are not yet truly acquainted with the basics of God’s Word charge ahead attempting to master the book of Revelation. This is guaranteed to be unfruitful and even dangerous. God owes us nothing! Let us keep that in mind as we approach this book! If we are not ready for certain revelation and understanding, so be it!. Let’s rest in that fact and trust God to give us what we need when we need it. To attempt to “push” into the book or to “cram” for long hours to force the understanding from the text is manifestly sin as it substitutes our selfish desire for elevated knowledge over trust in the gentle leading and guidance of the Holy Spirit as we invest daily in God’s Word.

Ultimately, if we persist in a strong-armed insistence in “obtaining the goods” from a passage which we are not spiritually ready for, it may even become dangerous. We become open for deception as Satan or our flesh will readily provide a substitute for that which God, in His ultimate wisdom, has not yet given us. Thus, by pressing too hard or too soon to master a passage, we often wind up with an incorrect or superficial understanding of its true contents. The damage comes when we turn around and teach that which we don’t understand. We also suffer as we grow satisfied and rest in an understanding which is in fact not a true understanding.

Instead, why not allow for puzzlement and wonder in our exploration of the book? When we encounter things we don’t understand (not if, but when), why not simply “put them on the shelf” and pray about them? Over time, God will bring the key that helps unlock the puzzle. In the meantime, enjoy the journey and depend upon His Spirit to gradually bring your understanding to maturity.

2.2.13 - Focus is Christ

As we enter our study of the book of Revelation, it will serve us well to remember that the book is “the revelation of Jesus Christ” (Rev. 1:1+). As the angel tells John later in the book “the testimony of Jesus is the spirit of prophecy” [emphasis added] (Rev. 19:10+). Jesus made a similar statement when He criticized the Jewish religious leaders, “You search the Scriptures, for in them you think you have eternal life; and these are they which testify of Me” [emphasis added] (John 5:39). How many commentators, hoping to lead us into a deeper understanding of this book have themselves fallen into the same error as the “searchers” of Jesus’ day? “But you are not willing to come to Me that you may have life” (John 5:40). May we not fall into the trap of searching the Scriptures for reasons other than to find our Lord!⁵²

The central theme of the Apocalypse is given in the title to the book. It is “the revelation of Jesus Christ which God gave Him to show to His bond-servants the things which must shortly take place” (Rev. 1:1+). Jesus Christ is the central theme of the Revelation. He is the most important key to understanding the book. He is both the author of the Revelation and the subject of it.⁵³

When studying the book of Revelation, it is easy to become distracted from this central theme because there is so much going on—visions being seen, seals being opened, trumpets blown, bowls poured forth, judgments taking place, and so on. There can also develop a sense of morbid fascination with the details revealed regarding the two beasts (Rev. 13+). Yet as believers, our primary motivation while awaiting the return of Jesus is to watch for our Lord, not the man of sin (Mat. 24:42; 25:13; Mark 13:33, 35, 37; Luke 12:36-40; 21:36; 1Cor. 1:7; 16:13; Php. 3:20; 1Th. 1:10; 5:6; 2Ti. 4:8; Tit. 2:13; Heb. 9:28; 2Pe. 3:12; Rev. 3:2-3+; 16:15+). As we wait for Him, the book of Revelation provides a greater insight into His status today, no longer a man of sorrows, but the risen and glorified Lord!

The book of Revelation is the only book in the New Testament that presents Jesus Christ as He really is today. The gospels introduce Him as the “man of sorrows, and familiar with suffering” during his incarnation. Revelation presents Him in His true glory and majesty after His resurrection and ascension into heaven, never again to be reviled, rebuked, and spat upon.⁵⁴

The focus of the book of Revelation upon Christ and His return to institute His perfect, earthly kingdom can be seen in the numerous titles which John records:

The book of Revelation is preeminently the ‘Revelation of Jesus Christ’ (Rev. 1:1+). It describes Him by many titles, including ‘the faithful witness’ (Rev. 1:5+); ‘the firstborn of the dead’ (Rev. 1:5+); ‘the ruler of the kings of the earth’ (Rev. 1:5+); ‘the Alpha and the Omega’ (Rev. 1:8+; 21:6+); ‘the first and the last’ (Rev. 1:17+); ‘the living One’ (Rev. 1:18+); ‘the One who holds the seven stars in His right hand, the One who walks among the seven golden lampstands’ (Rev. 2:1+); ‘the One who has the sharp two-edged sword’ (Rev. 2:12+); ‘the Son of God’ (Rev. 2:18+); the One ‘who has eyes like a flame of fire, and feet like burnished bronze’ (Rev. 2:18+); the One ‘who has the seven Spirits of God and the seven stars’ (Rev. 3:1+); the One ‘who is holy, who is true’ (Rev. 3:7+); the holder of ‘the key of David, who opens and no one will shut, and who shuts and no one opens’ (Rev. 3:7+); ‘the Amen, the faithful and true Witness’ (Rev. 3:14+); ‘the Beginning of the creation of God’ (Rev. 3:14+); ‘the Lion that is from the tribe of Judah’ (Rev. 5:5+); ‘the Root of David’ (Rev. 5:5+); the Lamb of God (e.g., 5:6+; 6:1+; 7:9-10+; 8:1+; 12:11+; 13:8+; 14:1+; 15:3+; 17:14+; 19:7+; 21:9+; 22:1+); the ‘Lord, holy and true’ (Rev. 6:10+); the One who ‘is called Faithful and True’ (Rev. 19:11+); ‘The Word of God’ (Rev. 19:13+); the ‘King of kings, and Lord of lords’ (Rev. 19:16+); Christ (Messiah), ruling on earth with His glorified saints (Rev. 20:6+); and ‘Jesus - the root and the descendant of David, the bright morning star’ (Rev. 22:16+).⁵⁵

The book of Revelation claims to be prophecy (Rev. 1:3+; 10:7+, 11+; 22:7+, 10+, 18+, 19+). But, as the angel explains to John “the testimony of Jesus is the spirit of prophecy” (Rev. 19:10+).⁵⁶

It is with a devotional heart and a longing for our Lord which we should enter into our study of this book rather than an idle or morbid fascination with events to come. Without the proper focus, we risk turning this masterful message of Jesus Christ intended for personal response into a cold documentary of future events. Make no mistake: future events are here foretold, but the purpose of the events and their revelation to us is to glorify Jesus and to draw men to Himself. May it be so!

2.2.14 - The Primacy of Scripture

Now we come upon a subject of great importance: the primacy (ultimate importance) of Scripture. While the inspiration and inerrancy of Scripture is often heard on the lips, in practice we often demonstrate confusion on this matter. I’m speaking here of our tendency to be drawn away from the Scriptures themselves into secondary sources of lower quality. Satan is a master at using motivation, whether good or bad, and is adept at diluting our exposure to the very Words of God in favor of the fodder of man. One of his most fruitful avenues to distract believers from direct exposure to God’s Word is a biblical commentary such as this. If he can draw us ever further afield through our pursuit of secondary material, he stands a better chance of separating us from the truth of God’s Word. We begin to subsist on man’s moldering and stale bread in place of the Bread of Life. If this is done in a gradual enough manner over time, our taste buds lose the ability to distinguish the difference. This is a dangerous diet which is both filling and utterly empty!

Yet such is the situation in many of the academies today. Forever commenting on the comments of commentators of the inspired Scriptures, the mountain of words grows ever higher and more distant from the centrality of God’s Word. In our fleshly pursuit of knowledge and status, Satan is happy to provide whatever material is needed for our journey away from God. Is this not the central error of the rabbinical schools where such great priority is placed on the study of the secondary teachings of famous rabbis that precious little time is left for God’s original message to dispel the darkness? What value is there in mastering Maimonides or Rashi if it precludes a basic understanding of Isaiah’s Suffering Servant (Isa. 53)? Men grow in education and learning while the devil leans back and smiles!

We are not against education or human teaching. To hold such a view would be to contrary to the Scriptures themselves which indicate that God has given us fallible human teachers in order that we would be edified and equipped for the work of the ministry (Eph. 4:1; 2Ti. 2:24).⁵⁷ Yet as we seek to understand God’s Word, it is of utmost importance that we understand the relative priority among the different sources of instruction we utilize.

Bible Study Target

The Bible Study Target helps to illustrate this principle. The closer we feed to the center of the target, the more reliable and fruitful will be our growth. The further afield we go from the center. . . toward the outer edges, the greater the danger of being subtly taken off track or perverted in our understanding of God’s unadulterated Word. The general principle is as follows: maximize the time spent near the center of the target!

Lest someone say that all we need do is to remain within the inner two rings, we counter that this will not result in a mature understanding of all that God intends. For example, if we were to completely neglect extra-biblical history, how are we to benefit fully from Gabriel’s words to Daniel: “the people of the prince who is to come shall destroy the city and the sanctuary” (Dan. 9:26)? Scripture nowhere records the nationality of the people who destroyed Jerusalem and God’s House. If it were not from the historic record, we would not know that it was Titus of Rome who destroyed Jerusalem and the Temple (Mat. 24:2) and thus, be able to conclude that the “prince who is to come” is related to the Roman people.

This tension between the desire to stay immersed in God’s inerrant Word versus understanding the broader context of history within which the Bible plays out and to benefit from God-given human teachers is a continual dilemma for the serious student, one that is a matter for much prayer and wisdom. Many have followed a path leading toward the edges of the target, eating stale bread and imbibing the dangerous elixir of academic liberalism only to find themselves shipwrecked in matters of faith and salvation. Fewer, but also impoverished, are those who refuse to wander beyond the center two rings. These remain ignorant of important factors which would greatly enrich their understanding of our Lord and His Word.⁵⁸ It is with an eye to recognizing the need to spend time in all rings of the diagram, yet avoiding the dangers of overdependence upon the outer rings which motivates this discussion.

The table below describes the various rings of the Bible Study Target and provides representative works which fall within each ring. (Consult the Bibliography for additional information on the texts mentioned below.)

Rings of Biblical Study

Ring
Category
Description
Examples

1
Original-Language Bible
God’s inspired Word in the original languages (Hebrew and Greek). ⁵⁹
[Hodges, The Greek New Testament According To The Majority Text],

[Aland, The Greek New Testament],

[Maurice A. Robinson and William G. Pierpont, The New Testament in The Original Greek : Byzantine Textform (Southborough, MA: Chilton Book Publishing, 2005)],

[ Biblia Sacra Utriusque Testamenti Editio Hebraica et Graeca (Stuttgart, Germany: German Bible Society, 1994)],

[K. Elliger and Rudolph, Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (Stuttgart, Germany: German Bible Society, 1977)],

[Aron Dotan, Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 2001)].

2
English-Language Bible⁶⁶
Word-for-word translation of the Hebrew and Greek texts.⁶⁷
KJV, KJ2000, NKJV, ASV, NASB, LITV, MKJV

3
Primary Study Tools
Concordances, Cross-references, Language Tools. These tools are denoted as primary because they help us to understand the raw biblical text while minimizing man-made interpretation.
[Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible],

[Robert L. Thomas, ed., New American Standard Exhaustive Concordance (Anaheim, CA: Foundation Publications, 1998)]⁷⁰ ,

[Torrey, The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge]⁷² ,

[W. E. Vine, Vine’s Expository Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words (Nashville, IL: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1996)],

[Frederick William Danker and Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000)],

[Spiros Zodhiates, KJV Hebrew-Greek Key Study Bible (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 1991)] or

[Spiros Zodhiates, NASB Hebrew-Greek Key Study Bible (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 1990)],

[Jay P. Green and Maurice A. Robinson, A Concise Lexicon to the Biblical Languages (Lafayette, IN: Sovereign Grace Publishers, Inc., 1987)].

4
Secondary Study Tools
Dictionaries, encyclopedias, commentaries. These tools are denoted as secondary because although they can be of great value to our understanding, they also unavoidably include the biases of the authors. If we derived our primary understanding of the text from these sources, we will be ‘tainted’ (sometimes dramatically so) by the ‘spin’ which different interpreters bring to their understanding of the Bible. The dangers here are subtle, but can be far-reaching and take a long time to overcome until additional Bible study in rings 1-3 corrects misperceptions that have been learned.
[Geoffrey W. Bromiley, ed., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979, 1915)],

[Merrill K. Unger, R. Harrison, Frederic F Vos, and Cyril J. Barber, The New Unger’s Bible Dictionary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1988)],

[John F. Walvoord and Roy B. Zuck, eds., The Bible Knowledge Commentary (Wheaton, IL: SP Publications, 1983)],

[C. I. Scofield, The Scofield Study Bible (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2002, 1909)],

[John MacArthur, The MacArthur Study Bible (Nashville, TN: Word Publishing, 1997)], etc. ⁸³

5
Background Material
Historical and cultural works which help to anchor the biblical revelation within the historic setting and culture in which it was first written.
There are a large number of works which fall into this category. A small representative sample is given here:

[Nathan Ausubel, The Book of Jewish Knowledge (New York, NY: Crown Publishers, 1964)],

[Eli Barnavi, A Historical Atlas of the Jewish People (New York, NY: Schocken Books, 1992)],

[Alfred Edersheim, Bible History, Old Testament (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1995)],

[Alfred Edersheim, The Life and Times of Jesus The Messiah (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1993)],

[Alfred Edersheim, The Temple: Its Ministry and Services (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1994)],

[Flavius Josephus, The Complete Works of Josephus (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1981)],

[Geoffrey Wigoder, ed., Encyclopedia Judaica CDROM Edition Version 1.0 (Keter Publishing House, Ltd., 1997)],

[Philip Birnbaum, Encyclopedia of Jewish Concepts (New York, NY: Hebrew Publishing Company, 1995)], etc.

The observant reader will notice that as we move outward from the center of the target toward the outer rings, the number of study sources dramatically increases. This is a blessing and a curse: a blessing because of the many excellent resources which enable us to better understand the Bible, its times, and historical context; a curse because only the inner-most ring contains the inspired and inerrant Words of God. To the degree the secondary works draw our attention away from the center of the target, we are in danger. One need only observe the many young men of God who have gone off to seminary returning as highly “educated” liberal skeptics.⁹²

Our advice is to concentrate on the inner-most three rings, especially as a new believer. As soon as we find ourselves spending the larger share of our time outside of ring #3, let that be cause for alarm and motivate us to scurry back to the Bread of Life itself and feed upon its supernatural qualities (Ps. 119; Heb. 4:12; 1Pe. 1:23).

The observant reader will also notice that we have just now recommended he minimize his time spent in ring #4—the very ring within which he is currently feeding by the mere fact that he is reading these words! Yet the truth remains, as much as it is our desire to see the reader blessed by this commentary, we would be doing a disservice if we failed to warn him that such fare cannot be the mainstay of his biblical diet. Although the Words of Scripture herein are life, the reader, aided by the Holy Spirit within him, should carefully judge whether the associated commentary remains true to God’s Word.

Notes

¹ Also known as the Apocalypse of Jesus Christ.

² Due to the absence of page numbers, endnotes are utilized instead of footnotes.

³ Topics are searched for within section titles, glossary entries, and index entries. The first section title, glossary entry, or index entry containing the word or phrase is opened.

⁴ Scripture taken from the New King James Version. Copyright © 1982 by Thomas Nelson, Inc. Used by permission. All rights reserved.

⁵ [Zane C. Hodges and Arthur L. Farstad, The Greek New Testament According To The Majority Text (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishing, 1985)]. We are aware that many prefer the KJV text. We have neither the mandate nor opportunity here to consider the arguments for and against the KJV text.

⁶ e.g., [James Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Ontario: Woodside Bible Fellowship, 1996)], [R. Torrey, The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1995)].

⁷ Kurt Aland and Bruce M. Metzger, The Greek New Testament (Stuttgart, Germany: German Bible Society, 1983).

⁸ Neither space nor subject permit a more elaborate treatment of the relative merits and weaknesses of the heuristics upon which the critical Greek text depends. It is evident that many of the textual decisions underlying the Critical Text hinge upon unproven generalizations which are essentially unknowable on a case-by-case basis. In essence, the “algorithm” by which the textual variations are transformed into the “best” text is non-determinative and subjective. For an example which reveals these problems, see the commentary on Revelation 5:9. Also see [Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament (Stuttgart, Germany: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1994)] for additional details. The book of Revelation has fewer extant manuscripts than other books of the NT. “The MSS of Revelation are few compared to those of other NT literature. Thus, of the important early witnesses, only three papyri and scarcely half a dozen uncials of the Apocalypse are extant. While there are over a thousand minuscule MSS for each of most of the other books, Revelation has a total of only about 250.”—Alan F. Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 12.

⁹ “It should, however, be observed that the variants relate very largely to differences in the order of words, to the use or omission of the article or a connective, and to syntactical construction. Numerous as the variants are, they are not of a kind to cause uncertainty in a single paragraph taken as a whole.”—Isbon T. Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2001), 411.

¹⁰ Recognizing that no single set of Bible book abbreviations is optimum in terms of length, readability, and interoperation with other study aids, we are mainly interested in standardization to facilitate digital processing of this document.

¹¹ HTML stands for Hyper-Text Markup Language, the format used by most documents on the world-wide web.

¹² See www.e-sword.net, www.swordsearcher.net, www.SpiritAndTruth.org, and others.

¹³ John 14:26; 16:13-14; 1Cor. 2:10-13; Eph. 3:5; 1Jn. 2:20, 27.

¹⁴ How one might wish that all believers had as good a grasp of the essential relationship of Genesis to the gospel as this enemy of the cross!

¹⁵ Bozarth, G. R., The Meaning of Evolution, American Atheist, 1978, 20:30.

¹⁶ Henry Morris, The Revelation Record (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1983), 21.

¹⁷ Arthur Walkington Pink, The Antichrist (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1999, 1923), s.v. “Antichrist in the Apocalypse.”

¹⁸ This is due to the fact that most believers automatically know to test unbiblical philosophy and teaching by God’s Word. What is more damaging, are teachers who appear to fall within the pale of Christianity, but whose views concerning Revelation deny essentials of the faith or its prophetic relevance for the future.

¹⁹ J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), v.

²⁰ “John Calvin, the greatest commentator of the Reformation, who wrote commentaries on the other books, did not attempt to write a commentary on Revelation.”—John MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1999), 1.

²¹ The definite article (“the”) does not appear within the Greek text.

²² Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible.

²³ American Heritage Online Dictionary, Ver. 3.0A, 3rd ed. (Houghton Mifflin, 1993).

²⁴ Even Luther admitted: “Even if it were a blessed thing to believe what is contained in it, no man knows what that is.”—Alva J. McClain, The Greatness Of The Kingdom (Winona Lake, IN: BMH Books, 1959), 6.

²⁵ Jesus began using parables later on the same day (Mat. 13:1) on which the unpardonable sin was committed (Mat. 12:24-31).

²⁶ Stanley D. Toussaint, Behold The King: A Study of Matthew (Portland, OR: Multnomah Press, 1980), 168-169.

²⁷ John 14:26; 16:13-14; 1Cor. 2:10-13; Eph. 3:5; 1Jn. 2:20, 27.

²⁸ Mal Couch, Classical Evangelical Hermeneutics (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications), 72.

²⁹ Paul Lee Tan, The Interpretation of Prophecy (Dallas, TX: Bible Communications, Inc., 1993), 139.

³⁰ Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John, 1.

³¹ Randall Price, The Coming Last Days Temple (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 1999), 308.

³² “No other part of Scripture has proved so fascinating to expositors, and no other part has suffered so much at their hands.”—Merrill C. Tenney, Interpreting Revelation (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1957), 13.

³³ Pink, The Antichrist, s.v. “foreword.”

³⁴ Edward Hindson, Revelation: Unlocking the Future (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), 2.

³⁵ Thomas Ice, “Harold L. Lindsey,” in Mal Couch, ed., Dictionary of Premillennial Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1996), 242.

³⁶ E. W. Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1984, 1935), 1-2.

³⁷ Matthew 24 serves as an excellent illustration. The primary audience of this passage will live during a time when there will be a holy place—a temple standing in Jerusalem (Mat. 24:15), will be living in Judea (Mat. 24:16), and living under conditions of the Mosaic Law (Mat. 24:20).

³⁸ “If we count up the number of Old Testament passages quoted or alluded to in the New Testament, we find that the gospel of Matthew has a very large number, amounting in all to 92. The Epistle to the Hebrews comes higher still with 102. . . . when we turn to the Apocalypse, what do we find? . . . No less than 285 references to the Old Testament. More than three times as many as Matthew, and nearly three times as many as the Epistle to the Hebrews. We ask whether this does not give the book of Revelation a very special connection with the Old Testament, and with Israel? It is undoubtedly written about the people of the Old Testament who are the subjects of its history.” [emphasis added]—Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, 6-7.

³⁹ Ibid., 111-112.

⁴⁰ The extreme of historical and geographical limitation is represented by the preterist interpretation which sees the entire book written to 1st-Century readers and concerning events localized in either the fall of Jerusalem or the fall of Rome.

⁴¹ Robert Anderson, The Coming Prince (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1957), 171*.

⁴² Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, 123-134.

⁴³ Grant R. Osborne, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2002), 6.

⁴⁴ “The roots of the present Age of Apostasy began in Europe, particularly with German rationalism, where the inerrancy of the Scriptures was denied with the development of biblical criticism and the documentary hypothesis.”—Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 72.

⁴⁵ Perhaps the greatest weapon of critical scholarship is its academic mandate that other views engage its speculative theories else lose a hearing. This mandate denies the rule of faith of the believer and our trust in God’s written revelation. Believers do not exercise a ‘blind faith,’ but neither should we waste precious time interacting with speculative theories which only serve to keep us from a deeper understanding of what God has revealed.

⁴⁶ Here we might pause to observe that many who have defected from solid doctrinal positions based upon the Word of God have done so because they never truly understood the position they initially endorsed. Having ridden on a “straw horse,” it became all too easy for others to push them off and lead them elsewhere.

⁴⁷ Being trained as an electrical engineer, we soon found other engineers which reached similar conclusions. Men like Clarence Larkin, Henry Morris, and Robert Thomas.

⁴⁸ One need only contrast the different instructions given by God pertaining to the eating of meat to see the essence of dispensationalism: Gen. 1:29; 9:3; Deu. 12:15; Isa. 11:7; 65:25; Rom. 14:2; 1Ti. 4:3.

⁴⁹ “Of the twenty-seven uses in the Gospel of Luke and Acts, Jervell concludes: ‘In Luke’s writings Israel always refers to the Jewish people. At no time does it serve to characterize the church, i.e., it is never used as a technical term for the Christian gathering of Jews and Gentiles.’ ”—Robert L. Saucy, “Israel and the Church: A Case for Discontinuity,” in John S. Feinberg, ed., Continuity And Discontinuity (Westchester, IL: Crossway Books, 1988), 245.

⁵⁰ Like a helium balloon in the wind, once the ‘tether’ of literal/normative interpretation is cut, the interpreter is ‘free’ to drift further and further afield from the intended understanding.

⁵¹ Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, vii.

⁵² Ps. 40:7; Luke 18:31; 24:27, 44; John 5:39, 46; Acts 8:35; 10:43; Heb. 10:7.

⁵³ Hindson, Revelation: Unlocking the Future, 7.

⁵⁴ Tim LaHaye, Revelation Unveiled (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1999), 9-10.

⁵⁵ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, 2.

⁵⁶ “He is the source of all prophecy, and all prophecy moves toward a fulfillment by Him with a view toward His own glory.”—Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 351.

⁵⁷ Eze. 34:3, 15; John 21:17; Acts 2:42; 6:2-4; 11:25-26; 20:27; Eph. 4:11; 1Ti. 3:2; 4:6, 11, 13, 16; 5:17-18; 2Ti. 2:15, 24; Tit. 1:9; 2:1.

⁵⁸ Nowhere is this perhaps more evident than in the ignorance of Jewish culture which has denuded western Christian commentary throughout history.

⁵⁹ Students who do not know the original languages can derive considerable insight into the original languages by the use of some of the tools in ring #3.

⁶⁰ Hodges, The Greek New Testament According To The Majority Text.

⁶¹ Aland, The Greek New Testament.

⁶² Maurice A. Robinson and William G. Pierpont, The New Testament in The Original Greek : Byzantine Textform (Southborough, MA: Chilton Book Publishing, 2005).

⁶³ Biblia Sacra Utriusque Testamenti Editio Hebraica et Graeca (Stuttgart, Germany: German Bible Society, 1994).

⁶⁴ K. Elliger and Rudolph, Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (Stuttgart, Germany: German Bible Society, 1977).

⁶⁵ Aron Dotan, Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 2001).

⁶⁶ Readers whose primary tongue is other than English would utilize the Scriptures in their native tongue.

⁶⁷ Translations which utilize dynamic equivalency, such as the NIV, and those which are paraphrases (such as The Message) are not suited for detailed Bible study.

⁶⁸ Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible.

⁶⁹ Robert L. Thomas, ed., New American Standard Exhaustive Concordance (Anaheim, CA: Foundation Publications, 1998).

⁷⁰ An exhaustive concordance for the NKJV is available, but it lacks support for Strong’s number and a Hebrew and Greek dictionary.

⁷¹ Torrey, The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge.

⁷² The older Treasury of Scripture Knowledge is more widely-available, but is not as complete or accurate as the newer version by Jerome Smith. [Ibid.]

⁷³ W. E. Vine, Vine’s Expository Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words (Nashville, IL: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1996).

⁷⁴ Frederick William Danker and Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000).

⁷⁵ Spiros Zodhiates, KJV Hebrew-Greek Key Study Bible (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 1991).

⁷⁶ Spiros Zodhiates, NASB Hebrew-Greek Key Study Bible (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 1990).

⁷⁷ Jay P. Green and Maurice A. Robinson, A Concise Lexicon to the Biblical Languages (Lafayette, IN: Sovereign Grace Publishers, Inc., 1987).

⁷⁸ Geoffrey W. Bromiley, ed., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979, 1915).

⁷⁹ Merrill K. Unger, R. Harrison, Frederic F Vos, and Cyril J. Barber, The New Unger’s Bible Dictionary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1988).

⁸⁰ John F. Walvoord and Roy B. Zuck, eds., The Bible Knowledge Commentary (Wheaton, IL: SP Publications, 1983).

⁸¹ C. I. Scofield, The Scofield Study Bible (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2002, 1909).

⁸² John MacArthur, The MacArthur Study Bible (Nashville, TN: Word Publishing, 1997).

⁸³ Many works in this category, such as [David Noel Freeman, ed., The Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York, NY: Doubleday, 1996, c1992)], are so compromised by academic liberalism that we cannot recommend them except for comparative study by mature, well-grounded saints. Even then, the value-per-page of many works in this category is extremely low. The hugely-popular NIV Study Bible is not recommended. As mentioned elsewhere, the NIV translation is not suitable for in-depth study and the commentary attending the NIV Study Bible is compromised by an attempt to appeal to too many interpretive positions.

⁸⁴ Nathan Ausubel, The Book of Jewish Knowledge (New York, NY: Crown Publishers, 1964).

⁸⁵ Eli Barnavi, A Historical Atlas of the Jewish People (New York, NY: Schocken Books, 1992).

⁸⁶ Alfred Edersheim, Bible History, Old Testament (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1995).

⁸⁷ Alfred Edersheim, The Life and Times of Jesus The Messiah (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1993).

⁸⁸ Alfred Edersheim, The Temple: Its Ministry and Services (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1994).

⁸⁹ Flavius Josephus, The Complete Works of Josephus (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1981).

⁹⁰ Geoffrey Wigoder, ed., Encyclopedia Judaica CDROM Edition Version 1.0 (Keter Publishing House, Ltd., 1997).

⁹¹ Philip Birnbaum, Encyclopedia of Jewish Concepts (New York, NY: Hebrew Publishing Company, 1995).

⁹² “Apostasy would first begin in a denominational school and thus affect the training of ministers who were to fill the pulpits of the churches of those denominations. Eventually, more and more liberals took over the pulpits, and more and more churches became liberal themselves. So throughout the first two decades of the twentieth century, apostasy took over the schools and trained ministers for denominational churches.”—Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 73.

3.22 - Revelation 22

3.22.1 - Revelation 22:1 Open Bible at Rev. 22:1 Listen to Rev. 22:1

In the previous chapter, John was shown a new order of things. An entirely new heaven and earth were created to replace the first heaven and earth which fled away at the Great White Throne Judgment (Rev. 20:11+). In addition to the new heaven and new earth, John saw the holy city, the New Jerusalem, descending from heaven as a bride for the Lamb (Rev. 21:2+, 9+). John’s vision was given in two parts. The first part provided an overview of the eternal order (Rev. 21:1-8+). In the second part, an angel accompanied John on a more detailed tour of the New Jerusalem, providing additional information and measurements of the city. In many ways, the chapter break at Revelation 21:27+ is unfortunate because the first five verses of this chapter should really be considered as the conclusion of John’s detailed tour of the New Jerusalem.

he showed me

This is the angel who first accompanied John “in the Spirit” to show him the holy Jerusalem, descending out of heaven from God (Rev. 21:10+). This is one of the angels having the seven bowls filled with the seven last plagues (Rev. 21:9+). It may be the same angel which took him “in the Spirit” to see the great harlot, Babylon (Rev. 17:3+). The tour contrasts the New Jerusalem, the city of God, with Babylon, the city of man.

a pure river of water of life

This is the fountain of the water of life which God promised to the thirsty in the previous chapter (Rev. 21:6+). Its ultimate source is God Himself, for it proceeds from His throne (cf. Ps. 36:8-9; 46:4).

A similar river will flow from under the threshold of the Millennial Temple (Eze. 47:1-2; Zec. 14:8), but that river does not reach all regions, so sin remains in the Millennium (Eze. 47:11). Now, sin is no more and life abounds in all parts of the new creation. See commentary on Revelation 7:17, Revelation 21:6, and Revelation 22:17.

clear as crystal

The purity and clarity of the water is remarkable to John. The clarity speaks of sinlessness and symbolizes the cleansing from sin of those who partake of the river. Although this is a literal river in the eternal state, it also typifies the Holy Spirit Who cleanses and gives life to those who trust Christ in this age (John 4:10; 7:37-38). In the eternal state, there is no more death because there is no more sin (Rev. 21:4+).

When John first ascended to the throne room in heaven, he saw the sea of glass like crystal, in the midst of the throne (Rev. 4:6+). The sea of glass probably symbolized this river which would be the basis of cleansing and eternal life in the new heaven and earth. Although the nations will partake of the tree of life, the tree itself draws from this river of life (cf. Ps. 1:3).

proceeding from the throne of God and of the Lamb

The river proceeds from the throne because the source of all life is ultimately God (Job 33:4; Eze. 37:9; John 1:4; 14:6; Acts 3:15; Rev. 11:11+).

There is no sea from which waters are raised by the sun, as in the present hydrologic cycle (Rev. 21:1+) and thus no rainfall to supply the river with its flow. Rather, it proceeds “out of the throne of God and of the Lamb,” high at the central pinnacle of the holy city. Evidently the mighty Creator is continually creating the waters, then sending them forth to give perpetual life and cleansing and beauty to the city and its inhabitants, and then on out into the uttermost parts of the new earth.¹

The throne is of God and of the Lamb. In the eternal state, there is no more distinction between the throne of the Father in heaven and that of the Son on earth (Mat. 25:31; Rev. 3:21+). Jesus rules from the Davidic throne during the Millennial Kingdom until the last enemy, death, is destroyed (Rev. 20:14+). Then, He delivers the kingdom to God the Father (1Cor. 15:24-26) and the throne of David merges with the heavenly throne of the Father (Rev. 22:3+) and both the Father and the Son continue to rule forever.

See commentary on Revelation 3:21 and Revelation 20:14.

On Jesus as the Lamb, see commentary on Revelation 5:6.

3.22.2 - Revelation 22:2 Open Bible at Rev. 22:2 Listen to Rev. 22:2

In the middle of its street, and on either side of the river, was the tree of life

The Greek lacks the article: the tree. There are several trees, each of them a tree of life.“It was not one individual tree, but a particular tree as to its kind, as we speak of ‘the apple’ or ‘the oak,’ denoting a species of which there are many specimens.”² There may have been exactly three trees, or John saw three groups of trees of the same kind in each of the three areas. What John sees is very similar to what Ezekiel saw during the Millennium, but Ezekiel’s trees were not the tree of life, but other nourishing trees which provide long life during the Millennial Kingdom (Isa. 65:20):

Along the bank of the river, on this side and that, will grow all kinds of trees used for food; their leaves will not wither, and their fruit will not fail. They will bear fruit every month, because their water flows from the sanctuary. Their fruit will be for food, and their leaves for medicine. (Eze. 47:12)

Medicine (Eze. 47:12) is תְרוּפָה [ṯerûp̄â] : either from the root רוּף [rûp] , to make small as in medical powder, or from רָפָא [rāp̄āʾ] , to heal.³ Translated by ὑβίεια [hybieia] in the LXX: health, soundness of body. During the Millennium, the leaves of the trees near the river will provide for the physical healing of the peoples, but it is important to recognize that these trees cannot be the tree of life. Those who consume the leaves live to an advanced age, but do not avoid death (Isa. 65:20).⁴

Jesus said to the church at Ephesus that He would give the overcomer “to eat from the tree of life, which is in the midst of the Paradise of God” (Rev. 2:7+). He alluded to the original placement of the tree of life in the Garden of Eden (Gen. 2:9) and indicated that the redeemed would once more have access to the tree in a future paradise—the eternal state which John now sees. Those who do His commandments (or wash their robes, MT and NU texts) will have authority to access the tree of life (Rev. 22:14+). Those who take away from the words of the book of this prophecy will have their part taken away from the tree of life (Rev. 22:19+, MT and NU texts). Evidently, access to the tree of life is one and the same as salvation and indicates that all who inhabit the eternal state will have access to the tree on an equal basis.

When man rebelled in the Garden of Eden, he was cut off from the tree of life (Gen. 3:22-24). Since then, death has reigned over all peoples, even the people of God—with few exceptions. We rejoice in the fact that in the redemptive counsels of God, history is to be brought full circle to affect a full return to a Paradise without death which was previously lost:

The harmonious unity of Scripture is herein exhibited. The Fathers compared it to a ring, an unbroken circle, returning into itself. Between the events of Genesis and those at the close of the Apocalypse, at least six thousand or seven thousand years intervene; and between Moses the first writer and John the last about one thousand five hundred years. How striking it is that, as in the beginning we found Adam and Eve, his bride, in innocence in Paradise, then tempted by the serpent, and driven from the tree of life, and from the pleasant waters of Eden, yet not without a promise of a Redeemer who should crush the serpent; so at the close, the old serpent cast out for ever by the second Adam, the Lord from heaven, who appears with His Bride, the Church, in a better Paradise, and amidst better waters (Rev. 22:1+): the tree of life also is there with all its healing properties, not guarded with a flaming sword, but open to all who overcome (Rev. 2:7+), and there is no more curse.⁵

All worlds move in circles; and the grand march of God’s providence with man moves in one immense round. It starts with Paradise, and thence moves out through strange and untried paths, until it has fulfilled its grand revolution by coming back to the point from which it started; not indeed to repeat itself, but thenceforward to rest forever in the results of that wonderful experiment. Genesis is the Book of beginnings; the Revelation is the Book of the endings of what was then begun; and the last laps back upon the first, and welds the two ends of the history into a golden ring of eternity.⁶

See Genesis and Revelation as Bookends.

During this present age, where physical death has not yet been abolished, those who follow after God are likened to a fruitful tree typified by the tree of life near the river of living water which John sees in the eternal state:⁷

Blessed is the man who walks not in the counsel of the ungodly, nor stands in the path of sinners, nor sits in the seat of the scornful; but his delight is in the law of the LORD, and in His law he meditates day and night. He shall be like a tree planted by the rivers of water, that brings forth its fruit in its season, whose leaf also shall not wither; and whatever he does shall prosper. (Ps. 1:1-3)

Between the Fall in the Garden of Eden (Gen. 3:22-24) and the creation of the new heavens and earth (Rev. 21:1+), the cross of Jesus Christ is the tree of life for all who trust in His redeeming work (Acts 5:30; Gal. 3:13; 1Pe. 2:24).

which bore twelve fruits

Which bore is ποιοῦν [poioun] , present tense participle: continually making. The text implies fruit is continuously being produced from which we can conclude it is also being consumed on an ongoing basis.

each tree yielding

Yielding is ἀποδιδοῦν [apodidoun] , present tense participle: continually giving out.

every month

The tree produces fruit on a monthly basis. Its ongoing production implies an ongoing consumption of the fruit by the nations, although this is not explicitly said. In the Millennial Kingdom, the fruit of similar trees were used for food (Eze. 47:12), whereas their leaves were used for medicine. In the eternal state, John sees the leaves used for healing, but nothing is said concerning the use of the fruit. We can probably assume the nations will eat of the fruit of the tree. This should not be surprising since Jesus, in His resurrected body, continued to eat food (John 21:12; Acts 10:41).⁸

And whether they need it for the support of their undecaying immortality or not, [partaking of the Tree of Life] is everywhere presented as one of the most precious privileges of God’s glorified saints. We cannot suppose that they ever hunger or thirst in that high realm, or that there is ever any waste in their immortal energies needing recuperation from physical digestion; but still the participation of these Life-fruits bespeaks a communion with Life, the joy of which exceeds all present comprehension.⁹

The mention of months may imply that the sun and moon, although not needed for light in the vicinity of the New Jerusalem, continue to exist within the eternal state.¹⁰

The fact that months are identified as such in [the] New Jerusalem indicates that the orbital and rotational motions of the earth will go on as God established in the very beginning and that the moon likewise will continue orbiting around the earth.¹¹

See commentary on Revelation 21:23.

The productivity of the tree in eternity is a model of what the Christian life is to be now. Believers are to be continuously yielding spiritual fruit, much of which is also for the healing of the nations. God expects productivity from all who would serve Him (cf. Mat. 21:19; Mark 11:13).¹² In the same way the tree of life yields fruit because of its position next to the river of life, so must the productive Christian abide in Christ:

Abide in Me, and I in you. As the branch cannot bear fruit of itself, unless it abides in the vine, neither can you, unless you abide in Me. I am the vine, you are the branches. He who abides in Me, and I in him, bears much fruit; for without Me you can do nothing. (John 15:4-5)

The leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations

Healing is θεραπείαν [therapeian] : which can also denote “serving, service, care.”¹³ The leaves, in some way, provide “prosperity for the nations.”¹⁴

Jesus taught that all who exist in the eternal state with a glorified body are equal to the angels and cannot die (Luke 20:35-36). But here, John is shown the tree of life and told: “the leaves of the tree of life were for the healing of the nations.” Even if healing (θεραπείαν [therapeian] ) is taken to mean service (Luke 12:42; Mat. 24:45), there is still the question as to why the nations would need ongoing access to the tree of life? And if the nations access the tree in relation to life, how does that square with Jesus’ teaching that those who have been glorified cannot die?

Similar questions confront us in the book of Genesis, before the Fall into sin. Adam and Eve are in the Garden of Eden, in a state of sinless perfection, and are given access to the tree of life (Gen. 2:9, 16). Later, when they disobey God, their access to the tree is cut off lest they eat of it and live forever (Gen. 3:22-24). Several things are implied by the Genesis account: (1) the tree of life served a purpose in the Garden of Eden prior to the entrance of sin and death; (2) Adam and Eve undoubtedly partook of the fruit of the tree before their fall into sin since it was permitted; (3) had Adam and Eve continued to eat from the tree after their fall into sin, then they would never have died. It seems that ongoing access to the tree provided eternal life. But how does this fit with the abundant Scriptural teaching that death is a result of sin (Gen. 2:17; Rom. 5:12-15, 21; 6:16, 23; 7:5, 11-13; 8:2; Jas. 1:15)? In the absence of sin, both in the Garden of Eden before the Fall and in the eternal state, what purpose does the tree of life serve?

Why would healing be necessary in eternity? What is the meaning of the healing leaves? What is their purpose? Admittedly these questions are puzzling. However, the concept of healing leaves need not imply sickness. The tree of life existed in the Garden of Eden before sin and sickness (Gen. 2:9; 3:22), and it can also exist in the New Jerusalem without illness. After all, there will be no curse there (Rev. 22:3+).¹⁵

Healing, however, does not necessarily indicate the presence of disease any more than the wiping away of tears (Rev. 21:4+) implies that sorrow still exists in the new Jerusalem. The tears were those caused by the troubles of this creation, tears that will no longer exist in the new creation. Likewise, the disease for which this healing provides is that of the former creation which no longer exists in the new Jerusalem.¹⁶

With such an understanding, we can suggest a relationship between the tree of life, sin, and death. The tree of life serves as a source from which sinless men obtain life. They do not attain eternal life in any sort of independent manner, but are completely and forever dependent upon God, the ultimate source of life. This dependence is reflected in their need to access the fruit from the tree for its life-giving qualities. The moment sin enters into the picture, as it did in the Garden and which it can never do again in eternity, independence of God results.¹⁷ When sin entered in the Garden of Eden and independence from God with it, God saw fit to remove access to the tree of life—the very channel by which He had chosen to dispense eternal life. The result was death. To summarize: sin brought independence from God which was manifest in being cut off from the tree of life resulting in death. In the eternal state, man will be sinless and have eternal life, but the creation and the creature will always and forever remain dependent upon the Creator as the source of life. The ongoing need to access the tree of life for eternity reflects the continued dependence of the creatures upon the Creator—a reality which God has chosen to manifest via the tree.

Some attempt to avoid these questions by taking the tree of life as symbolic of salvation and spiritual life, and not as a real tree in a real eternal city. However, there are numerous reasons why the tree in the New Jerusalem should be taken as a literal tree:

Some interpreters view the tree as only symbolic. But a literal view of the tree is proper for two reasons. First, since there was a literal tree of life in the historical Garden of Eden (Gen. 2:9; 3:22, 24), it is possible for this tree also to be literal. Second, if the city, walls, gates, street, river, and light are literal (and the most reasonable evidence shows that they are), then the tree of life is most likely literal also. However, viewing the tree as literal does not exclude its also having symbolic significance for those who see it and eat of it. Just as the literal walls and foundations of the New Jerusalem will be memorials to Israel and to the apostles (Rev. 21:12+, 14+), so the tree of life can have a memorial function also.¹⁸

Even those who take the tree literally struggle with the idea that healing should be found in the tree. Some propose that the healing relates to the maintenance of a population among the faithful who still reside in natural bodies in eternity. The “healing problem,” along with the possible differences between the nations and kings of the earth which reside outside the city versus the glorified saints within the city, have caused some to suggest that the nations in the eternal state may be made up of humans in their natural bodies living in conditions much like that of the original creation. This might answer some of the puzzles which are before us: why God created a new heaven and earth, why there are gates to the city which infers some are primarily occupied outside and others inside, and why the tree of life remains if only glorified saints remain? Several expositors suggest such a solution, as we discussed in our commentary on Revelation 21:24. For example:

There are two classes of people who will live eternally upon the earth: (1) the saints, who as co-heirs with Christ (Rom. 8:17) are given glorified bodies (1Cor. 15:52), who possess the kingdom (Dan. 7:18) and rule over the kingdom (Rev. 20:4+, 6+) as its inheritors (Mat. 25:34); (2) natural people, described here [1Cor. 15:52] as “flesh and blood” who are the eternal subjects of the kingdom, who eternally perpetuate the natural race of earthly men in the flesh (Ps. 72:5; Isa. 59:21; Eze. 37:25; Luke 1:32-33. 2Pe. 3:13).¹⁹

Two classes of people are thus distinctly recognized in the new heaven and earth;—a class in glory who get the fruits of the Tree of Life, and a class in the estate of “nations” who get the leaves; but, whether fruits or leaves, a great and glorious blessing. . . . The meaning is not that the nations are full of sicknesses and ailments; for these remains of the curse are gone then, though it may be from the virtue of these leaves. The meaning rather is the preservation of health and comfort, and not that maladies then exist to be removed. The Life-leaves are for the conservation and augmentation of the Life-blessedness of men on earth, as the Life-fruits are for the joy of the saints in heaven.²⁰

One objection to such a view is found in Paul’s statement: “Now this I say, brethren, that flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God; nor does corruption inherit incorruption” (1Cor. 15:50). Although Jesus referred to his resurrected body as “flesh and bones” (Luke 24:39), it was clearly a different body than that which Adam and Eve had in their natural state. Jesus’ resurrected body is the sort of incorruptible body which the saints will inherit when glorified. There is no corruption in the eternal state, for sin shall be no more. And so it was in the Garden of Eden before the fall of Adam and Eve. But the prohibition against flesh and blood in the ultimate kingdom of God—beyond the millennium—would seem to be at odds with a restoration of the conditions in the Garden of Eden. Some try to get around the plain meaning of Paul’s statement by postulating two classes of peoples in the eternal state: those with glorified bodies who rule and reign and those in natural bodies who are their subjects.²¹ But such a proposition seems without support in Scripture which knows of only one class among the redeemed in eternity: those who inherit the kingdom, obtain eternal life, are granted the right to enter the city, and partake of the tree of life. The promise to the overcomer at the church of Ephesus and the last blessing of all of Scripture, at the close of the book, imply that all the faithful are of a single class in regard to their access to the tree of life:

He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches. “To him who overcomes I will give to eat from the tree of life, which is in the midst of the Paradise of God.” (Rev. 2:7+)

Blessed are those who do His commandments, that they may have the right to the tree of life, and may enter through the gates into the city. (Rev. 21:14+)

These are the redeemed, those who obtain eternal life by faith in Christ. The promises they obtain are described in terms which match that of the nations and kings of the earth in the eternal state who bring their glory and honor through the gates into the city (Rev. 21:24-26+) and partake of the tree of life (Rev. 22:2+). Dividing up access to the tree of life into two classes, some in glorified bodies who partake of the fruit and others in unglorified bodies which partake of the leaves is without Scriptural support.

The suggestion that partaking of the Tree of Life pertains to the citizens within the city and entrance through the city’s gates relates to the nations, is also faulty. Both are relevant to all believers: authority over the Tree of Life and access to the way that leads to it.²²

A better solution is to understand the mention of nations and kings of the earth, which come in through the gate to the New Jerusalem, as merely a description of the identity of the redeemed from among the nations and as emphasizing their right to access the holy city which has been their ultimate hope and destiny all along (John 14:2-3; Gal. 4:25-26; Heb. 11:10, 16; 12:22; 13:14; Rev. 3:12+).

The proposal that human beings, in natural bodies, continue to populate the eternal state as separate peoples from the glorified saints seems to raise as many issues as it attempts to solve.²³ Nor does it account for the ultimate unity among the redeemed of eternity in its proposal that flesh and blood can inherit the eternal kingdom of God. Neither does it provide additional insight into the purpose of the tree of life in the eternal state because it proposes conditions no different than those in the Garden of Eden for which the mystery of the need for a tree of life during conditions of sinless perfection remains. As intriguing as the view may be to some, it seems to go beyond Scripture and fails to provide significant benefit in an understanding of eternity.

Probably all that we can safely conclude is that the healing provided by the leaves of the tree provides some sort of service to the inhabitants of the eternal state. Exactly what that service is, we are not in a position to ascertain. Since the tree provides both fruit and leaves, the leaves may have a purpose unrelated to eating from the tree:

The third and preferred explanation is that the healing leaves may represent spiritual service or care. The Greek word for healing is θεραπεία [therapeia] , “serving, service, care,” from the verb θεραπεύω [therapeuō] , “to serve, be a servant.” Liddell, Scott, and Jones list many examples where this term refers to serving and has no connection with illness or the need for healing. Only in the sense of care, treatment, or serving the sick did it come to be applied to “healing” or “curing,” as in “therapy” and “therapeutic.” True, the word is used in Revelation 13:3+, 12+ of a wound healed; but in Luke 12:42 it is used of “service” of a faithful and wise steward, and in Acts 17:25 for serving God. The leaves, then, are there to minister to or serve the redeemed as they serve God (Rev. 22:3+).²⁴

The chemical ingredients of the rich foliage of the trees might be available for innumerable uses in the economy of the nations which is to be kept healthy by the leaves of the tree.²⁵

3.22.3 - Revelation 22:3 Open Bible at Rev. 22:3 Listen to Rev. 22:3

And there shall be no more curse

There shall be no more curse is πα῀ν κατανάθεμα οὐκ ἔσται ἔτι [pan katanathema ouk estai eti] : and every accursed thing not it will be still. “And every curse will no longer be.”²⁶ During the Millennial Kingdom, aspects of the curse remained. Sin and death continued and the serpent still ate dust (Isa. 65:20, 25). Now, every last curse is removed, including the curses from God at the Fall of mankind into sin (Gen. 3:15-19): death is no more (Rev. 21:4+). Many of the curses in the OT were in response to sin and served a corrective purpose (e.g., Deu. 27:15-26; 28:15-68). In the eternal state, there is no more sin and therefore no more need for correction by God. See Genesis and Revelation as Bookends.

This is the time when the “creation itself also will be delivered from the bondage of corruption into the glorious liberty of the children of God” (Rom. 8:19). At the cross, Christ had redeemed the faithful from the curse of the law, but now this becomes the real physical experience of all creation (Gal. 3:13).

None will ever age, nothing will ever be lost, all work will be productive and enduring. The entropy law, the so-called second law of thermodynamics, will be repealed. Information will nevermore become confused, ordered systems will not deteriorate into disorder, and no longer will energy have to be expended merely to overcome friction and dissipation into nonrecoverable heat. Entropy will from now on be conserved along with energy and mass and momentum. Though “time” will continue on forever, “time’s arrow” will no longer be directed downward.²⁷

It is difficult for us to even consider what such an existence would be like. Our only experience and means of existence is the current order of things, which includes the curse, entropy, friction, and so on. When we begin to consider what removal of the curse in all its fulness might entail, we run into the near impossibility for our finite minds—so limited by our own experience—to even conceive of the ramifications of this pregnant phrase: there shall be no more curse!

Eternity is before us, and infinity surrounds us. We shall have an eternity of time to explore and discover the secrets of an infinitely varied and limitless cosmos.²⁸

but the throne of God and of the Lamb shall be in it

There is no more distinction between the throne of the Father and that of the Son (Rev. 3:21+). The Davidic throne of the Son merges with the throne of the Father in the eternal state. See commentary on Revelation 22:1 and Revelation 3:21.

As we pass from chapter 20 into chapter 21 of the Apocalypse, therefore, we stand at the junction point between two worlds and between two kingdoms. It is the end of the “first” or “natural” order of things, and the beginning of the final order of things. Here also the Mediatorial Kingdom of our Lord ends, not by abolition, but by its mergence into the Universal Kingdom of God. Thus it is perpetuated forever, no longer as a separate entity, but in indissoluble union with the original Kingdom of God from which it sprang. . . . This does not mean the end of our Lord’s regal activity, but rather that from here onward in the unity of the Godhead He reigns with the Father as the eternal Son. There are no longer two thrones: one His Messianic throne and the other the Father’s throne, as our Lord indicated in Revelation 3:21+. In the final Kingdom there is but one throne, and it is “the throne of God and of the Lamb” (Rev. 22:3+).²⁹

During the Millennial Kingdom, God had been in the midst of the earthly Jerusalem in the person of the Son Who ruled from the Davidic throne. During that time, Jerusalem was called “THE LORD IS THERE” (Eze. 48:35). Now, both Father and Son are permanently in the midst of the New Jerusalem. This is the fulfillment of the proclamation of the previous chapter, “Behold, the tabernacle of God is with men, and He will dwell with them” (Rev. 21:3+). See commentary on Revelation 21:3.

Concerning Jesus as the Lamb, see commentary on Revelation 5:6.

His servants shall serve Him.

Shall serve is λατρεῦσουσιν [latreusousin] : “Carrying out religious duties in a spirit of worship.”³⁰ The service will not be a burden, for it will be a form of worship. The service of God is a great reward! Prior to the Fall, in the Garden of Eden, Adam was given the task of tending and keeping the garden (Gen. 2:15). Thus, work is not a result of the curse, but part of God’s perfect design.³¹

It shows us most clearly that the heaven of the glorified saints is not one of idleness. They have something more to do than to sing, and worship, and enjoy. Indeed the perfection of worship is service, activity for God, the doing of the will of God. And this is to be one of the highest characteristics of the heaven of the saints. They are to do work, heavenly work, the highest kind of work.³²

This service will not be toilsome because they shall behold the Lord and be in His presence:

One thing I have desired of the LORD, That will I seek: That I may dwell in the house of the LORD all the days of my life, to behold the beauty of the LORD, and to inquire in His temple. (Ps. 27:4)

Blessed is the man You choose, and cause to approach You, that he may dwell in Your courts. We shall be satisfied with the goodness of Your house, of Your holy temple. (Ps. 65:4)

Those whom John saw coming out of the Great Tribulation were honored by serving before the throne of God day and night (Rev. 7:15+). Jesus promised that if any servant truly followed Him, then “where I am, there My servant will be also” (John 12:26). This is the role of a bond-servant who willingly forgoes the freedom to leave and chooses to remain in the master’s household to serve forever (Ex. 21:3-6). The ultimate goal of the saints is to attain God’s presence and serve Him (Rev. 21:3+).

3.22.4 - Revelation 22:4 Open Bible at Rev. 22:4 Listen to Rev. 22:4

They shall see His face

They shall see is ὄψονται [opsontai] , middle tense: they themselves will see. The saints will see His face firsthand!

The full glory of God has never been available to sinful man, for God’s fire consumes sin (Ex. 24:17; Num. 16:35; Deu. 4:24; Heb. 12:29). Therefore, God has never been seen fully by men in the flesh (1Jn. 4:12). When God met with the children of Israel “face to face” on Mount Sinai, His presence was so terrifying that the children of Israel requested that Moses mediate between them and God (Deu. 5:4-5). Even Moses, whom God later said He spoke with “face to face” (Ex. 33:11; Num. 12:8; Deu. 34:10), was afraid to look upon God:

Moreover He said, “I am the God of your father-the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob.” And Moses hid his face, for he was afraid to look upon God. (Ex. 3:6)

When Moses asked to see the glory of the Lord, God only permitted him a passing glimpse in order that he might not be consumed:

But He said, “You cannot see My face; for no man shall see Me, and live.” And the Lord said, “Here is a place by Me, and you shall stand on the rock. So it shall be, while My glory passes by, that I will put you in the cleft of the rock, and will cover you with My hand while I pass by. Then I will take away My hand, and you shall see My back; but My face shall not be seen.” (Ex. 33:20-23)

Many times, God was represented in the first person by the Angel of the Lord, the preincarnate Jesus Christ (John 1:18). Jacob wrestled with the Angel of the Lord and called the place Peniel (face of God) because he had seen God face to face, but lived (Gen. 32:30). But this was not God’s unveiled glory. When Elijah fled from Jezebel to Mount Horeb, when he sensed God’s presence, he took care to wrap his face in his mantle lest he see God’s glory directly (1K. 19:13). When Isaiah saw God in the heavenly Temple, he realized he would be consumed because of his sinful state. But a seraph flew to him with a coal and cleansed his sin (Isa. 6:5-7).

As early as the book of Job, it has been the hope and dream of the redeemed to see God firsthand:

For I know that my Redeemer lives, and He shall stand at last on the earth; and after my skin is destroyed, this I know, that in my flesh I shall see God, Whom I shall see for myself, and my eyes shall behold, and not another. How my heart yearns within me! (Job 19:25-27)

The psalmist also understood that one day, in a righteous state, he would see God’s face:

As for me, I will see Your face in righteousness; I shall be satisfied when I awake in Your likeness. (Ps. 17:15)

In the scene before John, the many promises of Jesus that the righteous would have intimacy with God, now find their fulfillment:

Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God. (Mat. 5:8)

And if I go and prepare a place for you, I will come again and receive you to Myself; that where I am, there you may be also. (John 14:3)

Father, I desire that they also whom You gave Me may be with Me where I am, that they may behold My glory which You have given Me; for You loved Me before the foundation of the world. (John 17:24)

Paul and John also looked forward to this day:

For now we see in a mirror, dimly, but then face to face. Now I know in part, but then I shall know just as I also am known. (1Cor. 13:12)

Beloved, now we are children of God; and it has not yet been revealed what we shall be, but we know that when He is revealed, we shall be like Him, for we shall see Him as He is. And everyone who has this hope in Him purifies himself, just as He is pure. (1Jn. 3:2-3)

See Hide and Seek. See The Abiding Presence of God.

His name shall be on their foreheads.

Jesus told the church at Philadelphia that the overcomer would have three names written upon him: (1) the name of God; (2) the name of the New Jerusalem; and (3) Jesus’ new name (Rev. 3:12+). His name was written on the forehead of the 144,000 Jews of the Tribulation (Rev. 7:3+; 14:1+). In a similar way to which the Beast worshipers received the mark of the Beast as an indication of their identity with the Beast (Rev. 13:16+), the servants of God will be dedicated to Him. See commentary on Revelation 7:3 and Revelation 13:16. This name upon their foreheads recalls the dedication of the high priest who wore a plate of gold upon his headdress which was engraved: “HOLINESS TO THE LORD” (Ex. 28:36).

3.22.5 - Revelation 22:5 Open Bible at Rev. 22:5 Listen to Rev. 22:5

There shall be no night there

The NU text and some manuscripts in the line of the MT text omit there implying the general absence of darkness, whether in the city or elsewhere. See commentary on Revelation 21:23.

They need no lamp nor light of the sun, for the Lord God gives them light

Gives them light is φωτίσει ἐπʼ αὐτούς [phōtisei ep autous] , present tense: He is shining upon them. Those within the vicinity of the New Jerusalem will receive the radiant light of God’s glory. “This is the message which we have heard from Him and declare to you, that God is light and in Him is no darkness at all” (1Jn. 1:5). They will have no need of the sun, although the sun may still be present in the eternal state. See commentary on Revelation 21:23.

they shall reign forever and ever

Their initial reign is for one thousand years during the Millennial Kingdom (Rev. 20:4-6+). See Millennial Reign of the Saints. After the throne of the Son is merged with the Father, the saints continue to co-reign with Him in eternity. In Daniel’s night vision, the angel explained, “the saints of the Most High shall receive the kingdom, and possess the kingdom forever, even forever and ever” (Dan. 7:18).

Jesus told the church at Thyatira that the overcomer would co-rule with Him (Rev. 2:27+). See commentary on Revelation 2:27. He also told the church at Laodicea that the overcomer would sit with Him on His throne (Rev. 3:21+). See commentary on Revelation 3:21.

3.22.6 - Revelation 22:6 Open Bible at Rev. 22:6 Listen to Rev. 22:6

These words are faithful and true

See commentary on Revelation 3:14, Revelation 19:11, and Revelation 21:5.

The angel’s words reinforce an important truth: Everything John has seen in Revelation will come to pass. What the inspired apostle has written is not mystical; the Apocalypse is not a record of his bizarre dreams or the result of an overactive imagination. It is not an allegory from which readers can extract hidden meanings of their own concoction. It is an accurate description of events and persons yet to come.³³

the Lord God of the holy prophets

The MT text has τῶν πνευμάτων τῶν προφητῶν [tōn pneumatōn tōn prophētōn] : of the spirits of the prophets. Regarding the testimony born by the spirits of the prophets, see commentary on Revelation 19:10.

to show His servants the things which must shortly take place

The same Greek phrase occurs in the introductory verse of this book. The expectation of His imminent coming is found throughout the book. See commentary on Revelation 1:1.

The exactness, detail, and precision with which earlier prophecies already fulfilled came to pass forms the pattern for those yet to be fulfilled. God’s prophetic record is perfect. He predicted Israel would go into captivity, and the nation did (Lev. 26:33-39). He predicted the destruction of Babylon (Isa. 13:1-14:27; Jer. 50-51) and Tyre (Isa. 23:1 ff.), and those cities were destroyed. He predicted that Messiah would be born in Bethlehem (Mic. 5:2), to a virgin (Isa. 7:14), and be killed by sinners (Isa. 53:7-10) and He was. Thus, when God predicts future events, such as the rapture of the church, the rise of Antichrist, the seal, trumpet, and bowl judgments, the Battle of Armageddon, the return of Jesus Christ, and His thousand-year earthly kingdom, those events will just as certainly come to pass [Isa. 46:9-11].³⁴

3.22.7 - Revelation 22:7 Open Bible at Rev. 22:7 Listen to Rev. 22:7

I am coming quickly

I am coming is ἔρχομαι [erchomai] , present tense: I am presently coming. The emphasis on the impending arrival of Jesus and the events described in John’s vision is intentional (Rev. 3:11+). John is told not to seal the words of the prophecy of this book, “for the time is at hand” (Rev. 22:10+). Jesus is coming quickly with each man’s reward (Rev. 22:12+). His coming is imminent: it is as if He is already underway. His impending arrival serves as a great motivator for godly living in the present. It also indicates there are no preconditions on His return for the church at the Rapture nor for His return as a thief upon an unsuspecting world in the Day of the Lord (1Th. 5:2). See When Does the Day of the Lord Dawn? See Imminency. See commentary on Revelation 3:3, Revelation 3:11, and Revelation 16:15.

In our discussion of the Preterist Interpretation of the book of Revelation, we identified two main types of preterism: (1) partial or mild preterism, and (2) full, extreme, or consistent preterism. We noted the dangerous tendency of those who begin as partial preterists (which is orthodox) to eventually embrace full preterism (which is heterodox). This occurs because the position of partial preterism is inherently unstable. It requires one to hold to an inconsistent interpretation of passages, such as this, which teach the soon arrival of Jesus.

In order to remain orthodox, partial preterists cannot do away completely with the future, literal Second Coming of Jesus. Yet, they maintain that passages which teach that Jesus is coming “quickly” must have been fulfilled in the past (most often by the A.D. 70 “judgment coming” of Jesus in the destruction of Jerusalem by Rome). But this places them on the horns of an interpretive dilemma because “soon coming” passages which are equivalent must be interpreted differently or the Second Coming will be denied. For example, partial preterist Kenneth Gentry takes this passage in Revelation to describe the future Second Coming of Christ. But the passage is a summary of the entire book of Revelation—including other promises of Jesus’ soon coming. This creates an inconsistency:

This creates a contradiction within [moderate] preterism. Since Rev. 22:6+ is a statement referring to the whole book of Revelation, it would be impossible to take tachos as a reference to A.D. 70 . . . and at the same time hold that Rev. 20:7-9+ teaches the Second Coming. [Moderate preterists] must either adopt a view similar to futurism, or shift to the extreme preterist view that understands the entire book of Revelation as past history, thus eliminating any future Second Coming and resurrection.³⁵

Thus, the only safe (orthodox) preterism is inconsistent in its assertion that passages which teach “soon” or “quickly” must be fulfilled within the lifetime of the original recipients of the book—the Seven Churches of Asia. As soon as they consistently take this stance, they deny the future, literal Second Coming of Christ and leave orthodoxy for heresy. As we discuss in our commentary on Revelation 1:3, the solution is found in understanding “soon” as an indication from God’s perspective that no more preconditions remain before Christ could return. Thus, it is an indication of eschatological Imminency which reflects God’s perspective of time (2Pe. 3:8).

Blessed is he who keeps the words of the prophecy of this book.

He who keeps is ὁ τηρῶν [ho tērōn] , present participle: the one continually watching over and guarding.³⁶ This is one of seven blessings given within the book of Revelation. This blessing is a restatement of an aspect of the first blessing: “Blessed is he who reads and those who hear the words of this prophecy, and keep those things which are written in it; for the time is near” (Rev. 1:3+). See commentary on Revelation 1:3.

The angel who speaks with John is among those presently keeping the words of this book (Rev. 22:9+). Jesus said, “Blessed are those who hear the word of God and keep it!” (Luke 11:28b). The angel tells us that the book of Revelation contains prophecy. It is not a devotional work setting forth the ultimate victory of good over evil or general spiritual principles. See Can’t God Prophesy? Neither is it to serve as a platform for out-of-balance sensationalism without application:

God does not command believers to read Revelation merely to satisfy their curiosity about the future. He did not inspire it to provide material for detailed chronological charts of end-time events. There is a seemingly endless stream of books on prophecy being churned out, with speculative prophetic schemes proliferating ad infinitum, ad nauseam. But it was not God’s purpose to give Christians a detailed analysis of the prophetic significance (if any) of contemporary cultural, political, military, and social events or trends. God inspired Revelation for one purpose: to reveal the glory of His Son and call believers to live godly, obedient lives in light of His soon return. The purpose of Revelation is not to provide entertainment, but to provide motivation for godly living.³⁷

In order to keep the words of the prophecy of this book, believers must:

Guard the text from tampering and corruption.³⁸

Guard the proper interpretation of the words. “Believers are called to guard or protect the book of Revelation. It must be defended against detractors who deny its relevance, against critics who deny its veracity and authority, as well as against confused interpreters who obscure its meaning.”³⁹ See Systems of Interpretation.

Apply the lessons of the book to their own lives (Luke 6:46; John 14:15; 15:10).

Promulgate the message of the book to the church and to those who have not heard.⁴⁰

Those who call Jesus Lord should pay special attention to the attitude of the Master toward the written text:

In this final message, the Lord Jesus Christ, the living Word of God, pays great honor to the written Word of God. This fact we should mark very carefully, for we are living in a day when men are attempting to downgrade the written Word in favor of the living Word. Our Lord Jesus Christ in every phase of His ministry was careful to honor the written Word and to submit Himself to it. There can be no doubt of the fact that our Lord joined Himself with God the Father by magnifying the written Word. Thus the psalmist bears witness: “I will worship toward thy holy temple, and praise thy name for the lovingkindness and for thy truth: for thou hast magnified thy word above all thy name” (Ps. 138:2). We also remember how the Lord Jesus made it abundantly clear that by His coming He did not intend to destroy, nor even loosen up, the Word of God, but to fulfill it in every jot and tittle [Mat. 5:18].⁴¹

How often Christians today emphasize their devotion and zeal for the Lord, while holding a faulty view of the Scriptures. This is an age-old recipe for disaster, demonstrated by religious but unbelieving Israel at Jesus’ First Coming. Paul called it zeal without knowledge (Rom. 10:2). It seems that many believe God can be worshiped emotionally, but without truth (John 4:23-24).⁴² This is dangerous and deceptive ground: believing themselves to be exhibiting great devotion and offering true worship, they are in reality worshiping a God of their own creation and holding His word in relatively low esteem. May we study the importance our Lord placed upon the Scriptures and their reliability and then make it our own!

3.22.8 - Revelation 22:8 Open Bible at Rev. 22:8 Listen to Rev. 22:8

Now I, John

This is one of five places in the book of Revelation where John refers to himself by name (Rev. 1:1+, 4+, 9+; 21:2+; 22:8+). In every case, he merely gives his first name and assumes his readership will know which “John” is meant. This is evidence of authorship by John the Apostle. See Authorship.

saw and heard these things

The MT and NU texts have the one presently hearing and seeing these [things]. This is a signature of John the Apostle (John 21:24; 1Jn. 1:1).

I fell down to worship before the feet of the angel

This is the second time that John has been overcome by the magnitude of the scene and the revelation provided by the Angel.“No believer, not even one of great spiritual stature as John, is beyond the subtle temptation to worship what is good itself in place of God who alone is to be worshiped.”⁴³ See commentary on Revelation 19:10.

3.22.9 - Revelation 22:9 Open Bible at Rev. 22:9 Listen to Rev. 22:9

See that you do not do that.

See commentary on Revelation 19:10.

I am your fellow servant, and of your brethren the prophets

See commentary on Revelation 19:10.

of those who keep the words of this book.

Those who keep is τῶν τηροῦντων [tōn tērountōn] , present tense participle: those presently watching over and guarding. The angel is among the blessed ones who conveys and seeks to preserve what God has said to John (Rev. 1:3+, 22:7+).

Worship God.

Because God is Creator and all else is creature, He alone may be worshiped. See commentary on Revelation 4:11 and Revelation 19:10.

3.22.10 - Revelation 22:10 Open Bible at Rev. 22:10 Listen to Rev. 22:10

Do not seal the words of the prophecy of this book

Do not seal is μὴ σφραγίσῃς [mē sphragisēs] , you should not seal.Daniel was told to “shut up the words, and seal the book until the time of the end; many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall increase” (Dan. 12:4).

In the context, the search for knowledge seems to be the main idea. . . . John Calvin translated it, “Many shall investigate, and knowledge shall increase.” Leupold interprets the verse to mean, “Many shall diligently peruse it, and knowledge shall be increased.” In the Hebrew, the word for “knowledge” is haddaʿat, literally, “the knowledge,” that is, understanding of this long prophecy. Some consider the sentence as referring to the eyes of a reader running “to and fro” in reading the Word of God (cf. 2Chr. 16:9). . . . As Young goes on to explain, what the angel is saying to Daniel is that for the immediate future, attempts to understand these prophecies will be in vain, but in the time of the end, when these prophecies will become especially pertinent, additional understanding will be given.⁴⁴

Unlike Daniel, John is told not to seal the words. What is the primary difference between that which Daniel recorded and the revelation now given to John? In a word, timing! When Daniel was given his vision, he was told to “seal up the vision for it refers to many days in the future” (Dan. 8:26). Much of what was revealed to Daniel could not possibly take place for at least 500 years, for it concerned the time of the end and could not transpire until after the First Coming of Jesus when He died on the cross to accomplish redemption. John’s vision is given after the cross, when no more preconditions remain for the fulfillment of what he is shown. The Second Coming of Christ was not imminent in Daniel’s day, now it is. There is also the matter of progressive revelation. As we have seen, the book of Revelation is very heavily dependent upon the book of Daniel. In a very real sense, the book of Revelation completes the revelation which was originally given to Daniel:

The revelation given to Daniel covered so much territory and expanded over such a long period of time that he was unable to understand much of what he wrote. Daniel was told to seal his book [Dan. 12:4, 8-9] until the time when many of the prophecies would be explained and clarified by later revelation. With the book of Revelation, much of the Book of Daniel has been clarified, expanded, detailed, and explained. So John, in contrast to Daniel, was told not to seal up his book, for all prophecy can now be understood and its fulfillment could begin at any time.⁴⁵

Since it is not a sealed book, it is then obvious that it is meant to be understood and not shrouded in undecipherable mystery and allusion:

What a rebuke to the negligence, the neglect, the sneering, ignorant arrogance, shown by most of Christendom toward The Revelation! Our Lord Jesus may declare it an open, unsealed, understandable book; men say it is filled with “unintelligible language” and “mystic symbols.” Christ says: “Blessed is he that readeth”; men say: “Let it alone, you cannot understand it.”⁴⁶

Dare we suppose that the merciful Jesus would hang his benedictions so high as to be beyond the reach of those to whom they are so graciously proposed? Would he mock us by suspending his offered blessings on terms beyond our power? Yet this is the charge men bring against their Redeemer when they think to plead the incomprehensibility of this Book for their neglect and practical rejection of it. The very propounding of these blessings and rewards is God’s own seal to the possibility of understanding this Book equally with any other part of Scripture. Would he, the God of truth. lie to us? Would he, the God of mercy, mock us? Would he who gave his life for us, and ever lives and ministers in heaven and earth for our enlightenment and salvation, give us a Book to tell us of the outcome of all his gracious operations, command us to note its words, to believe and treasure its contents, and promise us a special blessedness in so doing, if what he has thus put into our hands is not at all within the limits of our comprehension and successful mastery? . . . Therefore these very benedictions pronounce against the common notion that this Book is too difficult for ordinary Christians, and rebuke all who despise and avoid it.⁴⁷

for the time is at hand.

At hand is ἐγγύς ἐστιν [engys estin] : near it is. The almost identical phrase occurs at Revelation 1:3+. See commentary on Revelation 1:3.

The reason the prophecy is not to be sealed is because the time had arrived in which the contents of the prophecy were relevant to those living even in the time of John. The expectation of Christ’s imminent return for the Church is evident throughout the NT and continues among healthy congregations even to our own time.

A natural reading of the New Testament yields the truth that to the early church Jesus’ coming was imminent; that is, that it could happen at any time. They believed that He could come back for them in their lifetime. For the early church, imminence contained elements both of certainty and uncertainty. They were certain that Jesus would one day return, but (unlike numerous modern date setters) were uncertain when. Not knowing when He might return, they wisely lived prepared for and hoping for Jesus to return at any moment.⁴⁸

According to Scripture, Christ could return for the Church before we finish writing the commentary for this chapter! The contents of the book of Revelation concern themes which are vital for the Church to understand. They serve as a motivator for godly living, for evangelization, and guard us from deceiving ourselves into thinking that the world will, by and large, convert to Christ. The exact opposite is shown to be true here. As Paul said, “Let no one deceive you by any means; for that Day will not come unless the falling away comes first, and the man of sin is revealed, the son of perdition” (2Th. 2:3).

3.22.11 - Revelation 22:11 Open Bible at Rev. 22:11 Listen to Rev. 22:11

He who is unjust, let him be unjust

He who is unjust is ὁ ἀδικῶν [ho adikōn] : the one acting unjustly, damaging, or doing wrong. One who violates God’s law.⁴⁹ Let him be unjust is ἀδικησάτω [adikēsatō] : active voice participle: let him do unjustly. He is unjust as shown by his ongoing actions.

he who is filthy, let him be filthy still

He who is filthy is ὁ ῥυπαρὸς [ho hryparos] : “morally impure, degenerate, completely bad; . . . a morally filthy person.”⁵⁰ The opposite of καθαρός [katharos] : clean, pure.

After one of Daniel’s visions, he was told that the words were closed up until the time of the end and that both good and evil would continue: the wicked would not understand the things of God, but the wise would (Dan. 12:9-10). The same situation is before us in this age. We have much more revelation than Daniel was given, including the entire New Testament and this book of last things. Yet, the wicked continue to ignore the sure prediction of the judgment of God on the horizon. This will culminate in a generation at the time of the Tribulation who are unique in their blasphemy and unrepentant rejection of God. Even though they will know God exists and that He is the source of their judgment (Rev. 6:15-17+), they will continue in rebellion and refuse every opportunity to repent (Rev. 9:21+; 16:8+, 11+). See Beast Worshipers are Unique.

God is saying that men choose to sin because they want to, not because they know no better; and the inference is that even this book, which reveals the ultimate, stark, destiny of sin, will not deter sinners from pursuing their fancy.⁵¹

In view of this reality, the marching orders of the Church are similar to those of the prophet Ezekiel:

But when I speak with you, I will open your mouth, and you shall say to them, “Thus says the Lord GOD.” He who hears, let him hear; and he who refuses, let him refuse; for they are a rebellious house. (Eze. 3:27) [emphasis added]

It was not Ezekiel’s responsibility to make the rebellious turn. His responsibility was to accurately preserve and convey the message of God. Those who would respond did so. Those who would not did not. He did not own the results!

Preaching Revelation draws the line. Its truths will melt the hearts of the repentant and harden the hearts of the unrepentant. Those same truths thus become either an instrument of salvation, or an instrument of damnation (cf. 1Cor. 1:18; 2Cor. 2:15-16).⁵²

Paul gave similar instructions to Timothy:

Yes, and all who desire to live godly in Christ Jesus will suffer persecution. But evil men and impostors will grow worse and worse, deceiving and being deceived. But you must continue in the things which you have learned and been assured of, knowing from whom you have learned them. (2Ti. 3:12-14) [emphasis added]

he who is righteous, let him be righteous still

Let him be righteous is δικαιοσύνην ποιησάτω [dikaiosynēn poiēsatō] : righteousness let him do. Those who are righteous evidence their redemption through righteous acts (Jas. 2:18-24). “The fruit of the righteous is a tree of life, and he who wins souls is wise” (Pr. 11:30).

he who is holy, let him be holy still

Holy is ὁ ἅγιος [ho hagios] : the holy [one] which is the same root word as saint. They are holy because they are set apart to God and indwelt by the Holy Spirit:

Do you not know that you are the temple of God and that the Spirit of God dwells in you? If anyone defiles the temple of God, God will destroy him. For the temple of God is holy, which temple you are. (1Cor. 3:16-17)

3.22.12 - Revelation 22:12 Open Bible at Rev. 22:12 Listen to Rev. 22:12

I am coming quickly

I am coming quickly is ἔρχομαι ταχύ [erchomai tachy] , present tense: I am presenting coming quickly. His arrival is imminent—He is already underway! See commentary on Revelation 22:7, Revelation 1:3, and Revelation 1:7.

My reward is with me to give every one according to his work

Reward is μισθός [misthos] which denotes either “reward or punishment as the case may be.”⁵³ To give is ἀποδοῦναι [apodounai] : “give back . . . of divine or human retribution . . . repay . . . pay back.”⁵⁴ Every one is ἑκάστῳ [hekastō] : to each. The emphasis is on individual judgment, either for rewards or punishment.

When the seventh angel sounded his trumpet, a proclamation from heaven declared:

The nations were angry, and Your wrath has come, and the time of the dead, that they should be judged, and that You should reward [δοῦναι τὸˊ μισθὸν [dounai to misthon] ] Your servants the prophets and the saints, and those who fear Your name, small and great, and should destroy those who destroy the earth. (Rev. 11:18+)

The servants of God are judged to receive rewards (Isa. 40:10-11; 62:11; Luke 14:12-14; 1Cor. 3:13-15; 2Cor. 5:10; Col. 3:22-25; 1Jn. 2:28), but the God-rejecters are judged for punishment (1Pe. 4:18; Rev. 2:23+; 20:11-15+):

The purpose of the return of Jesus is to render to each man according to his works. His coming at the Rapture is to reward the saints for the works done in their bodies since salvation. The purpose of the Second Coming is to render judgment for the works of unrighteousness.⁵⁵

For the Son of Man will come in the glory of His Father with His angels, and then He will reward each according to his works. (Mat. 16:27)

“Blessed is the man who trusts in the LORD, and whose hope is the LORD. For he shall be like a tree planted by the waters, which spreads out its roots by the river, and will not fear when heat comes; but its leaf will be green, and will not be anxious in the year of drought, nor will cease from yielding fruit. “The heart is deceitful above all things, and desperately wicked; who can know it? I, the LORD, search the heart, I test the mind, even to give every man according to his ways, according to the fruit of his doings. ”As a partridge that broods but does not hatch, so is he who gets riches, but not by right; it will leave him in the midst of his days, and at his end he will be a fool.” (Jer. 17:7-11)

But in accordance with your hardness and your impenitent heart you are treasuring up for yourself wrath in the day of wrath and revelation of the righteous judgment of God, who “will render to each one according to his deeds”: eternal life to those who by patient continuance in doing good seek for glory, honor, and immortality; but to those who are self-seeking and do not obey the truth, but obey unrighteousness—indignation and wrath, tribulation and anguish, on every soul of man who does evil, of the Jew first and also of the Greek; but glory, honor, and peace to everyone who works what is good, to the Jew first and also to the Greek. (Rom. 2:5-10)

See commentary on Revelation 19:8 and Revelation 20:12.

3.22.13 - Revelation 22:13 Open Bible at Rev. 22:13 Listen to Rev. 22:13

I am the Alpha and the Omega, the Beginning and the End

Alpha (Α) and omega (Ω) are the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. Thus, Jesus is the first and the last (below). Jesus also used this unique title of God in the opening chapter of this book. The Father takes it to Himself in the previous chapter (Rev. 21:6+). See commentary on Revelation 1:8.

the First and the Last

In the OT, this title is uniquely God’s (Isa. 41:4; 43:10; 44:6; 48:12). Jesus applied it to Himself when He told John to write what he saw and send it to the Seven Churches of Asia (Rev. 1:11+). Jesus is eternal (John 1:1; Isa. 9:6; Mic. 5:2; John 8:58; 17:5; Col. 1:17; Heb. 13:8). As we’ve seen in many different ways throughout this book, Jesus is God! See commentary on Revelation 1:11.

3.22.14 - Revelation 22:14 Open Bible at Rev. 22:14 Listen to Rev. 22:14

Blessed are those who do His commandments

Those who do is οἱ ποιοῦντες [hoi poiountes] , present tense participle: the ones continually doing. The NU text has blessed are those who wash their robes, which speaks of their sin being cleansed by the blood of Christ (cf. Rev. 1:5+; 7:14+).⁵⁶

Those who are born-again and truly known by the Son are the ones who do the will of the Father:

Not everyone who says to Me, ‘Lord, Lord,’ shall enter the kingdom of heaven, but he who does the will of My Father in heaven. Many will say to Me in that day, ‘Lord, Lord, have we not prophesied in Your name, cast out demons in Your name, and done many wonders in Your name?’ And then I will declare to them, ‘I never knew you; depart from Me, you who practice lawlessness!’ (Mat. 7:21-23) [emphasis added]

Our blessing does not derive from merely knowing the things of God, but from doing them (John 13:15 cf. Rev. 12:17+; 14:12+). Jesus said that if we love Him, then we will keep His commandments (John 14:15, 21-23). When we neglect to keep His commandments, we demonstrate our lack of love for Him. Our motivation to keep His commandments is also found in our desire to purify ourselves in preparation for His appearing (1Jn. 3:2-3). The power to keep His commandments is derived from the indwelling Holy Spirit (1Jn. 3:24). If we call him “Lord,” but do not keep His commandments, we are schizophrenic. How can He be Lord when we will not obey Him (Luke 6:46)? Worse than that, we are found to be liars concerning our relationship with Him:

Now by this we know that we know Him, if we keep His commandments. He who says, “I know Him,” and does not keep His commandments, is a liar, and the truth is not in him. (1Jn. 2:3-4)

Therefore lay aside all filthiness and overflow of wickedness, and receive with meekness the implanted word, which is able to save your souls. But be doers of the word, and not hearers only, deceiving yourselves. For if anyone is a hearer of the word and not a doer, he is like a man observing his natural face in a mirror; for he observes himself, goes away, and immediately forgets what kind of man he was. (Jas. 1:21-24)

This is one of seven blessings given within the book of Revelation. See commentary on Revelation 1:3.

that they may have the right to the tree of life

They may have the right to the tree of life is ἔσται ἡ ἐξουσία αὐτῶν ἐπὶ [estai hē exousia autōn epi] : it will be the authority of them over the tree of life. The right to the tree of life is universal to all believers. No mention is made of two categories of the redeemed in eternity: those who require access to the tree and those who do not. Neither is there mention of some who eat the fruit and others who only use the leaves. See commentary on Revelation 22:2.

may enter through the gates into the city.

Those who are born-again are the overcomers. Through the power of the Holy Spirit they will also be those who do the commands of the Lord. They are among the redeemed who are written in the Book of Life and therefore avoid the second death which is being cast into the Lake of Fire (Rev. 21:15+). They have full access to the New Jerusalem whose gates are never closed (Rev. 21:24-26+). All the redeemed have access through the gates. Access through the gates is equivalent with rights to the tree of life because the tree is within the city. To access the tree, one must first go through the gates. See commentary on Revelation 21:24.

3.22.15 - Revelation 22:15 Open Bible at Rev. 22:15 Listen to Rev. 22:15

But outside are dogs

Dogs is κύνες [kynes] which refers to those who are impure, “as an unclean animal”⁵⁷ (Ps. 22:16, 20; Isa. 56:10-11; Mat. 7:15; Php. 3:2).

“The dogs” . . . is a metaphor for the morally impure as it is throughout Scripture. They represent male prostitutes (Deu. 23:18), Gentiles (Mat. 15:26), and Judaizers (Php. 3:2-3), among other things (cf. 2K. 8:13; Ps. 22:16, 20; Isa. 56:10; Mat. 7:6; Mark 7:27). In the Orient dogs are scavengers and are objects of great contempt.⁵⁸

sorcerers . . . sexually immoral . . . murderers . . . idolaters . . . whoever loves and practices a lie

Whoever loves and practices a lie is πα῀ς φιλῶν καὶ ποιῶν ψεῦδος [pas philōn kai poiōn pseudos] : all while continually loving and continually doing [a] lie. See commentary on Revelation 21:8.

Sorcerers is οἱ φάρμακοι [hoi pharmakoi] : those who use drugs for magical arts. See commentary on Revelation 9:21.

sexually immoral

Sexually immoral is οἱ πόρνοι [hoi pornoi] : a prostitute or fornicator. The same root word as Harlot.

The verse does not intend to teach that in the eternal state all manner of wicked men will be living just outside the heavenly city. It simply describes the future with the imagery of the present. The contrast is between the blessedness of the faithful and the fate of the wicked.⁵⁹

3.22.16 - Revelation 22:16 Open Bible at Rev. 22:16 Listen to Rev. 22:16

I, Jesus, have sent My angel to testify to you these things in the churches

The Revelation of Jesus Christ (the contents of which are recorded by this book), was given by God to the Son Who then sent and signified it by His angel to John (Rev. 1:1+). See commentary on Revelation 1:1. Testify is μαρτυρῆσαι [martyrēsai] : testify or witness. See commentary on Revelation 1:2.

To you is ὑμῖν [hymin] : to you all [plural]. The primary recipients of the testimony which John was told to write to were the Seven Churches of Asia (Rev. 1:11+). Even so, each letter to the churches includes the injunction: “He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches” (Rev. 2:7+, 11+, 17+, 29+. 3:6+, 13+, 22+). This indicates that the message of the book of Revelation is to go out to whomever has a spiritual ear to hear (Rev. 13:9+).

This is the first mention of the church (ἐκκλεσία [ekklesia] ) since the letters to the Seven Churches of Asia (Rev. 3:22+). We believe this is another indication of the pretribulational Rapture of the Church. The church will be excluded from the events of the Tribulation and so is not mentioned after chapter 3 until now. See Rapture. See commentary on Revelation 4:1.

I am the Root and the Offspring of David

Jesus is the Root (offspring) of Jesse, David’s father (Isa. 11:10). Thus, He is the offspring of David and qualifies as heir to the Davidic throne (Isa. 9:7; Mat. 1:1; Luke 3:31; Acts 13:23; Rom. 1:3-4;). See commentary on Revelation 5:5.

There is also a sense in which Jesus is the source out of which David came, for Jesus is the origin of creation (John 1:3, 10; Eph. 3:9; Col. 1:16; Heb. 1:2; Rev. 3:14+). This dual relationship of Jesus to the line of David was the source of the riddle which the Pharisees were unable to answer:

While the Pharisees were gathered together, Jesus asked them, saying, “What do you think about the Christ? Whose Son is He?” They said to Him, “The Son of David.” He said to them, “How then does David in the Spirit call Him ‘Lord,’ saying: ‘The LORD said to my Lord, “Sit at My right hand, Till I make Your enemies Your footstool” ’? If David then calls Him ‘Lord,’ how is He his Son?” And no one was able to answer Him a word, nor from that day on did anyone dare question Him anymore. (Mat. 22:41-46)

The solution to the riddle is found in the eternality and incarnation of Jesus. In His deity, Jesus is the God of David, hence David’s Lord. In His humanity, Jesus is in the line of descent from David—the son of David. Thus, Jesus is both David’s master and his son.

Jesus . . . in His humanity is the root and offspring of David, but as to His deity, He is the Shechinah Glory, as seen in the brightness and visibility of the light of the morning star.⁶⁰

the Bright and Morning Star

The bright and morning star is ὁ ἀστηρ ὁ λαμπρὸς ὁ πρωϊνός [ho astēr ho lampros ho prōinos] : the star, the bright, the early one belonging to the morning.⁶¹ John the Baptist was to go before Jesus, the Dayspring:

And you, child, will be called the prophet of the Highest; for you will go before the face of the Lord to prepare His ways, to give knowledge of salvation to His people by the remission of their sins, through the tender mercy of our God, with which the Dayspring from on high has visited us; to give light to those who sit in darkness and the shadow of death, to guide our feet into the way of peace. (Luke 1:76-79)

Dayspring is ἀνατολὴ [anatolē] : the place of rising, the dawn.⁶² Jesus is the bright and morning star because He is “the true Light which gives light to every man coming into the world” (John 1:9). He is the “Sun of Righteousness” who “shall arise with healing in His wings” (Mal. 4:2). Jesus promised to give the overcomer in the church at Thyatira “the morning star” (Rev. 2:28+).

His coming in power and glory is the sun-rise for Israel and the Gentiles, the breaking of the millennial day. But for His Church He comes first as the morning-star, as the morning-star in the eastern sky precedes the rising of the sun in all His glory. The Lord will come as the morning-star some time in the interval between the 69th and 70th week of Daniel and as the Sun of Righteousness after that week has come to an end.⁶³

See commentary on Revelation 2:28.

Until Jesus returns, we have the prophetic word, such as this very book, to serve as a beacon of hope while we continue in this dark world:

And so we have the prophetic word confirmed, which you do well to heed as a light that shines in a dark place, until the day dawns and the morning star rises in your hearts; knowing this first, that no prophecy of Scripture is of any private interpretation, for prophecy never came by the will of man, but holy men of God spoke as they were moved by the Holy Spirit. (2Pe. 1:19-21)

The morning star rises in the hearts of men who trust Him by faith even before He arrives to herald the dawn of a new day and the beginning of His Millennial Kingdom on earth. Only those who are motivated arise before the dawn to look for the morning star which heralds the approaching day:

Yes, the day is not here—but lo, the harbinger of the day, the Morning Star! It shines in the night, but it prophesies the coming sunrise. “The assembly (ecclesia—the Church) sees Him in the now far spent night as the Morning Star, recognizes Him, while watching for Him, according to His own Word, in His bright heavenly character—a character which does not wake a sleeping world, but is the delight and joy of those who watch. When the sun arises, He will not be thus known: the earth will never so know Him, bright as the (coming) day will be” (Darby).⁶⁴

3.22.17 - Revelation 22:17 Open Bible at Rev. 22:17 Listen to Rev. 22:17

And the Spirit and the bride say, “Come!”

Say is λέγουσιν [legousin] , present tense: they are saying. The invitation is for the present and is ongoing. Come is ἔρχου [erchou] , a second-person singular imperative command: you [singular] come! The invitation is to an individual.

The invitation is for Christ, the bridegroom, to come and is made by the Church, the bride of this age who is destined to inhabit the New Jerusalem, along with other people of God (Rev. 19:7+; 21:2+, 9+). Indwelt by the Holy Spirit (John 7:39), she makes intercession for the return of Christ according to the will of God (Rom. 8:26-27). This is seen in the closing invitation by John, a member of the Church, for the return of our Lord: “Even so, come, Lord Jesus!” (Rev. 22:20+). The mention of the Spirit may also refer to the prophets, through whom the Holy Spirit predicted the coming of Christ.

Throughout the centuries, God’s people have waited for, prayed for, hoped for, and watched for Christ’s return. They are weary of the battle against sin and long to see Jesus Christ exalted, glorified, and honored. They long for Him to return and take them to heaven to live with Him forever (John 14:3; 1Th. 4:17). They long for the day when their perishable, mortal bodies will be transformed into their imperishable, immortal resurrection bodies (1Cor. 15:53-54). They know that in that glorious day there will be no more sorrow, no more tears, no more crying, no more pain, and no more death. Rebellion will be swiftly dealt with; God and the Lamb will be glorified and will reign forever over the new heaven and the new earth.⁶⁵

And let him who hears say, “Come!”

Come!: this invitation is also to an individual. Those who have ears to hear what the Spirit says in the book of Revelation will come to faith. They too will then issue an invitation for Christ’s speedy return.

And let him who thirsts come.

Let him who thirsts come is καὶ ὁ διψῶν ἐρχέσθω [kai ho dipsōn erchesthō] , present tense participle: and the one [presently] thirsting, let him come. This invitation is to those who have not yet come to salvation, both within the church assembly and outside, which thirst for God:

Though this invitation could address the stranger who sometimes attended Christian worship (cf. 1Cor. 14:23-24) (Moffatt), plenty of regular attenders had not yet attained the category of an overcomer, as the seven messages of chapters 2-3 make very plain.⁶⁶

Ho! Everyone who thirsts, come to the waters; and you who have no money, come, buy and eat. Yes, come, buy wine and milk without money and without price. (Isa. 55:1)

The only requirement is thirst. Without thirst, the free water of life will not be attained (Rev. 21:6+).

As the deer pants for the water brooks, so pants my soul for You, O God. My soul thirsts for God, for the living God. When shall I come and appear before God? (Ps. 42:1-2)

Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they shall be filled. (Mat. 5:6)

Those who thirst for God in the present age, and trust in faith, are baptized by the Holy Spirit into the body of Christ, the Church (1Cor. 12:13):

On the last day, that great day of the feast, Jesus stood and cried out, saying, “If anyone thirsts, let him come to Me and drink. He who believes in Me, as the Scripture has said, out of his heart will flow rivers of living water.” But this He spoke concerning the Spirit, whom those believing in Him would receive; for the Holy Spirit was not yet given, because Jesus was not yet glorified. (John 7:37-39)

Whoever desires, let him take the water of life freely.

Whoever desires is ὁ θέλων [ho thelōn] , present tense participle: the one [presently] desiring. This is essentially the same invitation which the Father made: “I will give of the fountain of the water of life freely to him who thirsts” (Rev. 21:6+). See commentary on Revelation 21:6.

3.22.18 - Revelation 22:18 Open Bible at Rev. 22:18 Listen to Rev. 22:18

I testify to everyone who hears the words of the prophecy of this book

The message of the book of Revelation is not just for the Seven Churches of Asia nor just for the saints, but is given to all who have ears to hear. The message is not conveyed in imprecise, generalized ideas, but by the very words of this book. This speaks of the verbal inspiration of the written text.⁶⁷ Thus, John recorded, “Blessed is he who reads and those who hear the words of this prophecy, and keep those things which are written in it” [emphasis added] (Rev. 1:3+). Jesus Himself said, “Blessed is he who keeps the words of the prophecy of this book” [emphasis added] (Rev. 22:7+). The emphasis upon the written revelation of God is nothing new. Jesus and the apostles spoke extensively on the topic: the phrase, “it is written,” occurs 61 times in the NT alone.⁶⁸ See commentary on Revelation 1:3.

This should be ample indication that there can be no Christianity without the Bible. The latest generation of believers, who have little desire for the Scriptures and even less knowledge of them cannot and will not survive as true Christians! They may call themselves “Christians” and even do works “for the Lord.” But Christianity without knowledge of God’s word is not Christianity. It is a deception and an imposter. Knowledge of the Scriptures is not optional, but absolutely essential! Without it, Christians are no different than the Elks, Masons, or any other group which undertakes beneficent works without knowledge of God’s priorities.

Without God’s word, Christianity is deception and bondage:

Then Jesus said to those Jews who believed Him, “If you abide in My word, you are My disciples indeed. And you shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free.” (John 8:31-32) [emphasis added]

This tremendous promise of true freedom has an important precondition: If you abide in My word . . . And where is His word to be found in our day? In the midst of emotional worship? In “goose bumps” we get in our devotional time? In the Scriptures! The Scriptures alone are the objective measure of God’s will and person. Without knowledge of the Scriptures, maturity is impossible and deception is the certain result. See commentary on Revelation 13:13.

If anyone adds to these things

The things are the events and facts which are recorded by the words of the prophecy of this book. Early on, God gave a general prohibition against adding to or subtracting from His inspired word (Deu. 4:2; 12:32; Pr. 30:6; Jer. 26:2). This principle applies to all of Scripture, including the book of Revelation.

The words of the inspired text are considered:

God’s.

Understandable to those who read the text in its plain sense.

The primary source by which man can understand the requirements of God.

A reliable means of understanding the way of eternal life.

These factors support a literal interpretation of the text using the Golden Rule of Interpretation. If the text were to be primarily figure or allegory, then how could it be possible for God to hold man accountable to a message so obscure?

That the specific words of Revelation are not to be sealed up stresses again that there is no hidden, secret meaning apart from the normal sense of the text. If the truth is not clear in those words then this command is nonsense. If the plain, normal understanding of the words of Revelation does not convey the meaning God intended its readers to grasp, then those words are sealed.⁶⁹

God is surely capable of speaking plain words, through His angel and through John, to us, and we had better let Him say what He says. This is a book of revelation, not mystification, of apocalypse, not apocrypha.⁷⁰

Although the warning against adding or removing apply specifically to this book, by both implication and experience, the canon of Scripture is complete with the book of Revelation:

Chafer well concludes: “The formal closing of the New Testament canon is at least intimated in Revelation 22:18+. The dissimilarity in the manner in which the two Testaments end is significant. All the unfulfilled expectation of the Old Testament is articulate as that testament closes and the last verse gives assurance of the coming of another prophet. But no continued revelation is impending as the New Testament is terminated: rather the announcement is made that the Lord Himself will soon return and the natural conclusion is that there would be no further voice speaking from heaven before the trumpet heralds the second advent of Christ. Of no small moment is the fact that since the canon of the Bible was divinely closed no attempts have been made to add to it.”⁷¹

These two warnings against additions and subtractions in their context are concerned specifically with the book of Revelation, and the primary emphasis is not on the Bible as a whole. However, since the book of Revelation is the final revelation of God’s Word, the principle behind the warning can be extended to the Bible as a whole, for the Bible as a whole is complete only with the book of Revelation.⁷²

The main examples in our own day of those who add to the inspired text are numerous cults which append extra-Biblical writings to the text by elevating them on a par with the inspired Scriptures:

Examples of those who add are the numerous cults that accept other writings as inspired and authoritative and place them on equal grounds with the Bible (i.e., the Mormons with The Book of Mormon and Christian Science with their Key to the Scriptures).⁷³

Some, such as Mohammed, have led whole nations away from the truth, and the total effect of all of them has been incalculably tragic.⁷⁴

God will add to him the plagues that are written in this book

These plagues are the various judgments of God which will be poured out during the Tribulation (Rev. 9:18+, 20+; 11:6+; 15:1+, 6+, 8+; 16:9+, 21+; 18:4+, 8+; 21:9+) and include receiving the wrath of God and being tormented in the Lake of Fire (Rev. 14:10+; 21:15+). Those who add to the words do so in order to modify God’s message to suit the dictates of their own heart. Like Israel of old, such a person will be separated for adversity, “according to all the curses of the covenant that are written in this Book of the Law” (Deu. 29:21). This may also be an indication that attempts to add to the contents of the book of Revelation may increase at the time of the end and that those who participate in such activities will find themselves in the midst of the Great Tribulation. In any event, those who add to His words are no doubt destined for the Lake of Fire for eternal torment as described herein (Rev. 20:15+).

3.22.19 - Revelation 22:19 Open Bible at Rev. 22:19 Listen to Rev. 22:19

If anyone takes away from the words of the book of this prophecy

No one is to add to or take away from God’s word (Deu. 4:2; 12:32; Pr. 30:6; Jer. 26:2).

This warning concerns those who would deliberately tamper with the actual written words of this book. They are the ones who could not be saved and thus will not enjoy the blessings set forth for the redeemed.

There are also other ways in which the words of this prophecy can be seriously distorted to great detriment. By maintaining that only some of the words are faithful and true and that other words contain error, it becomes possible to dismiss those portions thought to be in error, thereby excising portions of the message of God:

Examples of those who subtract are those who refuse to accept the entire body of Scripture as God’s inspired Word and hold to concepts of partial inspiration or no inspiration.⁷⁵

The cults add to the words of the book of this prophecy, the liberals take away from them, and both are regarded by the Lord as blasphemies deserving of the most serious punishment.⁷⁶

As we saw in our discussion of various Systems of Interpretation, it is also possible to seriously distort the message of the book, without changing the individual words, by means of incorrect interpretation. If the place of the book within the canon is unassailable, then the next means of attacking the message of the book is often by distorting the interpretation of the text in order to remove aspects deemed objectionable.

For example, if unfulfilled passages or prophecies are interpreted in such a way as to effectively relegate them to the past, then the import of what the words teach is lost on present and future generations. This is the travesty of the Preterist Interpretation which removes whole prophecies of benefit for the church and misapplies them to the destruction of Jerusalem by Rome in A.D. 70. In a similar way, the Idealist Interpretation undermines the effectiveness of many passages in this book. Instead of describing future events in history, the passages are interpreted as teaching general spiritual principles with no specific application within real history.

It is not sufficient for the Church of God to merely protect the written words—as important as that may be. She must also protect and maintain sound principles of interpretation so that the meaning of the words is the intended one originally given by the Holy Spirit through John. This has been a primary concern of our treatment of the book: a belief that the value of what was written is being undermined from within by Christians whose theology is incompatible with its plain meaning and who desire to “reinterpret” the book to suit their own notions and agenda for the Church.

This constitutes a most serious indictment and sober warning to any who would tamper with the Holy Scriptures. Lest anyone still object that it applies only to the Book of Revelation, it may be noted, historically, that the various atheists and humanists, as well as the motley array of modernists, liberals, higher critics, and other pseudointellectuals in Christendom who have rejected or questioned, ridiculed or allegorized away the books of Daniel, Isaiah, Jonah, Acts, Peter, or any other books of the Bible have also, invariably, done the same to the Book of Revelation, to the Book of Genesis, and the other books of the Pentateuch. The first and last books of the Bible have constituted a touchstone, as it were, so that the attitude of men and women toward those books always seems to determine their real attitude toward all the Scriptures. Therefore, the Lord had Moses stress the divine integrity of his writings (Deuteronomy 4:2) and John stress the inviolability of Revelation.⁷⁷

God shall take away his part from the Book of Life

The TR text stands alone having Book of Life. The MT and NU texts have tree of life. It appears that the word Book is an artifact reflecting the reliance of Erasmus on the Latin Vulgate for the last six verses of the book of Revelation.

Deficiencies other than typographical are not all Erasmus’ fault, or only partly so. He had the use of less than twenty manuscripts and used mainly only two or three. His only manuscript of Revelation lacked its last page; so Erasmus himself translated the Latin Vulgate back into Greek for the last six verses.⁷⁸

Instead of ἀπὸ τοῦ ζύλου [apo tou zylou] (from the tree), the Textus Receptus (followed by the King James Version) reads ἀπὸ βίβλου [apo biblou] (from the book), a reading that occurs in no Greek manuscript. The error arose when Erasmus, in order to provide copy for the last six verses of Revelation (which were lacking in the only Greek manuscript of Revelation available to him), translated the verses from the Latin Vulgate into Greek. . . . The corruption of “tree” into “book” had occurred earlier in the transmission of the Latin text when a scribe accidentally miscopied the correct word ligno (“tree”) as libro (“book”).⁷⁹

Whether his part is taken from the Book of Life (Rev. 3:5+; 13:18+) or the tree of life (Rev. 2:7+; 22:2+, 14+), either way the one who takes away from God’s words will be excluded from among the saved.

from the holy city, and from the things which are written in this book

The one who adds to God’s word receives plagues (Rev. 22:18+). The one who takes away has no part in the New Jerusalem and the many other blessings (e.g., the promises to the overcomer) which the book describes.

3.22.20 - Revelation 22:20 Open Bible at Rev. 22:20 Listen to Rev. 22:20

Surely I am coming quickly

Surely is ναὶ [nai] : “yes, indeed, certainly, in solemn assurance.”⁸⁰

It has been over 1900 years since Jesus spoke these words to John. As Peter predicted so long ago, many scoff at the idea that “quickly” and “soon” could refer to a yet future, literal, physical Second Coming of Jesus to overthrow the rebellious kingdoms of the earth. Even the preterists ridicule the idea that the many promises of a soon return could actually be describing Christ’s second advent and so they find them fulfilled by invisible and unverifiable spiritual comings in the past. In this, they are in agreement with non-believing skeptics:

Beloved, I now write to you this second epistle (in both of which I stir up your pure minds by way of reminder), that you may be mindful of the words which were spoken before by the holy prophets, and of the commandment of us, the apostles of the Lord and Savior, knowing this first: that scoffers will come in the last days, walking according to their own lusts, and saying, “Where is the promise of His coming? For since the fathers fell asleep, all things continue as they were from the beginning of creation.” For this they willfully forget: that by the word of God the heavens were of old, and the earth standing out of water and in the water, by which the world that then existed perished, being flooded with water. But the heavens and the earth which are now preserved by the same word, are reserved for fire until the day of judgment and perdition of ungodly men. But, beloved, do not forget this one thing, that with the Lord one day is as a thousand years, and a thousand years as one day. The Lord is not slack concerning His promise, as some count slackness, but is longsuffering toward us, not willing that any should perish but that all should come to repentance. (2Pe. 3:1-9) [emphasis added]

Peter’s words are a source of great encouragement for those who await the return of Christ—Whose promises are better than gold and more sure than the ground we walk upon. The reason for the 1900 years and counting, between this promise and our day, are explained by Peter:

Perspective - From God’s perspective, one thousand years are as a day. God is timeless. From His perspective, the time between this promise and our own is short: “To Him, His absence has not yet been two days long!”⁸¹

Grace and Mercy - The lengthy delay from our perspective is a great testimony to the grace and mercy of God. Once the events described in this book begin, things will escalate rapidly and ominously. Each year that Christ’s return is delayed is another year of unmerited favor poured out upon a rebellious earth wherein those who fear God and thirst after Him have opportunity to attain salvation by faith in the shed blood of Jesus Christ. Yet, men “are not only indifferent to the love of God, they despise it, misreading it as a sign of God’s weakness instead of His grace.”⁸²

Judgment Building - Those who reject Christ continue to push the world further and further from God. One day, the iniquity of the earth-dwellers will be complete (cf. Gen. 15:16). When that day occurs, Christ will come as a thief upon an unsuspecting world and The Day of the Lord will begin (Mat. 24:43; Luke 12:39; John 10:10; 2Pe. 3:10; Rev. 3:3+). The judgment which is awaiting this world ultimately results in the “perdition of ungodly men” (Rev. 20:11-15+).

This precious promise closes the book of Revelation and the NT. Those who love the Lord Jesus Christ eagerly await His return:

For our citizenship is in heaven, from which we also eagerly wait for the Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ, who will transform our lowly body that it may be conformed to His glorious body, according to the working by which He is able even to subdue all things to Himself. (Php. 3:20-21)

The promise of His return is a powerful motivator for the saints to deny the world and to live lives in preparation of His imminent return:

For the grace of God that brings salvation has appeared to all men, teaching us that, denying ungodliness and worldly lusts, we should live soberly, righteously, and godly in the present age, looking for the blessed hope and glorious appearing of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ, who gave Himself for us, that He might redeem us from every lawless deed and purify for Himself His own special people, zealous for good works. (Tit. 2:11-14)

History is strewn with the foolish who have attempted to establish dates, even general ones, at which Christ will finally come in fulfillment of this promise. Such attempts are dangerous and ill-advised:

Well has Archer Butler said, “To seek to penetrate more closely into these awful secrets is vain. A sacred obscurity envelops them. The cloud that shrouded the actual presence of God on the mercy-seat, shrouds still his expected presence on the throne of judgment. It is a purposed obscurity, and most salutary and useful obscurity, a wise and merciful denial of knowledge. In this matter it is his gracious will to be the perpetual subject of watchfulness, expectation, conjecture, fear, desire,—but no more. To cherish anticipation, he has permitted gleams of light to cross the darkness; to baffle presumption, he has made them only gleams. He has harmonized with consummate skill, every part of his revelation to produce this general result;—now speaking as if a few seasons more were to herald the new heaven and new earth, now as if his days were thousands of years; at one moment whispering into the ear of his disciple, as if ready to be revealed, at another retreating into the depth of infinite ages. It is his purpose thus to live in our faith and hope, remote yet near, pledged to no moment, possible at any; worshipped not with consternation of a near, or indifference of a distant certainty, but with the anxious vigilance that awaits a contingency ever at hand.”⁸³

Even so, come, Lord Jesus!

The saints are in full agreement with Jesus’ promised return, for they love His appearing (2Ti. 4:8):

So Christ was offered once to bear the sins of many. To those who eagerly wait for Him He will appear a second time, apart from sin, for salvation. (Heb. 9:28)

The closing words of the Song of Solomon illustrate this desire:

[The King to the Shulamite:] You who dwell in the gardens, the companions listen for your voice—Let me hear it! (Sos. 8:13)

[The Shulamite in response:] Make haste, my beloved, and be like a gazelle or a young stag on the mountains of spices. (Sos. 8:14)

The Shulamite desires the king’s speedy return. . . . Christ is to make haste to return at His second advent and is portrayed figuratively as a fleet gazelle or stag bounding over the mountains of spices, overcoming all impediments (Ps. 2:1-12) to manifest His fragrance in Kingdom rule . . . which will be a sweet aroma to Israel and the nations of the millennial earth.⁸⁴

Unlike the Adam and Eve who hid in shame, the redeemed long for God to come looking for them:

The first word we hear man address to the Lord in the Bible is the solemn word “I heard thy voice in the garden, and I was afraid” (Gen. 3:10). The last word addressed to the Lord by redeemed man is “even so, Come, Lord Jesus.” And between these two utterances in Genesis and Revelation is the story of redemption.⁸⁵

3.22.21 - Revelation 22:21 Open Bible at Rev. 22:21 Listen to Rev. 22:21

The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen.

The MT text has with all of the saints.“The Greek witnesses present seven different endings (not counting those that append ‘Amen’).”⁸⁶

A benediction of this type is quite unusual at the conclusion of an apocalyptic writing, but it is quite fitting for this one which incorporates epistolary features for the churches and is to be read in them (Rev. 1:3-4+).⁸⁷

3.22.22 - Epilogue

For the faithful, the book of Revelation is itself a taste of the river of life, for it refreshes hope in the coming of Christ and gives certain knowledge of the overthrow of evil and the ultimate restoration of all things:

It has been a weary time, a waiting time, a suffering time, but His Coming or presence shall turn the gloom of night into gladness and everlasting joy. The shadows of time are passing away, and the first faint streaks of an eternal day, which knows neither evening nor tears are almost discernible. Hold on, ye wearied pilgrim host! Joy cometh in the morning. We wait for Him, not for the fulfilment of prophecy. Is His Coming a reality in our souls? Does it influence the life, and shape the conduct, and impart vigour, as we press on?⁸⁸

For the faithless, the book pushes him further in his hardened rejection of God:

I doubt not, that this Apocalypse has been and will be the rock on which many a one’s salvation is wrecked by reason of the offense taken at its presentations. To the savants and scientists of this world, there is no part of all the Scriptures which seem so absurd and impossible. They can get on with everything else a thousandfold better than with the outlines of the future which this Book gives. To their philosophy it is the very consummation of nonsense. And if this is the scheme and outcome of the Gospel system, they will have none of it. They know better. They have got beyond all such puerilities. They would not swallow such things for their lives, and scorn to take for divine what embraces them as the consummation of this world. Their sneers, contempt, and blasphemy nowhere rise to such a pitch as when they are asked to accept and believe that this Book is of God, and means what it says.⁸⁹

The question, dear reader, is which are you? Will you reach out to take the promises which Christ gives the overcomer throughout the pages of this book and become one who believes in Him? Will you respond in faith to the open invitation to partake of the living waters, freely given? Will you be among those who are kept from the hour of trial which is to come upon the whole world (Rev. 3:10+)? Will you love the appearing of the Lord Jesus and say, with the rest of the saints: “Even so, come, Lord Jesus!”

Or will you remain among the skeptics, the sophisticated, the independent and self-sufficient, who have no need of God and would just as soon He did not exist? Have you already hardened your heart beyond the point of return such that you will be one of those destined to stand before the Great White Throne, whose name is missing from the Book of Life (Rev. 20:15+)?

Today, if you will hear His voice, do not harden your hearts . . . Now is the day of salvation! (Heb 3:15; 2Cor. 6:2)

Notes

¹ Henry Morris, The Revelation Record (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1983), Rev. 22:1.

² J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 505.

³ Wilhelm Gesenius and Samuel Prideaux Tregelles, Gesenius’ Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures (Bellingham, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 2003, 1810-1812), 874.

⁴ “The trees in both cases line the river; but in the earthly order they are outside the city; and though bread trees, they are not the Tree of Life. The heavenly River issues not from the sanctuary but from the throne. It does not flow into the sea, but through the avenues and streets of the city.”—Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 506.

⁵ A. R. Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” in Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997, 1877), Rev. 22:2.

⁶ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 503.

⁷ “The tree of life is mentioned four times in Proverbs (Pr. 3:18; 11:30; 13:12; 15:4), metaphorically depicting wisdom, fruitful works, hope, and the benefits of the wise use of the tongue.”—Daniel K. Wong, “The Tree of Life in Revelation 2:7,” in Bibliotheca Sacra, vol. 155 no. 618 (Dallas, TX: Dallas Theological Seminary, April-June 1998), 211.

⁸ “The Saviour after his glorious resurrection did eat, even of the course food of mortals. The angels did eat of Sarah’s cakes and of Abraham’s dressed calf (Gen. 18:6-8).”—Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 506.

⁹ Ibid., 507.

¹⁰ Fruchtenbaum believes a monthly calendar will continue, but without the benefit of the moon: “It should be noted that the word month is used, so some kind of dating system will be present in the Eternal Order. Since there will be no sun, moon, or night, it will be a radically different dating system than the one in which we presently live.”—Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 539.

¹¹ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 22:2.

¹² We speak here of productivity as measured by God, not the constant activity which so often characterizes Christian work, which has more in common with Martha than Mary (Luke 10:38-42).

¹³ Frederick William Danker and Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 358.

¹⁴ Timothy Friberg, Barbara Friberg, and Neva F. Miller, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2000), 196.

¹⁵ Wong, “The Tree of Life in Revelation 2:7,” 219.

¹⁶ Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 8-22 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1995), Rev. 22:2.

¹⁷ A viable definition of sin is simply independence from God.

¹⁸ Wong, “The Tree of Life in Revelation 2:7,” 213.

¹⁹ Jerome Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1992), 1Cor. 15:50.

²⁰ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 507.

²¹ “Those who argue that ‘flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom’ (1Cor. 15:50) forget that these natural generations are subjects of the kingdom, not inheritors, for only the resurrected saints in glorified bodies are co-heirs with Christ in His eternal kingdom (Rom. 8:17).”—Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, 2Pe. 3:13.

²² Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 22:14.

²³ “There is no indication whatever in Scripture that resurrected and translated beings have the quality of human sex, much less the capacity to produce offspring.”—John F. Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1966), Rev. 21:24.

²⁴ Wong, “The Tree of Life in Revelation 2:7,” 220-221.

²⁵ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 22:2.

²⁶ Jay P. Green, The Literal Translation of the Holy Bible (Lafayette, IN: Sovereign Grace Publishers, Inc., 2001), Rev. 22:3.

²⁷ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 22:3.

²⁸ Ibid.

²⁹ Alva J. McClain, The Greatness Of The Kingdom (Winona Lake, IN: BMH Books, 1959), 513.

³⁰ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 244.

³¹ With the curse came less productive working conditions (Gen. 3:18-19).

³² Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 510.

³³ John MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 2000), Rev. 22:6.

³⁴ Ibid.

³⁵ Kenneth L. Gentry and Thomas Ice, The Great Tribulation: Past or Future? (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1999), 112.

³⁶ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 814.

³⁷ MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 22:7.

³⁸ Perhaps the most significant threat to the text in our day is to be found in the plethora of devotional paraphrases of the text which generally serve to obscure its true meaning. Instead of being nourished and having their minds renewed by the meat of God’s word, believers are turning to the pablum of these paraphrases which feed their emotion at the cost of true understanding.

³⁹ MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 22:7.

⁴⁰ “To fail to preach Revelation is not only foolish (cf. Rev. 1:3+), but sinful. Any Christian who fails to learn its truths is forfeiting blessing; any preacher who fails to proclaim its truths is sinfully unfaithful to his mandate. . . . More than just a failure to teach the whole counsel of God (Acts 20:27), it is outright disobedience to the command not to seal up the words of the Apocalypse.”—Ibid., Rev. 22:10.

⁴¹ Donald Grey Barnhouse, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1971), 410.

⁴² Often, emotionalism is mistaken for worship in the Spirit. But the Holy Spirit is the Spirit of Truth. It is impossible to worship “in the Spirit” while remaining ignorant of God’s word.

⁴³ Alan F. Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 205.

⁴⁴ John F. Walvoord, Daniel: The Key to Prophetic Revelation (Chicago, IL: Moody Bible Institute, 1971), Dan. 12:4.

⁴⁵ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 544.

⁴⁶ William R. Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1994,c1935), 362.

⁴⁷ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 514.

⁴⁸ MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 22:6.

⁴⁹ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 34.

⁵⁰ Ibid., 343.

⁵¹ Monty S. Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John (Dallas, TX: 3E Ministries, 1987), Rev. 22:11.

⁵² MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 22:10.

⁵³ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 523.

⁵⁴ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 66.

⁵⁵ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 545.

⁵⁶ “The [TR] reading appears to be a scribal emendation, for elsewhere the author uses the expression τηρεῖν τὰς ἐντολάς [tērein tas entolas] (Rev. 12:17+; 14:12+).”—Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament (Stuttgart, Germany: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1994), Rev. 22:14.

⁵⁷ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 461.

⁵⁸ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 22:15.

⁵⁹ Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977), Rev. 22:15.

⁶⁰ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 546.

⁶¹ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 725.

⁶² Ibid., 62.

⁶³ Arno C. Gaebelein, The Revelation (Neptune, NJ: Loizeaux Brothers, 1961), Rev. 22:16.

⁶⁴ Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter, 365.

⁶⁵ MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 22:17.

⁶⁶ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 22:17.

⁶⁷ “Philo of Alexandria, a contemporary of the apostles, attested thus: ‘The Jews would die ten thousand times rather than to permit one single word to be altered of their Scriptures.’ ”—Rene Pache, The Inspiration & Authority of Scripture (Salem, WI: Sheffield Publishing Company, 1969), 164.

⁶⁸ NT occurrences of the phrase, it is written: Mat. 2:5; 4:4, 6-7, 10; 11:10; 21:13; 26:24, 31; Mark 1:2; 7:6; 9:13; 14:21, 27; Luke 2:23; 3:4; 4:4, 8, 10; 7:27; 19:46; 24:46; John 6:31, 45; 12:14; Acts 1:20; 7:42; 15:15; 23:5; Rom. 1:17; 2:24; 3:4, 10; 4:17; 8:36; 9:13, 33; 10:15; 11:8, 26; 12:19; 14:11; 15:3, 9, 21; 1Cor. 1:19, 31; 2:9; 3:19; 9:9; 10:7; 14:21; 15:45; 2Cor. 8:15; 9:9; Gal. 3:10, 13; 4:22, 27; Heb. 10:7; 1Pe. 1:16.

⁶⁹ MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 22:10.

⁷⁰ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 22:10.

⁷¹ Mal Couch, “Soteriology in the Book of Revelation,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 170.

⁷² Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 547.

⁷³ Ibid.

⁷⁴ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 22:18.

⁷⁵ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 547.

⁷⁶ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 22:19.

⁷⁷ Ibid.

⁷⁸ Gordon H. Clark, Logical Criticisms of Textual Criticism (Jefferson, MD: The Trinity Foundation, 1990), 38.

⁷⁹ Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament, Rev. 22:19.

⁸⁰ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 533.

⁸¹ Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter, 359.

⁸² Barnhouse, Revelation, 412.

⁸³ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 523.

⁸⁴ Merrill F. Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), Sos. 8:14.

⁸⁵ Gaebelein, The Revelation, Rev. 22:20.

⁸⁶ Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament, Rev. 22:21.

⁸⁷ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 22:21.

⁸⁸ Walter Scott, Exposition of The Revelation (London, England: Pickering & Inglis, n.d.), Rev. 22:20.

⁸⁹ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 518.

3.20 - Revelation 20

3.20.1 - Revelation 20:1 Open Bible at Rev. 20:1 Listen to Rev. 20:1

As we have continued in our study of the book of Revelation, we have observed how the number of fellow saints who share our understanding of the text dwindles ever more as we proceed. This is because interpreting the book of Revelation is like traveling along a series of roads from a point of origin to a destination. As with any roadway, along the route we meet with numerous forks in the road which head off in different directions—leading to varied destinations.

The fork in the road which looms before us in Revelation 20+ is the thousand years: the Millennial Kingdom. Is the thousand year reign described here that of a literal kingdom on earth? And is it a future reign—or is it already in progress? Are the two resurrections which bracket the thousand years to be understood as literal, physical raisings from the dead? Or are they spiritual resurrections, related to faith? Or are they some combination of the two? When Satan is bound for the duration of this period, how complete is his binding? Who binds him and how is he bound? Is he bound even now? These are just some of the questions which confront the reader of Revelation 20+.

That a kingdom would be the subject of this chapter is not unexpected. In the previous chapter we saw Christ ride forth under the declaration that he would (1) strike the nations, and (2) rule them with a rod of iron (Rev. 19:15+). The striking took place during the Campaign of Armageddon. Now, the “KING OF KINGS AND LORD OF LORDS” (Rev. 19:16+) is to take up His promised earthly reign (Mat. 6:10). It would seem most natural that if His Second Coming occurs in Revelation 19+, then the rule described here (Rev. 20:4+) would follow upon His physical return. Alas, there is great confusion over what should be obvious.

The reader may recall the introductory material which we studied prior to our verse-by-verse exposition. He may recall the premise which motivated such preparation: If we all read the same text, how is it that such widely-different understandings result? The answer, to a great degree, was found in differing Systems of Interpretation which are themselves the result of different views concerning how to interpret the text, especially Interpreting Symbols. There is perhaps no more dramatic illustration of the significant affect that interpretation has upon meaning than the divergence of opinion attending the Millennial Kingdom which comes before us in this chapter.

The view we set forth is that of the earliest Church Fathers, known as premillennialism or chiliasm—the belief that Christ returns before His kingdom commences on earth for one thousand years.

We now come to Rev. 20:1-6+ which was so universally held by the early Church to teach a literal resurrection, and to be so thoroughly consonant with Jewish views, that the Apocalypse narrowly escaped proscription by the enemies of Chiliasm . . . If we reject the early Church belief in this particular, the veracity of Apostolic Fathers, who assert that they received their interpretation of it from the Apostles and their associates . . . is impeached, and the teaching of the Apostles themselves which directly led to such a faith in all the churches established by them is open to grave suspicion. . . . Popery . . . almost crushed the early interpretation of the passage; but others held fast to it, as e.g. Paulikians, Waldenses, and Albigenses. Various writers, some men of acknowledged ability and talent, have continued from the Reformation . . . down to the present, to entertain the same, and today some of the most able men in nearly all, if not all, denominations, accept of this ancient faith.¹

In accord with our A Policy of Inoculation, we will present elements of alternate views—together with what we view to be their weaknesses—so that the reader is better equipped to judge these matters for himself. Let the reader take note: whether or not one grasps firmly to the Golden Rule of Interpretation will to a large degree determine what meaning is derived from the text. Most agree that a plain, literal reading of the passage results in the premillennial understanding which we hold—that a future, literal reign of Jesus Christ on earth will follow His Second Coming and precede the eternal state:

Kuyper, in trying to refute chiliasm, makes admissions which substantially give his position away. In commenting on the passage Rev. 20:1-7+, he notes: “Reading this passage as if it were a literal description would not only tend to a belief in the Millennium but would settle the question of chiliasm for all who might be in doubt concerning the same . . . If we take it for granted now, that these thousand years are to be taken literally, that these thousand years are still in the future, and that this resurrection was meant to be a bodily resurrection, why then we may say, that at least as far as Rev. 20+ is concerned, the question is settled. Then we must admit that Rev. 20:1-7+ is a confession of chiliasm with all it contains.”—Kuyper, A. Chiliasm, p. 9.²

It was this very matter, opposition to what the book of Revelation describes regarding The Arrival of God’s Kingdom on earth, which inhibited its Acceptance into the Canon. See Millennial Kingdom. See The Millennial Kingdom in the Early Church.

Depending upon how one understands the first few verses of this chapter, one will most likely wind up in one of the major interpretive camps: premillennial, postmillennial, or amillennial. Only the premillennial interpreter takes the verses in their most literal way—symbolism being used to describe literal events yet future. The other two interpretive positions are forced into spiritualizing elements of the passage in order to achieve self-consistency among elements within the passage (e.g., the nature of the resurrections, the binding of Satan, the duration of the kingdom).

Waymeyer offers a helpful summary of key differences between premillennial, postmillennial, and amillennial interpretations of the first six verses of this pivotal chapter:

Key Interpretive Issues in Revelation 20:1-6+³

Issue | Premillennial View | Postmillennial View | Amillennial View
Satan’s Binding: | Future | Present / Future | Present
First Resurrection: | Physical | Spiritual | Spiritual
Thousand Years: | Literal | Literal / Symbolic | Symbolic
Locale of Reign: | Earth | Earth / Heaven | Heaven
Chronology of chapters 19-20:⁴ | Sequential | Sequential / Recapitulation | Recapitulation

We submit that the premillennial interpretation is the only interpretation which does justice to the text—recognizing the use of symbols to describe literal events which are entirely consistent and which do not violate exegetical consistency (e.g., such as taking one resurrection as physical and the other as spiritual).

I saw an angel coming down from heaven

John has previously seen other angels coming down from heaven on divine missions. A mighty angel came down from heaven to stand upon the sea and land and declare God’s dominion retaking the earth (Rev. 10:2+). An angel with great authority came down from heaven to declare the destruction of Babylon (Rev. 18:1+). Even before this angel takes action, we know that he is on a mission from the throne having divine authority. Given his mission, it is remarkable that he is not even described as being great or mighty. Nevertheless, he will be able to easily dispatch Satan to his millennial prison.

having the key to the bottomless pit

In the ninth chapter, John saw a “star” which fell from heaven having the key to the shaft of this same earthly compartment (Rev. 9:1+). The star (angel) opened the pit to loose the demonic locusts at the fifth trumpet judgment. Here, an angel will perform the opposite action with his key: locking up the bottomless pit, probably by means of securing the same shaft. If the star which loosed the locusts was Satan, the irony which confronts him now is being a prisoner in the very abyss which he was previously able to unlock. See commentary on Revelation 9:1.

Bottomless pit is ἄβυσσον [abysson] : a very deep gulf or chasm in the lowest parts of the earth. See commentary on Revelation 9:1.

The Angel with the Key to the Bottomless Pit

The Angel with the Key to the Bottomless Pit⁵

a great chain in his hand

This is not a literal chain, but a figure describing the angel’s authority and ability to restrain Satan. This is not the first time where an angelic power will have been said to be chained: “God did not spare the angels who sinned, but cast them down to hell and delivered them into chains of darkness” (2Pe. 2:4) and “the angels who did not keep their proper domain, but left their own above, He has reserved in everlasting chains under darkness for the judgment of the great day” (Jude 1:6). Since spiritual beings, such as angels like Satan, cannot be restricted by physical means, we must understand the chain to denote a supernatural restraint which is ultimately provided by God for the express purpose of the angel’s task. In a similar way that the rebellious angels were locked away and unable to roam, so too will be Satan. The figure of a chain is used: the restraint provides no degree of freedom whereby it may be stretched.

In our discussion of The Rise of Allegorical Interpretation, we saw that once the tether of literal interpretation is cut, there is virtually no limit to the variety of fanciful solutions which may be provided as possible explanations for the meaning of the text. And so it is with amillennialism which denies the plain meaning of the text and takes almost the entire passage as an imprecise approximation of the spiritual authority now present in the Church. Here, we are told that an angel will bind Satan. Although the Church is never said to be an angel, amillennialist Kik is sure it is the Church which has this chain and that Satan is currently bound:

It is not difficult to ascertain by what means Satan is bound. The chain is the Gospel. Wherever a soul is released through the preaching of the Gospel there Satan is restrained and limited. . . . Unfortunately the Church of today does not realize the power that Christ has given her. Christ has placed in her hands the chain by which she can bind Satan. She can restrain his influence over the nations. But today the Church bemoans the fact that evil is becoming stronger and stronger. She bemoans the fact that the world is coming more and more under the control of the Devil. Whose fault is that? It is the Church. She has the chain and does not have the faith to bind Satan ever more firmly. Satan is bound and the Church knows it not! Satan can be bound ever more firmly and the Church does it not! [emphasis added]⁶

According to amillennialism, the chain is riddled with lack of faith. Its ability to restrain is compromised because the Church doesn’t realize it already has this chain. Satan would be bound ever more firmly if she would just realize this fact. Immediately we meet with a characteristic of amillennialism which fails to do justice to the text: the binding is not truly a binding. It is “loose” and needs to be ever more firmly pulled in. Amillennialism teaches that Satan was bound at the cross:

According to the preterist view, Satan is currently bound (Revelation 20:2-3+) and crushed (Romans 16:20). The enemy was not just defeated de jure (legally) at the cross, but has been crushed de facto (in fact). Therefore, there is no external spiritual roadblock prohibiting Christians from reigning and ruling now.⁷

If the binding of Satan is now and its ineffectiveness is found in the weak faith of the Church, then what hope is there that he will ever be bound by this means? By the measure of amillennialism, even the “super apostle” Paul was unable to muster the necessary faith to get the job done:

And lest I should be exalted above measure by the abundance of the revelations, a thorn in the flesh was given to me, a messenger of Satan to buffet me, lest I be exalted above measure. Concerning this thing I pleaded with the Lord three times that it might depart from me. And He said to me, “My grace is sufficient for you, for My strength is made perfect in weakness.” Therefore most gladly I will rather boast in my infirmities, that the power of Christ may rest upon me. (2Cor. 12:7-9)

Paul was unable to “bind” Satan because Satan is not bound in this present age. His binding is future, after the Second Coming of Christ and during the Millennial Kingdom.

3.20.2 - Revelation 20:2 Open Bible at Rev. 20:2 Listen to Rev. 20:2

He laid hold of the dragon

Laid hold is ἐκράτησε [ekratēse] : “take into one’s possession or custody . . . arrest . . . apprehend someone.”⁸ The dragon is the most-frequently used title for Satan in the book of Revelation (Rev. 12:3-4+, 7+, 9+, 13+, 16-17+; 13:2+, 4+; 16:13+; 20:2+).

that serpent of old

Serpent of old is τὸν ὄφιν τὸν ἀρξαῖον [ton ophin ton arxaion] : the serpent, the ancient [one]. This alludes to the serpent in the garden of Eden, which Satan used to deceive Eve (Gen. 3:1-6). His title as dragon and serpent were seen in the heavenly war, when he was cast out: “So the great dragon was cast out, that serpent of old, called the Devil and Satan” (Rev. 12:9+). See commentary on Revelation 12:9. Now that his two human accomplices, the Beast and the False Prophet, have been cast into the Lake of Fire (Rev. 19:20+) and his demonic forces are imprisoned in the burnt regions of Babylon and Edom (see commentary on Revelation 18:2), he must fend entirely for himself.

In that day the Lord with His severe sword, great and strong, will punish Leviathan the fleeing serpent, Leviathan that twisted serpent; and He will slay the reptile that is in the sea. (Isa. 27:1)

Awake, awake, put on strength, O arm of the LORD! Awake as in the ancient days, in the generations of old. Are You not the arm that cut Rahab apart, and wounded the serpent? (Isa. 51:9)

bound him

Bound is ἔδησεν [edēsen] : used of actual binding and imprisonment, as they attempted to bind the demoniac of the Gadarenes with chains (Mark 5:3). Used of John the Baptist who was bound in prison by Herod (Mark 6:17), it can also be used in a metaphorical sense, as when describing the deformed woman bound by Satan (Luke 13:16). Paul said that he went to Jerusalem, “bound in the spirit” (Acts 20:22). This generic angel, not said to be mighty or strong, is able to bind Satan with no mention of a protracted struggle. This is an indication of the great authority which the angel has which attends his divine mission. Although he is also a creature, a mere angel like Satan, he is empowered by the Creator and is able to bind any creature with ease—even Satan himself. This is the de facto (actual) fulfillment of what was accomplished de jure (legally) at the cross. In the bruising of Christ’s heel, the serpent had ultimately laid the groundwork for the bruising of his head: “And I will put enmity Between you [the serpent] and the woman, And between your seed and her Seed [Christ]; He shall bruise your head, And you shall bruise His heel” (Gen. 3:15).

Here is the foundational question regarding the binding of Satan? Is he truly bound or isn’t he? The text will make plain that his binding is complete because it is followed by his being casting into the bottomless pit which is then sealed. Those who assert that Satan is bound even now are faced with a dilemma because it is obvious both from Scripture and real experience that if Satan is bound today, then “his chain is too long!” Hence, amillennialists demonstrate great zeal (and considerable confusion) in their attempt to explain this “binding” such that it is not really a binding:

B. B. Warfield, whose eschatology seems to embrace some of the elements of both amillennialism and postmillennialism, attempts to support the idea that Satan is bound in respect to heaven. He writes: “The ‘binding of Satan’ is therefore in reality not for a season but with reference to a sphere; and his ‘loosing’ again is not after a period but in another sphere: it is not subsequence but exteriority that is suggested. There is, indeed, no literal ‘binding of Satan’ to be thought of at all: what happens, happens not to Satan but to the saints, and is only represented as happening to Satan for the purposes of the symbolical picture. What actually happens is that the saints described are removed from the sphere of Satan’s assaults. The saints described are free from all access of Satan—he is bound with respect to them: outside of their charmed circle his horrid work goes on.”⁹

The basic problem with interpretations which assert that the kingdom described in this passage is actually upon us now, having begun at the cross, is that they are unable to understand or unwilling to recognize the delay between spiritual accomplishments and their outworking in the physical realm. On the way to Jerusalem prior to presenting Himself as king, just a few days from His crucifixion, Jesus stopped to teach a parable “because they thought the kingdom of God would appear immediately” (Luke 19:11). The parable concerned a nobleman who “went to a far country to receive for himself a kingdom and to return” (Luke 19:12). He instructs his servants to attend to his affairs in his absence. His kingdom is not received until the time of his return: “And so it was that when he returned, having received the kingdom, he then commanded these servants” (Luke 19:15). This parable, we might observe, was specifically intended to do away with the delusion that God’s kingdom on earth is fulfilled in the Church today. Christ accomplished everything necessary for the establishment of the kingdom at the cross, but the time was not right for its commencement—there was to be an intervening age: “It is not for you to know times or seasons which the Father has put in His own authority” (Acts 1:7b). The amillennialist, in his headlong zeal to make God’s kingdom on earth be now, ignores the many interpretive indicators otherwise. We agree with the amillennialist at one point: if the kingdom of God on earth is now then Satan must be bound even today. But the premise itself is flawed. Amillennialism must deny reality to cling to this error:

That something drastic happened to Satan with the first advent of Christ is seen also by the words of John 12:31, “Now is the judgment of this world: now shall the prince of this world be cast out.” . . . In spite of the above passages there are people who will not believe that Satan is bound or that he has been cast out of his sphere of influence. They simply will not believe the words of Christ. “If Satan were bound and cast out,” they argue, “why is there so much evil in the world? If we believe that Satan is bound we must deny our senses.” It is better to believe Christ than it is to believe our senses.¹⁰

Kik confuses lack of faith with unsound interpretation. It is not our disbelief which tells us that Satan is not bound, it is our proper reading of God’s word which confirms our real experience. A sound interpretation of the text is in complete alignment with our experience: Satan cannot now be bound. The type of “faith” which Kik espouses is a blight on the people of God. It is founded on a flawed interpretation of God’s word and tries to fly at all costs, even denying reality, to the detriment of the believer. In this, it is like the faith of Christian Science which attributes the reality of sickness to an illusion of the mind.

Typical are amillennial explanations of the binding which is no binding at all:

There has been a binding of Satan. It is such a binding that he cannot touch a Christian. . . . We read in Revelation Twenty that Satan is also bound as far as deceiving the nations is concerned. Where previously he had completely deceived the Gentile nations now [after the cross] he could no longer do so. This does not mean that no one within a nation could not be deceived. There might be many within a Gentile nation that would be deceived by the cunning of Satan. Even though Satan is bound as far as the individual Christian is concerned, yet a Christian may, for a period of time or concerning a certain doctrine, be deceived. So also in regard to the nation. It simply means that Satan would no longer be in complete control of the nations as he was before the coming of Christ. [emphasis added]¹¹

We can agree with Kik at one point: Christians can indeed be deceived concerning doctrine: amillennialists are deceived concerning the doctrine of the binding of Satan! Even a cursory examination of Scriptural passages written after the cross and the resurrection indicate that Satan is not presently bound:

Satan filled the heart of Ananias to lie to the Holy Spirit resulting in the death of he and his wife (Acts 5:3).

Paul said that Satan is blinding the eyes of nonbelievers in this current age so that they should not receive the gospel (2Cor. 4:3-4).

Paul told the Corinthians that Satan transforms himself (deceptively) into an angel of light (2Cor. 11:14).

Paul was given a thorn in the flesh, “a messenger of Satan” to keep him humble (2Cor. 12:7).

Paul told the Ephesians that the prince of the power of the air “now works in the sons of disobedience” (Eph. 2:2).

Paul told the Ephesians not to give place to the devil (Eph. 4:27) and that they wrestled against “spiritual hosts of wickedness in the heavenly places” (Eph. 6:12).

Paul was hindered by Satan from visiting the Thessalonian church (1Th. 2:18).

The coming of the lawless one, the Antichrist, will be “according to the working of Satan, with all power, signs and lying wonders” (2Th. 2:9). This is fulfilled, in part, by the activities of the False Prophet documented in the book of Revelation.

Paul delivered Hymenaeus and Alexander to Satan so that they might learn not to blaspheme (1Ti. 1:20).

James warns believers to submit to God and resist the devil (Jas. 4:7).

Peter warns believers to be sober and vigilant because “your adversary the devil walks about like a roaring lion, seeking whom he may devour” (1Pe. 5:8).

John tells us that “the whole world lies under the sway of the wicked one” (1Jn. 5:19).

Satan is a source of deception throughout the events of the book of Revelation (Rev. 12:9+; 13:14+; 18:23+; 19:20+; 20:8+, 10+).

Here is a foundational danger of amillennialism: in their appropriation of “kingdom now” theology, they deny reality. But an important part of reality is the factual, historical resurrection of Jesus Christ. Amillennialists need to ask why a skeptical world should believe their witness concerning the historical fact of the crucifixion of Jesus for sin when they hold a theology which essentially denies reality?

This strange theory, the origin of which is traced to the Romish notion that the church is the kingdom, contends that whatever millennium there may be is being experienced in the present age. Its advocates interpret the book of Revelation as a description, or varied, descriptions, of this church age. . . . In their unenviable attempt to fit all the events anticipated in the Revelation into the history of this age, the amillennialists indulge in a form of speculation almost unsurpassed. Their abandonment of reason and sound interpretation has but one objective in mind, namely, to place χίλιοι [chilioi] (“thousand”) years—six times repeated in Revelation, chapter 20—back into the past and therefore something no longer to be anticipated in the future. The violence which this interpretation imposes upon the whole prophetic revelation is such that none would propose it except those who, for lack of attention, seem not to realize what they do. . . . In sheer fantastical imagination this method surpasses Russellism, Eddyism, and Seventh Day Adventism, since the plain, grammatical meaning of language is abandoned, and simple terms are diverted in their course and end in anything the interpreter wishes. [emphasis added]¹²

How much better to take both Scripture and our real experience at face value—especially when they speak in concert that Satan is not bound at the present hour.

The binding of Satan at the beginning of the Millennial Kingdom is part of the seventh bowl judgment which was poured out upon the air, the domain of the “prince of the power of the air” (Rev. 16:17+ cf. Eph. 2:2). See commentary on Revelation 16:17. The same bowl judgment also brought about the incarceration of his demonic hoards. See commentary on Revelation 18:2.

thousand years

Thousand is χίλια [chilia] , from which chiliasm is derived: the belief in a literal one thousand year reign of Christ on the earth.¹³ As with all progressive revelation, this passage provides information which was not before revealed—the duration of the Millennial Kingdom. Although critics are fond of observing that little more is revealed concerning the kingdom in this passage, the characteristics of the kingdom are set forth at length elsewhere in God’s word—especially in the OT—so God has no need to repeat Himself here. Even though the duration of one thousand years is listed no less than six times in this passage, few are those who take it at face value. See The Abuse of Numbers. Once we deny that one thousand years means one thousand years, there is no end to the suggestions which can be offered as to what period is really in view:

The term thousand years in Revelation Twenty is a figurative expression used to describe the period of the Messianic Kingdom upon earth. It is that period from the first Advent of Christ until His Second Coming. It is the total or complete period of Christ’s Kingdom upon earth. . . If the binding of Satan began with the first coming of Christ then it follows that the thousand years began with His first coming. . . . Now the natural objection to this view is that the period from the first coming of our Lord to the present time can hardly be described as a Millennium. For one thing wars have not ceased and wickedness is still very much prevalent. As someone has stated: “if Satan is bound he must have a long tether.” All appearances seem to be against the view that we are in the millennium now. The trouble is that we have altogether a too materialistic concept of the millennial blessings. [emphasis added]¹⁴

Again we meet with amillennialism’s characteristic denial of reality. We are actually in the Millennium now: our error is that we just don’t happen to realize it! This detachment from reality can reach ridiculous extremes: “[Mild preterist] Gentry actually believes we are in some way in the new heavens and the new earth of Revelation 21+-22+. If this is true, then we all must be living in the ghetto side of the New Jerusalem. But there is no ghetto in the New Jerusalem.”¹⁵ In this rush to assert that every work of God has already come to pass, amillennialists devalue the promises of God. If this is the sum total of God’s kingdom on earth, then what’s there to get excited about? If most of the people living on earth in the kingdom have no idea they are even in such a kingdom—much less know and acknowledge the king—how can it be a kingdom in any real sense? In this, amillennialism has more in common with bizarre cults which specialize in “spiritual realities” and brainwash their adherents to ignore objective reality. This is unhealthy and unscriptural. Our God is a God of reality who does not ask us to deny the obvious:

Is the binding of Satan . . . so ineffective that murderers of saints, that dangerous enemies, still exist? What, then, becomes of God’s promises, if persecution, sore trail, threatened death and violent death itself is the characteristic of the Millennium?¹⁶

3.20.3 - Revelation 20:3 Open Bible at Rev. 20:3 Listen to Rev. 20:3

he cast him into the bottomless pit

Having unlocked the abyss, the angel casts Satan into it. The picture is of all authority being with the angel and Satan as his helpless prisoner. See commentary on Revelation 20:1.

shut him up, and set a seal on him

Shut him up is ἔκλεισε αὐτον [ekleise auton] : he locked him. Only the TR text has him (αὐτον [auton] ). Set a seal on him is ἐσφράγισεν ἐπάνω αὐτοῦ [esphragisen epanō autou] : he sealed over or upon him, which can also denote having authority over the dragon.¹⁷ In the MT and NU texts, it is the abyss which is shut and sealed, not the dragon himself. In any case, the intended result is the same. Satan now has three strikes against him, he is: (1) bound, (2) shut up, (3) sealed in his prison. The word for sealed, ἐσφράγισεν [esphragisen] , is the same word which describes sealing elsewhere in the book of Revelation (Rev. 7:3-8+; 10:4+; 20:3+; 22:10+).

Examples of sealing elsewhere in Scripture indicate its complete effectiveness:

Nebuchadnezzar sealed Daniel in the lion’s den (Dan. 6:17).

Daniel was told to seal the book of Daniel until the time of the end (Dan. 12:4).

Pilate commanded that Jesus’ tomb be sealed (Mat. 27:66).

Believers are sealed with the Holy Spirit (John 14:16; 2Cor. 1:22; Eph. 1:13; 4:30).

Jesus’ testimony was sealed (John 3:33).

Jesus was sealed by the Father (John 6:27).

The 144,000 witnesses from the twelve tribes were sealed on their foreheads (Rev. 7:3-8+).

The things which the seven thunders uttered were sealed up so they would not be recorded by John (Rev. 10:4+).

The contents of the book of Revelation are not to be sealed (Rev. 20:3+; 22:10+).

The angel’s treatment of Satan corresponds to Isaiah’s prediction that disobedient angels would be punished and imprisoned:

The earth is violently broken, the earth is split open, the earth is shaken exceedingly. The earth shall reel to and fro like a drunkard, and shall totter like a hut; its transgression shall be heavy upon it, and it will fall, and not rise again. It shall come to pass in that day That the LORD will punish on high the host of exalted ones, and on the earth the kings of the earth. They will be gathered together, as prisoners are gathered in the pit, and will be shut up in the prison; after many days they will be punished. (Isa. 24:19-22) [emphasis added]

First, they are imprisoned, and after many days they receive their final punishment. This corresponds to the age of the Millennial Kingdom during which Satan and his angels are locked away. After his release and final rebellion (Rev. 20:7-10+), he will meet his final punishment.

so that he should deceive the nations no more

The first human target of his deception was Eve in the garden (1Ti. 2:14). Since then, he has deceived nations throughout history, but never more so than his final attempt at victory during the Great Tribulation (Rev. 12:12+). He restored the Beast from death so that all the world would worship him (Rev. 13:3+). He spoke by the mouth of the False Prophet (Rev. 13:11+) and empowered him to deceive the earth dwellers to their doom by taking the mark of the Beast (Rev. 13:14+, 16+; 14:9-11+). He carried the Harlot as she rode throughout history upon his seven heads (Rev. 17:3+ cf. Rev. 12:3+) and made the inhabitants drunk with her fornicating wine (Rev. 17:2+) and sorcery (Rev. 18:23+). He controlled the three unclean spirits which were sent out to gather the kings to the Campaign of Armageddon (Rev. 16:13-14+) which led them to the slaughter (Rev. 19:21+).

His deceptive activities, which affect both believers and unbelievers, are a fact of the Church age:

But I fear, lest somehow, as the serpent deceived Eve by his craftiness, so your minds may be corrupted from the simplicity that is in Christ. (2Cor. 11:3).

For such are false apostles, deceitful workers, transforming themselves into apostles of Christ. And no wonder! For Satan himself transforms himself into an angel of light. Therefore it is no great thing if his ministers also transform themselves into ministers of righteousness, whose end will be according to their works. (2Cor. 11:13-15)

A plain reading of the passage indicates that Satan is unable to deceive while he is locked away. As soon as he is released, he immediately goes out to deceive the nations (Rev. 20:8+, 10+), which he had been completely unable to do while in the abyss.“If this language does not mean that the immobilization of Satan is complete, so far as his deception of the nations (Grk. ethne) is concerned, then there is no way to express the idea.”¹⁸

This is his pattern: misrepresentation of truth through deception so those who respond to his promises always wind up with unforeseen liabilities which attend participation in his schemes. His two greatest tools are temptation and compromise. See commentary on Revelation 13:14.

till the thousand years were finished

What an amazing time of blessing this will be! Satan and his demonic realm will be rendered completely inoperative during the coming earthly kingdom of God. But this great blessing also has a flip side: in the removal of the great tempter is the removal of a convenient excuse by which men hide their own rebellious nature. And this, it would seem, is part of God’s plan in locking Satan away for the duration of the Millennial Kingdom—to show man his utter incapability of obedience to God, even in the midst of ideal conditions and in the absence of the influence of the serpent of old.

But after these things he must be released for a little while.

After the thousand years have expired, he is released to deceive the nations one final time. Here we see the sovereignty of God Who uses all things to achieve His ultimate ends. Satan is no less a tool of God in his rebellion than in his obedience. Although God is not the author of sin, His sovereignty over the affairs of history is not the least threatened by the disobedience of His creatures. See commentary on Revelation 20:7.

3.20.4 - Revelation 20:4 Open Bible at Rev. 20:4 Listen to Rev. 20:4

And I saw thrones, and they sat on them

Previously, it was the twenty-four elders who were seen sitting on thrones (Rev. 4:4+). Here, the throne-sitters are resurrected men which supports our conclusion that the twenty-four elders are not angels, but resurrected men who also sit on thrones. See commentary on Revelation 4:4.

Now the only “Company of Believers” that we see sitting on Thrones are the “Four and Twenty Elders” of Revelation 4:4-5+. These as we have seen stand for the Church, and were resurrected or caught out before “The Tribulation,” and are the “Harvest” of which Christ and those who rose at the time of His Resurrection were the “First Fruits.”¹⁹

“Surely the sitters on these thrones are those to whom this implied judicio-regal authority is everywhere promised.”²⁰ They are the overcomers who obtained the promises Jesus gave to the church at Thyatira and Laodicea: “And he who overcomes, and keeps My works until the end, to him I will give power over the nations—He shall rule them with a rod of iron: they shall be dashed to pieces like the potter’s vessels” (Rev. 2:26-27+), “To him who overcomes I will grant to sit with Me on My throne, as I also overcame and sat down with My Father on His throne” (Rev. 3:21+). See commentary on Revelation 2:26 and Revelation 3:21. See Millennial Reign of the Saints.

Here we begin to see what God has gained out of the whole trail of earth history. Man, made a little lower than the angels, is raised through the redemptive death of the Lord who also was willing to be made lower than the angels (Heb. 2:7, 9), to a higher position. In salvation we are not lifted back to the level from which Adam fell, but higher. We are not lifted to the level of the angels, but higher. We are lifted above all the principalities and powers to the very throne of Heaven.²¹

and judgment was given to them

These both reign and judge during the Millennial Kingdom. See Judgment by the Saints.

These seated on thrones are from two major resurrection events, both of which are part of the category known as the first resurrection:

OT Saints - Those who came to faith and died prior to the baptizing work of the Spirit which began on the Day of Pentecost. These are the OT saints, many of whom are Jews, and who were resurrected after Jacob’s Trouble and the Great Tribulation (Dan. 12:2; Isa. 26:19).²²

Church Saints - Those who came to faith and lived beyond the Day of Pentecost to be baptized by the Spirit into the body of Christ, the Church. These were resurrected or translated at the Rapture of the Church (John 14:3; 1Cor. 15:51; 1Th. 4:13-18). See Rapture.

See Order of Resurrection.

Then I saw the souls of those who had been beheaded

Souls is ψυχὰς [psychas] . “These souls, once disembodied (Rev. 6:9+), but here clearly resurrected, for they live and reign with Christ a thousand years. Thus, this is the figure of speech Metonymy of the Cause, whereby ‘soul’ is put for the person. . . . The use of ‘soul’ here provides no basis for asserting a spiritual, as opposed to a literal, reign or resurrection.”²³ It is also possible that John first describes them as souls because as he watches in the vision they come to life (are joined with their resurrected bodies).

Who had been beheaded is πεπελεκισμένων [pepelekismenōn] , perfect tense: the ones having been beheaded with an axe.²⁴ They were martyred and are now identified as having been faithful unto death (Rev. 2:10+). At the opening of the fifth seal, John saw those who had been slain “for the word of God and for the testimony which they held” (Rev. 6:9+). Elsewhere, John was shown a great multitude who came out of the Great Tribulation, most of whom were probably martyrs (Rev. 7:13-14+).

The guillotine in revolutionary France was a revival of the mode of capital punishment of pagan imperial Rome. Paul was beheaded [as was John the Baptist, Mat. 14:8; Mark 6:24-15], and no doubt shall share the first resurrection, in accordance with his prayer that he “might attain unto the resurrection from out of the rest of the dead” (Greek, “exanastasis”). The above facts may account for the specification of this particular kind of punishment.²⁵

for their witness to Jesus and for the word of God

Witness to Jesus is μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ [martyrian Iēsou] , elsewhere translated the testimony of Jesus (Rev. 1:2+, 9+; 12:17+; 19:10+). John “bore witness to the word of God, and to the testimony of Jesus Christ” which included all the things he saw in his vision and are recorded in this book (Rev. 1:2+). See commentary on Revelation 1:2 and Revelation 19:10.

who had not worshiped the beast or his image

Who had not worshiped is και οἵτινες οὐ προσεκύνησαν [kai hoitines ou prosekynēsan] : and all the ones who not worshiped. The Beast arose from the sea, having recovered from a deadly wound to the acclaim and worship of the world (Rev. 13:4+). The earth dwellers, under the urging of the False Prophet, constructed an image of the Beast which was worshiped under penalty of death (Rev. 13:14-16+). These, having faith and being protected from deception by the power of the Holy Spirit, had not been swayed by the great deception of their age. They had rejected worship of both the Beast and His image. As a result, they suffered martyrdom. In their physical death, having held true to their testimony (Rev. 12:11+), they had escaped eternal torment (Rev. 14:9-11+) which is the second death (Rev. 2:11+; 20:6+). Prior to the bowl judgments, John saw those from among them who had already died, who had “victory over the beast, over his image and over his mark and over the number of his name” singing the song of Moses and the song of the Lamb (Rev. 15:2-4+).

The grammar of the Greek provides the possibility that a third group is described beyond those sitting on thrones and those who had been beheaded:²⁶

John describes three groups of resurrected believers (they “came to life”) in Rev. 20:4+. First, the thrones represent believers of the pre-tribulation era (as the twenty-four elders sat on their thrones before the tribulation began—Rev. 4:4+); second, the souls of those who will be martyred in the first half of the tribulation; and third, those who will refuse to worship the Beast in the second half of the tribulation.²⁷

The three groups are not mutually exclusive, for the second two are probably a subset from among the first:

That martyrs and the faithful ones under the Beast are not different parties from the sitters on the thrones, but special classes specifically included. A somewhat parallel presentation occurs in Revelation 1:7+, where it is said of the Saviour at his great Epiphany, that “every eye shall see him, and they which pierced him.” The meaning is not that “they which pierced him” for a separate class apart from “every eye,” but that even those who slew Christ shall be among those denoted by “every eye,” and that they too shall look upon him.²⁸

In any case, these cannot include the living saints who survive the Tribulation until the Second Coming of Christ and enter the Millennial Kingdom in their natural bodies, because these have previously died and are resurrected.

and had not received his mark on their foreheads or on their hands

Their hands is τήν χεῖρα αὐτῶν [tēn cheira autōn] : the hand [singular] of them. Hands is plural in the same sense as foreheads, many people with one [right] hand each that could have received the mark.²⁹ Their refusal of the mark of the Beast meant they could neither buy nor sell (Rev. 13:17+). Their only means of survival was by supernatural assistance, living off the land, or through the black market. Thus, they demonstrated their faith by their works and lived under extreme duress in order to remain true to their faith in God.

they lived and reigned with Christ for a thousand years

They lived is ἔζησαν [ezēsan] , used of “dead persons who return to life, become alive again.”³⁰ It is an ingressive aorist: they came to life and began to live.³¹ The same word is used by Christ to describe His own resurrection: “These things says the First and the Last, who was dead, and came to life (ἔζησεν [ezēsen] )” (Rev. 2:8+). It describes the revival of the Beast from physical death: “And he [the False Prophet] deceives those who dwell on the earth by those signs which he was granted to do in the sight of the beast, telling those who dwell on the earth to make an image to the beast who was wounded by the sword and lived (ἔζησεν [ezēsen] )” (Rev. 13:14+).

The reason they come to life is because Christ overcame death (Rev. 1:18+; 2:8+). “For as the Father raises the dead and gives life to them, even so the Son gives life to whom He will” (John 5:21). “A little while longer and the world will see Me no more, but you will see Me. Because I live, you will live also” (John 14:19). “This is a faithful saying: For if we died with Him, We shall also live with Him” (2Ti. 2:11). Through identification by faith in Jesus Christ, they obtained resurrection to life. In one of the most significant scenes in the gospels, Jesus makes a dramatic claim:

Jesus said to her, “Your brother will rise again.” Martha said to Him, “I know that he will rise again in the resurrection at the last day.” Jesus said to her, “I am the resurrection and the life. He who believes in Me, though he may die, he shall live.” (John 11:23-25) [emphasis added]

Their persecutors, the Beast worshipers, had saved their own physical lives for a time, but ultimately lost eternal life: “He who finds his life will lose it, and he who loses his life for My sake will find it” (Mat. 10:39). This is a resurrection to receive a glorified body never to die again. It differs from those who were raised from the dead, but then died again (1K. 17:22; Luke 7:15; 8:54; John 11:43-44):

Jesus answered and said to them, “The sons of this age marry and are given in marriage. But those who are counted worthy to attain that age, and the resurrection from the dead, neither marry nor are given in marriage; nor can they die anymore, for they are equal to the angels and are sons of God, being sons of the resurrection.” (Luke 20:34-36)

Now this I say, brethren, that flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God; nor does corruption inherit incorruption. Behold, I tell you a mystery: We shall not all sleep, but we shall be changed— in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trumpet. For the trumpet will sound, and the dead will be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed. For this corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal must put on immortality. (1Cor. 15:50-53)

Those who claim we are already in the time which John describes must find a different way of understanding this verse because the physical resurrection of the believing dead has obviously not yet transpired. The most frequent way to explain away the future force of the passage and move it into the past is to explain this resurrection as being a spiritual regeneration by which people come to faith—having previously been spiritually dead.

From at least the time of Augustine, the first resurrection was understood as a regeneration of the soul and the second resurrection as the general physical, bodily resurrection of the just and unjust (City of God 20.9-10). It must, however, be insisted that it is quite weak exegesis to make the first resurrection spiritual and the second one physical, unless the text itself clearly indicates this change, which it does not.³²

But this cannot be a spiritual resurrection because these are said to have previously died because of their faith! The very faith which the amillennialist now claims is attained at their “resurrection”:

It seems absurd to press this passage into a spiritual or moral conversion in the face of the beheading which was endured for the Word, since it is virtually affirming that the sinner, previous to his conversion, suffers death because of his witnessing for Jesus; that the unregenerated man endures a beheading for his unswerving devotion to the truth; and then, after such an exhibition of love, he is resurrected, i.e., converted, etc. . . . The persons who have part in this resurrection are such as were converted to the truth before this death.³³

This is the future physical resurrection of the just which the early Church Father Irenaeus described:

“For, behold,” says Isaiah, “the day of the Lord cometh past remedy, full of fury and wrath, to lay waste the city of the earth, and to root sinners out of it.” And again he says, “Let him be taken away, that he behold not the glory of God.” And when these things are done, he says, “God will remove men far away, and those that are left shall multiply in the earth. And they shall build houses, and shall inhabit them themselves: and plant vineyards, and eat of them themselves.” For all these and other words were unquestionably spoken in reference to the resurrection of the just, which takes place after the coming of Antichrist, and the destruction of all nations under his rule; in [the times of] which [resurrection] the righteous shall reign in the earth, waxing stronger by the sight of the Lord: and through Him they shall become accustomed to partake in the glory of God the Father, and shall enjoy in the kingdom intercourse and communion with the holy angels, and union with spiritual beings; and [with respect to] those whom the Lord shall find in the flesh, awaiting Him from heaven, and who have suffered tribulation, as well as escaped the hands of the Wicked one.³⁴

Their coming to life and reigning with Christ is a future event which is the fulfillment of the prayers of the saints throughout history that God would bring His kingdom to earth (Mat. 6:10). See The Arrival of God’s Kingdom. This is the beginning of the literal kingdom on earth which smashes all other earthly kingdoms and fills the globe. See Nebuchadnezzar’s Dream and Daniel’s Vision. See Millennial Kingdom. Both Jesus and the saints rule in the kingdom. See Millennial Reign of Messiah. See Millennial Reign of the Saints.

At the sounding of the seventh trumpet, it was announced that “He shall reign forever and ever” (Rev. 11:15+). The reign of Christ and the saints eventually extends beyond the thousand years and on into the eternal state (Rev. 22:5+).

3.20.5 - Revelation 20:5 Open Bible at Rev. 20:5 Listen to Rev. 20:5

But the rest of the dead did not live again until the thousand years were finished.

Live again is ανεζησαν [anezēsan] : used “of the dead become alive again, rise again, return to life.”³⁵ The MT and NU texts have ἔζησαν [ezēsan] , the same term described the resurrection of the Tribulation martyrs in the previous verse.“Since all of the righteous are raised during the first resurrection, these designated as ‘the rest of the dead’ must refer to the unrighteous, who are not raised until after the first thousand years of the reign of Christ have transpired.”³⁶

Those amillennialists who are consistent in their exegesis are forced to take this resurrection as a spiritual resurrection, as they do the first resurrection. This places them in a bind because it is clear that these are the unsaved dead who are never spiritually regenerated. Kik illustrates the interpretive gymnastics which result when attempting to overcome the consistent literal meaning of the text:

It might seem that these dead would remain so only during the thousand-year period. They lived not until the thousand years were finished. One might think that when the thousand-year period ended that these dead would live. But the conjunction until is used in the sense “to the time that.” The rest of mankind remained in spiritual deadness to the time that the thousand years ended. . . . Their souls remained dead.³⁷

Kik tortures the word “until” until it finally cries out “never!” But until cannot mean never in this context because we see the rest of the dead resurrected a few verses from now! If the first resurrection is spiritual, then so must be the second. But if the second resurrection is taken as being spiritual, the amillennialist has a problem—after the thousand years the unsaved dead are resurrected: regenerated! Thus, he must make “until” mean “never.” It is difficult to imagine a clearer example of bringing a faulty concept to the text and twisting the interpretation until it yields the desired results. Here we see the most significant danger of amillennialism which is not its denial of the Millennial Kingdom, as serious as that might be, but its proclivity to distort God’s word.

This resurrection is not that of the Church, previously taken up in the Rapture:

For this we say to you by the word of the Lord, that we who are alive and remain until the coming of the Lord will by no means precede those who are asleep. For the Lord Himself will descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of an archangel, and with the trumpet of God. And the dead in Christ will rise first. Then we who are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air. And thus we shall always be with the Lord. (1Th. 4:15-17)

Nor is it the resurrection of the two witnesses which occurred at the rise of the Beast from the abyss at the mid-point of the Tribulation:

Now after the three-and-a-half days the breath of life from God entered them, and they stood on their feet, and great fear fell on those who saw them. (Rev. 11:11+)

This is the first of two resurrections subsequent to Christ’s Second Coming, one prior to the Millennial Kingdom and the other afterward. The text describes two resurrections separated by a period of one thousand years.³⁸ This fact is compatible with the many other resurrection passages which indicate this very thing.

As early as the book of Daniel we see an indication of two categories of resurrection: “And many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, Some to everlasting life, Some to shame and everlasting contempt” (Dan. 12:2). The Hebrew in this passage is difficult. The passage makes a distinction between many versus all and between two resulting categories: everlasting life and everlasting contempt:

Tregelles translates Daniel 12:2 as follows: “And many from among the sleepers of the dust of the earth shall awake; these shall be unto everlasting life; but those [the rest of the sleepers, those who do not awake at this time] shall be unto shame and everlasting contempt.” [S. P. Tregelles, Remarks on the Prophetic Visions in the Book of Daniel, p. 159; words in brackets supplied by Tregelles].³⁹

The true rendering of Dan. 12:1-3, in connection with the context, is “And (at that time) Many (of thy people) shall awake (or be separated) out from among the sleepers in the earth-dust. These (who awake) shall be unto life everlasting, but those (who do not awake at that time) shall be unto shame and contempt everlasting.” So, the most renowned Hebrew Doctors render it, and the best Christian exegetes.⁴⁰

Numerous passages in the NT indicate different categories of resurrection:

And you will be blessed, because they cannot repay you; for you shall be repaid at the resurrection of the just. (Luke 14:14) [emphasis added]

Do not marvel at this; for the hour is coming in which all who are in the graves will hear His voice and come forth—those who have done good, to the resurrection of life, and those who have done evil, to the resurrection of condemnation. (John 5:28-29) [emphasis added]

Women received their dead raised to life again. Others were tortured, not accepting deliverance, that they might obtain a better resurrection. (Heb. 11:35) [emphasis added]

Paul taught that all men will be raised from the dead:

But this I confess to you, that according to the Way which they call a sect, so I worship the God of my fathers, believing all things which are written in the Law and in the Prophets. I have hope in God, which they themselves also accept, that there will be a resurrection of the dead, both of the just and the unjust. (Acts 24:14-15) [emphasis added]

Although Paul appears to describe a single resurrection, elsewhere his teaching betrays otherwise: “That I may know Him and the power of His resurrection, and the fellowship of His sufferings, being conformed to His death, if, by any means, I may attain to the resurrection from the dead” (Php. 3:10-11). If Paul taught that all men were to be raised (Acts 24:14-15), how could he say he hoped to attain the resurrection from the dead? Here he speaks of a specific resurrection, the resurrection of the just—a separate resurrection from that of the unjust and the subject before us in this verse.

This is the first resurrection.

First is πρώτη [prōtē] which can be used “of time: first, earliest”⁴¹ or it can describe relative priority: “foremost, chief, most important of all.”⁴² The various individual resurrections which make up the category of the first resurrection all precede the second resurrection in time. It is also the chief or foremost resurrection, the “better resurrection” (Heb. 11:35) because participation in the first resurrection indicates a person is saved and participates in the blessings of God’s kingdom on earth.

This resurrection is, therefore, the chief, principal, pre-eminent one, because it pertains to that of the first-born, constitutes the persons embraced in and experiencing its power the first born that belong exclusively—in a particular sense typified by the Jewish first-born—to God Himself. Hence not time but distinction is denoted.⁴³

The expression “first resurrection” has constituted an exegetical problem for all interpreters. Posttribulationalists cite this reference as evidence that the rapture could not occur until after the tribulation. Pretribulationalists have rightly held that the first resurrection is not an event, but an order of resurrection. It is evident that our Lord rose form the dead as the first one to receive a resurrection body—others previously raised from the dead had merely been restored to their former natural bodies. His resurrection, though widely separated from resurrections which follow, is included in the first resurrection, otherwise the event described in Revelation would not be “first.” According to 1 Corinthians 15:20, Christ is “the firstfruits of them that are asleep,” i.e., the first part of the resurrection of all saints. Likewise, the evidence that the translation of the church takes place before the tribulation would point to a large segment of the righteous dead being raised before the tribulation. These also would qualify as taking part in the first resurrection. In contrast to the first resurrection of Revelation 20+ is the resurrection of the wicked dead portrayed in the latter part of the chapter. The first resurrection therefore becomes the resurrection of all the righteous in contrast to the final resurrection which is the resurrection of the wicked. [emphasis added]⁴⁴

The first resurrection must not be spiritualized into the new birth experienced in this life by every believer, for such is not called a resurrection in Scripture. Many interpreters have been confused by failing to understand the meaning of “first.” “First” is here a term of priority, and the first resurrection includes all the several resurrections of the righteous dead which have occurred.⁴⁵

Dean Alford (“New Testament for English Readers,” Com. loci) remarks: “I cannot consent to distort the words from their plain sense and chronological place in the prophecy, on account of any considerations of difficulty, or of any risk of abuses which the doctrine of the Millennium may bring with it. Those who lived next to the Apostles, and the whole Church for three hundred years, understood them in the plain literal sense; and it is a strange sight in these days to see expositors who are among the first in reverence for antiquity, complacently casting aside the most cogent instance of consensus which primitive antiquity presents. As regards the text itself, no legitimate treatment of it will extort what is known as the spiritual interpretation now in fashion. If, in a passage where two resurrections are mentioned, where certain persons lived at the first, and the rest of the dead only at the end of a specified period after the first—if, in such a passage, the first resurrection may be understood to mean spiritual rising with Christ, while the second means literal rising from the grave; then there is an end of all significance in language, and Scripture is wiped out as a definite testimony to anything. If the first resurrection is spiritual, then so is the second, which I suppose none will be hardy enough to maintain; but if the second is literal, so is the first, which, in common with the whole Primitive Church and many of the best modern expositors, I do maintain, and receive as an article of faith and hope.”⁴⁶

3.20.5.1 - Order of Resurrection

The use of first to describe a resurrection which follows after Christ’s resurrection, gives us an initial clue that first cannot denote absolute chronological order—as that of a single event which occurs before all others. By this time, Christ has been resurrected for almost two thousand years, yet Scripture calls this subsequent event “the first resurrection.” It is first from the perspective of its priority: those who participate in the resurrection of life rather than the resurrection of condemnation (John 5:28-29). It is also first relative to the Millennial Kingdom since the subsequent resurrection will not be until one thousand years later. Christ was the first man to rise in the category which is the first resurrection:

But now Christ is risen from the dead, and has become the firstfruits of those who have fallen asleep. For since by man came death, by Man also came the resurrection of the dead. For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ all shall be made alive. But each one in his own order: Christ the firstfruits, afterward those who are Christ’s at His coming. (1Cor. 15:20-23) [emphasis added]

In this passage, Paul describes two, or possibly three resurrection events: (1) Christ, (2) the Church at His coming in the Rapture, and possibly, (3) all other believers at His physical Second Coming in judgment. An examination of Scripture reveals a number of individual resurrection events separated in time, all of which fall into one of two categories: the resurrection of life (the first resurrection) and the resurrection of condemnation (the second resurrection).⁴⁷ The first resurrection consists of several sequential resurrection events which are treated as a single category—the raising of all who are redeemed:

A man on Thanksgiving day may say, with great satisfaction, “All of the harvest is gathered in.” That harvest may have included a few handfuls gathered on the first day, then after a long interruption due to a rainstorm, for example, the major part of the harvest may have been gathered, and then, after another momentary interruption, the final sheaves are garnered.⁴⁸

These references [Luke 14:1-14; Php. 3:10-14; John 5:28-29; Rev. 20:6+] show that there is a part of the resurrection program that is called “the resurrection of the just,” the “out-resurrection from the dead,” “a better resurrection,” “the resurrection of life,” and “the first resurrection.” These phrases suggest a separation; a resurrection of a portion of those who are dead, which resurrection leaves some dead unchanged while these resurrected undergo a complete transformation.⁴⁹

There are several different resurrection “events” which transpire in history, each of which falls into one of two categories. All but the last resurrection event make up the first resurrection.⁵⁰

The Resurrections⁵¹

Order | Which | Timing | Who | Description | Scriptures
1 | First | The Third Day | Jesus Christ | The resurrection of the Lord Jesus Christ, the “firstfruits of those who have fallen asleep.” | Mat. 28:1-7; Mark 16:1-11; Luke 24:1-12; John 20:1-18; 1Cor. 15:20
2 | First | Shortly after Christ’s Resurrection. | A Few OT Saints | At the earthquake attending the crucifixion, graves were opened. Shortly after the resurrection of Christ, these saints were raised.⁵² | Mat. 27:50-53
3 | First | Before the Tribulation. | Church | The resurrection of Church-age believers at the Rapture. | John 14:3; 1Th. 4:13-18; 1Cor. 15:50-53
4 | First | Middle of the Tribulation.⁵³ | Two Witnesses | God’s two witnesses will be raised after being killed by The Beast. | Rev. 11:11-12+
5 | First | After Jacob’s Trouble | OT Saints | Old Testament saints will be resurrected to enter the Millennial Kingdom.⁵⁴ | Dan. 12:1-2; Isa. 26:19; Eze. 37:13-14⁵⁵
6 | First | Beginning of Millennial Kingdom. | Tribulation Martyrs | The Tribulation martyrs will be resurrected so that they can rule and reign with Christ. | Rev. 20:4-6+
7 | Second | End of Millennial Kingdom | Unbelieving Dead⁵⁶ | At the end of the millennial reign of Christ, the final resurrection will consist of all of the unbelieving, wicked dead. They will be found guilty at the Great White Throne Judgment and cast into the Lake of Fire. | Rev. 20:11-15+

Although Scripture makes no mention of it, some believe there may be a resurrection of saints from among those who entered the Millennial Kingdom in their natural bodies and their offspring (Mat. 25:34). If the righteous die at an advanced age (Isa. 65:20), then their resurrection is not recorded in Scripture:

The question has been raised concerning the judgment of those who die in the millennium. It is clear that the unsaved who die in the millennium are included in [the Great White Throne] judgment. The Scriptures are silent, however, concerning any rapture or translation of saints who survive the millennium and concerning the resurrection of saints who may die in the millennium. Both events may be safely assumed, but are not the subject of divine revelation, probably on the principle that this truth is of no practical application to saints now living. Further light may be cast upon this in the millennium itself as the truth of God is made known.⁵⁷

Others suggest that only unbelievers die during the Millennial Kingdom resulting in no believing dead to be resurrected:

The resurrection of the Tribulation saints completes the first resurrection. There will be no such thing as a resurrection of millennial saints.⁵⁸

According to Fruchtenbaum, in the Millennial Kingdom, believers never die but sinners die at age 100. This could account for the lack of mention of a post-millennium resurrection of the righteous dead.

Death in the millennium will be for unbelievers only. This is why the Bible does not speak of a resurrection of millennial saints, and why the resurrection of the tribulation saints is said to complete the first resurrection (Revelation 20:4-6+).⁵⁹

A key passage which describes longevity in the Millennial Kingdom is found in Isaiah:

No more shall an infant from there live but a few days, nor an old man who has not fulfilled his days; for the child shall die one hundred years old, but the sinner being one hundred years old shall be accursed. (Isa. 65:20)

This passage does not unambiguously teach that only unbelievers die in the Millennium. It merely describes the great longevity which will be the blessing of those who are still in their natural bodies during this period. For example, what could it mean for an old man to fulfill his days if all sinners die at a relatively early age and the faithful never die? Furthermore, there is no indication whatsoever that death has been abolished until after the Millennium (Rev. 21:4+). The argument that only unbelievers die during the Millennium is an argument from silence—the silence of an explicit mention of a post-millennial resurrection of the righteous dead. Although it is possible, arguments from silence are generally to be avoided.

Others suggest that the second resurrection includes believers who die during the Millennial Kingdom and who stand in judgment with the unbelieving dead at the Great White Throne Judgment.⁶⁰ This view has its own complications:

Scripture consistently recognizes two categories of resurrection in such a way as to infer that believers are not to be found in both.

The names given to the second resurrection, the resurrection “unto shame and everlasting contempt” (Dan. 12:2) and “the resurrection of condemnation” (John 5:28-29), seem to exclude the possibility of the inclusion of believers.

Believers do not face the possibility of standing in a judgment which decides their eternal destiny: (John 5:24).

The passage (below) which describes the second resurrection and subsequent judgment makes no mention of the presence of any faithful. Although the Book of Life is mentioned, nothing is said of the destiny of those who might be found written therein. Everything seems to indicate the book is used merely to testify to the absence of the names of the unsaved. “Only one group will be seen at this judgment, the dead—the spiritually dead.”⁶¹

See Births, Deaths, and Resurrections.

3.20.6 - Revelation 20:6 Open Bible at Rev. 20:6 Listen to Rev. 20:6

Blessed and holy is he who has part in the first resurrection

They are blessed because “they shall be priests of God and of Christ, and shall reign with Him a thousand years” (Rev. 20:6+). This blessing is equivalent to the blessing for those “who are called to the marriage supper of the Lamb” (Rev. 19:9+) because they find entry into the kingdom of God (Luke 14:15). See commentary on Revelation 19:9. Their blessing is one of seven blessings given in the book of Revelation. See commentary on Revelation 1:3.

These are holy (ἅγιος [hagios] ) because they are the saints (ἁγίων [hagiōn] ). They have washed their robes and made them white in the blood of the Lamb (Rev. 7:14+).

Over such, the second death has no power

Christ promised the overcomer of the church at Smyrna, the persecuted church which experienced martyrdom, that they would not be hurt by the second death (Rev. 2:11+). They would be part of the first resurrection (at the Rapture of the Church) and the second death would have no power over them. The second death is the destiny of those who are not written in the Book of Life: “Then Death and Hades were cast into the lake of fire. This is the second death. And anyone not found written in the Book of Life was cast into the lake of fire” (Rev. 20:14+). “But the cowardly, unbelieving, abominable, murderers, sexually immoral, sorcerers, idolaters, and all liars shall have their part in the lake which burns with fire and brimstone, which is the second death” (Rev. 21:8+).

In the Palestinian Targum on Deuteronomy 33:6, the OT locus theologicus in rabbinic Judaism for proving the resurrection from the dead, the Targum reads: “Let Reuben live in this world and not die in the second death in which death the wicked die in the word to come.” In the Targum the second death means exclusion from the resurrection. Not to die the second death, then, means to rise again to eternal life.⁶²

3.20.6.1 - Births, Deaths, and Resurrections

Scripture knows of two births, two deaths, and two resurrections. Everyone is physically born once. Those who do not undergo the second birth, the spiritual birth, also undergo the second death which is the permanent separation from God with eternal torment.

Participation in Births, Deaths, and Resurrections

Event | Unbeliever | Believer | Description
Born Again | No | Yes | The first birth is physical birth. The second birth is spiritual and occurs when a person comes to faith in Jesus Christ.⁶³ Only believers are “born twice.”
1st Death | Yes | Yes | The first death occurs at the end of one’s physical life.
1st Resurrection | No | Yes | The first resurrection is a category and occurs in stages, beginning with the resurrection of Christ (1Cor. 15:20) and ending with the resurrection just prior to the Millennial Kingdom (Rev. 20:5-6+). Only believers participate in the first resurrection.⁶⁴ See Order of Resurrection.
2nd Resurrection | Yes | No | The second resurrection occurs at the end of the Millennial Kingdom at the Great White Throne Judgment (Rev. 20:11-13+). Only unbelievers participate in the second resurrection. See Order of Resurrection.
2nd Death | Yes | No | The second death is after the Millennium and the Great White Throne Judgment (Rev. 20:14-15+). As there is eternal life beyond this present life for the faithful, so there is eternal death beyond the death of the wicked.⁶⁵ The second death is commonly known as hell.⁶⁶

When a person is born again (John 3:3-7; 1Pe. 1:23; 1Jn. 2:29; 3:9; 5:1, 18), he will only undergo the first death, but the second death has no power over him: “though he may die [the first death], he shall live [be resurrected never to face the second death]” (John 11:25b).they shall be priests of God and of Christ, and shall reign with Him a thousand years

Christ made the saints “kings and priests to His God” (a kingdom, priests to God, MT and NU texts) (Rev. 1:6+ cf. Rev. 5:10+). See commentary on Revelation 1:6. See Millennial Reign of the Saints.

The priestly duties of some will include service in the Temple:

“I will set a sign among them; and those among them who escape I will send to the nations: to Tarshish and Pul and Lud, who draw the bow, and Tubal and Javan, to the coastlands afar off who have not heard My fame nor seen My glory. And they shall declare My glory among the Gentiles. Then they shall bring all your brethren for an offering to the LORD out of all nations, on horses and in chariots and in litters, on mules and on camels, to My holy mountain Jerusalem,” says the LORD, “as the children of Israel bring an offering in a clean vessel into the house of the LORD. And I will also take some of them for priests and Levites,” says the LORD. (Isa. 66:19-21)

What the prophet has in mind here [Isa. 66:21] is a completely new order of things: the inclusion of Gentiles in the service of the Lord, without regard to race or descent.⁶⁷

See Millennial Temple.

3.20.7 - Revelation 20:7 Open Bible at Rev. 20:7 Listen to Rev. 20:7

when the thousand years have expired, Satan will be released from his prison

Will be released is λυθήσεται [lythēsetai] : to “set free prisoners.”⁶⁸ Satan was bound and imprisoned in the abyss and is now set free. Prison is φυλακῆς [phylakēs] , the same word which indicated the imprisonment of demons in Babylon (Rev. 18:2+). Contrary to amillennial assertions, during the Millennial Kingdom Satan will not be able to deceive anyone even to the slightest degree. He is not omnipresent and spends the entire time locked away in the abyss. See commentary on Revelation 20:2.

3.20.8 - Revelation 20:8 Open Bible at Rev. 20:8 Listen to Rev. 20:8

go out to deceive the nations

As soon as Satan is released, he goes forth in his age-old pattern of deception. That Scripture records his going forth in deception is further confirmation of the fact that he was completely unable to do so during the time of his binding.

the four corners of the earth

This is figurative language indicating the four main compass directions (Eze. 7:2; Rev. 7:1+).

Gog and Magog

The name Gog first appears as a descendant of Joel, of the tribe of Reuben (1Chr. 5:4). The leader of the rebellion which came against Israel more than one thousand years prior to this event was also named Gog:

The prince of Rosh, Meshech, and Tubal (“the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal,” KJV), who, Ezekiel said, would invade the restored land of Israel from the far distant northern land by the appointment of God in the last times, with a powerful army of numerous nations (Eze. 38:1-9) and with the intention of plundering Israel, now dwelling in security (Eze. 38: 10-16).⁶⁹

Attempts to identify Gog have included proposals of connections with (1) Gyges, King of Lydia (Gugu of Ashurbanipal’s records); (2) Gaga, a name in the Amarna correspondence for the nations of the N; (3) Gaga, a god from Ras Shamra writings; (4) a historical figure, especially Alexander; and (5) mythological sources, with Gog being a representation of the evil forces of darkness which range themselves against Yahweh and his people. None of these identifications has been demonstrated with certainty.⁷⁰

The name Magog is introduced to us as a son of Japheth and grandson of Noah (Gen. 10:2). In the previous attack against Israel, Gog is said to be “of the land of Magog” (Eze. 38:2):

The descendants of Magog (Eze. 38:2), possibly a people who lived in northern Asia and Europe. The Jewish historian Josephus identified these people as the Scythians, known for their destructive warfare. Magog may be a comprehensive term meaning “northern barbarians.” The people of Magog are described as skilled horsemen (Eze. 38:15) and experts in the use of the bow and arrow (Eze. 39:3, 9).⁷¹

Although Gog and Magog are both mentioned in Ezekiel 38 and 39, this rebellion is not the same event, as a comparison of several factors reveals:

This prophecy of Ezekiel concerning Gog and Magog cannot be identified with the prophecy in Rev. 20:7-10+ for three reasons. The former takes place before the Kingdom is established on earth; the latter after this Kingdom. Also, in Ezekiel the invasion comes only from the north, but in Revelation it comes from the ‘four quarters of the earth.’ Furthermore, the rebellion of Gog and Magog and their destruction in Rev. 20:7-10+ marks the ushering in of the eternal state (Rev. 20:11-15+); but in Ezekiel it is preliminary to the Millennial Kingdom on earth.⁷²

First, the Ezekiel invasion comes from the north; the Revelation invasion comes from all over the world; Second, this view also fails to answer the problem of the seven months and seven years. This earth is done away with soon after the invasion mentioned in Revelation, not allowing any time (or place!) for seven months of burial or seven years of burning.⁷³

Whether Gog and Magog is a general reference to the enemies of the people of God or specific peoples in the rebellion of the end is difficult to determine from the scant details of this final rebellion.⁷⁴

While many explanations have been made, one of the intriguing ones is that Gog refers to the ruler and Magog to the people as in Ezekiel 38. Hence, what the passage means is that the nations of the world follow Satan, including the rulers (Gog) and the people (Magog) under the rulers. Another plausible explanation is that the expression is used much as we use the term “Waterloo” to express a disastrous battle, but one related to the historic origination of the term.⁷⁵

to gather them to battle

They are gathered by the deceiver, Satan. His function in the final rebellion is much like that of the three unclean spirits which went forth to gather the kings of the earth to the Campaign of Armageddon (Rev. 16:13-16+). Battle is πόλεμον [polemon] : armed conflict. The term is often used of a protracted engagement, but can also be used of a single battle.⁷⁶ See commentary on Revelation 16:14.

3.20.9 - Revelation 20:9 Open Bible at Rev. 20:9 Listen to Rev. 20:9

breadth of the earth

Breadth is πλάτος [platos] : “the broad plain of the earth is perhaps meant to provide room for the countless enemies of God”⁷⁷ (cf. Hab. 1:6).

surrounded the camp of the saints

Camp is παρεμβολὴν [parembolēn] : used of the barracks or headquarters of soldiers or an army in battle array, but also of the camp of Israel (Ex. 29:14 LXX; Lev. 4:12 LXX; Heb. 13:11).⁷⁸ “Used for the city of Jerusalem, inasmuch as that was to the Israelites what formerly the encampment had been in the desert.”⁷⁹ Here is proof that children are born during the Millennial Kingdom. All the unsaved were destroyed at the Second Coming leaving only the faithful at the inception of the Millennial Kingdom. One thousand years later, after numerous generations, there is a multitude of faithless who come against God. These are from among the offspring of the faithful who entered the Millennial Kingdom in their natural bodies.

It is a frightful commentary upon the nature of mankind that this showy rebellion is able to muster millions and millions of followers who gladly join in a last desperate effort to strike at God. Truly the carnal mind is enmity against God. The number is as the sands of the sea.⁸⁰

This section shows something of the deep, complex nature of evil. The source of rebellion against God does not lie in man’s environment or fundamentally with the devil but springs up from deep within man’s own heart. The return of Satan will demonstrate this in the most dramatic manner once for all.⁸¹

Men claim that they are seeking, evermore, a “perfect form of government”; but that they are not at all seeking such a government, but that they actually hate it, will be evidenced by their instant revolt to Satan’s banner when he is loosed for a “little season” after the Millennium. For we shall find the hordes of mankind rushing up to overthrow the righteous and benevolent reign of Christ at Jerusalem!⁸²

The rebellion is ultimately permitted by God who released Satan from prison for this very test. He is used to cull the last from among the unfaithful from the midst of humanity for God’s impending judgment. This rebellion also demonstrates to mankind their utter inability to vanquish sin apart from God’s power. Man now fails his final dispensational test:

From this we see that the “Millennial Dispensation,” like all the six Dispensations before it, will end in failure. God will have tested man in “Innocence,” under “Conscience,” under “Self-Government,” under the “Headship of the Family,” under “Law,” under “Grace,” and finally under the influence of the “Holy Spirit,” free from Satanic influences, and under them all he will prove himself to be hopelessly, incurably and incorrigibly bad.⁸³

the beloved city

Beloved is ἐγαπημένην [egapēmenēn] , perfect tense participle: having been loved. This speaks of Jerusalem: “The LORD loves the gates of Zion more than all the dwelling places of Jacob” (Ps. 87:2 cf. Ps. 78:68; 132:13; Jer. 12:7). See Jerusalem Married to God.

fire came down from God out of heaven

The enemies of God are destroyed directly by His hand, in much the same way as Sodom and Gomorrah (Gen. 19:24), those who came to arrest Elijah (2K. 1:10-15), Gog on the mountains of Israel (Eze. 38:22), and the land of Magog (Eze. 39:6).

3.20.10 - Revelation 20:10 Open Bible at Rev. 20:10 Listen to Rev. 20:10

The devil, who deceived them, was cast into the lake of fire

At the coming of Christ, it was the instrument of the devil, the False Prophet, who deceived but was captured and cast into the Lake of Fire. Now the devil himself meets a similar fate. The devil has been cast, in a series of stages, from the highest point in creation to the lowest. Satan was previously cast out of heaven to the earth (Rev. 12:9+), probably near the mid-point of the Tribulation. After the Second Coming, he was bound and cast into the abyss (Rev. 20:2+). Now, he is cast into his final destination, the Lake of Fire, which was originally prepared for him and his angels (Mat. 25:41). Since it was prepared for both him and his angels (Rev. 12:4+), we can infer that the fallen angels, who were confined during the Millennial Kingdom, are either cast with him into the Lake of Fire (Rev. 18:2+; Isa. 34:8-17), or join him shortly thereafter following the Great White Throne Judgment when the earth (including the abyss) is no more.

The career of Satan will then come to an end. With this final revolt, the Millennial Kingdom will come to an end, and there will be a transfer of authority as described in 1 Corinthians 15:24-28 . . . Ultimately, the power and authority of the Kingdom must be turned over to God the Father. But this can only occur after every enemy of man is abolished and there is no longer any challenge to God’s rule, authority, and power (1Cor. 15:24). . . . It should be remembered that death will still exist in the Kingdom. It is only after Satan’s final revolt and his confinement in the Lake of Fire that death can be abolished.⁸⁴

where the beast and the false prophet are

The devil joins his two henchmen from the time of the Tribulation who are already in the Lake of Fire. The Beast and the False Prophet were cast into the lake at the Second Coming of Christ one thousand years earlier (Rev. 19:20+). They are still there and undergoing continuous torment. The Lake of Fire does not annihilate its occupants. They suffer eternally.

tormented day and night forever and ever

Day and night is a figure of speech meaning continually (Luke 18:7; Acts 9:27; Rev. 7:15+; 12:10+). Those who worshiped the Beast will be tormented forever and ever (Rev. 14:10+ cf. Rev. 20:15+).⁸⁵

At all events the doctrine of conscious, eternal torment for impenitent men is clearly revealed in the Word of God. Whether we can defend it on philosophic grounds or not, it is our business to believe it; and to leave it to the clearer light of eternity to explain what we cannot now understand, realizing that God has infinitely wise reasons for doing things for which we in our ignorance can see no sufficient reason at all. It is the most ludicrous conceit for beings so limited and foolish as the wisest of men are, to attempt to dogmatize how a God of infinite wisdom must act. All we know as to how God will act is what God has seen fit to tell us.⁸⁶

3.20.11 - Revelation 20:11 Open Bible at Rev. 20:11 Listen to Rev. 20:11

Then I saw a great white throne and Him who sat upon it

The scene before John is very similar to that which Daniel saw in his night vision:

I watched till thrones were put in place, and the Ancient of Days was seated; His garment was white as snow, and the hair of His head was like pure wool. His throne was a fiery flame, its wheels a burning fire; a fiery stream issued and came forth from before Him. A thousand thousands ministered to Him; ten thousand times ten thousand stood before Him. The court was seated, and the books were opened. (Dan. 7:9-10)

In Daniel’s vision, it is the Father who judged on behalf of the Son. The judgment involved the decision to terminate the reign of Antichrist and give the kingdom to the Son and the saints:

“The Ancient of days” (God in His own ineffable person, not in the person of Christ) did sit in the role of a judge about to pass sentence. He is the Judge here [in Daniel 7:9-10], because the case is Christ’s, involving the judgment of the Antichrist (Dan. 7:11-12), and the Son does not judge His own case, which is the peculiar province of the Father, to be distinguished from the province of the Son as Judge (cf. John 5:22).⁸⁷

The final judgment of the wicked is almost certainly to be judged by the One Who died on behalf of the world (John 1:29; 1Ti. 2:6; Heb. 2:9; 2Pe. 2:1; 1Jn. 2:2) to whom judgment has been given:

For the Father judges no one, but has committed all judgment to the Son, that all should honor the Son just as they honor the Father. He who does not honor the Son does not honor the Father who sent Him. (John 5:22-23)

Truly, these times of ignorance God overlooked, but now commands all men everywhere to repent, because He has appointed a day on which He will judge the world in righteousness by the Man whom He has ordained. He has given assurance of this to all by raising Him from the dead. (Acts 17:30-31)

Very little is said concerning the scene. The description of the throne is pregnant with forboding:

Weigh each word. Great,—it is the Infinite before whom the finite must stand; White,—it is the unveiled, undimmed blaze of the divine holiness and purity and justice; Throne,—it is majesty unlimited, in which inheres utter right to dispose of the destiny of creatures. Before such a throne, creatures cannot stand; but they shall stand—even the lost!⁸⁸

from whose face the earth and the heaven fled away

At the opening of the sixth seal, “the sky receded as a scroll when it is rolled up” (Rev. 6:14+). Here, the old order of things gives up its dead and retreats in preparation for the creation of a new heavens and earth: “Now I saw a new heaven and a new earth, for the first heaven and first earth had passed away. Also there was no more sea” (Rev. 21:1+).

Jesus had predicted that God’s word would outlast the first heavens and earth: “Heaven and earth will pass away, but My words will by no means pass away” (Mat. 24:35). The first heavens and first earth were preserved by God’s word for a time, but now the time has come for their judgment by fire and the perdition of ungodly men (2Pe. 3:7). This marks the end of the period of The Day of the Lord. See commentary on Revelation 21:1.

Mention of God’s face speaks of His immediate presence, before which no man can stand without divine protection (Ex. 3:6; Ex. 19:21; 1K. 19:13; Isa. 6:5; 1Jn. 4:12):

The Talmud tells the legend of how Dadrian the emperor asked Yehoshua b. Hananya (c. A.D. 90): “I would like to see your God.” Yehoshua relied: “You cannot see him.” The emperor said: “Indeed I must see him.” Then the rabbi took Hadrian and placed him in the full blaze of the sun and said to him: “Look into it.” He answered: “I cannot.” Yehoshua replied; “If of the sun you say ‘I cannot look at it,’ which is only one of the servants who stand in the presence of God, how much more is it true of the Shekinah.”⁸⁹

The flight of His own creation from before his unmitigated presence also infers a degree of terror for those who are about to stand before the piercing gaze of His omniscient eyes of fire (Rev. 1:14+; 19:12+). Their judgment is before the completely righteous, all-powerful Perfection of Perfections.

And there was found no place for them.

The old order vanishes away. In the process, the dead are given up (see below) to stand before the terrifying presence of God.

But the day of the Lord will come as a thief in the night, in which the heavens will pass away with a great noise, and the elements will melt with fervent heat; both the earth and the works that are in it will be burned up. Therefore, since all these things will be dissolved, . . . the heavens will be dissolved, being on fire, and the elements will melt with fervent heat? (2Pe. 3:10-12)

Although we are not told of the safe harbor provided for the righteous by God during this momentous transition when the subatomic elements disassemble themselves, we can assume they are supernaturally provided for.

Writing many centuries in advance of particle physics and atom smashers, Peter describes the end of the universe as we know it in terms which would be difficult for any modern physicist to improve upon. What will it take to bring about such an immense conflagration? We are convinced it will be the mere ‘blink’ of the eye for God. Perhaps for the barest of time, less than a split nanosecond, He withdraws His sustaining power from the material order and all the matter of the universe converts back to an enormous quantity of energy in an explosion which is described by a famous Jewish equation: e = mc².

It is not that they [the earth and heaven] are to be purified and rehabilitated, but that the reverse of creation is to take place. They are to be uncreated. As they came from nothing at the word of God, they are to be sucked back into nothingness by the same word of God. Science may say that matter cannot be made and that matter cannot be destroyed, but such an attitude does not believe in the God of creation.⁹⁰

The phenomenon may well be one of mass/energy conversion, with the “matter” of earth structure converted into “energy” (heat, sound, or light). This same energy will be available for reconversion into the materials of the renewed earth, with all the contaminating effects of sin and the curse purged out of it.⁹¹

We can only speculate in great ignorance at the immensity of the scene these few lines describe.

3.20.12 - Revelation 20:12 Open Bible at Rev. 20:12 Listen to Rev. 20:12

I saw the dead, small and great

Every category of man now stands on an individual basis before God. Wealth, power, fame, is all immaterial now. As the cross stands as the great equalizer among people of faith on the road to salvation, so the Great White Throne Judgment is the equalizer among those on their way to eternal damnation.

standing before God

For saints who pursue after God and desire to be in His presence, this is the ultimate blessing of the eternal state: “They shall see His face, and His name shall be on their foreheads” (Rev. 22:4+). Just the opposite is true for the unrighteous dead about to be judged. The immediate presence of God will be a terror unimagined by them, for they are the object of His wrath in righteous judgment. This will be their only time of intimacy with God and it results in devastating negative consequences. While living, they expressed their desire to be independent from God. Soon their desire will be an eternal reality.

The flight of earth and heaven underscores the awful reality that nowhere remains to hide from God. Those in the Tribulation had attempted to hide in the rocks and caves from the wrath of God (Rev. 6:15-17+), but now the entire material universe is gone and all that remains is a perfectly just, righteous, all-powerful God face-to-face with sinners without any covering for their sin. Previously there was the illusion that sin could be hidden from God, but all illusion has ben stripped away.

The MT and NU texts have before the throne which carries the same meaning since God is on the throne.

books were opened

These books record the good and bad deeds of those about to be judged. This is the record of their “works” prior to death.

And another book was opened, which is the Book of Life

This book is singled out from among the other books because of its paramount importance. Unlike the books which record their works, this book records their faith, or lack thereof. The mere appearance of this book in the judgment is proof that access to God is by faith alone. For if salvation could be by works, the books recording their deeds would be sufficient for judgment.

Those who have not trusted in the Lamb of God, Jesus Christ, will be sadly disappointed to find how they have been deceived. Their self-righteousness is no righteousness after all. While living, they sought to establish their own righteousness and refused the gift of righteousness provided by God:

For I bear them witness that they have a zeal for God, but not according to knowledge. For they being ignorant of God’s righteousness, and seeking to establish their own righteousness, have not submitted to the righteousness of God. (Rom. 10:2-3)

Membership in beneficent organizations and associations, participation in righteous causes, attending Church, and all earthly activities will be of no avail in the ultimate determination of the final destiny of the unsaved. Good deeds will serve to mitigate punishment to some degree, but the ultimate destination—whether “heaven” or “hell”—is determined entirely by the presence or absence of one’s name in the Book of Life. See commentary on Revelation 20:15.

Those who worshiped the Beast at the time of the end were never written in the book (Rev. 13:8+; 17:8+). See Beast Worshipers are Unique. Others were written in the book, but were blotted out as they came to their death without having exercised faith in God (Ex. 32:32-33; Ps. 69:28; Rev. 3:5+). See Book of Life. They are not the overcomers. See Who is the Overcomer? Anyone not found written in the Book of Life is cast into the Lake of Fire (Rev. 20:15+). Those who are written in the Book will be able to enter the New Jerusalem (Rev. 21:27+).

the dead were judged

This is the final judgment of those who have rejected God. There is no second chance, no possibility of repentance beyond death:

And as it is appointed for men to die once, but after this the judgment, so Christ was offered once to bear the sins of many. To those who eagerly wait for Him He will appear a second time, apart from sin, for salvation. (Heb. 9:27-28)

They will give an account to Him who is ready to judge the living and the dead. (1Pe. 4:5)

The judgment will be absolutely righteous and true—something to be celebrated by the righteous dead (Ps. 9:7-8; 96:12-13), but feared by those who have not been washed in the blood of the Lamb (Rev. 1:5+; 7:14+). Their robes are not white like the righteous, but scarlet. Like the Harlot, they are stained with sin (Isa. 1:18). The very Lamb of God, whose blood they rejected, will be their judge: “And He commanded us to preach to the people, and to testify that it is He who was ordained by God to be Judge of the living and the dead” (Acts 10:42). In the same way that He judged the living sheep and goats at His Second Coming (Mat. 25:31), now he judges the dead: “I charge you therefore before God and the Lord Jesus Christ, who will judge the living and the dead at His appearing and His kingdom” (2Ti. 4:1).

The nations were angry, and Your wrath has come, and the time of the dead, that they should be judged, and that You should reward Your servants the prophets and the saints, and those who fear Your name, small and great, and should destroy those who destroy the earth. (Rev. 11:18+)

Christ will also be the final Judge of all moral creatures, whether men or angels. These judgments can be itemized as referring (1) to the church (2Cor. 5:10-11) (2) to Israel nationally and individually (Mat. 24:27-25:30) (3) to the Gentiles at the time of His second coming to the earth (Mat. 25:31-46) (4) to angels, probably at the end of the millennium (1Cor. 6:3; 2Pe. 2:4; Jude 1:6) (5) to the wicked dead (Rev. 20:12-15+).⁹²

The faithful dead will not stand in this judgment: “Most assuredly, I say to you, he who hears My word and believes in Him who sent Me has everlasting life, and shall not come into judgment, but has passed from death into life” (John 5:24).

All the unsaved dead from all of history now stand before God Almighty—with two notable exceptions. The Beast and the False Prophet of the end were cast directly into the Lake of Fire, bypassing this judgment. There is no possibility that their punishment will be mitigated by any record of good works. See commentary on Revelation 19:20.

according to their works, by the things which were written in the books

The things written is τῶν γεγραμμένων [tōn gegrammenōn] , perfect tense passive participle: the things having been written. The contents of the books were written in the past. This is the record of all their good and bad deeds prior to death. They will be judged both by their deeds and by their knowledge:

There is a principle in Scripture that does teach degrees of punishment based upon degrees of sinfulness and upon greater or lesser light or knowledge and the response or lack of it to that light [Mat. 11:20-24; Luke 12:47-48; John 19:11].⁹³

Those who knew more and failed to respond will bear greater guilt than those who knew less (Mat. 11:23-24). Those among the Jews, who had great light concerning God but rejected their Messiah, will be among those who bear greater responsibility for their sin:

But in accordance with your hardness and your impenitent heart you are treasuring up for yourself wrath in the day of wrath and revelation of the righteous judgment of God, who “will render to each one according to his deeds”: eternal life to those who by patient continuance in doing good seek for glory, honor, and immortality; but to those who are self-seeking and do not obey the truth, but obey unrighteousness—indignation and wrath, tribulation and anguish, on every soul of man who does evil, of the Jew first and also of the Greek. (Rom. 2:5-9)

None will be able to claim “I did not know, I did not hear” because every man entering the world receives sufficient revelation to seek God. Those who did not seek him will stand condemned by general revelation.⁹⁴ Although the revelation of God in nature is insufficient to save, it is sufficient to condemn those who fail to respond:

The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament shows His handiwork. Day unto day utters speech, and night unto night reveals knowledge. There is no speech nor language Where their voice is not heard. Their line has gone out through all the earth, and their words to the end of the world. In them He has set a tabernacle for the sun. (Ps. 19:1-4) [emphasis added]

For since the creation of the world His invisible attributes are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even His eternal power and Godhead, so that they are without excuse, because, although they knew God, they did not glorify Him as God, nor were thankful, but became futile in their thoughts, and their foolish hearts were darkened. Professing to be wise, they became fools (Rom. 1:20-22) [emphasis added]

Paul tells us that they knew God, but refused to glorify him and were not thankful. The horrible result was the developing futility of their thoughts and darkening of their minds. Ultimately, professing wisdom, they actually became fools. Twice in history every man, woman, and child on earth had intimate knowledge of God: at the creation and immediately after the global flood. Yet, today great portions of the earth are cloaked in spiritual darkness. Where once their forefathers knew God, they rejected Him and actively walked away from retaining His knowledge for their children and their children’s children. No man has ever been forsaken by God. It is always man who forsakes God.

Along with His revelation in nature, God provided another form of general revelation: the law written upon men’s hearts:

For as many as have sinned without law will also perish without law, and as many as have sinned in the law will be judged by the law (for not the hearers of the law are just in the sight of God, but the doers of the law will be justified; for when Gentiles, who do not have the law, by nature do the things in the law, these, although not having the law, are a law to themselves, who show the work of the law written in their hearts, their conscience also bearing witness, and between themselves their thoughts accusing or else excusing them) in the day when God will judge the secrets of men by Jesus Christ, according to my gospel. (Rom. 2:12-16) [emphasis added]

Those who never came to faith steadfastly rejected God. It was not a passive rejection where they slowly drifted away due to inaction. Paul tells us it was an active rebellion:

For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who suppress the truth in unrighteousness . . . And even as they did not like to retain God in their knowledge, God gave them over to a debased mind, to do those things which are not fitting . . . knowing the righteous judgment of God that those who practice such things are deserving of death, not only do the same but also approve of those who practice them. (Rom. 1:18, 28-32) [emphasis added]

When we speak to people who reject the atoning sacrifice of Jesus Christ and ask them by what means they hope to enter heaven, they almost universally reply with the notion that they are basically good and that by their deeds they will find entry. They are convinced: (1) that their good deeds will outweigh the bad, (2) so long as they are better than some other person then they are acceptable to God—that God grades their sin on a scale relative to other people. The truth is, from God’s perspective their bad deeds universally outweigh the good. Moreover, God does not grade on a relative scale to other people, but relative to the perfection of God Himself. This is an absolute scale.

Blind to these realities, they are convinced they will gain “heaven” by their works. And so God has promised to judge them by their works:

Give them according to their deeds, and according to the wickedness of their endeavors; give them according to the work of their hands; render to them what they deserve. (Ps. 28:4)

Also to You, O Lord, belongs mercy; for You render to each one according to his work. (Ps. 62:12)

If you say, “Surely we did not know this,” does not He who weighs the hearts consider it? He who keeps your soul, does He not know it? And will He not render to each man according to his deeds? (Pr. 24:12)

For God will bring every work into judgment, including every secret thing, whether good or evil. (Ecc. 12:14)

I, the LORD, search the heart, I test the mind, even to give every man according to his ways, according to the fruit of his doings. (Jer. 17:10 cf. Jer. 32:19)

For the Son of Man will come in the glory of His Father with His angels, and then He will reward each according to his works. (Mat. 16:27)

I will kill her children with death, and all the churches shall know that I am He who searches the minds and hearts. And I will give to each one of you according to your works. (Rev. 2:23+)

And behold, I am coming quickly, and My reward is with Me, to give to every one according to his work. (Rev. 22:12+)

The unbelieving dead will get what they desire: they will be judged by their works. But their works will be found to be imperfect. Not only in application, but in motivation because it is impossible for those who lack faith to please God (Heb. 11:6). Even their altruistic works are flawed by selfish and deceptive motivations.

The unregenerate man can, through common grace, love his family and he may be a good citizen. He may give a million dollars to build a hospital. . . If a drunkard, he may abstain from drink for utilitarian purposes, but he cannot do it out of love for God. All of his common virtues or good works have a fatal defect in that his motives which prompt them are not to glorify God,— a defect so vital that it throws any element of goodness as to man wholly into the shade.⁹⁵

The books will be opened and sin will be found. Lacking a covering for sin and unable to produce perfection, they will be unable to be in God’s presence and are destined for the Lake of Fire. Being a righteous and just God, the degree of their sin will determine their relative degree of torment. But all torment is torment.

It should be noted that while there are varying degrees of punishment in hell, everyone there will suffer intolerable, indescribable misery and torment. All sinners in hell will be utterly separated from God and all that comes from His goodness. Thus, they will be miserable, but not equally miserable.⁹⁶

3.20.13 - Revelation 20:13 Open Bible at Rev. 20:13 Listen to Rev. 20:13

The sea gave up the dead who were in it, and Death and Hades delivered up the dead who were in them

Hades followed along when Death rode forth at the fourth seal which resulted in widespread death (Rev. 6:7+). Jesus has the keys of Hades and Death (Rev. 1:18+). The righteous dead, whose soul and spirit were at one time in Hades,⁹⁷ have already been resurrected. Their soul and spirit has been reunited with their body at their participation in the category of the first resurrection. Thus, Jesus has emptied Hades and Death of those who are His prior to this judgment. See commentary on Revelation 1:18.

This delivery of the dead—their casting out—probably occurs at the moment when the earth and heaven flee away at the presence of the Mighty Judge (Rev. 10:11+). As the old order dissolves,“the dead are brought back to this judgment, their bodies being delivered from the grave, whether in the sea or on the land, and their soul and spirit is brought up from hades.”⁹⁸ Every person born into the world has eternal existence and is resurrected after death.“The essential identity of the dying and risen body is hereby shown; for the sea and grave give up their dead. The body that sinned or served God shall, in righteous retribution, be the body also that shall suffer or be rewarded.”⁹⁹ The number given up by the sea will be enormous, the overwhelming majority being those lost in judgment in the global flood (Luke 17:27).

The abhorrent fate of those whose bodies were devoured by the fish accounts for the special mention of this group at the resurrection . . . Both Greeks and Romans attached great importance to land burial and the inviolability of the tomb. They recoiled with great horror at the thought of death by drowning or even burial at sea.¹⁰⁰

This is the “resurrection of condemnation” (John 5:29). See Order of Resurrection. See commentary on Revelation 20:11.

they were judged, each one according to his works

See commentary on Revelation 20:11.

3.20.14 - Revelation 20:14 Open Bible at Rev. 20:14 Listen to Rev. 20:14

Then Death and Hades were cast into the lake of fire

Death (representing the bodies of the dead which had lain in the earth and sea) and Hades (the place of torment for soul and spirit of the unrighteous dead between death and the judgment) will be destroyed. Their physical reality vanishes in the fleeing of the earth and heaven—the destruction of the old order:

Death and Hades, here viewed as if they were personal beings, share the same fate. They, of course, cease to be. There is nothing more of temporal death or of the place of departed spirits after this. They are not personal beings, hence their casting into “the lake of fire” is the end of them; but, conceived of as persons, they are consigned to exactly the same eternal punishment with the other wicked.¹⁰¹

They are the final enemies to be destroyed before the eternal state and are vanquished to the Lake of Fire, a cosmic garbage dump:

The clearest and most vivid of the New Testament terms used to describe the final hell, the lake of fire, is geenna (Gehenna). Gehenna is the New Testament word for the valley of Ben-Hinnom (also called Topheth; 2K. 23:10; Isa. 30:33; Jer. 7:31-32; 19:6), located southwest of Jerusalem. In Old Testament times, idolatrous Israelites burned their children in the fire there as sacrifices to false gods (Jer. 19:2-6). In Jesus’ day, it was the site of Jerusalem’s garbage dump. The fires kept constantly burning there gave off foul-smelling smoke, and the dump was infested with maggots. Sometimes the bodies of criminals were dumped there. The valley of Ben-Hinnom was thus an apt picture of eternal hell, one used repeatedly by Jesus (Mat. 5:22, 29, 30; 10:28; 18:9; 23:15, 33; Mark 9:43, 45, 47; Luke 12:5). Hell will be God’s eternal cosmic dump; its inmates will be burning as garbage forever.¹⁰²

Their casting into the Lake of Fire may be another indicator that none who stand in this judgment are saved. All who were part of the second resurrection (which emptied Death and Hades) are bound for the Lake of Fire.

This is the fulfillment of the promises of God to destroy death and the grave:

He will swallow up death forever, And the Lord GOD will wipe away tears from all faces; the rebuke of His people He will take away from all the earth; for the LORD has spoken. (Isa. 25:8)

So when this corruptible has put on incorruption, and this mortal has put on immortality, then shall be brought to pass the saying that is written: “Death is swallowed up in victory. O Death, where is your sting? O Hades, where is your victory?” (1Cor. 15:54-55 cf. Hos. 13:14).)

Then comes the end, when He delivers the kingdom to God the Father, when He puts an end to all rule and all authority and power. For He must reign till He has put all enemies under His feet. The last enemy that will be destroyed is death. (1Cor. 15:24-26)

And God will wipe away every tear from their eyes; there shall be no more death, nor sorrow, nor crying. There shall be no more pain, for the former things have passed away. (Rev. 21:4+)

This is the second death

The MT and NU texts have: “This is the second death, the lake of fire.” Those who overcome by placing their faith in the Overcomer “shall not be hurt by the second death” (Rev. 2:11+): Those who participated in the first resurrection need not fear the second death. “Over such the second death has no power” (Rev. 10:6a+).

He who overcomes shall inherit all things, and I will be his God and he shall be My son. But the cowardly, unbelieving, abominable, murderers, sexually immoral, sorcerers, idolaters, and all liars shall have their part in the lake which burns with fire and brimstone, which is the second death. (Rev. 21:7-8+)

See Births, Deaths, and Resurrections.

3.20.15 - Revelation 20:15 Open Bible at Rev. 20:15 Listen to Rev. 20:15

anyone not found written in the Book of Life was cast into the lake of fire

God is righteous and just. He will dutifully check the Book of Life for the name of each and every one who stands in this judgment. Scripture records the sober outcome: those not written in the book face eternal doom. Being “the resurrection of condemnation” (John 5:39), none of these will be found written. The Beast worshipers in their midst—a relatively small proportion of the sum total of unbelievers of all ages—will never have been written in the book (Rev. 13:8+; 17:8+; see Beast Worshipers are Unique). The rest of the unsaved dead were written in the book at one time, but having rejected God until their death, their names were blotted out (Ex. 32:32; Ps. 69:28; Rev. 3:5+).

Although their deeds determine the relative degree of punishment, all who reject the Lamb of God stand without atonement for their sin and are condemned. It is their absence from the Book of Life of the Lamb (Rev. 13:8+; 21:27+) which seals their fate and indicates a complete lack of relationship with Jesus—He never knew them (Mat. 7:22-23):

He who believes in Him is not condemned; but he who does not believe is condemned already, because he has not believed in the name of the only begotten Son of God. (John 3:18) [emphasis added]

He who believes and is baptized will be saved; but he who does not believe will be condemned. (Mark 16:16) [emphasis added]

He who believes in the Son has everlasting life; and he who does not believe the Son shall not see life, but the wrath of God abides on him. (John 3:36) [emphasis added]

And this is the testimony: that God has given us eternal life, and this life is in His Son. He who has the Son has life; he who does not have the Son of God does not have life. (1Jn. 5:11-12) [emphasis added]

See Book of Life.

The redeemed will be blessed with God’s intimate presence for eternity, but these go away into torment and eternal separation from all that is good—God. “These shall be punished with everlasting destruction from the presence of the Lord and from the glory of His power” (2Th. 1:9).

Yes, O man! O woman! whoever you may be, your biography is written. An unerring hand has recorded every item, with every secret thing. There is not an ill thought, a mean act, a scene of wrong in all your history, a dirty transaction, a filthiness of speech, or a base feeling that ever found entertainment in your heart, but is there described in bold hand, by its true name, and set down to your account, to be then brought forth for final settlement, if not clean blotted out through faith in Christ’s blood before this present life of yours is ended.¹⁰³

And I say to you, My friends, do not be afraid of those who kill the body, and after that have no more that they can do. But I will show you whom you should fear: Fear Him who, after He has killed, has power to cast into hell; yes, I say to you, fear Him! (Luke 12:4-5) [emphasis added]

Notes

¹ George H. N. Peters, The Theocratic Kingdom (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1978, 1884), 2:264.

² Charles Feinberg, Premillennialism or Amillennialism (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1936), 212.

³ Matthew Waymeyer, Revelation 20 and the Millennial Debate (The Woodlands, TX: Kress Christian Publications, 2001, 2004), 13.

⁴ See Literary Structure.

⁵ The angel with the key to the pit seen with the angel showing John the New Jerusalem in the background. Albrecht Durer (1471 - 1528). Image courtesy of the Connecticut College Wetmore Print Collection.

⁶ J. Marcellus Kik, Revelation Twenty: An Exposition (Philadelphia, PA: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company, 1955), 19-20.

⁷ Thomas Ice, “Some Practical Dangers of Preterism,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 423.

⁸ Frederick William Danker and Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 448.

⁹ John F. Walvoord, The Millennial Kingdom (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1959), 292.

¹⁰ Kik, Revelation Twenty: An Exposition, 17.

¹¹ Ibid., 27.

¹² Lewis Sperry Chafer, Systematic Theology (Dallas, TX: Dallas Theological Seminary, 1976), 4:281.

¹³ The ‘ch’ is pronounced as a ‘k’: kill-iasm.

¹⁴ Kik, Revelation Twenty: An Exposition, 28-29.

¹⁵ Ice, “Some Practical Dangers of Preterism,” 420.

¹⁶ Peters, The Theocratic Kingdom, 2:268.

¹⁷ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 283.

¹⁸ Alva J. McClain, The Greatness Of The Kingdom (Winona Lake, IN: BMH Books, 1959), 481.

¹⁹ Clarence Larkin, The Book of Revelation (Glenside, PA: Rev. Clarence Larkin Estate, 1919), 176.

²⁰ J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 457.

²¹ Donald Grey Barnhouse, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1971), 385.

²² Among this number are those few saints which rose shortly after Jesus as firstfruits (Mat. 27:51-53). See Order of Resurrection.

²³ Jerome Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1992), Rev. 20:4.

²⁴ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 641.

²⁵ A. R. Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” in Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997, 1877), Rev. 20:4.

²⁶ “The fact is that this pronoun, οἵτινες [hoitines] is in the nominative case, and therefore does not depend on any verb, but is the subject of a new sentence altogether, of which the verb is ‘lived again.’ This is a grammatical fact that scientifically determines the matter for us, and prevents us from introducing our own opinions. Of one class of persons, viz., the beheaded martyrs, it is said that they were righteously judged and vindicated. The next statement of verse 4 goes on to say that not only these (who were beheaded), but all, including these who refused to worship the Beast, ‘lived again’: i.e., had part in the first resurrection.”—E. W. Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1984, 1935), Rev. 20:4.

²⁷ Monty S. Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John (Dallas, TX: 3E Ministries, 1987), Rev. 20:4.

²⁸ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 458.

²⁹ Those with physical abnormalities by birth or accident, who lack a right hand, can receive the mark on their forehead.

³⁰ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 336.

³¹ Daniel B. Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics - Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House and Galaxie Software, 1999, 2002), 559.

³² Alan F. Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 188.

³³ Peters, The Theocratic Kingdom, 2:266.

³⁴ Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe, Ante-Nicene Fathers Vol. I (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Company, 1885), s.v. “ECF 1.1.7.1.5.36.”

³⁵ Timothy Friberg, Barbara Friberg, and Neva F. Miller, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2000), 54, 49.

³⁶ Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, Rev. 20:5.

³⁷ Kik, Revelation Twenty: An Exposition, 53.

³⁸ We once listened to a nationally-known radio preacher preach against the idea that there were two resurrections anywhere to be found in Scripture. During his entire presentation—lasting nearly an hour—he never once mentioned Revelation 20+!

³⁹ Walvoord, The Millennial Kingdom, 282-283.

⁴⁰ Nathaniel West, The Thousand Years in both Testaments (Fincastle, VA: Scripture Truth Book Co., n.d.), 266.

⁴¹ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 725.

⁴² Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 338.

⁴³ Peters, The Theocratic Kingdom, 2:269.

⁴⁴ Walvoord, The Millennial Kingdom, 278-279.

⁴⁵ Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, Rev. 20:5.

⁴⁶ Peters, The Theocratic Kingdom, 2:291.

⁴⁷ “John does not directly refer to a second resurrection; a second resurrection is, however, correctly inferred both from the use of prōtē and also from the expression ‘the rest of the dead did not come to life until the thousand years were ended’ (Rev. 20:5+).”—Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, 188.

⁴⁸ Barnhouse, Revelation, 381.

⁴⁹ J. Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1958), 396.

⁵⁰ See Steve Lewis, The Resurrection of Church-Age Believers, www.spiritandtruth.org/teaching/Book_of_1st_Thessalonians/08_1Thess_4_13-18/webshow.htm#5.

⁵¹ John F. Walvoord, Every Prophecy of the Bible (Colorado Springs, CO: Chariot Victor Publishing, 1990, 1999), 464, 275.

⁵² “Matthew alone mentions this miracle. Nothing more is said about these people, which would be unlikely if they remained on earth for long. Evidently, these people were given glorified bodies; they appeared ‘to many’ (Mat. 27:53), enough to establish the reality of the miracle; and then they no doubt ascended to glory—a kind of foretaste of 1Th. 4:16.”—John MacArthur, The MacArthur Study Bible (Nashville, TN: Word Publishing, 1997), Mat. 27:52.

⁵³ See Events of the 70th Week of Daniel.

⁵⁴ “The chief problem relative to the resurrections at the second coming of Christ among premillenarians is the question of whether righteous Israel and Old Testament saints in general are raised at this time. A popular interpretation originating in Darby and his associates is that resurrection of Old Testament saints takes place at the same time as the rapture of the church, that is, before the tribulation. This interpretation has been followed by such worthy expositors as William Kelly, A. C. Gaebelein, C. I. Scofield, and a host of others. Support for this interpretation is provided by three general arguments: (1) Christ died for Old Testament saints as well as for the church and therefore they are entitled to resurrection at the same time as the church , (2) According to 1 Thessalonians 4:16, the voice of the archangel is heard at the time of the rapture. Inasmuch as Michael, the archangel, is the special protector of Israel, his presence at the rapture would indicate Israel’s resurrection. (3) The twenty-four elders of Revelation 4+ are composed of both Old and New Testament saints and, inasmuch as these are pictured in heaven crowned and therefore rewarded in Revelation 4+ before the tribulation, it would indicate that Old Testament saints as well as the church have already been raised from the dead. . . . [But], there are good reasons for reconsideration. The reference to ‘the dead in Christ’ (1Th. 4:16) by no means clearly includes all saints. The expression ‘in Christ’ is uniformly used in the New Testament, wherever it has theological meaning, as a reference to those who have been baptized by the Spirit into the body of Christ, and is never used in reference to saints before the Day of Pentecost. It is significant that the word saints, a more general designation of the righteous, is not used but a technical expression, ‘the dead in Christ,’ is used instead. It would seem to indicate a limitation of the prediction to those [having been baptized by the Holy Spirit] who die in the present dispensation. . . . Over against the obscurity in the New Testament, however, is the fact that the Old Testament seems to place the resurrection of Israel after the tribulation [Dan. 12:1-2].”—Walvoord, The Millennial Kingdom, 279-281.

⁵⁵ Opinions differ as to whether this passage includes any reference to a literal, physical resurrection. The context of the passage argues against it: (1) The bones are seen laying on the surface of the ground; (2) The bones are said to be “the whole house of Israel” (Eze. 37:11); (3) The manner in which the resurrection occurs—stage by stage and in response to Ezekiel’s command—is unlike any other physical resurrection recorded in Scripture.

⁵⁶ There is a difference of opinion as to whether any believers are part of this resurrection. See commentary on Revelation 20:12.

⁵⁷ John F. Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1966), 307.

⁵⁸ Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 376.

⁵⁹ LaHaye, “A Literal Millennium as Taught in Scripture, Part 4,” in Thomas Ice, ed., Pre-Trib Perspectives, vol. 8 no. 10 (Dallas, TX: Pre-Trib Research Center, February 2004), 2.

⁶⁰ “The resurrection of the dead, [including] the wicked as well as the rest of the righteous who not being of the number of the martyrs had not already been raised to a share in the Millennial Kingdom.”—Isbon T. Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2001), 161. “The wicked who had died from the time of Adam to Christ’s second advent, and all the righteous and wicked who had died during and after the millennium, shall then have their eternal portion assigned to them.”—Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 20:11.

⁶¹ Barnhouse, Revelation, 390.

⁶² Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, 189.

⁶³ Luke 15:24, 32; John 3:3, 7; Gal. 6:15; 1Pe. 1:3, 23; 1Jn. 2:29; 3:9; 5:1, 18.

⁶⁴ “The order of events in the resurrection program would be: (1) the resurrection of Christ as the beginning of the resurrection program (1Cor. 15:23); (2) the resurrection of the church age saints at the rapture (1Th. 4:16); (3) the resurrection of the tribulation period saints (Rev. 20:3-5+), together with (4) the resurrection of Old Testament saints (Dan. 12:2; Isa. 26:19) at the second advent of Christ to the earth; and finally (5) the final resurrection of the unsaved dead [the second resurrection] (Rev. 20:5+, 11-14+) at the end of the millennial age. The first four stages would all be included in the first resurrection.”—Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 411.

⁶⁵ “As there is a life beyond this present life for the faithful, so a death beyond the death which falls under our eye for the wicked.”—Richard Chenevix Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1861), 111.

⁶⁶ The King James Version translates both Hades and Gehenna—the Lake of Fire—as hell. They are actually two different places. The final destiny of the unsaved is the latter, an existence of eternal punishment: “ ‘Vita damnatorum mors est,’ [death is a life of punishment] is the fearful gloss of Augustine.”—Ibid.

⁶⁷ Merrill F. Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), Isa. 66:21.

⁶⁸ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 483.

⁶⁹ Merrill K. Unger, R. Harrison, Frederic F Vos, and Cyril J. Barber, The New Unger’s Bible Dictionary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1988), s.v. “Gog.”

⁷⁰ Kenneth H. Cuffey, “Gog,” in David Noel Freeman, ed., The Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York, NY: Doubleday, 1996, c1992), 2:1056.

⁷¹ Ronald F. Youngblood and R. K. Harrison, eds., Nelson’s New Illustrated Bible Dictionary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1997, c1995), s.v. “Magog.”

⁷² McClain, The Greatness Of The Kingdom, 187.

⁷³ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 121.

⁷⁴ Barnhouse suggests that the Gog of Ezekiel, by way of demonic powers, is brought back after the Millennium for this final rebellion: “Just as Satan entered into Judas (John 13:27), whether personally or through one of his mighty principalities and powers we do not know, and as Satan clothed the human being called the wild beast, with his power, his throne, and great authority (Rev. 13:2+), thus making him the Antichrist, so Satan possesses some princeling, perhaps named Gog, through one of his mighty angels who own his sway.”—Barnhouse, Revelation, 387.

⁷⁵ Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ, 303.

⁷⁶ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 685.

⁷⁷ Ibid., 666.

⁷⁸ Ibid., 625.

⁷⁹ James Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Ontario: Woodside Bible Fellowship, 1996), G3925.

⁸⁰ Barnhouse, Revelation, 388.

⁸¹ Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, 191.

⁸² William R. Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1994,c1935), 320.

⁸³ Clarence Larkin, Dispensational Truth (Glenside, PA: Rev. Clarence Larkin Estate, 1918, 1920), 96.

⁸⁴ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 520-521.

⁸⁵ Concerning the eternal aspect of torment for the unjust: Ecc. c. 12:5; Isa. 66:24; Dan. 12:2; Mat. 3:12; 25:41-46; Mark 9:43-46; 2Th. 1:9; 2Pe. 2:17; Jude 1:13; Rev. 14:11+; 19:20+; 20:10+.

⁸⁶ Barnhouse, Revelation, 389.

⁸⁷ Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament, Dan. 7:9a.

⁸⁸ Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter, 328.

⁸⁹ Arthur W. Kac, The Messiahship of Jesus (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1980), 191.

⁹⁰ Barnhouse, Revelation, 391.

⁹¹ Henry Morris, The Revelation Record (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1983), Rev. 20:11.

⁹² Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ, 216.

⁹³ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 522.

⁹⁴ “As the term general revelation is historically and universally employed in evangelical theology, the term general is intended to characterize not the character of revelation under discussion, but the audience to whom that revelation is available. . . It is general in its scope; that is, it reaches to all people.”—John F. MacArthur and Wayne A. Mack, Introduction to Biblical Counseling (Dallas, TX: Word Publishing, 1994), 76.

⁹⁵ Loraine Boettner, The Reformed Doctrine of Predestination (Phillipsburg, NJ: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company, 1932), 98.

⁹⁶ John MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 2000), Rev. 20:12.

⁹⁷ Before the crucifixion. After the ascension they relocated from Hades to heaven.

⁹⁸ Walvoord, The Millennial Kingdom, 332.

⁹⁹ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 20:13.

¹⁰⁰ Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 8-22 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1995), Rev. 20:13.

¹⁰¹ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 481.

¹⁰² MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 20:14.

¹⁰³ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 479.

4.11 - Millennial Kingdom Listen to Millennial Kingdom

The phrase “Millennial Kingdom” refers to a future period when Jesus Christ reigns over an earthly kingdom for 1,000 years.

“The Millennium,” [is] from the Latin words “Mille” (1000) and “Annum” (year). It is to be regretted, however, that the word “Millennium” ever supplanted the Biblical word “Kingdom,” for it is this period that Christ taught His Disciples to pray for in the petition—“Thy Kingdom Come. . .” [Mat. 6:10].¹

The Millennial Kingdom on Earth

The Millennial Kingdom on Earth²

Most agree, when taken at face value, chapter 20 of the book of Revelation reveals there is to be a future earthly kingdom of 1,000 years duration following the Second Coming of Christ. Yet there is great disagreement as to whether this is actually what the passage describes. For a variety of reasons, many refuse to interpret passages in the book of Revelation literally using The Golden Rule of Interpretation. This is especially true concerning Revelation 20+ which is the focal point in the NT for differences between the three main eschatological systems of interpretation: premillennialism, postmillennialism, and amillennialism.

4.11.1 - Views of the Millennium Listen to Views of the Millennium

Each of the three major views concerning the Millennium is summarized below. We believe the Scriptures, when interpreted normally according to the Golden Rule of Interpretation, teach premillennialism—that after Christ returns He establishes a literal, earthly kingdom lasting one thousand years and rules from the throne of David. After the thousand years, God creates a new heaven and a new earth which is the eternal state that most today would consider as “heaven.” Then, Christ’s throne and the Father’s throne (Rev. 3:21+) merge into a single throne, “the throne of God and of the Lamb” (Rev. 22:1+).

Views of the Return of Christ and the Millennium³

View
Christ Returns
Characteristics
Interpretation

Premillennialism
Before the 1,000 year kingdom.
Christ returns before establishing His literal kingdom on earth. He will reign with his saints in fulfillment of OT and NT prophecy. The reign on earth will last for 1,000 years.
Futurist

Postmillennialism
After a golden age on earth.
Christ will return after the 1,000 years which represent a golden age of unspecified duration. This age is ushered in by the triumph of the gospel as the world converts, in large part, to Christianity through the efforts of the church.
Idealist or Preterist

Amillennialism⁴
(No literal earthly kingdom.)
There is no literal reign of Christ over an earthly kingdom. Christ is presently reigning over a spiritual kingdom in either: (1) the hearts of men; (2) heaven, or (3) the church. The 1,000 years is a symbol representing an extended period of time.⁵ Many amillennialists believe that the fullness of the kingdom has already arrived on earth and we are presently in the age between the first and second resurrections. “Generally speaking, this view holds that Christ will return in His second coming and immediately usher in the new heaven and the new earth with no intervening thousand-year reign. This view interprets many passages in the Old and New Testaments that refer to the millennial kingdom as being fulfilled in a nonliteral way, either in the present experience of the church on earth or the experience of the church in heaven.”⁶ For example, Jerome: “The saints will in no wise have an earthly kingdom, but only a celestial one; thus must cease the fable of one thousand years.” ⁷
Idealist or Preterist

4.11.2 - Allegorizing and Spiritualizing the Truth

One reason we spent considerable time discussing topics such as Systems of Interpretation before we began our verse-by-verse commentary was because of the importance of interpretation when reading the Scriptures. Although most believers read the same Bible text and agree that the Scriptures are God’s Word, views concerning the meaning of the text vary enormously. These variations in meaning attributed to the text are not the result of differences between different Bible texts, which are very minor, but are due to differences in how the text is interpreted. This is especially true for the book of Revelation and chapter 20.

Although premillennialists read Revelation 20+ and the book of Revelation using normal interpretation, which recognizes figures of speech, amillennialists and postmillennialists generally do not. They tend to spiritualize or allegorize elements to fit their own ideas about what the text should mean:

The allegorizing trend was also advocated by A. A. Hodge, who writes, “The Old Testament prophecies, . . . which predict this [Davidic] kingdom, must refer to the present dispensation of grace [the church], and not to a future reign of Christ on earth in person among men in the flesh. The spiritual interpretation of this difficult passage (Rev. 20:1-10+) is as follows: Christ has in reserve for his church a period of universal expansion and of pre-eminent spiritual prosperity. The New Testament is entirely silent on the subject of any such return [of the Jews to the land of their fathers]. . . . the literal interpretation of these [Old Testament] passages is inconsistent with what the New Testament plainly teaches as to the abolition of all distinctions between the Jew and Gentile.”⁸

Possibly the most extreme example of how far amillennialists will go in their twisting of the plain meaning of a passage is found in their interpretation of the binding of Satan in Revelation 20:1-3+. According to amillennialists, Satan was bound at the cross, but his “binding” is in such a way that he can still deceive. Although they play subtle word games in an attempt to mask the illogical implications of their teaching, the result is a denial of the plain reading of the text. The text says Satan is bound, shut up, and sealed in the bottomless pit, where he cannot deceive the nations for the duration of the thousand years. In contrast to the text, the amillennialist teaches that his binding is incomplete so he can still deceive while “bound.” This sort of binding is no binding at all. See our commentary on Revelation 20:2.

Ultimately, the disagreement between interpreters concerning whether Satan is currently bound and whether Scripture teaches a future Millennial Kingdom on earth reflects pervasive differences on foundational issues:

Interpreting the OT - How are OT promises to be understood? Must they be fulfilled as they were understood in the context of those who originally received them, using the normal meaning of language in their day? Premillennialists generally say, yes, but amillennialists and postmillennialists usually say either, no or, it depends. Walvoord observed: “A literal promise spiritualized is exegetical fraud.”⁹

Kingdom Now - Are all of God’s kingdom promises already active in the present age? Amillennialists and postmillennialists generally say, yes, whereas premillennialists say, no—there are major aspects of God’s kingdom which require a future literal reign on earth in the person of Jesus Christ. Amillennialists and postmillennialists will generally say that Christ is reigning from the Davidic throne in heaven now, whereas premillennialists say he is seated to the right hand of His Father’s throne and does not take up the Davidic throne until His literal return to earth (Mat. 25:31; Rev. 3:21+).¹⁰

Who is Israel - Amillennialists and most postmillennialists believe that the church is the “new Israel” and has inherited the OT promises originally given to the nation Israel. They minimize any distinctive role for the nation of Israel in the plan of God. Most Premillennialists believe that the church is a new spiritual creation which began on the Day of Pentecost and is separate and distinct from Israel. Also: that the OT promises given to national Israel still await a future literal fulfillment.

There are many other differences between these systems of interpretation, but these are among the most significant.

4.11.3 - Why a Millennial Kingdom? Listen to Why a Millennial Kingdom?

Why must there be a future thousand-year kingdom on earth? Even in the absence of the book of Revelation, premillennialists would expect a future kingdom on earth because one is required in order for God to fulfill the many OT promises which require such a kingdom:

It is to be regretted, however, that the word “millennium” ever supplanted the Biblical word “kingdom.” For we are not dependent on the twentieth chapter of Revelation for our understanding of the kingdom age. it is mentioned and described so many times by the Hebrew prophets that the Bible would not make sense unless there is a literal kingdom. In fact, if there is no kingdom, God’s word cannot be trusted, and many of the promises of God to both Israel and the Gentile nations would go unfulfilled. That is impossible. . . . The kingdom is guaranteed if for no other reason than Jesus promised He would return and set it up and permit His twelve disciples to rule on thrones [Mat. 19:28; Luke 22:30] and as we shall see, so will His “saints.”¹¹

Due to the superficial knowledge of so many in our day . . . they have not recognized . . . in their study of the Scriptures . . . ‘the 1000 years’ of John are found in the Old Testament prophets, but still keep harping on the old and tuneless string that ’the Millennium is found in only one passage of the Bible, and that in a very obscure book called the Apocalypse!¹²

None of the promises which God has given are more important than those which are the subject of unconditional formal agreements, called covenants which God made in the OT. A plain reading of each of the Biblical covenants¹³ indicates there are elements of the covenants which remain unfulfilled. Since these covenants are unconditional, then it follows that they will be fulfilled else God’s word would be broken:

Another basis for the belief in a coming kingdom rests on the four unconditional, unfulfilled covenants [Abrahamic, Land, Davidic, New] God made with Israel. These covenants are unconditional and so rely solely on God for their fulfillment and not on Israel. They are also unfulfilled and since God is One who keeps His promises, they must be fulfilled in the future. They can only be fulfilled within the framework of a messianic age or a millennial kingdom.¹⁴

Another reason there must be a Millennial Kingdom is because there are numerous passages, especially in the OT, which describe conditions which sound a lot like the eternal state,¹⁵ but contain elements which are incompatible with what we know about the eternal state. For example:

For behold, I create new heavens and a new earth; and the former shall not be remembered or come to mind. But be glad and rejoice forever in what I create; for behold, I create Jerusalem as a rejoicing, and her people a joy. I will rejoice in Jerusalem, and joy in My people; the voice of weeping shall no longer be heard in her, nor the voice of crying. No more shall an infant from there live but a few days, nor an old man who has not fulfilled his days; for the child shall die one hundred years old, but the sinner being one hundred years old shall be accursed. (Isa. 65:17-20) [emphasis added]

In the midst of describing a time of tremendous blessing and restoration, Isaiah mentions two facts which are incompatible with the eternal state: death and sin (cf. Rev. 21:4+, 8+; 22:15+). It is obvious that this passage has never been fulfilled in history past. It most certainly doesn’t describe history present. And it cannot describe the eternal state. So what is an interpreter to do? There are basically two “solutions” to this predicament. Which solution one chooses determines if one winds up a premillennialist or not: (1) take the text at face value and assume there must be a time where conditions are as the text describes—the Millennial Kingdom on earth, or (2) spiritualize or allegorize the text to deny its literal meaning and interpret it as a vague description of general spiritual principles.

But to what part of the history of salvation are we to look for a place for the fulfilment of such prophecies as these of the state of peace prevailing in nature around the church, except in the millennium? A prophet was certainly no fanatic, so that we could say, these are beautiful dreams. . . . The prophet here promises a new age, in which the patriarchal measure of human life will return, in which death will no more break off the life that is just beginning to bloom, and in which the war of man with the animal world will be exchanged for peace without danger. And when is all this to occur? Certainly not in the blessed life beyond the grave, to which it would be both absurd and impossible to refer these promises, since they presuppose a continued mixture of sinners with the righteous, and merely a limitation of the power of death, not its utter destruction. But when then? This question ought to be answered by the anti-millenarians. They throw back the interpretation of prophecy to a stage, in which commentators were in the habit of lowering the concrete substance of the prophecies into mere doctrinal loci communes [generalities]. They take refuge behind the enigmatical character of the Apocalypse, without acknowledging that what the Apocalypse predicts under the definite form of the millennium is the substance of all prophecy, and that no interpretation of prophecy on sound principles is any longer possible from the standpoint of an orthodox antichiliasm, inasmuch as the antichiliasts twist the word in the mouths of the prophets, and through their perversion of Scripture shake the foundation of all doctrines, every one of which rests upon the simple interpretation of the words of revelation¹⁶

One of the purposes of the Millennial Kingdom is to demonstrate what life on the earth would have been had man not rebelled in the Garden of Eden, but instead had exercised his God-given dominion in righteousness. The restoration (Mat. 19:28; Acts 3:21) of the earth in preparation for the Millennial Kingdom will roll back conditions to be much like they were prior to the flood. Animals will be vegetarian and will no longer fear man. The earth will be highly productive and peace will extend throughout the globe. This is what would have been in the absence of man’s rebellion. In the righteous rule of Jesus from Jerusalem, the Millennial Kingdom will be a time of great spiritual and material blessing, which was God’s intention for the earth from the beginning. It forms a transition between present history, floundering in sin, and the eternal state of perfection.¹⁷

Those who oppose the idea of a literal earthly kingdom often claim that premillennialists hold to this unsophisticated (even crude) idea because they don’t understand the spiritual blessings they already have and are unsatisfied with their lot. Some even claim that premillennialists are fleshly in their desire for material blessing:

An individual Christian may ask himself this question: “What more could the popular conception of the millennium give me that I already possess? I have a Saviour who is my Prophet, Priest, and King. God the Father is my covenant God. I have the forgiveness of sin. I have the promise of eternal life in heaven. I belong to the Church which is the Lamb’s Bride. I have the Holy Spirit as my Teacher, Sanctifier, and Comforter. I have security against my greatest enemies: Death, Hell, and the Devil. I belong to the commonwealth of Israel and am not a stranger from the covenants of promise.” What more does a Christian desire?¹⁸

Kik misrepresents the motivation behind premillennialism. It has nothing to do whatsoever with what premillennialists want or whether they are unsatisfied. The question is not about what premillennialists want, but what is it that God wants and, in particular, what has God said He WILL do? Premillennialists believe all that God has said and are not content to spiritualize away the plain meaning of the text in order to support the deluded notion that Satan is now bound and that the Church is ruling and reigning over the nations “to the ends of the earth” while the majority of the peoples on the earth haven’t the slightest idea this is so!

Another oft-heard criticism of a literal earthly kingdom is that such a belief is carnal and fleshly. In their pursuit of holiness, many have embraced the view that material things are bad and spiritual things are good. This idea is not from Scripture, but derives from the dualism of gnosticism which holds that the material realm is the seat of sin and the spiritual realm is the seat of pure things, lofty and high. But what does Scripture say? Who was it that created the material realm in the first place? God! What was God’s assessment of the material realm? “Then God saw everything that He had made, and indeed it was very good” (Gen. 1:31a). Neither material nor spiritual is inherently sinful. There are material things which are pure and there are spiritual things which are pure. There are material things which are sinful and there are spiritual things which are sinful (e.g., unclean spirits). The idea that a future time of material blessing is carnal is unsupportable from Scripture. It just so happens to be one aspect of a time of great blessing in both the material and spiritual realms which God has said He will bring on the earth.

The problem for those who deny the future earthly kingdom is one of dealing with reality. No matter how triumphant one’s theology, there comes a place when the rubber meets the road and practical reality impinges on faulty belief. The problem with those who deny premillennialism is that they confuse lack of faith with faulty interpretation. They blame the premillennialist for failing to realize the victory and dominion which the Church currently has because he lacks faith. However, the real problem is that the amillennialist or postmillennialist is deriving his theology from a faulty interpretation of the text. And in order to support that faulty view, he must continually deny the real facts on the ground. With each abortion, murder, war, or lie that occurs on the earth, the amillennialist—who believes Satan is currently bound—must go further and further out on a limb denying reality. The results are predictable: reality is increasingly denied by an incessant posturing of “victory” and “dominion” which is completely out-of-step with the real world.

In its extreme forms, amillennial interpretation has more in common with Mary Baker Eddy’s Christian Science—which denies the reality of sickness and pain as a mirage of the mind—than with Biblical Christianity. If Satan is bound, Amillennialists can only explain the reality of pain and sin and the horrid evidences of darkness all around us as a lack of faith or inadequate perspective on the part of the Church. For all the work has been done and all that remains is for the Church to realize what power she has and to take it up and overcome the sordid reality of darkness with “power theology.” The idea that God prophesied that Antichrist will be given dominion over faithful saints during the Great Tribulation, as recorded by the books of Daniel and Revelation, is simply not permissible in their worldview. If Satan is bound and cannot touch believers, what Scripture records as faithful martyrs must in fact be untaught saints who lack faith!

In the end, these spiritualized views do great damage. Not only do they twist the word of God so that it is made to serve up any desired result, but they damage the cause of Christ. The spiritualization of important passages calls into question the very foundation of the faith. Just where does spiritualization end and literal interpretation begin? If the resurrections of Revelation 20+ can be spiritualized, then why not our future physical resurrection or the resurrection of Jesus? If Satan is bound now, then perhaps we are also in the new heavens and the new earth? This is the slippery slope to full preterism—a heretical view.

There is also the issue of our witness in the midst of a skeptical world. If we tell a nonbelieving observer of the nightly news that Satan is bound, how likely is he to trust our discernment? And if we can be so wrong about Satan, why should he trust what we have to say concerning Jesus?

No, there are numerous reasons to expect a future Millennial Kingdom:

It is implied by God’s desire to demonstrate righteous dominion.

OT promises, when normally interpreted, require it.

NT prophecies, when normally interpreted, describe it.

Scripture and our daily experience affirm that God’s literal kingdom has not yet come on earth (Mat. 9:10).

Our daily experience affirms Satan is not bound.

4.11.4 - Summary of the Millennial Kingdom Listen to Summary of the Millennial Kingdom

It is not our purpose here to describe the Millennial Kingdom at great length. It is a large topic and the subject of scores of prophecies, especially in the OT. (See Additional Resources on the Millennial Kingdom.) The chart below provides a summary of the main characteristics of the Millennial Kingdom. As is readily seen, it will be a time unlike any in history. It will also be unlike the conditions in the eternal state (Rev. 21+-22+).

Imagine a world dominated by righteousness and goodness, a world where there is no injustice, where no court ever renders an unjust verdict, and where everyone is treated fairly. Imagine a world where what is true, right, and noble marks every aspect of life, including interpersonal relations, commerce, education, and government. Imagine a world where there is complete, total, enforced, and permanent peace, where joy abounds and good health prevails, so much so that people live for hundreds of years. Imagine a world where the curse is removed, where the environment is restored to the pristine purity of the Garden of Eden, where peace reigns even in the animal kingdom, so that “the wolf will dwell with the lamb, and the leopard will lie down with the young goat, and the calf and the young lion and the fatling together; and a little boy will lead them” (Isa. 11:6). Imagine a world ruled by a perfect, glorious Ruler, who instantly and firmly deals with sin. Humanly speaking, that description may seem far-fetched, a utopian fantasy that could never be reality. Yet it accurately describes conditions during the future earthly kingdom of the Lord Jesus Christ.¹⁹

Character of the Millennial Kingdom

Attribute
Description
Scriptures

Duration
One thousand years.
Rev. 20:2-5+

Theocratic Rule
God will rule in the person of Jesus Christ on the throne of David. King David reigns as a prince under Christ. See Millennial Reign of Messiah.
2S. 7:16; Ps. 89:20-37; Isa. 24:23; Jer. 30:9; 33:15-17; Eze. 34:23-24; 37:24-25; 45:22; Dan. 7:13-14; Hos. 3:5; Luke 1:30-33.

Representative Rule
The twelve apostles will represent Christ ruling over the twelve tribes. Church-age and Tribulation saints will represent Christ ruling over the Gentiles. See Millennial Reign of the Saints.
Isa. 32:1; Dan. 7:17-18, 21-22, 27; Mat. 19:28; Luke 22:30; Rev. 3:21+; 5:10+.

Universal Rule
Christ’s rule will extend both spiritually and literally over the entire earth.
Ps. 2:6-9; 72:8; Dan. 2:44; 4:34; 7:14, 27; Mic. 4:1-2; Zec. 9:10

Seat of Government
The earthly Jerusalem will be restored, blessed, and greatly expanded to serve as the seat of government and worship. See Jerusalem Married to God.²⁰
Isa. 62; Isa. 65:18-19; Eze. 48:15-19; Luke 21:24; Rev. 11:2+.

Global Environment
The heavens and earth will be renewed to restore the creation to Eden-like conditions and repair the damage from man’s long reign of abuse and the judgments of the Tribulation period.²¹
Isa. 65:17;²² Mat. 19:28

Populace
Resurrected and glorified saints will rule in the midst of Christ’s “brothers” (the faithful Jewish remnant), and the “sheep” (faithful Gentiles) who survive the Tribulation and enter the kingdom to form its initial population. Children will be born to those who enter the kingdom in their natural bodies.
Dan. 12:2; Isa. 26:19; 65:20, 23; Mat. 25:31; Rev. 20:4+

The Curse
Many aspects of the curse (Gen. 3:15-19) will be reversed. People will live to a great age, but death will still occur.²³ As before the flood, animals will revert to vegetarianism and will no longer fear man. Living waters will flow from beneath the sanctuary of the Millennial Temple bringing life to the regions they water.
Isa. 11:6-9; 65:20, 25; Eze. 47:8-12; Zec. 8:4; 14:8; (cf. Rev. 21:1-2+)

Productivity
The earth will be fruitful and men will enjoy the fruit of their labors.²⁴
Ps. 67:6-7; 72:16; Isa. 35:1; 55:13; 65:22; Joel 2:24-26; 3:18; Amos 9:13-14

Mount Zion
The region of Mount Zion will be lifted up to form the Mountain of the Lord’s House.²⁵ See Millennial Temple.
Isa. 2:2; 56:7; Eze. 20:40; 40:2; Zec. 14:4, 10-11; Mic. 4:1

Israel
Israel will finally inhabit the Promised Land permanently. She will serve as the focal point of the nations because Jesus will reign from Jerusalem.²⁶
Gen. 13:15; 17:8; 1Chr. 17:9; Ps. 105:8-11; Isa. 60:21; Jer. 3:18; 7:7; 30:3; 31:8-9; Eze. 37:25; 39:25-29; Amos 9:11-15

Peace
All implements of war will be destroyed in favor of implements of productivity. Nations will no longer go to war. Disagreements between nations will be judged by Christ from Jerusalem.
Ps. 72:3-7; Isa. 2:5; 9:7; Eze. 37:26; Mic. 4:3

Worship
A temple will stand in Jerusalem and all the nations will go up to Jerusalem to the Feast of Tabernacles. Sacrificial offerings will be resumed.²⁷
Isa. 2:3; 56:6-7; 66:20-23; Eze. 43:20, 26; 45:15, 17, 20; Jer. 33:18; Dan. 9:24; Joel 3:18; Hag. 2:7-9; Zec. 6:12-15; 8:20-23; 14:16-21; Mal. 3:3-4. See Millennial Sacrifices.

Demonic Realm
Satan will be bound in the abyss and demons will be imprisoned in the regions of Babylon, Edom, and possibly, the abyss. See commentary on Revelation 18:2 and Revelation 20:1.
Isa. 34:8-17; Rev. 18:2+; 20:3+

Language
The curse of Babel (Gen. 11:7), the introduction of varied languages, will be reversed. All the earth will have one language.
Zep. 3:8-12²⁸

4.11.5 - Millennial Reign of Messiah

The book of Revelation describes saints who are resurrected at the beginning of the Millennial Kingdom. They sit on thrones and judgment is committed to them. It is said that they reign with Christ for the full thousand years (Rev. 20:4+). If they reign with Christ during this period, then it follows that He must reign upon the promised throne of David during the Millennial Kingdom. There are many passages which show this is true, only a few of which we’ve included below.

As we’ve seen throughout our study of the book of Revelation, Psalm 2 is the bedrock OT promise around which the grand theme of Revelation develops: the physical placement of Christ over the nations.

I have set My King on My holy hill of Zion. . . . Ask of Me, and I will give You the nations for Your inheritance, and the ends of the earth for Your possession. (Ps. 2:7-8)

Christ will be given the ends of the earth for His possession. If this is to be the case, how can it be true now? Most of the world hasn’t the foggiest notion they are being broken by His scepter as potter’s vessels, as amillennialists would have us believe (Ps. 2:9)!

Isaiah tells us of a specific time when Messiah will reign from the throne of David:

Of the increase of His government and peace There will be no end, upon the throne of David and over His kingdom, to order it and establish it with judgment and justice from that time forward, even forever. The zeal of the LORD of hosts will perform this. (Isa. 9:7)

He also says that the reign will be in Jerusalem and that there will be elders (lesser rulers, see Millennial Reign of the Saints) who rule with Him.

Then the moon will be disgraced and the sun ashamed; for the Lord of hosts will reign on Mount Zion and in Jerusalem and before His elders, gloriously. (Isa. 24:23)

Isaiah indicates that although He was despised, kings and princes will arise (in honor and worship) for Him:

Thus says the Lord, The Redeemer of Israel, their Holy One, to Him whom man despises, to Him whom the nation abhors, to the Servant of rulers: “Kings shall see and arise, Princes also shall worship, because of the Lord who is faithful, the Holy One of Israel; and He has chosen You.” (Isa. 49:7)

Jeremiah tells us that in the time Christ reigns, there will be righteous judgment in the earth and that Israel will dwell safely during His reign:

“Behold, the days are coming,” says the LORD, “That I will raise to David a Branch of righteousness; a King shall reign and prosper, and execute judgment and righteousness in the earth. In His days Judah will be saved, and Israel will dwell safely; now this is His name by which He will be called: THE LORD OUR RIGHTEOUSNESS.” (Jer. 23:5-6)

How do we know this is yet future? First, the world cannot be characterized by righteous judgment. Second, Israel is not dwelling safely in her land.²⁹

Zechariah tells of a day when living waters will flow from Jerusalem, both to the east and to the west. In that day, the LORD will be King over all the earth:

And in that day it shall be That living waters shall flow from Jerusalem, half of them toward the eastern sea and half of them toward the western sea; in both summer and winter it shall occur. And the LORD shall be King over all the earth. In that day it shall be-“The LORD is one,” and His name one. (Zec. 14:8-9)

The extent of His rule is global and is recognized to be so by all nations. This is certainly not the case today.

Micah mentions a time of physical healing during which dispersed Israel will no longer be outcast, but will be a strong nation. At that time, Messiah will begin His eternal rule:

I will make the lame a remnant, and the outcast a strong nation; so the LORD will reign over them in Mount Zion from now on, even forever. (Mic. 4:7)

In the NT, Jesus promised his disciples that they would sit on thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel:

So Jesus said to them, “Assuredly I say to you, that in the regeneration, when the Son of Man sits on the throne of His glory, you who have followed Me will also sit on twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel.” (Mat. 19:28)

He will be great, and will be called the Son of the Highest; and the Lord God will give Him the throne of His father David. And He will reign over the house of Jacob forever, and of His kingdom there will be no end. (Luke 1:32-33)

Of particular interest, both Matthew and Luke record the future aspect of His rule. Jesus says this rule will be “in the regeneration,” παλιγγενεσίᾳ [palingenesia] —again genesis—when the earth is renovated following the destruction of the Tribulation in preparation for the Millennial Kingdom. This is not a spiritual regeneration, but refers to a physical reconstruction of the earth after His Second Coming.

Additional evidence of the future reign of Jesus on His throne can be found in His teaching concerning the Sheep and Goat Judgment.

When the Son of Man comes in His glory, and all the holy angels with Him, then He will sit on the throne of His glory. All the nations will be gathered before Him, and He will separate them one from another, as a shepherd divides his sheep from the goats. (Mat. 25:31-32) [emphasis added]

Notice carefully the chronology of what Jesus said: When the Son of Man comes in His glory . . . then He will sit on His throne. How much clearer could it be? Jesus’ reign on His own throne begins when He comes in His glory. This does not occur until the Second Coming, when He arrives with His holy angels. Until then, He is seated with His Father on a throne in heaven which is not the throne of David (Rev. 3:21+).

When Paul wrote to Timothy, he explained that Christ would judge at His appearing which would coincide with His kingdom:

I charge you therefore before God and the Lord Jesus Christ, who will judge the living and the dead at His appearing and His kingdom. . . (2Ti. 4:1)

The book of Revelation indicates that Jesus’ earthly rule is future:

To him who overcomes I will grant to sit with Me on My throne, as I also overcame and sat down with My Father on His throne. (Rev. 3:21+)

In the future, Christ will grant the overcomer to sit with Him on His throne, just like He was presently sitting with His Father on His throne. Jesus said these words after the crucifixion, resurrection, and several decades of the Church age had already passed. The certainty of a literal, future, earthly reign is the subject of the declaration at the sounding of the seventh trumpet:

Then the seventh angel sounded: And there were loud voices in heaven, saying, “The kingdoms of this world have become the kingdoms of our Lord and of His Christ, and He shall reign forever and ever!” (Rev. 11:15+)

This alludes to Psalm 2 (our Lord and of His Christ) and indicates that when Jesus rules as King, there will be no mistaking it! You will either be a broken potsherd or a humble servant. The countless authorities in our own day who reject Christ or don’t even know about Him are not in the picture which Scripture paints for the ultimate physical dominion of our Lord during His Millennial Kingdom.

4.11.6 - Millennial Reign of the Saints

As we saw above, Revelation 20:4+ mentions resurrected saints who rule and reign with Christ. Many other passages, both in the OT and NT, indicate the saints will co-rule with their Lord.

Isaiah indicates a coming righteous reign where princes will rule with Messiah:

Behold, a king will reign in righteousness, and princes will rule with justice. (Isa. 32:1).³⁰

Daniel received detailed revelation concerning the timing and reality of the rule of the saints. It does not occur until after the Beast is destroyed, just as the book of Revelation records (Rev. 19:20+). We know from Revelation 19+ that the Beast is destroyed at the Second Coming of Christ, therefore the reign of the saints has not yet come:

Those great beasts, which are four, are four kings which arise out of the earth. But the saints of the Most High shall receive the kingdom, and possess the kingdom forever, even forever and ever. (Dan. 7:17-18)

I was watching; and the same horn was making war against the saints, and prevailing against them, until the Ancient of Days came, and a judgment was made in favor of the saints of the Most High, and the time came for the saints to possess the kingdom. (Dan. 7:21-22)

Then the kingdom and dominion, and the greatness of the kingdoms under the whole heaven, shall be given to the people, the saints of the Most High. His kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and all dominions shall serve and obey Him. (Dan. 7:27)

Prior to their co-rule with Christ, they will undergo tribulation at the hands of the Beast (Rev. 13:7+, 15+; 15:2+; 20:4+). They are not just given a vague spiritual kingdom subject to ridicule by unbelievers who cannot tell it even exists. No! The kingdom and dominion is both spiritual and literal and there will be no question on the part of anyone concerning its reality when it arrives!

In the gospels, Jesus indicated that faithful servants would be given authority over cities (Luke 19:17-19). Numerous times James and John sought the position of being on the left and right of Jesus—positions of shared rulership (Mat. 20:20 cf. Mark 10:37).

In the book of Revelation, Jesus said that overcomers would sit with Him on His throne, even as He then sat on His father’s throne:

To him who overcomes I will grant to sit with Me on My throne, as I also overcame and sat down with My Father on His throne. (Rev. 3:21+)

This particular verse is very important because it shows the high degree of authority believers will have with Jesus. It also indicates that in approximately A.D. 95, when Jesus spoke these words, He was not on His own throne! This is a very important point to understand: the throne He will be taking is the throne of David (Mat. 25:31) and it is on earth. Although we have been made kings and priests (or a kingdom, priests to God—see commentary on Revelation 5:10), our reign is future and initially upon the earth:

And have made us kings and priests to our God; and we shall reign on the earth. (Rev. 5:10+) [emphasis added]

One of the criticisms that has been leveled against the premillennial understanding of the Millennial Kingdom is that it only lasts 1,000 years, whereas Scripture is replete with passages indicating Christ’s kingdom will be eternal.

The amillennialist sees a conflict here and insists that the eternality of Christ’s kingdom does not permit any place for a thousand year reign on earth. Calvin’s reason for rejecting the premillennial view as his concept that the thousand year reign nullified the eternal reign of Christ. Did the premillennialist limit the reign of Christ to a thousand years, his contention that “their fiction is too puerile to require or deserve refutation” would be true. However such is not the case. An important Scripture bearing on the discussion is 1 Corinthians 15:24-28.³¹

The solution to this problem is found in recognizing the transition which Paul records in 1 Corinthians 15:24-28. Christ rules in the millennium until the Great White Throne Judgment, when death itself is finally vanquished (Rev. 20:14+ cf. Rev. 21:4+). Then, He places His kingdom under the Father. Yet His rule continues into the eternal state, where there is a new heavens and a new earth (Rev. 21:1+) and where the saints will continue to co-rule with Him for eternity (Rev. 22:5+).

[1Cor. 15:24, 28] does not mean the end of our Lord’s regal activity, but rather that from here onward in the unity of the Godhead He reigns with the Father as the eternal Son. There are no longer two thrones: one His Messianic throne and the other the Father’s throne, as our Lord indicated in Revelation 3:21+. In the final Kingdom there is but one throne, and it is “the throne of God and of the Lamb” (Rev. 22:3+).³²

4.11.6.1 - Judgment by the Saints

Not only will the saints reign with Christ, they will also judge with Him (Rev. 20:4+). It is important to realize that even though the saints will perform judgment, this will not be the dominant activity during the Millennial Kingdom, at least not in the sense of meting out punishments.³³

Note that the term “judge” is used in a broader sense in Scripture than in our common parlance; it is often equivalent to ruler or king. This has an important bearing upon our conception of Christ returning to judge the earth at the Second Advent. The judgeship of Christ is not limited to passing sentence, but constitutes his reign as king over the earth.³⁴

The Psalmist records that all the saints will have the honor of judging rebellious nations. The judgment will be in accord with God’s written word. In their rule with Christ, they will have positions of great authority. They will be over the kings and nobles, leaders among the nations still in their natural bodies:

Let the high praises of God be in their mouth, and a two-edged sword in their hand, to execute vengeance on the nations, and punishments on the peoples; to bind their kings with chains, and their nobles with fetters of iron; to execute on them the written judgment—This honor have all His saints. Praise the Lord! (Ps. 149:6-9)

Do you not know that the saints will judge the world? And if the world will be judged by you, are you unworthy to judge the smallest matters? Do you not know that we shall judge angels? How much more, things that pertain to this life? (1Cor. 6:2-3).

When Paul was advising the Corinthians to judge matters among themselves, he reminded them that the saints will judge the world as well as angels. Paul wrote this during the current Church-age, after the crucifixion and resurrection. Surely it strains the imagination too far to adopt the view that this judging capability is already present and that we are judging angels! No, it pertains to a future time: the Millennial Kingdom and beyond.

It appears that judgment within the Millennial Kingdom will be divided, at its highest levels, between a line of Gentile authority and a line of Jewish authority. Several passages mention judgment of the Jewish tribes during this time:

Where the tribes go up, the tribes of the Lord, to the Testimony of Israel, to give thanks to the name of the Lord. For thrones are set there for judgment, the thrones of the house of David. (Ps. 122:4-5)³⁵

So Jesus said to them, “Assuredly I say to you, that in the regeneration, when the Son of Man sits on the throne of His glory, you who have followed Me will also sit on twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel.” (Mat. 19:28)

“But you are those who have continued with Me in My trials. And I bestow upon you a kingdom, just as My Father bestowed one upon Me, that you may eat and drink at My table in My kingdom, and sit on thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel.” (Luke 22:28-30)

It appears that Jewish saints—the resurrected apostles—will judge over the twelve tribes, the nation of Israel. At that time, all ten tribes will be present and accounted for. See Ten Tribes Lost?

4.11.7 - Millennial Passages Listen to Millennial Passages

Since it is often said that the premillennial view of a literal, earthly Millennial Kingdom rests upon what is held to be an obscure foundation in Revelation 20+, we offer the following evidence which demonstrates otherwise. This is by no means a comprehensive collection of the many passages in Scripture which describe the millennium. These are among the most obvious and important passages, although we are sure others could be included. Anyone with an open mind and a sound interpretive foundation for how to read the text can see for themselves that the doctrine of the Millennial Kingdom is hardly obscure or wanting for evidence.

We have emphasized portions of passages which illustrate specific incompatabilities with the eternal state. There is neither death, sin, Temple (the “LORD’s house”), or sea in the eternal state (Isa. 60:20; Rev. 21:1+, 4+, 22+, 23+, 25+; 22:5+).³⁶ There is no rebellion or need to judge in eternity. Passages which indicate a time of tremendous blessing, but which include these elements, must be interpreted in one of two ways: (1) as describing the current reality of believers in terms which are flowery rhetoric with little bearing on reality, or (2) as describing a golden age to come which cannot be the eternal state, but when great blessing will flow forth on the earth. It is our belief they are literal descriptions of the Millennial Kingdom on earth.

All the ends of the world shall remember and turn to the LORD, and all the families of the nations shall worship before You. For the kingdom is the LORD’S, and He rules over the nations. All the prosperous of the earth shall eat and worship; all those who go down to the dust shall bow before Him, Even he who cannot keep himself alive. (Ps 22:27-29) [emphasis added]

Oh, let the nations be glad and sing for joy! For You shall judge the people righteously, and govern the nations on earth. Selah let the peoples praise You, O God; let all the peoples praise You. Then the earth shall yield her increase; God, our own God, shall bless us. God shall bless us, and all the ends of the earth shall fear Him. (Ps 67:4-7) [emphasis added]

Give the king Your judgments, O God, And Your righteousness to the king’s Son. He will judge Your people with righteousness, and Your poor with justice. The mountains will bring peace to the people, and the little hills, by righteousness. He will bring justice to the poor of the people; He will save the children of the needy, And will break in pieces the oppressor. They shall fear You as long as the sun and moon endure, throughout all generations. He shall come down like rain upon the grass before mowing, like showers that water the earth. In His days the righteous shall flourish, and abundance of peace, until the moon is no more. He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from the River to the ends of the earth. Those who dwell in the wilderness will bow before Him, and His enemies will lick the dust. The kings of Tarshish and of the isles will bring presents; the kings of Sheba and Seba will offer gifts. Yes, all kings shall fall down before Him; all nations shall serve Him. For He will deliver the needy when he cries, the poor also, and him who has no helper. He will spare the poor and needy, and will save the souls of the needy. He will redeem their life from oppression and violence; and precious shall be their blood in His sight. And He shall live; and the gold of Sheba will be given to Him; prayer also will be made for Him continually, and daily He shall be praised. There will be an abundance of grain in the earth, on the top of the mountains; its fruit shall wave like Lebanon; and those of the city shall flourish like grass of the earth. His name shall endure forever; His name shall continue as long as the sun. And men shall be blessed in Him; all nations shall call Him blessed. Blessed be the LORD God, the God of Israel, Who only does wondrous things! And blessed be His glorious name forever! And let the whole earth be filled with His glory. Amen and Amen. The prayers of David the son of Jesse are ended. (Ps 72:1-20) [emphasis added]

Now it shall come to pass in the latter days That the mountain of the LORD’S house Shall be established on the top of the mountains, and shall be exalted above the hills; and all nations shall flow to it. Many people shall come and say, “Come, and let us go up to the mountain of the LORD, to the house of the God of Jacob; He will teach us His ways, and we shall walk in His paths.” For out of Zion shall go forth the law, and the word of the LORD from Jerusalem. He shall judge between the nations, and rebuke many people; they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks; nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war anymore. O house of Jacob, come and let us walk in the light of the LORD. (Isa. 2:2-5) [emphasis added]

There shall come forth a Rod from the stem of Jesse, and a Branch shall grow out of his roots. The Spirit of the LORD shall rest upon Him, the Spirit of wisdom and understanding, the Spirit of counsel and might, the Spirit of knowledge and of the fear of the LORD. His delight is in the fear of the LORD, and He shall not judge by the sight of His eyes, nor decide by the hearing of His ears; but with righteousness He shall judge the poor, and decide with equity for the meek of the earth; He shall strike the earth with the rod of His mouth, and with the breath of His lips He shall slay the wicked. Righteousness shall be the belt of His loins, and faithfulness the belt of His waist. The wolf also shall dwell with the lamb, the leopard shall lie down with the young goat, the calf and the young lion and the fatling together; and a little child shall lead them. The cow and the bear shall graze; their young ones shall lie down together; and the lion shall eat straw like the ox. The nursing child shall play by the cobra’s hole, and the weaned child shall put his hand in the viper’s den. They shall not hurt nor destroy in all My holy mountain, for the earth shall be full of the knowledge of the LORD as the waters cover the sea. And in that day there shall be a Root of Jesse, Who shall stand as a banner to the people; for the Gentiles shall seek Him, and His resting place shall be glorious. (Isa. 11:1-10) [emphasis added]

Indeed He says, ‘It is too small a thing that You should be My Servant to raise up the tribes of Jacob, and to restore the preserved ones of Israel; I will also give You as a light to the Gentiles, that You should be My salvation to the ends of the earth.’ Thus says the Lord, The Redeemer of Israel, their Holy One, to Him whom man despises, to Him whom the nation abhors, to the Servant of rulers: “Kings shall see and arise, Princes also shall worship, because of the Lord who is faithful, The Holy One of Israel; and He has chosen You.” (Isa. 49:6-7)

In the following passage from Isaiah, the prophet is given a vision which begins with elements of the millennium (sea, altar, Temple, ships, disobedience), but then appears to extend beyond to describe the eternal state (sun or moon not needed for light):

Arise, shine; for your light has come! And the glory of the LORD is risen upon you. For behold, the darkness shall cover the earth, and deep darkness the people; but the LORD will arise over you, and His glory will be seen upon you. The Gentiles shall come to your light, and kings to the brightness of your rising. Lift up your eyes all around, and see: They all gather together, they come to you; your sons shall come from afar, and your daughters shall be nursed at your side. Then you shall see and become radiant, and your heart shall swell with joy; because the abundance of the sea shall be turned to you, the wealth of the Gentiles shall come to you. The multitude of camels shall cover your land, the dromedaries of Midian and Ephah; all those from Sheba shall come; they shall bring gold and incense, and they shall proclaim the praises of the LORD. All the flocks of Kedar shall be gathered together to you, the rams of Nebaioth shall minister to you; they shall ascend with acceptance on My altar, and I will glorify the house of My glory. Who are these who fly like a cloud, and like doves to their roosts? Surely the coastlands shall wait for Me; and the ships of Tarshish will come first, to bring your sons from afar, their silver and their gold with them, to the name of the LORD your God, and to the Holy One of Israel, because He has glorified you. The sons of foreigners shall build up your walls, and their kings shall minister to you; for in My wrath I struck you, but in My favor I have had mercy on you. Therefore your gates shall be open continually; they shall not be shut day or night, that men may bring to you the wealth of the Gentiles, and their kings in procession. For the nation and kingdom which will not serve you shall perish, and those nations shall be utterly ruined. The glory of Lebanon shall come to you, the cypress, the pine, and the box tree together, to beautify the place of My sanctuary; and I will make the place of My feet glorious. Also the sons of those who afflicted you shall come bowing to you, and all those who despised you shall fall prostrate at the soles of your feet; and they shall call you The City of the LORD, Zion of the Holy One of Israel. Whereas you have been forsaken and hated, so that no one went through you, I will make you an eternal excellence, a joy of many generations. You shall drink the milk of the Gentiles, and milk the breast of kings; you shall know that I, the LORD, am your Savior and your Redeemer, the Mighty One of Jacob. Instead of bronze I will bring gold, instead of iron I will bring silver, instead of wood, bronze, and instead of stones, iron. I will also make your officers peace, and your magistrates righteousness. Violence shall no longer be heard in your land, neither wasting nor destruction within your borders; but you shall call your walls Salvation, and your gates Praise. The sun shall no longer be your light by day, nor for brightness shall the moon give light to you; but the LORD will be to you an everlasting light, and your God your glory. Your sun shall no longer go down, nor shall your moon withdraw itself; for the LORD will be your everlasting light, and the days of your mourning shall be ended. Also your people shall all be righteous; they shall inherit the land forever, the branch of My planting, the work of My hands, that I may be glorified. A little one shall become a thousand, and a small one a strong nation. I, the LORD, will hasten it in its time. (Isa. 60:1-22) [emphasis added]

“For behold, I create new heavens and a new earth; and the former shall not be remembered or come to mind. But be glad and rejoice forever in what I create; for behold, I create Jerusalem as a rejoicing, and her people a joy. I will rejoice in Jerusalem, and joy in My people; the voice of weeping shall no longer be heard in her, nor the voice of crying. No more shall an infant from there live but a few days, nor an old man who has not fulfilled his days; for the child shall die one hundred years old, but the sinner being one hundred years old shall be accursed. They shall build houses and inhabit them; they shall plant vineyards and eat their fruit. They shall not build and another inhabit; they shall not plant and another eat; for as the days of a tree, so shall be the days of My people, and My elect shall long enjoy the work of their hands. They shall not labor in vain, nor bring forth children for trouble; for they shall be the descendants of the blessed of the LORD, and their offspring with them. It shall come to pass that before they call, I will answer; and while they are still speaking, I will hear. The wolf and the lamb shall feed together, the lion shall eat straw like the ox, and dust shall be the serpent’s food. They shall not hurt nor destroy in all My holy mountain,” says the LORD. (Isa. 65:17-25) [emphasis added]

“I will set a sign among them; and those among them who escape I will send to the nations: to Tarshish and Pul and Lud, who draw the bow, and Tubal and Javan, to the coastlands afar off who have not heard My fame nor seen My glory. And they shall declare My glory among the Gentiles. Then they shall bring all your brethren for an offering to the LORD out of all nations, on horses and in chariots and in litters, on mules and on camels, to My holy mountain Jerusalem,” says the LORD, “as the children of Israel bring an offering in a clean vessel into the house of the LORD. And I will also take some of them for priests and Levites,” says the LORD. “For as the new heavens and the new earth Which I will make shall remain before Me,” says the LORD, “So shall your descendants and your name remain. And it shall come to pass That from one New Moon to another, and from one Sabbath to another, all flesh shall come to worship before Me,” says the LORD. “And they shall go forth and look upon the corpses of the men who have transgressed against Me. For their worm does not die, and their fire is not quenched. They shall be an abhorrence to all flesh.” (Isa. 66:19-24) [emphasis added]

Then say to them, ‘Thus says the Lord GOD: “Surely I will take the children of Israel from among the nations, wherever they have gone, and will gather them from every side and bring them into their own land; and I will make them one nation in the land, on the mountains of Israel; and one king shall be king over them all; they shall no longer be two nations, nor shall they ever be divided into two kingdoms again. They shall not defile themselves anymore with their idols, nor with their detestable things, nor with any of their transgressions; but I will deliver them from all their dwelling places in which they have sinned, and will cleanse them. Then they shall be My people, and I will be their God. David My servant shall be king over them, and they shall have one shepherd; they shall also walk in My judgments and observe My statutes, and do them. Then they shall dwell in the land that I have given to Jacob My servant, where your fathers dwelt; and they shall dwell there, they, their children, and their children’s children, forever; and My servant David shall be their prince forever. Moreover I will make a covenant of peace with them, and it shall be an everlasting covenant with them; I will establish them and multiply them, and I will set My sanctuary in their midst forevermore. My tabernacle also shall be with them; indeed I will be their God, and they shall be My people. The nations also will know that I, the LORD, sanctify Israel, when My sanctuary is in their midst forevermore.” ’ (Eze. 37:21-28)

Then he brought me back to the door of the temple; and there was water, flowing from under the threshold of the temple toward the east, for the front of the temple faced east; the water was flowing from under the right side of the temple, south of the altar. He brought me out by way of the north gate, and led me around on the outside to the outer gateway that faces east; and there was water, running out on the right side. And when the man went out to the east with the line in his hand, he measured one thousand cubits, and he brought me through the waters; the water came up to my ankles. Again he measured one thousand and brought me through the waters; the water came up to my knees. Again he measured one thousand and brought me through; the water came up to my waist. Again he measured one thousand, and it was a river that I could not cross; for the water was too deep, water in which one must swim, a river that could not be crossed. He said to me, “Son of man, have you seen this?” Then he brought me and returned me to the bank of the river. When I returned, there, along the bank of the river, were very many trees on one side and the other. Then he said to me: “This water flows toward the eastern region, goes down into the valley, and enters the sea. When it reaches the sea, its waters are healed. And it shall be that every living thing that moves, wherever the rivers go, will live. There will be a very great multitude of fish, because these waters go there; for they will be healed, and everything will live wherever the river goes. It shall be that fishermen will stand by it from En Gedi to En Eglaim; they will be places for spreading their nets. Their fish will be of the same kinds as the fish of the Great Sea, exceedingly many. But its swamps and marshes will not be healed; they will be given over to salt. Along the bank of the river, on this side and that, will grow all kinds of trees used for food; their leaves will not wither, and their fruit will not fail. They will bear fruit every month, because their water flows from the sanctuary. Their fruit will be for food, and their leaves for medicine.” (Eze 47:1-12) [emphasis added]

For the children of Israel shall abide many days without king or prince, without sacrifice or sacred pillar, without ephod or teraphim. Afterward the children of Israel shall return and seek the Lord their God and David their king. They shall fear the Lord and His goodness in the latter days. (Ho 3:4-5)

“Therefore wait for Me,” says the LORD, “Until the day I rise up for plunder; My determination is to gather the nations to My assembly of kingdoms, to pour on them My indignation, all my fierce anger; all the earth shall be devoured with the fire of My jealousy. For then I will restore to the peoples a pure language, that they all may call on the name of the LORD, to serve Him with one accord. From beyond the rivers of Ethiopia My worshipers, The daughter of My dispersed ones, shall bring My offering. In that day you shall not be shamed for any of your deeds in which you transgress against Me; for then I will take away from your midst those who rejoice in your pride, and you shall no longer be haughty in My holy mountain. I will leave in your midst a meek and humble people, and they shall trust in the name of the LORD.” (Zep 3:8-12)

Now it shall come to pass in the latter days That the mountain of the LORD’S house Shall be established on the top of the mountains, and shall be exalted above the hills; and peoples shall flow to it. Many nations shall come and say, “Come, and let us go up to the mountain of the LORD, to the house of the God of Jacob; He will teach us His ways, and we shall walk in His paths.” For out of Zion the law shall go forth, and the word of the LORD from Jerusalem. He shall judge between many peoples, and rebuke strong nations afar off; they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks; nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more. But everyone shall sit under his vine and under his fig tree, and no one shall make them afraid; for the mouth of the LORD of hosts has spoken. For all people walk each in the name of his god, but we will walk in the name of the LORD our God forever and ever. “In that day,” says the LORD, “I will assemble the lame, I will gather the outcast and those whom I have afflicted; I will make the lame a remnant, and the outcast a strong nation; so the LORD will reign over them in Mount Zion from now on, even forever. And you, O tower of the flock, the stronghold of the daughter of Zion, to you shall it come, even the former dominion shall come, the kingdom of the daughter of Jerusalem.” Now why do you cry aloud? Isa. there no king in your midst? Has your counselor perished? For pangs have seized you like a woman in labor. Be in pain, and labor to bring forth, O daughter of Zion, like a woman in birth pangs. For now you shall go forth from the city, you shall dwell in the field, and to Babylon you shall go. There you shall be delivered; there the LORD will redeem you from the hand of your enemies. Now also many nations have gathered against you, who say, “Let her be defiled, and let our eye look upon Zion.” But they do not know the thoughts of the LORD, nor do they understand His counsel; for He will gather them like sheaves to the threshing floor. “Arise and thresh, O daughter of Zion; for I will make your horn iron, and I will make your hooves bronze; you shall beat in pieces many peoples; I will consecrate their gain to the LORD, and their substance to the Lord of the whole earth.” (Mic 4:1-13) [emphasis added]

Thus says the LORD: ‘I will return to Zion, and dwell in the midst of Jerusalem. Jerusalem shall be called the City of Truth, the Mountain of the LORD of hosts, the Holy Mountain.’ Thus says the LORD of hosts: ‘Old men and old women shall again sit in the streets of Jerusalem, Each one with his staff in his hand because of great age. The streets of the city shall be full of boys and girls playing in its streets.’ (Zec 8:3-5) [emphasis added]

And in that day it shall be That living waters shall flow from Jerusalem, half of them toward the eastern sea And half of them toward the western sea; in both summer and winter it shall occur. And the LORD shall be King over all the earth. In that day it shall be-“The LORD is one,” and His name one. All the land shall be turned into a plain from Geba to Rimmon south of Jerusalem. Jerusalem shall be raised up and inhabited in her place from Benjamin’s Gate to the place of the First Gate and the Corner Gate, and from the Tower of Hananeel to the king’s winepresses. The people shall dwell in it; and no longer shall there be utter destruction, but Jerusalem shall be safely inhabited. . . . And it shall come to pass that everyone who is left of all the nations which came against Jerusalem shall go up from year to year to worship the King, the LORD of hosts, and to keep the Feast of Tabernacles. And it shall be that whichever of the families of the earth do not come up to Jerusalem to worship the King, the LORD of hosts, on them there will be no rain. If the family of Egypt will not come up and enter in, they shall have no rain; they shall receive the plague with which the LORD strikes the nations who do not come up to keep the Feast of Tabernacles. This shall be the punishment of Egypt and the punishment of all the nations that do not come up to keep the Feast of Tabernacles. In that day “HOLINESS TO THE LORD” shall be engraved on the bells of the horses. The pots in the LORD’S house shall be like the bowls before the altar. Yes, every pot in Jerusalem and Judah shall be holiness to the LORD of hosts. Everyone who sacrifices shall come and take them and cook in them. In that day there shall no longer be a Canaanite in the house of the LORD of hosts. (Zec. 14:8-11, 16-21) [emphasis added]

“For from the rising of the sun, even to its going down, My name shall be great among the Gentiles; in every place incense shall be offered to My name, and a pure offering; for My name shall be great among the nations,” says the LORD of hosts. (Mal 1:11)

So Jesus said to them, “Assuredly I say to you, that in the regeneration, when the Son of Man sits on the throne of His glory, you who have followed Me will also sit on twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel.” (Mat. 19:28) [emphasis added]

“But you are those who have continued with Me in My trials. And I bestow upon you a kingdom, just as My Father bestowed one upon Me, that you may eat and drink at My table in My kingdom, and sit on thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel.” (Luke 22:28-30) [emphasis added]

And I saw thrones, and they sat on them, and judgment was committed to them. Then I saw the souls of those who had been beheaded for their witness to Jesus and for the word of God, who had not worshiped the beast or his image, and had not received his mark on their foreheads or on their hands. And they lived and reigned with Christ for a thousand years. But the rest of the dead did not live again until the thousand years were finished. This is the first resurrection. Blessed and holy is he who has part in the first resurrection. Over such the second death has no power, but they shall be priests of God and of Christ, and shall reign with Him a thousand years. (Rev. 20:4-6+)

4.11.8 - Who Populates the Millennial Kingdom? Listen to Who Populates the Millennial Kingdom?

An aspect of the Millennial Kingdom which some initially find surprising is the continuance of birth and death:

No more shall an infant from there live but a few days, nor an old man who has not fulfilled his days; for the child shall die one hundred years old, but the sinner being one hundred years old shall be accursed. (Isa. 65:20)

This fact poses a substantial problem for those who believe in a posttribulational rapture. The problem is as follows. If the Rapture takes place at the Second Coming of Christ, then all the righteous are taken at His return. Since the Rapture involves the translation of the living saints, all who participate in the Rapture receive their glorified bodies. If this is so, at the Second Coming of Christ there are only two types of people: believers who have glorified bodies and unbelievers who remain in their natural bodies. Since all the ungodly are purged at the Second Coming, the only ones remaining to enter the Millennial Kingdom would be saints in their glorified bodies. Resurrected saints do not reproduce: “For when they rise from the dead, they neither marry nor are given in marriage, but are like angels in heaven” (Mark 12:25). The question then becomes, who is it that enters the Millennial Kingdom to produce the children which Scripture records will be born?

[The posttribulation position holds that] at the end of the Tribulation all living believers will be raptured, given resurrection bodies, and return immediately to earth in the single event of the rapture and second coming. This would seem to eliminate all redeemed, unresurrected people from the earth at that point in time so that there would be no one left to populate the millennial kingdom. If the wicked survivors are either killed or consigned to Hades at the end of the Tribulation, then there will be no one left in an unresurrected body to enter the Millennium.³⁷

It is obviously impossible to incorporate a translation of all saints at the end of the tribulation and the beginning of the millennium as it would result in all saints receiving a spiritual body, leaving none to populate the earth in the millennium.³⁸

There is the additional problem of how to explain the Sheep and Goat Judgment (Mat. 25:31-46) which makes no mention of a resurrection. It is a judgment of the living nations at the time of Christ’s return (Mat. 25:31). If all the people of faith rise in the Rapture at the end of the Tribulation and then return with Christ to earth, who are “my brethren” and the “sheep,” both of which find entry into God’s kingdom?

Furthermore, an adjustment has to be made in the time of the judgment of the sheep and goats in Mat. 25:31-46 if the posttrib picture is correct. The reason is simple: If the rapture occurs after the Tribulation, then all the sheep (redeemed) will have been removed from the earth; thus, there would be no sheep to be part of that judgment if it occurs at the second coming, which is a single event with the rapture [in the posttribulational view].³⁹

These are weighty arguments against the notion that the Rapture occurs at the Second Coming of Christ—that they are one and the same even. See Rapture.

4.11.9 - The Millennial Kingdom in the Early Church Listen to The Millennial Kingdom in the Early Church

Some have tried to malign premillennialism by suggesting that it is a relatively novel development of recent times—that it is not a view which finds support among the early Church. Nothing could be further from the truth. In fact, in the earliest church, prior to the time of Augustine and Roman Catholicism, premillennialism was the dominant view of the Church. While we do not determine the truth of doctrine from the views of Church Fathers, it can be helpful to study their views to see how different areas of doctrine developed or what caused them to die away or change. In the case of belief in a literal, earthly kingdom, it is particularly interesting to see that the earliest Fathers for which we have record—even those who were only a generation or two away from our beloved John whose book we are studying—held to the same basic view premillennialists espouse. They interpreted God’s promises literally and understood a coming kingdom of God on earth which did not correspond with the Church age.

The premillennial view was the first view of the Church:

The most striking point in the eschatology of the ante-Nicene age is the prominent chiliasm, or millenarianism, that is the belief of a visible reign of Christ in glory on earth with the risen saints for a thousand years, before the general resurrection and judgment. It was indeed not the doctrine of the church embodied in any creed or form of devotion, but a widely current opinion of distinguished teachers, such as Barnabas, Papias, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Tertullian, Methodius, and Lactantius; while Caius, Origen, Dionysius the Great, Eusebius (as afterwards Jerome and Augustine) opposed it. . . . It distinguishes, moreover, two resurrections, one before and another after the millennium, and makes the millennial reign of Christ only a prelude to his eternal reign in heaven, from which it is separated by a short interregnum of Satan. The millennium is expected to come not as the legitimate result of a historical process but as a sudden supernatural revelation. The advocates of this theory appeal to the certain promises of the Lord, but particularly to the hieroglyphic passage of the Apocalypse, which teaches a millennial reign of Christ upon this earth after the first resurrection and before the creation of the new heavens and the new earth. In connection with this the general expectation prevailed that the return of the Lord was near, though uncertain and unascertainable as to its day and hour, so that believers may be always ready for it. This hope, through the whole age of persecution, was a copious fountain of encouragement and comfort under the pains of that martyrdom which sowed in blood the seed of a bountiful harvest for the church.⁴⁰

The most explicit reference in Scripture to the thousand-year millennial reign of Christ is found in Revelation 20+. It is a significant fact that the early adherents of premillennialism (or chiliasm, as it was first called), either had direct contact with John, the longest living apostle, or with his most famous disciple Polycarp. . . . Papias (ca. 60-130), one of the earliest premillennialists, has been called by some the “father of millenarianism.” Irenaeus affirmed that Papias was “the hearer of John, and a companion of Polycarp.” Papias furnished the earliest extra-biblical witness to the millennial doctrine taught by the Apocalypse.⁴¹

The premillennial fathers of the ante-Nicene age included church leaders who were contemporary with and in some cases instructed by the apostles and those who were in turn their disciples . . . In this group are: Clement (fl. ca. 90-100), bishop of Rome; Papias (ca. 60-ca. 130/155), bishop of Hierapolis; Polycarp (ca. 70-155/160), bishop of Smyrna; and Ignatius (d. ca. 98/117), bishop of Antioch. . . . Premillennialists of the second century included the apologist Justin Martyr (ca. 100-165); the polemicists Irenaeus (ca. 120-ca. 202), bishop of Lyons, and his disciple Hippolytus (d. ca. 236), presbyter and teacher in Rome; and from the African school, Tertullian (150-225), apologist, moralist, and theologian.⁴²

Dr. Whitby (Treatise on Tradition) gives us the following often-quoted statement: “The doctrine of the Millennium, or the reign of the saints on earth for a thousand years, is now rejected by all Roman Catholics, and by the greatest part of Protestants; and yet it passed among the best Christians, for two hundred and fifty years, for a tradition apostolical; and, as such, is delivered by many Fathers of the second and third century, who speak of it as the tradition of our Lord and His apostles, and of all the ancients who lived before them; who tell us the very words in which it was delivered, the Scriptures which were then so interpreted; and say that it was held by all Christians that were exactly orthodox. It was received not only in the Eastern parts of the Church, by Papias (in Phrygia), Justin (in Palestine), but by Irenaeus (in Gaul), Nepos (in Egypt), Apollinaris, Methodius (in the West and South), Cyprian, Victorinus (in Germany), by Tertullian (in Africa), Lactantius (in Italy), and Severus, and by the Council of Nice” (about A.D. 323).⁴³

George E. Ladd (Crucial Questions About The Kingdom of God [Grand Rapids, Eerdmans, 1952] 23) forcefully concludes, “With one exception [Caius] there is no Church Father before Origen who opposed the millenarian interpretation, and there is no one before Augustine whose extant writings offer a different interpretation of Rev. 20:1-15+ than that of a future earthly kingdom consonant with the natural interpretation of language.”⁴⁴

All three of these fathers of the Western church, Cyprian, Hippolytus, and Victorinus, subscribed to the millenarian doctrine.⁴⁵

Among those who can be cited [in support of chiliasm in the third century] are Cyprian (200-258), Commodian (200-270), Nepos (230-280), Coracion (230-280), Victorinus (240-303), Methodius (250-311), and Lactantius (240-330).⁴⁶

Alas, the solid foundation of literal interpretation was about to suffer a devastating setback in the wedding of Church and state. With The Rise of Allegorical Interpretation and the accommodation of Christianity by the state, belief in a literal kingdom on earth faded into the long night of unsound interpretation which was to last over a thousand years—all the way to the Reformation. The worldly success of the Church as it came into power did not jibe with an expectation of future Tribulation or the need to await the physical presence of the King to inaugurate the kingdom. The idea arose that the “rod of iron” which was to be Messiah’s rule (Rev. 2:27+; 19:15+; 20:4+) was to be found in the rule of the Church in this present age. Two powerful forces, allegorical interpretation and the state Church, combined to produce a steady decline in the ranks of literal interpreters:

The papacy is a false anticipation of the kingdom during the Church-historical period. “When Christianity became a worldly power under Constantine, the hope of the future was weakened by the joy over present success” [Bengel]. Becoming a harlot, the Church ceased to be a bride going to meet her Bridegroom; thus millennial hopes disappeared.⁴⁷

With the rising popularity of the allegorical method, belief in a literal millennial reign of Christ reached a crossroads in the middle of the third century. The Egyptian bishop Coracion, Neops’s successor, buckled under pressure from Alexandria and abandoned the premillennialism of his mentor . . . And Hippolytus, the pupil of Irenaeus, wavered in his stance as well. . . . By the time the literal method of interpretation reached its apex in the school at Antioch, premillennialism was virtually dead. Even though literalism naturally leads to a belief in premillennialism and the Antiochene school emphasized that interpretive approach to Scripture, the doctrine was not resurrected or advanced by Theodore of Mopsuestia (ca. 350-428), Chrysostom (354-407), or Theodoret (386-458), the school’s three most prominent teachers.⁴⁸

In summary, millenarianism remained a normative doctrine during the first four centuries of the Christian era. It was not overthrown until Augustine brought together the concepts of the Church and the kingdom of Christ in such a way as to almost equivocate the two. However, two important factors had already set the stage for the transformation of the eschatological hope of a messianic kingdom into an ecclesiastical theocracy. Since the time of Justin, the prospect of an earthly messianic kingdom had become an altogether Christian hope, to the exclusion of ethnic Israel’s eschatological hope. The other factor was the widespread use made of allegorical interpretation of Scripture. [emphasis added]⁴⁹

It was only in the era of the Reformation (A.D. 1500s), when the darkness of allegorical interpretation began to be shaken off, that the dawn began in a return to a literal understanding of the Scriptures. Even then, sound interpretation was mainly applied to areas of doctrine other than eschatology. The study of “last things” had to wait several hundred more years before the same consistency of interpretation was extended to the study of prophecy.

Below, we offer a sampling of the testimony of the early Church concerning a belief in a literal, earthly Millennial Kingdom to come. Their writings clearly establish the expectation of a Kingdom on earth at Christ’s return as the earliest view of the Church and one which we would do well to embrace since it reflects a plain reading of the text.

The Millennial Voice of the Early Church

Father
Date (A.D.)
Millennial View

Barnabas
1st cent.
“Among the Apostolic Fathers Barnabas is the first and the only one who expressly teaches a pre-millennial reign of Christ on earth. He considers the Mosaic history of the creation a type of six ages of labor for the world, each lasting a thousand years, and of a millennium of rest; since with God ‘one day is as a thousand years.’ The millennial Sabbath on earth will be followed by an eighth and eternal day in a new world, of which the Lord’s Day (called by Barnabas ‘the eighth day’) is the type.”⁵⁰ While the seventh millennial day theory is not taught in Scripture, it is significant that the basic understanding of this early writing is that of a literal thousand-year reign on earth at the end of the age.⁵¹

Hippolytus
c.170-c.236⁵²
“In common with Justin and Irenaeus, Hippolytus entertains millenarian hopes, which he grounds on Rev. 20+.”⁵³

Irenaeus
c.130-c.200⁵⁴
“Irenaeus wrote the following concerning the blessings of the future Kingdom of God foretold in the Scriptures: ‘The predicted blessing, therefore, belongs unquestionably to the times of the kingdom, when the righteous shall bear rule upon their rising from the dead; when also the creation, having been renovated and set free, shall fructify with an abundance of all kinds of food, from the dew of heaven, and from the fertility of the earth: as the elders who saw John, the disciple of the Lord, related that they had heard from him how the Lord used to teach in regard to these times.’ ”⁵⁵ “Irenaeus stated in even stronger terms than Justin that the premillennial doctrine was ‘traditional orthodoxy.’ He spoke of ‘certain orthodox person’ whose opinions were ‘derived from heretical sources,’ and asserted that ‘they are both ignorant of God’s dispensations, and of the mystery of the resurrection of the just, and of the [earthly] kingdom.’ ”⁵⁶ “Irenaeus, on the strength of tradition from St. John and his disciples, taught that after the destruction of the Roman empire, and the brief raging of antichrist (lasting three and a half years or 1260 days), Christ will visibly appear, will bind Satan, will reign at the rebuilt city of Jerusalem with the little band of faithful confessors and the host of risen martyrs over the nations of the earth, and will celebrate the millennial sabbath of preparation for the eternal glory of heaven; then, after a temporary liberation of Satan, follows the final victory, the general resurrection, the judgment of the world, and the consummation in the new heavens and the new earth.”⁵⁷

Jerome
331-420⁵⁸
Jerome was opposed to a literal, earthly kingdom: “The saints will in no wise have an earthly kingdom, but only a celestial one; thus must cease the fable of one thousand years.”⁵⁹ Even so, Jerome admitted the premillennial view was held by many: “The evidence in favor of the general perpetuation of the doctrine is strengthened by the concessions of those who were among the first and most bitter opposers. Thus e.g. Jerome (Com. on Jes., 19:10), says: ‘that he durst not condemn the (Millennial) doctrine, because many ecclesiastical persons and martyrs affirm the same.’ ”⁶⁰

Justin Martyr
c.100-165⁶¹
“But I and whoever are at all points right-minded Christians know that there will be a resurrection of the dead a thousand years in Jerusalem which will then be built, adorned, enlarged as the prophets Ezekiel and Isaiah and the others declare. And further, a certain man among us by the name of John predicted by revelation that was made to him that those who believe in our Christ would spend a thousand years in Jerusalem and thereafter the general of us. . . the eternal resurrection and judgement of all men would likewise take place.”⁶²

Lactantius
240-c.320⁶³
“Lactantius wrote. . . ‘At the end of the six thousanth year, all evil be abolished from the earth, and that justice reign for a thousand years, and that there be tranquility and rest from the labors which the world is now enduring for so long. . . When He shall have destroyed injustice and made the great judgment and restored to life those who were just from the beginning, He will stay among men for a thousand years and will rule them with a just dominion. . . Then those who will be living in bodies will not die, but will generate an infinite multitude during those same thousand years, . . .Those who will be raised from the dead will be in charge of the living as judges. . . . At this same time, also, the prince of demons who is the contriver of all eviles [sic] will be found in chains, and he will be in custody for the thousand years.’ ”⁶⁴

Papias
c.60-c.130⁶⁵
“[Papias] has recorded other accounts as having come to him from unwritten tradition, certain strange parables of the Lord and teachings of his and some other statements of a more mythical character. . . . Among other things he says that there will be a period of a thousand years after the resurrection of the dead when the kingdom of Christ will be set up in material form on this earth. These ideas, I suppose, he got through a misunderstanding of the apostolic accounts, not realizing that the things recorded in figurative language were spoken by them mystically—Eusebius, Church History 3:39.”⁶⁶

Tertullian
c.160-c.220⁶⁷
“In a work which he wrote before his association with Montanism, Tertullian stated, ‘But we do confess that a kingdom is promised to us upon the earth, although before heaven, only in another state of existence; inasmuch as it will be after the resurrection for a thousand years.’ Then he wrote ‘After its thousand years are over. . .there will ensue the destruction of the world and the conflagration of all things at the judgments.’ ”⁶⁸ “Tertullian was an enthusiastic Chiliast, and pointed not only to the Apocalypse, but also to the predictions of the Montanist prophets. But the Montanists substituted Pepuza in Phrygia for Jerusalem, as the centre of Christ’s reign, and ran into fanatical excesses, which brought chiliasm into discredit, and resulted in its condemnation by several synods in Asia Minor.”⁶⁹

Victorinus
died c.304⁷⁰
“Victorinus held firmly by the chiliastic interpretation of Rev. 20+.”⁷¹ “After Tertullian, and independently of Montanism, chiliasm was taught by Commodian towards the close of the third century, Lactantius, and Victorinus of Petau, at the beginning of the fourth.”⁷²

4.11.10 - Additional Resources on the Millennial Kingdom

For those who are interested in studying the Millennial Kingdom in greater depth, we recommend the following resources:

Lewis S. Chafer, Major Bible Themes, 350-359.⁷³

Lewis S. Chafer, Systematic Theology, 4:167-179.⁷⁴

Clarence Larkin, Dispensational Truth, 92-96.⁷⁵

Clarence Larkin, The Book of Revelation, 180-191.⁷⁶

J. Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 427-546.⁷⁷

George H. N. Peters, The Theocratic Kingdom.⁷⁸

Charles C. Ryrie, Basic Theology, 508-511.⁷⁹

John F. Walvoord, The Millennial Kingdom.⁸⁰

Matthew Waymeyer, Revelation 20+ and the Millennial Debate.⁸¹

Nathanial West, The Thousand Years in both Testaments.⁸²

See The Arrival of God’s Kingdom. See Millennial Temple. See commentary on Revelation 20.

Notes

¹ Clarence Larkin, Dispensational Truth (Glenside, PA: Rev. Clarence Larkin Estate, 1918, 1920), 92.

² Copyright © 2003 Ariel Ministries (www.ariel.org), P.O. Box 3723, Tustin, CA 92781. This image appears by special permission and may not be duplicated for use in derivative works. [Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 2].

³ For an excellent introductory overview of these views and their variations, see [John F. Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1966), 282-290].

⁴ “Amillennialism today is divided into two camps. (1) The first . . . holds essentially to the Augustinian amillennialism, . . . This of course is also the view of the Roman Church. It finds the fulfillment of all the Old Testament promises concerning a kingdom and kingdom blessings in Christ’s reign from the Father’s throne over the church, which is on earth. (2) The second . . . attacked the Augustinian position that the kingdom is earthly and viewed the kingdom as God’s reign over the saints which are in heaven, thus making it a heavenly kingdom.”—J. Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1958), 387.

⁵ W. A. Criswell and Paige Patterson, eds., The Holy Bible: Baptist Study Edition (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1991), 1825.

⁶ Lewis Sperry Chafer, Major Bible Themes, rev. ed. (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1974), 352.

⁷ Robert E. Lerner, “The Medieval Return to the Thousand-Year Sabbath,” in Richard K. Emmerson and Bernard McGinn, eds., The Apocalypse in the Middle Ages, 38-50, cited by [Thomas Ice and Timothy J. Demy, The Return (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1999), 58].

⁸ Mal Couch, Classical Evangelical Hermeneutics (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications), 12-13.

⁹ John F. Walvoord, The Millennial Kingdom (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1959), 200.

¹⁰ “A theology which sees the church fulfilling the OT kingdom promises of Israel continually raises the question of how much the church should invade the realm of Caesar’s government.”—Robert L. Saucy, “Israel and the Church: A Case for Discontinuity,” in John S. Feinberg, ed., Continuity And Discontinuity (Westchester, IL: Crossway Books, 1988), 259.

¹¹ Larkin, Dispensational Truth, 92.

¹² Nathaniel West, The Thousand Years in both Testaments (Fincastle, VA: Scripture Truth Book Co., n.d.), 79.

¹³ We use the phrase Biblical covenant to denote an agreement which Scripture itself calls a “covenant” rather than various imagined covenants which are imposed upon the text by the minds of creative theologians.

¹⁴ LaHaye, “A Literal Millennium as Taught in Scripture, Part 2,” in Thomas Ice, ed., Pre-Trib Perspectives, vol. 8 no. 8 (Dallas, TX: Pre-Trib Research Center, November/December 2003), 2.

¹⁵ Many think of the eternal state as heaven, but it is both “heaven and earth” (Rev. 21:1+).

¹⁶ Carl Friedrich Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Commentary on the Old Testament (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2002), 7:624.

¹⁷ “In the Premillennial view the coming Kingdom becomes the consummating link between history and the eternal order, thus guarding the Church from either illusion or despair as regards the present life.”—Alva J. McClain, The Greatness Of The Kingdom (Winona Lake, IN: BMH Books, 1959), xii.

¹⁸ J. Marcellus Kik, Revelation Twenty: An Exposition (Philadelphia, PA: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company, 1955), 30.

¹⁹ John MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 2000), Rev. 20:1.

²⁰ “In Holy Scripture there are two Jerusalems: the one is on earth in the land of Palestine; the other is ‘above’ in heaven (Gal. 4:25-26; Heb. 12:22). Now the Old Testament prophets speak of a city which, in the coming Kingdom, shall be reclaimed from Gentile power, rebuilt, restored to the historic nation of Israel, and made the religious center of the world. This Jerusalem cannot be the ‘heavenly Jerusalem,’ for that city is impeccably holy, the eternal dwelling of the true God, and has never been defiled or marred by human sin and rebellion. Any such notion is to the highest degree impossible and absurd. All predictions of a restored and rebuilt Jerusalem must therefore refer to the historical city of David on earth.”—McClain, The Greatness Of The Kingdom, 244.

²¹ “In Matthew 19:28 Jesus declared that ‘the regeneration’ would take place ‘when the Son of man shall sit on the throne of his glory.’ His terminology is significant. It indicates that when Christ, as the Son of man (as a human, a kinsman of mankind) rules the earth, there will be a return to the original state that existed when the earth was born, which is recorded in Genesis and involved mankind’s tenant possession or administration of the earth as God’s representative. Christ taught that He will begin to exercise that rule when He returns in glory with His holy angels (Mat. 25:31). . . . Peter declared that ‘the times of refreshing’ and ‘the times of the restitution of all things’ will come when God sends Christ back to be personally present on the earth. . . . F. F. Bruce wrote that ‘the restitution’ to which Peter referred in Acts 3:21 ‘appears to be identical with’ ‘the regeneration’ to which Jesus referred in Matthew 19:28, and that the restoration involved will include ‘a renovation of all nature.’ ”—Renald E. Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come (Bellmawr, NJ: The Friends of Israel Gospel Ministry, 1995), 86-87.

²² This passage in Isaiah either describes the regeneration of the heavens and earth (cf. Mat. 19:28) since it precedes the description of the millennium which follows, or Isaiah saw the final heavens and earth and the millennium (Rev. 21:1+), but the order of their presentation in this passage is reversed.

²³ Some believe that only unbelievers will die during the Millennial Kingdom: “Death in the millennium will be for unbelievers only. This is why the Bible does not speak of a resurrection of millennial saints, and why the resurrection of the tribulation saints is said to complete the first resurrection (Revelation 20:4-6+).”—LaHaye, “A Literal Millennium as Taught in Scripture, Part 4,” in Thomas Ice, ed., Pre-Trib Perspectives, vol. 8 no. 10 (Dallas, TX: Pre-Trib Research Center, February 2004), 2.

²⁴ “Some allege that the Millennial Kingdom cannot be a spiritual one if it is earthly. But ‘earthly’ and ‘spiritual’ are not necessarily mutually exclusive. If the two concepts were incompatible, Christians today could not be expected to live spiritual lives in earthly bodies. During the millennium, God will join the spiritual and the earthly in a full display of His glory on this earth. The earthly kingdom will manifest the highest standards of spirituality.”—Charles C. Ryrie, Basic Theology (Wheaton, IL: SP Publications, 1986), 510.

²⁵ “The area of the present Temple Compound is not large enough to hold the Temple described by Ezekiel and will require some major geographical changes. That is why the new Mountain of Jehovah’s House will be necessary.”—Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 457.

²⁶ “The whole Bible, even the New Testament, is written by Jews. If revelation is to recommence in the millennial kingdom, converted Israel must stand at the head of humanity. In a religious point of view, Jews and Gentiles stand on an equal footing as both alike needing mercy; but as regards God’s instrumentalities for bringing about His kingdom on earth, Israel is His chosen people for executing His plans.”—A. R. Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” in Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997, 1877), Rev. 20:6.

²⁷ But not for salvific purposes. See Millennial Sacrifices.

²⁸ “Here not only giving the millennial nations ‘cleansed’ or ‘purified’ lips, as regenerated peoples, but apparently also in the sense that ‘lip’ signifies ‘language’ (Gen. 11:1, 6-7, 9), and possibly indicating that the Hebrew language will be the one universal language of the Kingdom age (Zec. 14:9). That would be not all that surprising, since Israel will be the chief nation in that economy (Deu. 28:13) and Jerusalem in that day will be the religious and governmental capital of the millennial earth (Isa. 2:2-3; Zec. 8:20-23). Moreover, it is all the more probable since the judgment of the nations at the second advent will eventuate in the destruction of the satanic world system . . . That system had its beginning in ancient Babylon with its pride, idolatry, and rebellion (Gen. 10:8-10; 11:1-6). The gift of a pure speech will remove the curse of Babel, and it will anticipate the great millennial outpouring of the Spirit (Joel 2:28-32), of which Pentecost (Acts 2:1-11) was an illustration.”—Merrill F. Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), Zep. 3:9.

²⁹ How does the amillennialist get around these logical contradictions to believe He reigns as described here now? It’s simple really. In Biblical interpretation, you can make two wrongs appear to be right. Just redefine Israel to mean Church—which dwells safely in her Saviour’s promises—and you are well on your way to “making it work out.” This is perhaps the most serious danger of amillennialism: in the pursuit of its desired interpretation, it ignores the law of logical non-contradiction and simply contorts contrary evidence into supportive evidence.

³⁰ “The princes who shall rule in justice prefigure those who will rule and reign with Christ in the coming Kingdom (Luke 22:30; 2Ti. 2:12; Rev. 2:26-27+; 3:21+).”—Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament, Isa. 32:1.

³¹ Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 491-492.

³² McClain, The Greatness Of The Kingdom, 513.

³³ See [George H. N. Peters, The Theocratic Kingdom (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1978, 1884), 2:352-361].

³⁴ Jerome Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1992), Acts 24:10.

³⁵ “The plural ‘thrones’ (seats) has in view the bench of judges whose authority derives from the king (cf. Isa. 32:1). In the millennial Kingdom these seats will be occupied by co-rulers of the Messiah (Mat. 19:28).”—Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament, Ps. 22:5.

³⁶ It may be that there is no sun, moon, or birth in the eternal state, but see commentary on Revelation 21:23 and Revelation 22:2.

³⁷ Charles C. Ryrie, Come Quickly, Lord Jesus (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 1996), 87-88.

³⁸ Walvoord, The Millennial Kingdom, 243.

³⁹ Ryrie, Come Quickly, Lord Jesus, 89.

⁴⁰ Philip Schaff and David Schley Schaff, History of the Christian Church (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1997, 1916), 2.XII.158.

⁴¹ Larry V. Crutchfield, “Revelation in the New Testament,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 24.

⁴² Larry V. Crutchfield, “Millennial Views of the Church Fathers,” in Mal Couch, ed., Dictionary of Premillennial Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1996), 256.

⁴³ Peters, The Theocratic Kingdom, 1:482-483.

⁴⁴ James F. Stitzinger, “The Rapture in Twenty Centuries of Biblical Interpretation,” in Richard L. Mayhue, ed., The Master’s Seminary Journal, vol. 13 no. 2 (Sun Valley, CA: The Master’s Seminary, Fall 2002), 153n19.

⁴⁵ Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 27.

⁴⁶ Walvoord, The Millennial Kingdom, 123.

⁴⁷ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 20:5.

⁴⁸ Crutchfield, “Millennial Views of the Church Fathers,” 258.

⁴⁹ Ronald E. Diprose, Israel and the Church: The Origin and Effects of Replacement Theology (Rome, Italy: Istituto Biblico Evangelico Italiano, 2000), 159.

⁵⁰ Schaff, History of the Christian Church, 2.XII.158.

⁵¹ “The tradition was based on : (1) the six days of creation followed by a seventh day of rest (Gen. 2); (2) the Sabbath rest concept found in Hebrews (see Heb. 3:11; 4:1, 3, 5, 8-9, 11); and (3) the belief that in biblical chronology a day could represent a thousand years (2Pe. 3:8; Ps. 90:4). Many of the fathers understood these passages to teach by analogy and in prophetic symbolism that the world would endure for a period of six thousand years (represented by six days of Creation) and would then experience a seventh day of rest (represented by seventh day of rest following Creation). . . . While the year-day tradition was held by Jews and others before the church age, the Epistle of Barnabas (composed ca. A.D. 70/117-138) marked the beginning of the year-day tradition in Christian literature.”—Larry V. Crutchfield, “Millennial Year-Day Tradition,” in Mal Couch, ed., Dictionary of Premillennial Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1996), 265.

⁵² Robert C. Walton, Chronological and Background Charts of Church History (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1986).

⁵³ Henry Barclay Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1998, 1906), cciv.

⁵⁴ John D. Woodbridge, ed., Great Leaders of the Christian Church (Chicago, IL: Houghton Mifflin, 1993), 43.

⁵⁵ Renald E. Showers, There Really Is a Difference! A Comparison of Covenant and Dispensational Theology (Bellmawr, NJ: Friends of Israel Gospel Ministry, 1990), 122.

⁵⁶ Couch, A Bible Handbook to Revelation, 24.

⁵⁷ Schaff, History of the Christian Church, 2.XII.158.

⁵⁸ [Woodbridge, Great Leaders of the Christian Church, 77]. The opposition of Jerome correlates to his relatively later date in history, when allegorical interpretation was gaining dominance.

⁵⁹ Jerome in Robert E. Lerner, “The Medieval Return to the Thousand-Year Sabbath,” in Richard K. Emmerson and Bernard McGinn, eds., The Apocalypse in the Middle Ages, pp. 38-50, cited in [Ice, The Return, 58].

⁶⁰ Peters, The Theocratic Kingdom, 1:484.

⁶¹ Walton, Chronological and Background Charts of Church History.

⁶² Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe, Ante-Nicene Fathers Vol. I (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Company, 1885), 1.LXXX.239.

⁶³ Britannica CD 99 Multimedia Edition, s.v. “Lactantius.”

⁶⁴ Showers, There Really Is a Difference! A Comparison of Covenant and Dispensational Theology, 124-126.

⁶⁵ Walton, Chronological and Background Charts of Church History.

⁶⁶ J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, The Apostolic Fathers, 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1989), 315.

⁶⁷ Walton, Chronological and Background Charts of Church History.

⁶⁸ Showers, There Really Is a Difference! A Comparison of Covenant and Dispensational Theology, 124.

⁶⁹ Schaff, History of the Christian Church, 2.XII.158.

⁷⁰ Ibid., 1.XII.83.

⁷¹ Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John, ccv.

⁷² Schaff, History of the Christian Church, 2.XII.148.

⁷³ Chafer, Major Bible Themes, 350-359.

⁷⁴ Lewis Sperry Chafer, Systematic Theology (Dallas, TX: Dallas Theological Seminary, 1976), 4:167-179.

⁷⁵ Larkin, Dispensational Truth, 92-96.

⁷⁶ Clarence Larkin, The Book of Revelation (Glenside, PA: Rev. Clarence Larkin Estate, 1919), 180-191.

⁷⁷ Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 427-546.

⁷⁸ Peters, The Theocratic Kingdom.

⁷⁹ Ryrie, Basic Theology, 508-511.

⁸⁰ Walvoord, The Millennial Kingdom.

⁸¹ Matthew Waymeyer, Revelation 20 and the Millennial Debate (The Woodlands, TX: Kress Christian Publications, 2001, 2004).

⁸² West, The Thousand Years in both Testaments.

5.2 - Glossary

5.2.1 - Amillennial

The amillennial view denies a literal Millennial Kingdom on earth (Rev. 20+). It holds that the kingdom promises in the OT are fulfilled spiritually rather than literally in the New Testament church. Amillennialists usually consider the thousand years of Revelation 20+ as a symbol indicating an “indefinite” period of time. Christ is seen as ruling over His kingdom through the church in the current age, a kingdom which is strictly spiritual. “The a- in amillennialism negates the term; hence, amillennialism means there will not be a literal, future millennium.”¹ See Millennial Kingdom. See commentary on Revelation 20.

5.2.2 - Anglo-Israelism

Also known as British-Israelism. See Anglo-Israelism.

5.2.3 - Antichrist

The ruler of the final global kingdom prior to the Second Coming of Christ. See The Beast, #16 - Beast.

5.2.4 - Anti-Semitism

“Hostility toward or prejudice against Jews or Judaism.”²

5.2.5 - Apocrypha

“1. The 14 books of the Septuagint included in the Vulgate but considered uncanonical by Protestants because they are not part of the Hebrew Scriptures. The Roman Catholic canon accepts 11 of these books and includes them in the Douay Bible. 2. Various early Christian writings proposed as additions to the New Testament but rejected by the major canons. 3. apocrypha. Writings or statements of questionable authorship or authenticity.”³ “The Roman Catholic Church’s claim that these writings of the Apocrypha are inspired must be rejected for the following reasons . . . [which see]”⁴ “The Apocrypha of the Old Testament: Tobit, Judith, Additions to Esther, The Wisdom of Solomon, Ecclesiasticus (or the Wisdom of Jesus the Son of Sirach), Baruch, 3 Ezra (=1 Esdras), 4 Ezra (=2 Esdras), The Letter of Jeremiah, The Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Young Men, Susanna, Bel and the Dragon, 1 Maccabees, 2 Maccabees, 3 Maccabees, 4 Maccabees, Psalm 151. All of these except 4 Ezra (2 Esdras) are present in the Greek translation of the Old Testament (LXX); 2 Esdras is found in the Latin translations of the Old Testament and was used by many early church fathers. While the Greek Orthodox use 3 Maccabees, 4 Maccabees, and Psalm 151, the Roman Catholic Church does not.”⁵

5.2.6 - Arian

The teaching of Arius that God the Son was not of the same substance as God the Father, but was created as an agent for creating the world. Arius believed that the Son was a creature, higher than the angels, but lower than God Himself. This teaching was condemned at the Council of Nicea (A.D. 325).

5.2.7 - Athanasius

Athanasius (c. 296-373) was born in Alexandria, Egypt where he was later to become a bishop in 328. Much of his energy was devoted to defending the decisions of the Council of Nicea against Arius. His strong stance against Arianism led to his first exile, something he experienced numerous times during his life. His times of exile among hermits (monks) while living an ascetic lifestyle provided opportunity for his various writings, such as Against Arius, Against the Heathen, and On the Incarnation. Athanasius reasoned that only God Himself was righteous enough to satisfy the demands of His own justice—hence the Son must be fully God.⁶

5.2.8 - AV

AV stands for authorized version, the King James version.

5.2.9 - Beast

The ruler of the final global kingdom prior to the Second Coming of Christ. See The Beast, #16 - Beast.

5.2.10 - Book of Life Listen to Book of Life

A book which retains the names of all who have eternal life. See Book of Life.

5.2.11 - British Israelism

See Anglo-Israelism.

5.2.12 - Canon

“The original meaning of the term canon can be traced to the ancient Greeks, who used it in a literal sense: a kanon was a rod, ruler, staff, or measuring rod. . . . This literal concept provided the basis for a later extended use of the word kanon, meaning ‘standard,’ ‘norm.’ Galatians 6:16 comes closest to the final theological significance of the word, as Paul says ‘Those who will walk by this rule [kanon], peace and mercy be upon them.’ . . . From the literal ‘ruler,’ the word was extended to mean a rule or standard for anything. In early Christian usage, it came to mean rule of faith, normative writings, or authoritative Scripture.”⁷ “While the ‘canon’ of scripture means the list of books accepted as holy scripture, the other sense of ‘canon’—rule or standard—has rubbed off on this one, so that the ‘canon’ of scripture is understood to be the list of books which are acknowledged to be, in a unique sense, the rule of belief and practice.”⁸

5.2.13 - Chiliasm

From χίλιοι [chilioi] (Rev. 20:3+), one thousand. The belief in a literal one thousand year reign of Christ upon the earth (Rev. 20:4-6+). “The most explicit reference in Scripture to the thousand-year millennial reign of Christ is found in Revelation 20+. It is a significant fact that the early adherents of premillennialism (or chiliasm, as it was first called), either had direct contact with John, the longest living apostle, or with his most famous disciple Polycarp.”⁹ See Premillennial.

5.2.14 - Day of the Lord

A period in history when God comes in judgment, especially the time of trouble preceding the establishment of the Millennial Kingdom on earth where God arises to judge the inhabitants of the earth who reject Him. See The Day of the Lord.

5.2.15 - Dispensation

“A concise definition of dispensation is this: A dispensation is a distinguishable economy in the outworking of God’s purpose.”¹⁰ “[By dispensation] [w]e don’t mean a way of salvation. We simply mean a distinguishable rule of life or economy. The Stewardship; the economy, the household management; the way God runs His affairs, has changed. The way He deals with people, the way He carries out His sovereign plan has changed. The plan hasn’t altered, but the way He works it out, the people He uses and the way it’s done, those things have changed, and that’s what we mean by a dispensation, (i.e. a distinguishable economy in the outworking of God’s purpose).”¹¹

5.2.16 - Docetism

The belief that Jesus Christ only appeared human and seemed to suffer, but was in fact immaterial and not truly human. “This view arose from the assumption of Greek philosophers that the material world, including the body was innately evil.”¹² This denial of the incarnation was written against by John (1Jn. 1:1-3; 4:3).

5.2.17 - Dominion Theology

The view that the Church will be triumphant in bringing the world to know and accept Christ as savior. See Theonomy.

5.2.18 - Earth Dweller

The phrase “those who dwell upon the earth” takes on a soteriological and eschatological meaning in the book of Revelation for it denotes the unsaved at the time of the end worship the Beast and who steadfastly continue in their rejection of God. See Earth Dwellers. See Beast Worshipers are Unique.

5.2.19 - Eusebius

Eusebius of Caesarea (as opposed to Eusebius the bishop of Nicomedia) was born circa A.D. 260 and is best known as the “Father of Church History.” He wrote a history of Christianity covering the first three centuries among many other important works. His work was enabled by his position as a research librarian in a large private library of some 30,000 volumes. His patron, Pamphilus, was tortured, imprisoned, and martyred in 303 before the rise of Christianity under Constantine whereupon Eusebius was made bishop of Caesarea. Upon the death of Constantine, Eusebius began writing his autobiography which was interrupted by his own death approximately two years later at the age of almost 80. We are indebted to the writings of Eusebius for much of what we know about the early Christian church.¹³

5.2.20 - False Prophet

The accomplice of the Beast who performs false signs and wonders. See #18 - False Prophet. See commentary on Revelation 13:11.

5.2.21 - Gematria

“With the late Jews and the Greeks the letters of the alphabet were used to denote numbers; a name then could be given enigmatically in the sum of the numbers denoted by its several letters. Thus in Gen. 14:14 the number 318 was taken by the rabbis to denote Eliezer; the numbers denoted by the respective letters of that name added together form this sum. The Christian Sibylline I. 324 ff. uses 888 for the name ʼΙησοῦς [Iēsous] , Jesus.”¹⁴ See commentary on Revelation 13:18.

5.2.22 - Genre

A category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, marked by a distinctive style, form, or content.¹⁵

5.2.23 - Gnostic

“Early Christian writers already used the term as a general name for various social groups which were not content with orthodox practices and beliefs otherwise widely accepted. The first certain early Christian reference to the term, and this in an orthodox text, is 1Ti. 6:20. In reflecting on the theological problem of the origin, development, and continued existence of evil, these gnostic groups were at odds with developing orthodoxy.”¹⁶ “Gnosticism, a name indicating the assumption of superior capacity for knowledge (Gk. gnōsis, ‘knowledge’). Gnosticism in its diverse forms received its impulse, and in the main its guidance, from pagan philosophy. In different ways it denied the humanity of Christ, even to the extent of denying the reality of His human body.”¹⁷ “For the Gnostics, the nature of that which is truly man is spiritual, and the essential principle in the saved person is the spiritual seed or nature planted in him.”¹⁸

5.2.24 - Golden Rule of Interpretation

“When the plain sense of Scripture makes common sense, seek no other sense, therefore, take every word at its primary, ordinary, usual, literal meaning unless the facts of the immediate context, studied in the light of related passages and axiomatic and fundamental truths, indicate clearly otherwise.—The Golden Rule of Interpretation, D.L. Cooper”¹⁹

5.2.25 - Harlot Listen to Harlot

The woman who rides the Beast and who is the “mother of harlots and of the abominations of the earth” (Rev. 17:5+). See The Great Harlot. See #21 - Harlot. See commentary on Revelation 17.

5.2.26 - Hermeneutic

The word interpretation occurs in many forms in the New Testament. An example as hermēneia (“to interpret”). This word forms the basis for the term hermeneutics. Embedded in this Greek word is the name of the Greek god Hermes. “The word hermeneutics is ultimately derived from Hermes the Greek god who brought the messages of the gods to the mortals, and was the god of science, invention, eloquence, speech, writing, and art. As a theological discipline hermeneutics is the science of the correct interpretation of the Bible.”²⁰

5.2.27 - Hyperbole

“A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as in ‘I could sleep for a year’ or ‘This book weighs a ton.’ ”²¹ “A hyperbole is a deliberate exaggeration in which more is said than is literally meant, in order to add emphasis. When 10 of the Israelite spies reported on their exploration of the land of Canaan, they said, ‘The cities are large and fortified to heaven’ (Deu. 1:28). Obviously they were not saying the walls of the Canaanite cities reached literally to heaven; they were simply stating that the walls were unusually high.”²²

5.2.28 - Ignatius

Third bishop of Antioch arrested in the reign of Emperor Trajan (A.D. 98-117). Taken by Roman soldiers to Smyrna, he was welcomed by Bishop Polycarp and received visitors from the churches at Ephesus, Magnesia, and Tralles. Ignatius wrote to two of the cities addressed by Paul (Ephesus, Rome) and to three of the cities among the seven churches of Revelation 2+-3+ (Ephesus, Philadelphia, Smyrna). His letters cite both OT passages and the writings of Paul. Ignatius was a staunch opponent of Judaism’s emphasis upon earning favor with God through works and opposed Docetism. Ignatius was martyred in Rome (c. A.D. 108).²³

5.2.29 - Image of the Beast

An image of the Beast constructed by the earth dwellers under the direction of the False Prophet. See #19 - Image of Beast.

5.2.30 - Imminent

The teaching of Scripture that certain prophesied events could occur at any moment without any precursor or warning. See Imminency.

5.2.31 - Imperial Cult

The worship of the emperor of Rome. This historical reality from the time of John’s writing provides a backdrop against which the readers of his time could better appreciate the final beast yet future (Rev. 13+). Asia was the epicenter of the imperial cult and cities competed for the privilege of erecting a temple in honor of the emperor. In 29 B.C. Pergamum was the first to erect a temple and Smyrna the second in A.D. 21. Ephesus was the third.²⁴ To show their allegiance to the Roman emperor, citizens were required to burn incense to the emperor and to declare, “Caesar is Lord”²⁵ whereupon he was issued a certificate. Under Domitian (A.D. 81-96) emperor worship became compusory for every Roman citizen on threat of death.²⁶

5.2.32 - Inerrant

“Inerrancy is the view that when all the facts become known, they will demonstrate that the Bible in its original autographs and correctly interpreted is entirely true and never false in all that it affirms, whether that relates to doctrine or ethics or to the social, physical, or life sciences.”²⁷ See [Rene Pache, The Inspiration & Authority of Scripture (Salem, WI: Sheffield Publishing Company, 1969)], The Chicago Statement on Inerrancy in [Geisler, A General Introduction to the Bible, 181-185], and [Norman L. Geisler, ed., Inerrancy (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1980)]. The primary reason the Scriptures are inerrant is because they are inspired.

5.2.33 - Inspired

The source of all Scripture is the Spirit of God, the Holy Spirit. Since the Holy Spirit is God, by His very nature He is completely without error. Therefore, the Scriptures which He breathed out are also without error (inerrant). “All Scripture is given by inspiration (θεοπνευστος [theopneustos] , divinely breathed) of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness, that the man of God may be complete, thoroughly equipped for every good work.” (2Ti 3:16-17). “And so we have the prophetic word confirmed, which you do well to heed as a light that shines in a dark place, until the day dawns and the morning star rises in your hearts; knowing this first, that no prophecy of Scripture is of any private interpretation, for prophecy never came by the will of man, but holy men of God spoke as they were moved by the Holy Spirit.” (2Pe 1:19-21) See also: 2S. 23:2; Ps. 95:7 cf. Heb. 3:7; Ps. 110:1 cf. Mark 12:36; Isa. 6:8; Jer. 31:33 cf. Heb. 10:15; Mic. 3:8; Zec. 7:12; John 14:26; Acts 1:16; Acts 28:25; Heb. 9:8; 2Ti. 3:16; 2Pe. 1:21.

5.2.34 - Irenaeus

Irenaeus (c. 130 - c. 200) wrote his most famous work Against Heresies in opposition to Gnosticism, a major theological threat to the Church in the second century. His writings against the Gnostics are among the earliest which appeal to the New Testament as having apostolic authority. He was appointed bishop of Lyons, France in A.D. 177-178.³¹ Crutchfield gives the following dates for Irenaeus: 120-202.³²

5.2.35 - Jezebel Listen to Jezebel

Queen of King Ahab in the OT. A woman in the church at Thyatira in the NT who also represents the apostate church of the Tribulation. See Jezebel.

5.2.36 - Justin Martyr

Justin Martyr (c. 100 - c. 165) was one of the earliest of the Apologists, spokesmen who offered an apologia, a reasoned defense of Christianity (Acts 22:1; 1Pe. 3:15). Justin studied philosophy prior to his conversion to Christ. In his Dialogue with Trypho he attempts to explain to a Jew named Trypho how Jesus Christ is the fulfillment of the prophecies of Messiah from the Jewish OT.³³

5.2.37 - Little Horn

One of many titles of the Antichrist. The little horn comes up among the ten horns of the fourth beast in Daniel’s night vision (Dan. 7:8). See #25 - Little Horn.

5.2.38 - LXX

Roman numerals designating “seventy” and representing the Septuagint, which see.

5.2.39 - Millennial Kingdom Listen to Millennial Kingdom

The thousand-year reign of Christ on earth, centered at Jerusalem. Also called the Messianic Kingdom because the Messiah will rule as King during this time. See commentary on Revelation 20. See Millennial Kingdom. See Millennial Temple.

5.2.40 - Millennial Temple

The temple which will stand in Jerusalem during the Millennial Kingdom and from which Jesus will rule over the earth. See Millennial Temple. See Millennial Kingdom.

5.2.41 - Minuscule

Manuscripts written in lowercase, cursive letters. This style was developed after Uncial manuscript style. “By the time of the tenth century, the demand for manuscript copies caused the more fluid cursive style to outstrip the cumbersome uncial style. Thus, by the golden age of manuscript copying, the eleventh through fifteenth centuries, this new running hand employing small and connected letters was the dominant form of manuscript copying. It was superseded in the fifteenth century by printed manuscripts, after the introduction of movable typeset by Johann Gutenberg.”³⁴

5.2.42 - Montanus

“The Montanists were a chiliastic sect from Asia Minor who, under the leadership of the prophet Montanus, had predicted the descent of the New Jerusalem and the end of the world. That event was supposed to have occurred in the year 177, but its failure to arrive provided reprisals against the sect, and it disappeared soon afterward. . . . Tertullian was drawn to Montanist teachings . . . concentrating to a considerable extent on their holiness teachings.”³⁵

5.2.43 - MSS

Abbreviation for “manuscripts.”

5.2.44 - MS

Abbreviation for “manuscript.”

5.2.45 - MT

The Majority Text as represented by [Zane C. Hodges and Arthur L. Farstad, The Greek New Testament According To The Majority Text (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishing, 1985)].

5.2.46 - Nero Listen to Nero

An emperor of Rome which some preterist interpreters believe fulfilled the prophecies of the Antichrist. See Nero.

5.2.47 - Nicolaitan

A sect during John’s day which Jesus opposed in the seven letters to seven churches. See Nicolaitans.

5.2.48 - NT

“New Testament.” The 27 books of Matthew through Revelation.

5.2.49 - NU

The Critical Text published in the twenty-sixth edition of the Nestle-Aland Greek New Testament (N) and in the United Bible Societies’ third edition (U). Hence the acronym, NU.

5.2.50 - Origen

Origin (c. 185-254) was born in Alexandria, Egypt. He was trained in the Bible and other topics from childhood. He supported the Christian stand of his father, Leonides, who was jailed and eventually martyred by decapitation. Upon being ordained to the priesthood, he was exiled from Alexandria. He journeyed to Caesarea where he spent the remainder of his life teaching, writing, and practicing a strict asceticism. He was imprisoned and tortured during the reign of Decian (c. 250) which weakened him physically. Origin died in Tyre about A.D. 254. Eusebius records he taught during the day and stayed up most of the night studying and praying. He was a prodigious writer, having produced more than 6,000 works and was a pioneer in systematic theology. Origen was a proponent of allegorical interpretation of Scripture and often departed from the literal grammatical sense in search of a “deeper” spiritual, often allegorical, meaning. His most monumental work was the production of the Hexapla, an early parallel Bible, which arranged into six parallel columns the Hebrew text, its Greek translation, the Septuagint, and various other Greek versions of the OT into a single work.³⁷

5.2.51 - OT

“Old Testament.” The 39 books of Genesis through Malachi. Also known by the Jewish name Tanak.

5.2.52 - Papias

Papias (ca. 60 - 130) was bishop of Hierapolis in Phrygia, Asia Minor. A contemporary of Polycarp, he is best known for his five-volume work entitled Expositions of the Sayings of the Lord which was probably published within a decade of A.D. 130. Papias provides some of the earliest testimony revealing the early church’s stance on the millennium (chiliastic) and the authorship of Matthew, Mark, John, and Revelation. He placed great emphasis on oral tradition and following the ’living and abiding voice’ of the elders or followers of the apostles. His writings are preserved indirectly as fragments by others who wrote of him.³⁸

5.2.53 - Papyri

“Papyrus was used in ancient Gebal (Byblos) and Egypt from about 3100 B.C. It was made by pressing and gluing two layers of split papyrus reeds together in order to form a sheet. A series of papyrus sheets were joined together to form a scroll. It is that type of papyrus scroll that is mentioned in Revelation 5:1+ (though it is translated book in NASB). The apostle John used papyrus for his epistles (cf. 2 John 12).”³⁹

5.2.54 - Parable

“The word parable comes from the Greek para (‘beside or alongside’) and ballein (‘to throw’). Thus the story is thrown alongside the truth to illustrate the truth. Hearers and readers, by sensing the comparison or analogy between the story and their own situation, are prodded to think. In intepreting parables we need to ask, What is the point of the story? What spiritual truth is being illustrated? What analogy is being made?”⁴⁰

5.2.55 - Polycarp

Polycarp was one of the most notable figures in the early post-apostolic church. He was bishop of Smyrna as early as A.D. 110 and died a martyr’s death several decades later at the age of eighty-six. Irenaeus met Polycarp as a child and both Irenaeus and Eusebius assert that he had known the Apostle John. Polycarp was a strong opponent of Marcion and the Gnostic movement. Among the writings preserved for our times are The Letter to the Philippians by Polycarp himself and The Martyrdom of Polycarp written by those who witnessed his death at the stake.⁴¹

5.2.56 - Postmillennial

“Simply put, postmillennialism is a view of eschatology teaching that Christ’s return to earth will occur at the end of the Millennium. . . . Postmillennialism . . . expects the gradual, developmental expansion of the kingdom of Christ in time and on earth. . . . Christ’s personal presence on earth is not needed for the expansion of His Kingdom. . . distinction should be made between liberals who promote a postmillennialism through humanism (i.e., the social Gospel of the past) and evangelical postmillennialism that promotes progress through the church’s preaching of the gospel and application of Mosaic Law. . . . Postmillennialism fails to account for the fact that if there is going to be a fulfillment of millennial conditions predicted in the Bible, it is going to be only as a result of a revolutionary intervention of Jesus Christ at His Second Coming in order to introduce new factors that are discontinuous with the present age.”⁴² See Premillennial. See Millennial Kingdom. See commentary on Revelation 20.

5.2.57 - Posttribulation

The view that the Rapture of the Church will take place after the Tribulation. Other views expect the Rapture of the Church to take place before the Tribulation (pretribulational rapture view) or within the Tribulation (midtribulation and pre-Wrath rapture views).

5.2.58 - Premillennial

The premillennial view holds that Christ will return to earth literally and bodily prior to the millennial age (Rev. 19+, 20+). Upon His Second Advent, a kingdom will be instituted on earth wherein He will reign from Jerusalem on the promised throne of David. During this period, various promises associated with the OT covenants made with Israel will be fulfilled. These literal OT promises are not redirected to the church in the present age to be spiritually fulfilled. Although there is no distinction between Jew and Gentile in the manner of salvation, promises made to national Israel which remain unfulfilled will find their fruition during the reign of Jesus following His return to earth. The kingdom of God on earth is seen to be brought about by the dramatic and sudden intervention of God to actively overthrow the kingdoms of man and is not achieved solely through the spiritual work of the Church. See Millennial Kingdom. See Postmillennial. See commentary on Revelation 20.

5.2.59 - Preterist

The term “preterism” is based on the Latin preter, which means “past.” Preterism refers to that understanding of certain eschatological passages which holds that they have already come to fulfillment. Mild or partial preterism holds that most of the prophecies of Revelation were fulfilled either in the fall of Jerusalem in A.D. 70 or the fall of the Roman Empire, but in both cases the Second Coming of Christ is seen as yet future. This form of preterism is orthodox. Full or consistent preterism holds that all the prophecies of Revelation are already fulfilled, that we are currently living spiritually in the “new heavens and earth” and denies a future bodily return of Jesus. Full or consistent preterism is heterodox. Preterism teaches that many of the prophecies of Revelation have already been fulfilled. Most of the prophecies before Revelation 20+ are said to find fulfillment in the fall of Jerusalem (A.D. 70).

5.2.60 - Pretribulation

The view that the Rapture of the Church will take place before the beginning of the Tribulation. Other views expect the Rapture of the Church to take place within the Tribulation (midtribulation and pre-Wrath rapture views) or at the end of the Tribulation (posttribulational rapture view).

5.2.61 - Pseudepigrapha

“The Pseudepigrapha books are those that are distinctly spurious and unauthentic in their overall content . . . Although they claim to have been written by biblical authors, they actually express religious fancy and magic from the period between about 200 B.C. and A.D. 200. In Roman Catholic circles these books are known as the Apocrypha, a term not to be confused with an entirely different set of books known in Protestant circles by the same name . . . although at times Protestants have referred to these same books as the ‘wider Apocrypha,’ or ‘Apocalyptic Literature.’ Most of these books are comprised of dreams, visions, and revelations in the apocalyptic style of Ezekiel, Daniel, and Zechariah. . . . The actual number of these books is not known certainly, and various writers have given different numbers of important ones. There are eighteen worthy of mention. . .”⁴³ For a list of the pseudepigraphal books, see [Scott Jr., Jewish Backgrounds of the New Testament, 358-359].

5.2.62 - Rapture Listen to Rapture

The taking up of the church from the world in order to be spared from the wrath of God during the Tribulation. See Rapture.

5.2.63 - Replacement Theology

The view that Israel, having rejected her Messiah Jesus, has been permanently cast aside by God in favor of the Church. The Church is considered to be the “New Israel” and OT passages written to the nation Israel are reinterpreted and understood as being fulfilled by the Church “spiritually.” OT passages which set forth curses for disobedience to God retain their literal meaning and are applied to Israel. New Testament passages which describe the Israel of God (Gal. 6:16) and all Israel (Rom. 9:6) are often misinterpreted as describing the Church rather than a strict subset of Israel (the believing Jewish remnant). “Historically, ‘the word Israel is applied to the Christian church for the first time by Justin Martyr c. A.D. 160 in his Dialogue with Trypho, where the church is equated with ‘true Israel’ (not labeled ’the Israel of God’ as in Gal. 6:16).”⁴⁵ “The New Testament uses many metaphors for the church that the Old Testament uses of Israel. They are both called a bride, or wife (Hos. 1:2; cf. Jer. 3:20; Rev. 21:2+), a family household (Ps. 107:41; Jer. 31:1; Eph. 2); a flock (Isa. 40:11; cf. Ps. 23; Luke 12:32; Acts 20:28–29), and a vineyard or vine branches (Isa. 5:1–7; John 15:5). But the Old Testament never speaks of Israel as God’s body. That is a distinct and formerly unrevealed figure for God’s people in the New Covenant. Christ’s church is His present reincarnated Body on earth.”⁴⁶

5.2.64 - Semitism

A viable definition of “Semitism” is a non-Greek construction produced by an overly literal rendering of either a Hebrew or Aramaic oral or written source.⁴⁷

5.2.65 - Septuagint

A Greek translation of the Old Testament commissioned at Alexandria, Egypt. “It was in that period (c. 250-c. 150 B.C.), that the Hebrew Old Testament was being translated into Greek, the first time it had ever been extensively translated. The leaders of Alexandrian Jewry had a standard Greek version produced, known as the LXX, the Greek word for ’seventy.’ It was undoubtedly translated during the third and/or second centuries B.C. and was purported to have been written as early as the time of Ptolemy II in a Letter of Aristeas to Philocartes (c. 130-100 B.C.).”⁴⁸

5.2.66 - Seven Churches

Seven historical churches in Asia Minor which Revelation chapters 2 and 3 are written to. See Seven Churches of Asia.

5.2.67 - Shekinah Glory

The visible manifestation of God’s presence. See The Abiding Presence of God.

5.2.68 - Solecism

“1. A nonstandard usage or grammatical construction. 2. A violation of etiquette. 3. An impropriety, a mistake, or an incongruity.”⁴⁹

5.2.69 - Tabernacle

The portable structure within which God met with Israel during her wilderness wandering until the time of Solomon’s Temple. See Tabernacle in the Wilderness.

5.2.70 - Tanach

The Jewish Old Testament consisting of the Law (Torah), the Prophets (Nevi’im), and the Writings (Kettuv’im) = “TNK.” The Tanach contains the same writings as the English Old Testament, but arranged in a different order.

5.2.71 - Targums

“The Aramaic word for ‘translation.’ ”⁵⁰ “Any of several Aramaic translations or paraphrasings of the Old Testament.”⁵¹

5.2.72 - Technical Term

A technical term or phrase carries a uniform meaning wherever it appears. Thus, its meaning is somewhat independent of context. For example, the phrase Abomination of Desolation carries the same meaning even though it occurs in different passages and historical settings (Dan. 11:31; 12:11; Mat. 24:15; Mark 13:14). A non-technical word or phrase has meaning which is highly dependent upon the context within which it appears. For example, the word world can denote either the entire globe (Mat. 24:14; Luke 4:5; Luke 21:26; Acts 17:31; Rom. 10:18; Heb. 1:6; 2:5; Rev. 12:9+; 16:14+) or a smaller region, the known world of the Meditteranean (Luke 2:1; Acts 11:28; 17:6; 19:27). It’s meaning is determined by the context within which it appears.

5.2.73 - Temple

The meeting place between sinful men and a Holy God. See Temple of God.

5.2.74 - Ten Tribes

The ten northern tribes of Israel during the divided kingdom after the days of Solomon. See Ten Tribes Lost?

5.2.75 - Tertullian

Tertullian (c. 150 - c. 212) was a prolific writer producing some 1,500 pages in about thirty books. Tertullian was drawn to some of the teachings of Montanism, especially their teachings on holiness. His most famous work is called the Apology in which he dissects pagan religion in order to point out its irrational nature and in which he criticizes the Romans for their negative attitude toward Christians. He also wrote apologetic works against Marcion’s anti-Semitism and against the Gnostic heretics Hermogenes and Valentinus. Tertullian rejected the philosophical schools of his time including Platonism because it was antimaterialist (believing that only the soul, but not the flesh could be saved). Tertullian practiced a form of early “dispensationalism” in which he divided history into three ages, according to the Persons of the Trinity (the OT being the age of the Father, the Incarnation the age of the Son, the time since Pentecost the age of the Holy Spirit). Tertullian is thought to have died at Carthage sometime after A.D. 212.⁵² Crutchfield provides the following dates for Tertullian: A.D. 150-225.⁵³

5.2.76 - Theocracy

“A theocracy is a form of government in which God’s rule is administered by one or more representatives over a possession of God in accordance with His sovereign purpose and in obedience to His commands.”⁵⁴

5.2.77 - Theonomy

“Theonomy—also known as ‘dominion theology’ and ‘Christian reconstructionism’—is a worldview that foresees a progressive domination of world government and society by Christianity until God’s kingdom on earth becomes a reality. Its eschatology is essentially that of the postmillennialism so popular around the beginning of the twentieth century.”⁵⁵

5.2.78 - Tribulation Temple

The temple which will stand in Jerusalem during the Tribulation period. See Tribulation Temple. See commentary on Revelation 11:1.

5.2.79 - TR

The Textus Receptus or “Received Text”. This is the Greek text associated with the King James Version of 1611.

5.2.80 - Uncial

Manuscripts of the Scriptures written in uppercase Greek letters. “The style of writing was slow and laborious during the early centuries of the church, as the letters were capital (uncial), written separately, and without breaks between words or sentences. Uncial manuscripts were copied through the tenth century; but before they became less prominent, a new form of writing was introduced into the field, which is called minuscule or cursive writing.”⁵⁶

5.2.81 - Vulgate

“The Latin edition or translation of the Bible made by Saint Jerome at the end of the fourth century A.D., now used in a revised form as the Roman Catholic authorized version.”⁵⁷

Notes

¹ Paul Enns, The Moody Handbook of Theology (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1989), 380.

² American Heritage Online Dictionary, Ver. 3.0A, 3rd ed. (Houghton Mifflin, 1993), s.v. “Anti-Semitism.”

³ Ibid., s.v. “Apocrypha.”

⁴ James G. McCarthy, The Gospel According to Rome (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 1996), 338-339.

⁵ J. Julius Scott Jr., Jewish Backgrounds of the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 1995,2007), 357.

⁶ Gerald L. Bray, “Athanasius: A Pillar of Orthodoxy,” in John D. Woodbridge, ed., Great Leaders of the Christian Church (Chicago, IL: Houghton Mifflin, 1993), 63-68.

⁷ Norman L. Geisler and William E. Nix, A General Introduction to the Bible (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1986), 203-204.

⁸ F. F. Bruce, The Canon of Scripture (Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity Press, 1988), 18.

⁹ Larry V. Crutchfield, “Revelation in the New Testament,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 24.

¹⁰ Charles C. Ryrie, Dispensationalism (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1995), 28.

¹¹ Robert P. Lightner, “Progressive Dispensationalism,” in The Conservative Theological Journal, vol. 4 no. 11 (Fort Worth, TX: Tyndale Theological Seminary, March 2000), 49-50.

¹² Edwin M. Yamauchi, “Ignatius of Antioch,” in John D. Woodbridge, ed., Great Leaders of the Christian Church (Chicago, IL: Houghton Mifflin, 1993), 37.

¹³ Glen F. Chestnut, “Eusebius of Caesarea,” in David Noel Freeman, ed., The Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York, NY: Doubleday, 1996, c1992), 2:673-676.

¹⁴ Isbon T. Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2001), 403.

¹⁵ American Heritage Online Dictionary.

¹⁶ Kurt Rudolph, “Gnosticism,” in David Noel Freeman, ed., The Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York, NY: Doubleday, 1996, c1992), 2:1033.

¹⁷ Merrill K. Unger, R. Harrison, Frederic F Vos, and Cyril J. Barber, The New Unger’s Bible Dictionary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1988), s.v. “Gnosticism.”

¹⁸ Everett Ferguson, “Irenaeus: Adversary of the Gnostics,” in John D. Woodbridge, ed., Great Leaders of the Christian Church (Chicago, IL: Houghton Mifflin, 1993), 45.

¹⁹ J. Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1958), 44.

²⁰ Bernard Ramm, Protestant Biblical Interpretation, 3rd rev. ed. (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1970), 11.

²¹ American Heritage Online Dictionary, s.v. “hyperbole.”

²² Roy B. Zuck, Basic Bible Interpretation (Colorado Springs, CO: Cook Communications, 1991), 154.

²³ Yamauchi, “Ignatius of Antioch,” 35-38.

²⁴ Grant R. Osborne, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2002), 7.

²⁵ Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977), 97.

²⁶ Alan F. Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 41.

²⁷ Paul D. Feinberg, “Bible, Inerrancy and Infallibility of,” in Walter A. Elwell, ed., The Evangelical Dictionary of Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1984), 142.

²⁸ Rene Pache, The Inspiration & Authority of Scripture (Salem, WI: Sheffield Publishing Company, 1969).

²⁹ Geisler, A General Introduction to the Bible, 181-185.

³⁰ Norman L. Geisler, ed., Inerrancy (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1980).

³¹ Ferguson, “Irenaeus: Adversary of the Gnostics,” 43-47.

³² Crutchfield, “Revelation in the New Testament,” 24.

³³ Edwin M. Yamauchi, “Justin Martyr: Defender of the Faith,” in John D. Woodbridge, ed., Great Leaders of the Christian Church (Chicago, IL: Houghton Mifflin, 1993), 39-42.

³⁴ Geisler, A General Introduction to the Bible, 352.

³⁵ Gerald L. Bray, “Tertullian and Western Theology,” in John D. Woodbridge, ed., Great Leaders of the Christian Church (Chicago, IL: Houghton Mifflin, 1993), 50.

³⁶ Zane C. Hodges and Arthur L. Farstad, The Greek New Testament According To The Majority Text (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishing, 1985).

³⁷ Robert V. Schnucker, “Origen: Scholar and Ascetic,” in John D. Woodbridge, ed., Great Leaders of the Christian Church (Chicago, IL: Houghton Mifflin, 1993), 55-58.

³⁸ [J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, The Apostolic Fathers, 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1989), 307-308], [David F. Wright, “What the First Christians Believed,” in Tim Dowley, ed., Introduction to the History of Christianity (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 1977), 106].

³⁹ Geisler, A General Introduction to the Bible, 337.

⁴⁰ Zuck, Basic Bible Interpretation, 194.

⁴¹ Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, 119-122.

⁴² Thomas Ice, “Postmillennialism,” in Mal Couch, ed., Dictionary of Premillennial Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1996), 307,308,310.

⁴³ Geisler, A General Introduction to the Bible, 262-262.

⁴⁴ Scott Jr., Jewish Backgrounds of the New Testament, 358-359.

⁴⁵ Richardson, Israel in the Apostolic Church, 1, cited in Ryrie, Dispensationalism, 128.

⁴⁶ John MacArthur, Ephesians: The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1996), s.v. “preface.”

⁴⁷ Gregory K. Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1999), 103.

⁴⁸ Geisler, A General Introduction to the Bible, 503.

⁴⁹ American Heritage Online Dictionary.

⁵⁰ Martin Gilbert, The Illustrated Atlas of Jewish Civilization (New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990), 34.

⁵¹ American Heritage Online Dictionary.

⁵² Bray, “Tertullian and Western Theology,” 49-54.

⁵³ Crutchfield, “Revelation in the New Testament,” 24.

⁵⁴ Renald E. Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come (Bellmawr, NJ: The Friends of Israel Gospel Ministry, 1995), 78.

⁵⁵ Robert L. Thomas, “Theonomy and the Dating of Revelation,” in Richard L. Mayhue, ed., The Master’s Seminary Journal, vol. 5 (Sun Valley, CA: The Master’s Seminary, 1994), 185n1.

⁵⁶ Geisler, A General Introduction to the Bible, 352.

⁵⁷ American Heritage Online Dictionary, s.v. “Vulgate.”

4.17 - Ten Tribes Lost? Listen to Ten Tribes Lost?

Sooner or later, one is bound to encounter the claim that certain of the tribes of Israel have been lost to history forever. The meaning of lost varies with the different claims. Some claim that the “lost tribes” completely died away without descendants. More often, the tribes are said to have been lost through assimilation with other non-Jewish people groups, having remained separated from the other tribes indefinitely. In other cases, the “lost tribes” are held to be temporarily lost. That is, they migrated to other locations, but retained their identity or even transmogrified into other people groups which one would not normally associate with the Jews (e.g., Anglo-Saxons, Native American Indians).

The legend of the “lost tribes” maintains that after the civil war of Jeroboam and Rehoboam which separated Israel into a divided kingdom, the ten tribes of the Northern Kingdom were captured by Assyria and deported from their land and either dwindled away or migrated elsewhere and remained separate from the other two tribes (Judah and Benjamin) in the Southern Kingdom. The continued promotion of this legend in our own day rests upon the following flawed elements:

The idea of a precise “surgical” separation between the tribes of the Northern and Southern Kingdoms.¹

The tribes of the Northern Kingdom, having been taken by Assyria, never intermixed or returned and are no longer are a part of the Jewish nation today.

A desire to substitute some other group in the line of OT promises made to Israel.²

Legends and speculation.

The use of scriptural passages out-of-context.³

An unwillingness to examine clear biblical evidence to the contrary.

As we shall see, the biblical record makes plain that none of the tribes were “lost” in the sense maintained by this legend. Instead, those tribes which are held to have been “lost” or located exclusively outside of Israel are seen to be in Israel in NT times.

4.17.1 - Claimed As Lost

Claims that the ten tribes have been “lost” are widespread and less surprising when they come from those who do not know the Bible:

As any careful student of Middle Eastern history knows, the “ten” tribes (scholars now doubt that there ever were exactly ten Northern tribes) are now extinct, and will never return.⁴ [emphasis added]

Following the conquest of the northern kingdom by the Assyrians in 721 BC, the 10 tribes were gradually assimilated by other peoples and thus disappeared from history. Nevertheless, a belief persisted that one day the Ten Lost Tribes would be found. . . . The descendants of the tribes of Judah and Benjamin have survived as Jews because they were allowed to return to their homeland after the Babylonian Exile of 586 BC. [emphasis added]⁵

What is more surprising, in light of both OT and NT passages concerning the tribes, is to see this same myth promulgated by those who should know better:

[Regarding Revelation 7:4+], Walvoord accepts this passage as proving that the twelve tribes are still in existence. This interpretation seriously complicates the book of Revelation by bringing in racial distinctions which no longer exist in the NT purview. It disregards the historical fact that ten of the twelve tribes disappeared in Assyria and the remaining two list their separate identity when Jerusalem fell in A.D. 70. . . . The number is obviously symbolic. [emphasis added]⁶

The northern tribes had been taken into captivity by the Assyrians and have become known as “the lost tribes of Israel.” The sole surviving identifiable tribe was Judah, and when this was conquered by Nebuchadrezzar, the captives became known as “Jews”—a word that developed from “Judeans.” The returning exiles were henceforth known as Jews, and the name Judah was loosely used to refer to the region they occupied. [emphasis added]⁷

4.17.2 - Alternative Theories

There are many different theories and people groups which have been identified with the “lost tribes.”

Various theories, one more farfetched than the other, have been adduced, on the flimsiest of evidence, to identify different peoples with the ten lost tribes. There is hardly a people, from the Japanese to the British, and from the Red Indians to the Afghans, who have not been suggested, and hardly a place, among them Africa, India, China, Persia, Kurdistan, Caucasia, the U.S., and Great Britain.⁸

Peoples who at various times were said to be descendants of the lost tribes include the Nestorians, the Mormons, the Afghans, the Falashas of Ethiopia, the American Indians, and the Japanese. Among the numerous immigrants to the State of Israel since its establishment in 1948 were a few who likewise claimed to be remnants of the Ten Lost Tribes.⁹

Before looking at why the myth fails to measure up to Scripture, it is instructive to look at some of the theories connected with the so-called “lost tribes.” Providing the reader with an awareness of these theories and groups which promote them fits with our stated policy of inoculation.

4.17.2.1 - Beyond the River

One of the legends associated with the tribes is that they were deported to a mysterious land where they continue to live as a separated group maintaining their ethnic identity. This idea is often connected with a passage from the Apocryphal book of 2 Esdras.¹⁰ In 2 Esdras, the “lost tribes” are mentioned in the interpretation of the seer’s vision given by God:

“And whereas thou sawest that he [the Son of God] gathered another peaceable multitude unto him; Those are the ten tribes, which were carried away prisoners out of their own land in the time of Osea the king, whom Salmanasar the king of Assyria led away captive, and he carried them over the waters, and so came they into another land. But they took this counsel among themselves, that they would leave the multitude of the heathen, and go forth into a further country, where never mankind dwelt, That they might there keep their statutes, which they never kept in their own land. And they entered into Euphrates by the narrow places of the river. For the most High then shewed signs for them, and held still the flood, till they were passed over. For through that country there was a great way to go, namely, of a year and a half: and the same region is called Arsareth.” (2 Esdras 13:39-45).¹¹

The mysterious land where they are thought to dwell is said to be beyond the “River Sambatyon:”

Their inability to rejoin their brethren was attributed to the fact that whereas the tribes of Judah and Benjamin (the Kingdom of Judah) were “scattered throughout the world,” the ten tribes were exiled beyond the mysterious river Sambatyon (Gen. R. 73:6), with its rolling waters or sand and rocks, which during the six days of the week prevented them from crossing it, and though it rested on the Sabbath, the laws of the Sabbath rendered the crossing equally impossible. According to the Jerusalem Talmud, however (Sanh. 10:6, 29c), the exiles were divided into three. Only one-third went beyond the Sambatyon, a second to “Daphne of Antioch,” and over the third “there descended a cloud which covered them”; but all three would eventually return.¹²

Also spelled Sanbation, or Sambatyon, legendary “Sabbath River” beyond which the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel were exiled in 721 BC by Shalmaneser V, king of Assyria. Legends describe it as a roaring torrent (often not of water but of stones), the turbulence of which ceases only on the Sabbath, when Jews are not allowed to travel. So firm was belief in the existence of the river that the ancient Jewish historian Flavius Josephus located it in Syria and Pliny asserted it was in Judaea, while the Spanish-Jewish scholar Nahmanides identified it with the River Habor (Al-Khabur River) of the Bible (2 Kings 17:6). Rabbi Akiba ben Joseph also saw fit to mention it, as did the 17th-century Jewish scholar Manasseh ben Israel, who carefully studied Eldad ha-Dani’s 9th-century account of his reputed discovery of the “sons of Moses” beyond the river.¹³

The fanciful legends which surround the lost tribes are typical of apocryphal writings:

The lost tribes live in a place (to the East; 4 Ezra 13, 2 Bar 77, Ant 11.5) which is not cold but pleasant (Ethiopic Acts of St. Matthew), and where a son does not die before his father (Ethiopic Acts of St. Matthew, Commodian), where the body suffers neither pain nor sores and dies after a long life and in a state of rest (Commodian). The people of the lost tribes fulfill the Law (4 Ezra 13: 42, Commodian), are hidden beyond a river (Commodian; it is called Sambatyon in some Jewish works, e.g. Tg. Ps.-J. on Ex. 34:10), and shall return to the Land of Israel in order “to rescue their captured mother [=Jerusalem]” (Hic tamen festinat matrem defendere captam. Commodian). They desire neither gold nor silver, neither eat flesh (Commodian, Ethiopic Acts of St. Matthew) nor drink wine; they are nourished by honey and dew, and drink water flowing from paradise (Ethiopic Acts of St. Matthew). A man has one wife, and each is free from sexual lust; they offer their first born to God (Ethiopic Acts of St. Matthew). They do not lie (Commodian, Ethiopic Acts of St. Matthew; cf. Hist. Rech.); and youths do not speak in the presence of adults (Ethiopic Acts of St. Matthew).¹⁴

4.17.2.2 - Samaritans

Another view is that the tribes, after being carried into Assyria, intermarried with other peoples and became the Samaritans, considered as “half-Jews” by many.

Some say the Samaritans were the result of intermarriage of the Jews that were left in the land of Israel with the people that were deported by the King of Assyria from Babylon, Cuthah, Avva, Hamath and Sepharvaim. Nehemiah separates the pure Jews from those that intermarried (Nehemiah 13:28-29). Josephus says that the “Samaritans” is their Greek name while “Cutheans” is their Hebrew name. They were brought out of the country of Cuthah which is in Persia. They continued to worship false gods until God sent a plague resulting in their worship of the God of Israel and His laws (Antiquities of the Jews Book IX, 14:3). According to Josephus during the Greek period Manasseh, the brother of Jaddua the high priest had married Nicaso, a foreign woman. The priests demanded that Manasseh divorce his wife or not approach the altar. Sanballat II (different from the one mentioned in Nehemiah) his father-in-law told Manasseh that he would build him a temple on Mount Gerizim just like the one at Jerusalem if he would not divorce his wife. Alexander the Great gave Sanballat, a general in his army, permission to build the temple (Antiquities of the Jews Book XI, 8:2-4). Some Two hundred years later Hyrcanus destroyed the temple on Mount Gerizim (Antiquities of the Jews Book XIII, 9:1).¹⁵

It is not entirely clear whether intermarriage with Jews was involved, or whether the Samaritans were actually Assyrians who adopted elements of the Jewish religion after being relocated to Syria:

At the final captivity of Israel by Shalmaneser, we may conclude that the cities of Samaria were not merely partially but wholly depopulated of their inhabitants in B.C. 721, and that they remained in this desolated state until, in the words of 2 Kings 17:24, “the king of Assyria brought men from Babylon, and from Cuthah, and from Ava (Ivah, 2 Kings 18:34), and from Hamath, and from Sepharvaim, and placed them in the cities of Samaria instead of the children of Israel: and they possessed Samaria, and dwelt in the cities thereof.” Thus the new Samaritans were Assyrians by birth or subjugation. These strangers, whom we will now assume to have been placed in “the cities of Samaria” by Esar-haddon, were of course idolaters, and worshipped a strange medley of divinities. God’s displeasure was kindled, and they were annoyed by beasts of prey, which had probably increased to a great extent before their entrance upon the land. On their explaining their miserable condition to the king of Assyria, he dispatched one of the captive priests to teach them “how they should fear the Lord.” The priest came accordingly, and henceforth, in the language of the sacred historian they “feared the Lord, and served their graven images, both their children and their children’s children: as did their fathers, so do they unto this day.” 2 Kings 17:41. A gap occurs in their history until Judah has returned from captivity. They then desire to be allowed to participate in the rebuilding of the temple at Jerusalem; but on being refused, the Samaritans throw off the mask, and become open enemies, frustrate the operations of the Jews through the reigns of two Persian kings, and are only effectually silenced in the reign of Darius Hystaspes, B.C. 519.¹⁶

The Samaritans had their own version of the Books of Moses, the Samaritan Pentateuch, which included modifications from the Jewish Torah placing the center of worship on Mount Gerizim rather than Jerusalem (cf. Deu. 11:29; 27:12; Jos. 8:33; John 4:20).¹⁷ There, in their own temple, their priesthood practiced a modified form of OT law.

Their relationship to the Jews through belief and practice of common elements of the OT law, as well as their hatred by the Jewish, is recognized by the NT (Luke 10:33; John 4:9; 8:48). They were the second people group to receive the Holy Spirit, after the Jews, but prior to the Gentiles (Acts 1:8; 8:14-17 cf. Acts 10:15, 44-45).

Although Samaritans have claimed descent from Israel,¹⁸ it seems unlikely that the Samaritans can be considered descendants of the “lost tribes”:

Although there was undoubtedly some intermarriage with Jews, the Samaritan’s themselves indicated they were not of Israel, but from elsewhere: “Now when the adversaries of Judah and Benjamin heard that the descendants of the captivity were building the temple of the LORD God of Israel, they came to Zerubbabel and the heads of the fathers’ houses, and said to them, ‘Let us build with you, for we seek your God as you do; and we have sacrificed to Him since the days of Esarhaddon king of Assyria, who brought us here’ ” [emphasis added] (Ezra 4:1-2). “The Samaritans of subsequent history and of the NT are the descendants of the colonists brought in by the king of Assyria. . . . The Samaritans were a mixed race with a pagan core (Ezra 4:2). Their blood would become more and more Hebraized by the addition of renegade Jews and by the intermarriage with surrounding Israelites, who would find among them the familiar worship of former times.”¹⁹

The Samaritan woman who Jesus spoke with at the well differentiated between “our fathers” and “you Jews” (John 4:20).

Jesus, in his divine knowledge, specifically excluded them from “the lost sheep of the house of Israel” (Mat. 10:5-6).

4.17.2.3 - Anglo-Israelism

Perhaps the most bizarre manifestation of Replacement Theology is found in what has come to be known as Anglo- or British-Israelism. This strange view holds that the peoples of Great Britain and the United States (those who are white and speak English) are the descendants of the “lost tribes:”

Very briefly the Anglo-Israel position is that the Anglo-Saxon peoples, especially Great Britain and the United States, are descended from the tribes of Israel of the Northern Kingdom, and therefore inherit the promises and responsibilities addressed in the Scriptures to Israel. “The National Message,” the official journal of the British-Israel World Federation, introduces its articles with these words: “The following should be read in the light of Israel Truth-namely, that the Anglo-Saxon nations are the continuation of the Israel nation; the inheritors of her Charters; the possessors of her guarantees and immunities from destruction; the executors of her commissions.” . . . Anglo-Israelism teaches that the ten tribes in Assyria migrated to South Russia about the year 650 B.C. . . . There in South Russia they became a gentile people by “associating with them (the gentiles) and absorbing them into their ranks” . . . As a matter of fact, we are told, they became the Scythians of history. These Scythians migrated by slow stages and during a period of about 1000 years to the British Isles.²⁰

The principal belief of Anglo/British Israelism is that the British (and by extension Americans, Canadians, Australians, and others) are the spiritual and literal descendants of the ancient Israelites. Anglo-Israelism has a long history. The Puritan colonists in America also viewed themselves as spiritual descendants of the ancient Israelites. However, it was not until 1840 that John Wilson published “Lectures on our Israelitish Origin” and first proclaimed that the British people were the actual genetic descendants of God’s chosen people. . . . British Israel writers developed the belief that these “10 tribes” retained their identity, became lost to history, and wandered far from the Middle East. They stated that the stone used in the coronation of King David was transported to the British Isles where it exists today as the Stone of Scone. The latter stone is still used for the coronation of British queens and kings. The writers promoted the belief that divine authority was transferred from ancient Israel to England along with the stone. In reality, the origin of the Stone of Scone has been traced to rock outcroppings in Scotland using standard geological methods of analysis.²¹

The idea that Anglos are the “lost tribes” includes the transference of God’s election of Israel²² to these non-Jewish nations such that the royalty of Britain currently occupy the very “throne of David” (but see Mat. 25:31; Rev. 3:21+)!

Great Britain and the USA are believed to be the Anglo-Saxon ancestors of the tribes Ephraim and Manasseh (predominantly), so it may be inferred by British-Israelism that white, English speaking people are really the chosen people of God. . . . Because of this dispersal, it is believed that the Queen of England now sits on the throne of David. . . . “The kingly line of Judah (Genesis 49:10) reached Britain when a daughter of Zedekiah, the last king of Judah before the fall of Jerusalem, arrived with Jeremiah in 569 B.C. This princess, Tea-Tephi, married the king of Ireland, who also happened to be a descendant of Judah through Zarah, Judah’s younger son (Genesis 38:30), and so both branches of the kingly line were established as the Royal House of Ireland. This kingdom was transferred to Scotland and then to England with James I (James VI of Scotland) in 1603. Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain, therefore is a direct descendant of King David and recipient of his throne.” (D. Olinger, British Israelism, Bob Jones University Press) “Jeremiah also brought with him in 569 B.C. the liafail, or Jacob’s pillow-stone (Genesis 28:18) which had been used as the coronation stone of the kings of Judah (II Kings 11:14 - ‘pillar’). This stone now rests in the royal coronation chair of Great Britain in Westminster Abbey. All kings and queens of Great Britain are crowned while sitting on this chair.” (D. Olinger)²³

This idea, as fanciful as it sounds, garnered considerable support among influential quarters in England in the early 1900s:

The idea that Britain was Israel grew with the Empire. The Metropolitan Anglo-Israel Association was founded in 1878 with the Bishop of Rangoon on the council. By the 1930s it could attract thousands to its annual meetings, many of them aristocrats. Its roll contained two duchesses, a marchioness, two earls, three countesses, barons, thirteen baronesses, nine baronets and a wide selection of knights, admirals and generals. All were convinced that the Briton was a lost tribe, ordained to rule the world. Dr Price, William Blake and the British Israelites were in a tradition of claims that biblical figures had visited the British Isles. Jose Arimathea planted the sacred thorn at Glastonbury; the Stone of which sits under the throne upon which English monarchs are crowned is the pillow upon which Joseph slept at Beth-El. It was taken to be carried by the exiled Children of Israel to Antrim, passed to Scotland, and thence to London in 1291 by Edward the First. In the 1950s it had a brief and ignoble trip back to Scotland when it was stolen by a group of Scottish Nationalists as a political stunt. The return of the Jews to England was itself tied to the story Lost Tribes.²⁴

The idea of British-Israelism is perhaps best known in the United States from its promotion by the Worldwide Church of God, a sect of the Seventh Day Adventists founded by Herbert W. Armstrong:

The founder of the Worldwide Church of God, Herbert W. Armstrong, was ordained in 1931 by the Oregon Conference of the Church of God (Seventh-Day). In 1934 Armstrong, while still associated with the Church of God, began a radio ministry called the Radio Church of God and began publishing a magazine entitled The Plain Truth. A devoted student of the Bible, Armstrong had by this time come to believe in British Israelism. This doctrine, which identifies the ten lost tribes of Israel with Anglo-Saxons, became part of his church’s larger complex of beliefs that includes an emphasis on Old Testament law and the observance of Jewish festivals. By 1937 Armstrong had withdrawn from the Church of God (Seventh-Day), which had distanced itself from British Israelism and the observance of Jewish feasts. His own following grew, and in 1947 he moved his headquarters to Pasadena, California, where he founded Ambassador College. There the movement continued to prosper, with the radio broadcast (renamed “The World Tomorrow” during the 1960s and hosted by Armstrong’s son, Garner Ted Armstrong), followed by a television ministry, reaching an ever-widening audience. By 1974 distribution of The Plain Truth had reached 2 million.²⁵

This unusual idea that English-speaking whites are genetic descendants of the “lost tribes” is completely lacking in objective historical support:

A letter was sent by the writer to several of our leading institutions of higher education, addressed to the department of History. The letter contained this question: “Do you know of any historical evidence to support the theory that the Anglo-Saxon people are descended from the ten tribes of Israel?” Here are the answers received:

“So far as I am aware no reputable historian accepts the theories of the people known as the Anglo-Israelites. There is a considerable body of literature on this subject, largely originating in England, but none of it, I believe, contains much more than speculation on probabilities plus Biblical interpretations of questionable soundness. Professional historians are agreed that the people who are now called Anglo-Saxon are a mixture of Teutonic, Norman French, and some Celtic blood. Any good, modern text-book, such as W. E. Lunt’s History of England (Harpers), will give you this information. If the Anglo-Saxons are descended from the ten tribes, the Germans, Scandinavians, French, Scotch, and Irish must be also” (from the University of Chicago).

“As you doubtless know, there is a small group of English people who believe that they and all their fellow countrymen are descended from the ‘Ten Lost Tribes,’ but their assertion is based almost entirely upon their own peculiar interpretation of certain passages in the Bible, and has no smallest scrap of historical evidence to support it” (from Princeton University).

“I beg to state briefly that the last substantial publication on the Lost Ten Tribes is that of Professor Allen H. Godbey, entitled, The Lost Tribes, a Myth, 1930. There you will find an extensive bibliography on the subject. Incidentally the prevalent scholarly opinion shares Professor Godbey’s view that the ten tribes have not left behind them sufficient historical records which allow us to trace them down to the more recent periods” (from Columbia University).

“I am aware that this theory has been mooted by a certain class of people for sometime, and that an organization evidently well supplied with funds occasionally inserts full page propaganda articles in London newspapers in support of it. So far as I know, no reputable historian has ever taken it seriously” (from Michigan State College).

“To the best of my knowledge no reputable historian has ever even entertained the suggestion that there is any connection between the ten tribes of Israel and the Anglo-Saxons. The ten tribes, to the historian, were never ‘lost,’ except in the sense that they were absorbed into neighboring peoples of the Near East. There is a wide gap in space and time between the Israelites and the earliest known Anglo-Saxons, and there are no existing records that even suggest that this gap, can be filled” (from Wayne University, Detroit, Michigan).

It may be objected that these professors have given prejudiced answers, but this is hardly possible when the question is strictly an historical one. However, we do not rest our case upon authorities, and so will proceed to show from an actual examination of both sacred and secular history, that the opinion of the Anglo-Israel theory expressed by these students of history is correct.²⁶

4.17.2.4 - To The Americas

Another, perhaps equally-strange idea, promoted by Mormons and some Native American Indians, holds that the lost tribes crossed the Atlantic to the Americas.

Special interest is attached to the fantastic traveler’s tale told by Aaron (Antonio) Levi de Montezinos who, on his return to Amsterdam from South America in 1644, told a remarkable story of having found Indians beyond the mountain passes of the Cordilleras who greeted him by reciting the Shema [Deu. 6:4]. Among those to whom Montezinos gave his affidavit was Manasseh Ben Israel, then rabbi of Amsterdam, who fully accepted the story, and to it devoted his Hope of Israel (1650, 16522) which he dedicated to the English Parliament. In section 37 he sums up his findings in the following words: “1. That the West Indies were anciently inhabited by a part of the ten Tribes, which passed thither out of Tartary, by the Straight of Anian. 2. That the Tribes are not in any one place, but in many; because the Prophets have fore-told their return shall be into their Country, out of divers places; Isaiah especially saith it shall be out of eight. 3. That they did not return to the Second Temple. 4. That at this day they keep the Jewish Religion. 5. That the prophecies concerning their return to their Country, are of necessity to be fulfilled. 6. That from all coasts of the World they shall meet in those two places, sc. Assyria and Egypt; God preparing an easier, pleasant way, and abounding with all things, as Isaiah saith, ch. 49, and from thence they shall flee to Jerusalem, as birds to their nests. 7. That their Kingdom shall be no more divided; but the twelve Tribes shall be joined together under one Prince, that is under Messiah, the Son of David; and that they shall never be driven out of their Land.” The Latin work was translated into English the same year it was published, and ran through three editions in as many years, and Manasseh Ben Israel used this “evidence” of the dispersal of the Jews throughout the world as an argument to Oliver Cromwell in his appeal to permit the return of the Jews to England, then the only country which had no Jews. As long as this situation existed, the fulfillment of the prophecy that the coming (or the second coming) of the Messiah would take place only when the Jews were scattered in the four quarters of the world (section 35). Both through the translation and the correspondence which the story initiated between Manasseh Ben Israel and theologians in England, it played a significant role in creating the atmosphere which eventually brought about the return of the Jews to England.²⁷

4.17.2.4.1 - Native American Indians?

Although Montezinos claimed to have encountered South American Indians reciting the Shema (Deu. 6:4), others speculated whether the North American Indians might be the offspring of the lost tribes:

The tribe of Gad are the Native American Indians found on reservations throughout America. Genesis 49:19 - ‘Gad, a troop shall overcome him, but he shall overcome at the last.’ The troop that overcame Gad was General Armstrong Custer and the 10th U.S. Cavalry. They defeated the Sioux Indians at the Battle of Little Big Horn in 1876. Chief Sitting Bull surrendered during the Battle of Wounded Knee in 1891. [Notice that Reubenites NEVER surrendered]. This is when they began to be pushed onto reservations.²⁸

Missionaries, such as John Eliot, who worked among the Indians of North America sought for evidence of their connection with the Hebrews.²⁹ Numerous ‘artifacts’ have been claimed to support a connection, but none have withstood careful scrutiny. One such example is the Bat Creek Stone which, so it is claimed, contains a “Paleo-Hebrew” inscription referring to Judea. Although there are numerous problems with this claim, such artifacts are of particular interest to Mormons who desperately seek early American artifacts which would corroborate the record of the Book of Mormon.³⁰

4.17.2.4.2 - Mormonism

Enter Mormonism, and its belief that the “lost tribes” crossed the Atlantic prior to Columbus, an idea which attempts to shore up the creative historical account of the early Americas as found in The Book of Mormon.

Perhaps the most fantastical of all claimants to be Lost Tribes are in the Americas. The Indians’ supposed history as a lost tribe had saved them: in the early days of South American exploration there was debate as to whether they were human at all, or whether they could be killed like beasts. Only the belief in Indians as a remnant of the tribe of Reuben prevented an even more complete destruction. But how could a band of migrants from the Middle East have got there, two thousand years before Columbus? How could anyone believe anything quite so implausible? In fact, the story of the Lost Tribes is very much alive in the United States. Many Americans have pursued the belief to - or even beyond - its logical limits. The idea goes back to the early days of their nation. In 1837 Mordechai Manuel Noah published The Evidences of the American Indians being Descendants of the Lost Tribes of Israel. He planned to establish a Jewish State, Ararat, near Buffalo, New York. His state came to nothing, but the vision of America as the destiny of the exiles from Armageddon has gained a power that affects the lives of millions. The story is tied to the visions of Joseph Smith and the history revealed to him by the Angel Moroni. According to the Book of Nephi, after a century of captivity the ten tribes escaped to the North. They passed through the unknown region of Arsareth and were then lost to mankind. Some of the theories as to where they now live are frankly speculative. They may be on another planet (as is the City of Enoch, which ‘was translated or taken away from the earth ... is now held in reserve, in some part or portion of space ... not yet revealed’). In 1842 Philo Dibble preserved a drawing made by the Prophet Joseph Smith himself showing the earth joined by a narrow neck to another sphere, home of the Tribes. A more plausible idea had it that the earth was hollow, with the tribes within. This theory was popular in the early nineteenth century, when a Captain Symmes had applied, without success, to Congress and to the Government of Russia for funds to find the entrance. Other Mormons believe the Tribes to be scattered among the peoples of the earth, lost only in identity, not in location. Brigham Young himself felt that ‘The sons of Ephraim are wild and uncultivated, unruly, ungovernable. The spirit in them is turbulent and resolute; they are the Anglo-Saxon race.’ Saxon does sound suspiciously like Isaacson and many Mormons believe themselves, because of Brigham Young’s words, to belong to the Tribe of Ephraim. Wherever they are, at the Second Coming, the tribes will return to the New Jerusalem to be built in Jackson County, Missouri. The Mormon Church studies the monuments of the Aztecs and the Maya in the hope of establishing a link with the Hebrew peoples they suppose to have built them. They have a centre for Near Eastern Studies in Jerusalem, where attempts are made to search for a connection of the peoples of the ancient world with today’s Mormons.³¹

In the Mormon doctrine of the return of the Jews to the Promised Land, the “lost tribes” will remain west of the Atlantic:

Gospel Principles, a manual published by the LDS Church for new members, says on page 263, “The Israelites are to be gathered first spiritually and then physically. They are gathered spiritually when they join the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. . . . Thousands of people all over the world are joining the Church each year. These converts are Israelites either by blood or adoption. . . The physical gathering of Israel means that the Israelites will be ‘gathered home to the lands of their inheritance, and established in all their lands of promise’ (see 2 Nephi 9:2). The tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh will be gathered to the land of America. The tribe of Judah will be returned to the city of Jerusalem and the area surrounding it. The ten lost tribes will receive from the tribe of Ephraim (in America) their promised blessings (see D. & C. 133).” . . . Mormons expect these “lost tribes” to return from the North because Joseph Smith said they would. On January 4, 1833, Smith said God commanded him to write the following: “And now I am prepared to say by the authority of Jesus Christ, that not many years shall pass away before the United States shall present such a scene of bloodshed as has not a parallel in the history of our nation: pestilence, hail, famine, and earthquake will sweep the wicked of this generation from off the face of the land, to open and prepare the way for the return of the lost tribes of Israel from the north country. . . there are those now living upon the earth whose eyes shall not be closed in death until they see all these things which I have spoken, fulfilled” (History of the Church by Joseph Smith, vol. I, pp. 315-316).³²

Restoration of the Lost Tribes—From the scriptural passages already considered, it is plain that, while many of those belonging to the Ten Tribes were diffused among the nations, a sufficient number to justify the retention of the original name were led away as a body and are now in existence in some place where the Lord has hidden them. To them the resurrected Christ went to minister after His visit to the Nephites, as before stated. Their return constitutes a very important part of the gathering, characteristic of the dispensation of the fulness of times. (Talmage, James E. A Study of the Articles of Faith. 12th ed., rev. Salt Lake City: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1970. pp. 340-341.)³³

4.17.2.4.2.1 - Book of Mormon

Even the Book of Mormon contains passages which are said to apply to the “lost tribes” of Israel:

For behold, I shall speak unto the Jews and they shall write it; and I shall also speak unto the Nephites and they shall write it; and I shall also speak unto the other tribes of the house of Israel, which I have led away, and they shall write it; and I shall also speak unto all nations of the earth and they shall write it. And it shall come to pass that the Jews shall have the words of the Nephites, and the Nephites shall have the words of the Jews; and the Nephites and the Jews shall have the words of the lost tribes of Israel;³⁴ [emphasis added]

1 Ne. 22:4 many are already lost from knowledge of those at Jerusalem; 2 Ne. 29:12 the Lord will speak to Jews, Nephites, other tribes, and they shall write; 29:13 Jews, Nephites, and lost tribes shall have each others’ writings; 3 Ne. 15:15 Father has not commanded Christ to tell Jews about other tribes whom Father led away; 15:20 Father separated other tribes from Jews because of iniquity; 17:4 Christ will show himself to lost tribes; 21:26 gospel to be preached to lost tribes; 28:29 three Nephites shall minister unto all scattered tribes; Ether 13:11 they who were scattered and gathered from north countries are partakers of fulfilling of covenant.³⁵

As has been well-documented elsewhere, there are serious discrepancies between the record of history in the Americas and the claims of the Book of Mormon. The disagreement between the Book of Mormon and what Scripture reveals concerning the “lost tribes” is another illustration of discrepancies between Mormon teaching and the Bible. DNA studies also provide evidence against the idea of Native American Indians descending from a lost tribe of Israel.³⁶

4.17.3 - The Biblical Facts

As fascinating (and time-consuming) as the forgoing ideas may be, they all have a fundamental problem: they are opposed by the simple facts of history and inspired Scripture. History and the Bible indicate that although the tribes were separated during the civil war of Israel, the separation was neither complete nor ongoing. Passages in Scripture indicate that, in reaction to idolatry in the north, many from the Northern Kingdom migrated to the Southern Kingdom to join with Judah and Benjamin. Moreover, after the Northern Kingdom was taken by Assyria, the Assyrians themselves were overthrown by Babylon. This makes it likely that when the Southern Kingdom fell to Babylon, refugees from both Kingdoms intermingled in Babylonia. Thus, in the return of Israel following the Babylonian Captivity, all the tribes of Israel were involved. This fact is attested to by numerous passages in the NT which identify persons from among the supposed ten “lost tribes” who were not lost, but found in the land of Israel.

If you feel that Anglo-Saxons or any other gentile race makes up “the lost tribes,” may I say to you, you are very much lost in the maze of Scripture. You may be lost, but the ten tribes are not lost. . . . When anyone tries to say there are the ten lost tribes today, they must be on an Easter-egg hunt.³⁷

4.17.3.1 - Northern Kingdom Falls to Assyria

The main thesis of the “lost tribes” myth is that ten of the tribes—the Northern Kingdom—disappeared when Assyria invaded and deported the Israelites from Syria. The myth requires that all the ten tribes were abducted in the fall of the Northern Kingdom. But the facts indicate otherwise. There was a significant mixing of the tribes prior to the fall of the Northern Kingdom and also probably during the Babylonian Captivity. A basic outline of the sequence of events concerning the captivity of the Northern and Southern Kingdoms and the return of Israel to the land will be helpful in our discussion.

Migrations and Captivities

Date
Passage
Event

931 B.C.³⁸
1K. 11:26-40; 14:21-31;
Civil war results in the divided Kingdom. The Northern Kingdom under Jeroboam, the Southern Kingdom under Rehoboam.

931-910 B.C.³⁹
2Chr. 11:13-14
The Levites were rejected as priests in favor of pagan worship in the Northern Kingdom. They left their possessions and lands in the north and relocated to Judah and Jerusalem.

811-870 B.C.⁴⁰
2Chr. 15:8-9
In response to the reforms of King Asah of the Southern Kingdom, “great numbers” from Ephraim, Manasseh, and Simeon relocated to the Southern Kingdom.

734-732 B.C.⁴¹
2K. 15:29
First invasion of the Northern Kingdom by Assyria under Tiglath-Pileser.

729-686 B.C.⁴²
1Chr. 4:24-43
“The Simeonites continued to dwell in the Southern Kingdom and were there in the days of Hezekiah, king of Judah. They were part of the Southern Kingdom when the Northern Kingdom was being carried away captive.”⁴³

722 B.C.⁴⁴
2K. 17:3-6
Second invasion of the Northern Kingdom by Assyria under Shalmaneser and Sargon in 721 B.C. Samaria fell at this time.

701 B.C.
Isa. 37
Assyrian incursion into Judah (Southern Kingdom) under Sennacherib in 701 B.C. Jerusalem was delivered, but Assyrian records indicate forty-six cities and 200,150 captives were taken.⁴⁵

605 B.C.⁴⁶
Dan. 1:1
Fall of Jerusalem to Babylon about 605 B.C. Some from Judah were carried to Babylon at that time. Note that Babylon had assimilated Assyria so those carried away from the Northern Kingdom were now joined by those from the Southern Kingdom under the same government.

537 B.C.⁴⁷
Ezra 2:28; Ne. 12:44-47
Return under Zerubbabel mentions Judah, Levi, and “all Israel.” This included: Arah from the tribe of Asher (Ezra 2:5 cf. 1Chr. 7:39), Bani from the tribe of Gad (Ezra. 2:10 cf. Ne. 7:15); Bethlehem from the tribe of Zebulun (Ezra. 2:26 cf. Jos. 19:15-16), Ramah from the tribe of Naphtali (Ezra 2:26 cf. Jos. 19:32-39), men from Bethel and Ai, towns of the Northern Kingdom (Ezra. 2:28), and Nebo from the tribe of Reuben (Ezra 2:29 cf. 1Chr. 5:1-8).

458 B.C.⁴⁸
1Chr. 9:1-3
Return under Ezra included Judah, Benjamin, Levi, and other tribes which had mixed with Judah prior to the captivity. All Israel was represented in the return, including Ephraim and Manasseh.

After the Northern Kingdom fell to Assyria, eventually the Southern Kingdom also fell to Babylon. By then, Assyria had also fallen to Babylonia and it is likely that among the captives in Babylon were to be found the offspring of some who had originally been taken in the fall of the Northern Kingdom to Assyria.

It is contended by Anglo-Israelites that these migrations were only temporary; that the Israelites came only to worship and later returned to the north. However, the Scriptures present positive evidence that the immigrants did not return. Immediately after the division of the Kingdom there was the threat of war between the two factions, and Rehoboam gathered an army of 180,000 men (1K. 12:21). Rehoboam must have mustered every available fighting man, as he anticipated war with a kingdom far outnumbering his in population. Just seventeen years later in the Southern Kingdom under the reign of Abijah another army was gathered, and this time it numbers 400,000. The increase of 220,000 in 17 years should be noted (2Chr. 13:3). Just three years later another army is mobilized under Asa and the size is given as 580,000 (2Chr. 14:8). Within a period of twenty years there has been an increase in the available army of Judah of 400,000 men. The only reasonable explanation of this phenomenal increase in population in the Southern Kingdom is the explanation given in the Word of God. The immigrants from the northern tribes strengthened the Kingdom of Judah.⁴⁹

4.17.3.2 - Divine Promises of Preservation

We should not be surprised that although we may not know who the offspring of the various tribes are today (with the possible exception of Levi), God knows. In fact, if one of the tribes were to somehow perish, then the Word of God would have effectively been broken. For God has specifically vowed to preserve His elect nation.

4.17.3.2.1 - Sun, Moon, and Messiah

God has promised that so long as the sun and moon continue, so too will the seed of Israel as a nation. This does not speak of the spiritual offspring of Abraham (by faith), but of the physical nation (Rom. 11:25).⁵⁰

Thus says the LORD, Who gives the sun for a light by day, the ordinances of the moon and the stars for a light by night, Who disturbs the sea, and its waves roar (The LORD of hosts is His name): “If those ordinances depart from before Me, says the LORD, then the seed of Israel shall also cease from being a nation before Me forever.” (Jer. 31:35-36) [emphasis added]

Elsewhere, God promised to restore the “preserved ones” by means of the Messiah, Jesus Christ:

And now the LORD says, Who formed Me from the womb to be His Servant, To bring Jacob back to Him, so that Israel is gathered to Him (For I shall be glorious in the eyes of the LORD, and My God shall be My strength), indeed He says, ‘It is too small a thing that You should be My Servant To raise up the tribes of Jacob, and to restore the preserved ones of Israel; I will also give You as a light to the Gentiles, that You should be My salvation to the ends of the earth.’ (Isa. 49:5-6) [emphasis added]

Pay special attention to what has just been said lest we fall into the confusion of Replacement Theology: He promised to “raise up the tribes of Jacob” and “restore the preserved ones of Israel” which are a separate group from the Gentiles to whom the Messiah will also be given. This speaks of national Israel, not the spiritual seed of Abraham which includes Gentiles who also come to faith.

4.17.3.2.2 - Valley of the Dry Bones

The future restoration of the whole house of Israel is seen in Ezekiel’s vision of the dry bones. God promises the spiritual regeneration of all of Israel (a condition of the New Covenant, Jer. 31:31) and the joining of both Northern and Southern Kingdoms under the future reign of David:

Then He said to me, “Son of man, these bones are the whole house of Israel. They indeed say, ‘Our bones are dry, our hope is lost, and we ourselves are cut off!’ As for you, son of man, take a stick for yourself and write on it: ‘For Judah and for the children of Israel, his companions.’ Then take another stick and write on it, ‘For Joseph, the stick of Ephraim, and for all the house of Israel, his companions.’ Then join them one to another for yourself into one stick, and they will become one in your hand. And when the children of your people speak to you, saying, ‘Will you not show us what you mean by these?’ - say to them, ‘Thus says the Lord GOD: ”Surely I will take the stick of Joseph, which is in the hand of Ephraim, and the tribes of Israel, his companions; and I will join them with it, with the stick of Judah, and make them one stick, and they will be one in My hand.“’ And the sticks on which you write will be in your hand before their eyes. Then say to them, ‘Thus says the Lord GOD: “Surely I will take the children of Israel from among the nations, wherever they have gone, and will gather them from every side and bring them into their own land; and I will make them one nation in the land, on the mountains of Israel; and one king shall be king over them all; they shall no longer be two nations, nor shall they ever be divided into two kingdoms again. They shall not defile themselves anymore with their idols, nor with their detestable things, nor with any of their transgressions; but I will deliver them from all their dwelling places in which they have sinned, and will cleanse them. Then they shall be My people, and I will be their God. David My servant shall be king over them, and they shall have one shepherd; they shall also walk in My judgments and observe My statutes, and do them. Then they shall dwell in the land that I have given to Jacob My servant, where your fathers dwelt; and they shall dwell there, they, their children, and their children’s children, forever; and My servant David shall be their prince forever. Moreover I will make a covenant of peace with them, and it shall be an everlasting covenant with them; I will establish them and multiply them, and I will set My sanctuary in their midst forevermore. My tabernacle also shall be with them; indeed I will be their God, and they shall be My people. The nations also will know that I, the LORD, sanctify Israel, when My sanctuary is in their midst forevermore.” ’ ” (Eze. 37:11, 16-28) [emphasis added]

In verses 15-28 Ezekiel mentions two sticks. I will not go into any detail here other than to say that they typify the northern (Israel) and southern (Judah) kingdoms which will again become one nation. This means, my friend, that there must not be any “ten lost tribes of Israel” at least, if there are, God knows where they are, and I am confident that it is not Great Britain which will be joined to them in that land!⁵¹

4.17.3.2.3 - The Tribes in the New Testament

This same theme of tribal preservation continues into the NT with Gabriel’s message to Mary concerning her virgin birth:

“And behold, you will conceive in your womb and bring forth a Son, and shall call His name JESUS. He will be great, and will be called the Son of the Highest; and the Lord God will give Him the throne of His father David. And He will reign over the house of Jacob forever, and of His kingdom there will be no end.” (Luke 1:31-33) [emphasis added]

Nowhere in all of Scripture will you find the Church or Gentile believers in Messiah Jesus called “the house of Jacob.” This refers to the Jewish tribes—all of them descendants from the man Israel. These are the same tribes which Jesus will turn away ungodliness from when “all Israel” is saved (Rom. 11:25-16). Also note the significant distinction which Paul makes between “the fullness of the Gentiles” versus “all Israel.” Israel means Israel!! Yes, Gentiles will be saved (the Church), but Paul is speaking here about the physical seed of Abraham (Rom. 9:1-5; 10:1; 11:28).

None of this surprises those who have studied the doctrine of the remnant which runs throughout the pages of Scripture like a golden lifeline. God has always had and will always have those who are physical descendants of Israel that also have faith in Him. It is clear from such passages that God will preserve all twelve tribes.⁵²

The preservation of the tribes is also attested by their mention throughout the NT and in conjunction with the Millennial Kingdom and eternal state yet to come.

Tribes in the New Testament and the Future

Time Period | Passage | Tribe
NT | Mat. 1:1-3; Luke 3:23-26; Heb. 7:14 | Judah
NT | Luke 1:5 | Levi
NT | Luke 2:36 | Asher
NT | Rom. 11:1; Php. 3:5 | Benjamin
NT | Mat. 19:28; Luke 22:30; Acts 26:7; Jas. 1:1; Rev. 7:4-8+ | All twelve tribes.
Millennial Kingdom | Eze. 48:1-29; Mat. 19:28; Luke 22:30; Acts 1:6-7 | All twelve tribes participate in the Millennial Kingdom.
Eternal State | Rev. 21:12+ | All twelve tribes are memorialized on the gates of the New Jerusalem.

4.17.4 - Where are the Tribes Today?

“The fallacy inherent in all of the theories about the lost tribes is simply this: they were never lost, but continued as part of the main body of the Jewish people.”⁵³ All twelve tribes of Israel are in the world. Although it may only be possible for us to identify the tribe of Levi, due to their names and genetic testing from known Levites, God knows their identity. The twelve tribes are to be found wherever one finds Jews today: they are in the land of Israel and also in the Diaspora, dispersed around the world.⁵⁴ They are “lost” in the sense that mankind cannot identify them, but they are not lost from the perspective of our omniscient God nor His promises to preserve the nation and seal members from each tribe in the future time of tribulation (Rev. 7:4-8+).

The question may arise in the minds of some as to how the tribes will be discovered and identified since they are scattered today. They reckon, of course, without the power of God. Just as the Lord Jesus will be able to sort out all of the bodies that have gone back to the dust of the earth and raise them from the dead, “according to the working whereby he is able even to subdue all things unto himself” (Php. 3:21), so God will know the tribal identities.⁵⁵

When the time is right, God will send His Son to earth (Rev. 19:11+) to overthrow the governments of man and establish His Kingdom on earth. Then, He will rule from the throne of David (Isa. 9:6-7; Luke 1:32-33; Mat. 25:31; Rev. 3:21+) over the whole house of Israel (Eze. 37:11) and the apostles will co-rule over all twelve tribes of Israel (Mat. 19:28; Luke 22:30).

Notes

¹ “The entire tribe of Simeon was located within the boundaries of the Southern Kingdom, and continued to reside there after the division of the Kingdom of Solomon. Joshua 19:1 states clearly that the Simeonites had their inheritance within the boundaries or inheritance of Judah. From 1Chr. 4:24-43 we learn that the Simeonites continued to dwell in the Southern Kingdom and were there in the days of Hezekiah, king of Judah.”—Roy L. Aldrich, “Anglo-Israelism Refuted,” in Bibliotheca Sacra, vol. 93 no. 369 (Dallas, TX: Dallas Theological Seminary, January-March 1936), 53.

² Many groups which promote the “lost tribes” idea are practitioners of Replacement Theology. “There are those who say that the ten tribes are lost; that is, the tribes have popped up in Great Britain from where they spread to the United States. This is a nice theory which ministers to the pride of many folk who would like to believe that they are members of the lost tribes, but this idea of ten lost tribes is entirely man-made. You will not find it in the Word of God.”—J. Vernon McGee, Thru The Bible Commentary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1997, c1981), 2K. 17:6. These groups are avid supporters of the idea that they are “Israel” and “Jews” so far as the promises are concerned. One can only expect they will be quick to distance themselves from their Jewish claims when the next wave of Anti-Semitism washes upon their shore!

³ “The Scripture speaks of those who handle the Word of God deceitfully. Mr. David Baron in his book on the Anglo-Israel question, gives this advice: ‘When reading Anglo-Israel literature, always verify your reference and study the context and you will find that the Scriptures quoted in them are either misapplications or perversions of the true meaning of the text.’ ”—Aldrich, “Anglo-Israelism Refuted,” 45.

⁴ [www.2think.org/hundredsheep/annotated/iinep29.shtml].

⁵ Britannica CD 99 Multimedia Edition, s.v. “Ten Lost Tribes of Israel.”

⁶ Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977), 168.

⁷ W. S. Lasor, “Judah, Territory Of,” in Geoffrey W. Bromiley, ed., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979, 1915), 2:1150.

⁸ Louis Isaac Rabinowitz, “Ten Lost Tribes,” in Geoffrey Wigoder, ed., Encyclopedia Judaica CDROM Edition Version 1.0 (Keter Publishing House, Ltd., 1997), s.v. “Ten Lost Tribes.”

⁹ Britannica CD 99 Multimedia Edition, s.v. “Ten Lost Tribes of Israel.”

¹⁰ The apocryphal book of II Esdras describes a dream in chapter 13 in which there is a miraculous parting of the Euphrates River into Armenia where the 10 tribes seemingly remain. However, this evidence must be disregarded as Josephus records in Antiquities XI v2 that the ten tribes of the captivity were still in Mesopotamia in the first century AD after Esdras was written, and 750 years after British Israelists claim that they had left for the north and the east. [www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/5951/BI.html].

¹¹ The Apocrypha: King James Version (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1995), 2 Esdras 13:39.

¹² Rabinowitz, “Ten Lost Tribes,” s.v. “Ten Lost Tribes.”

¹³ Britannica CD 99 Multimedia Edition, s.v. “Sambation.”

¹⁴ James H. Charlesworth, “Lost Tribes, The,” in David Noel Freeman, ed., The Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York, NY: Doubleday, 1996, c1992), 4:372.

¹⁵ [www.bibleandscience.com/archaeology/losttribes.htm].

¹⁶ William Smith, Smith’s Bible Dictionary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1997), s.v. “Samaritans.”

¹⁷ Modifications included: “1. Emendations of passages and words of the Hebrew text which contain something objectionable in the eyes of the Samaritans, on account either of historical improbability or apparent want of dignity in the terms applied to the Creator. Thus in the Samaritan Pentateuch no one in the antediluvian times begets his first son after he has lived 150 years; but one hundred years are, where necessary, subtracted before, and added after, the birth of the first son. An exceedingly important and often-discussed emendation of this class is the passage in Ex. 12:40, which in our text reads, ‘Now the sojourning of the children of Israel who dwelt in Egypt was four hundred and thirty years.’ The Samaritan has ‘The sojourning of the children of Israel [and their fathers who dwelt in the land of Canaan and in the land of Egypt] was four hundred and thirty years’; an interpolation of very late date indeed. Again, in Gen. 2:2, ‘And God [?] had finished on the seventh day,’ is altered into ‘the sixth,’ lest God’s rest on the Sabbath day might seem incomplete. 2. Alteration made in favor of or on behalf of Samaritan theology, hermeneutics and domestic worship.”—Ibid., s.v. “Samaritan Pentateuch.”

¹⁸ “The Samaritans claim descendancy from the northern Israelite tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh following the destruction of the northern kingdom of Israel by the Assyrians in 722 B.C. Since Assyrian documents record deporting a relatively small proportion of the Israelites (27,290), it is quite possible that a sizable population remained that could identify themselves as Israelites, the term that the Samaritans prefer for themselves, indicating their status as remnants of the northern kingdom.”—R. T. Anderson, “Samaritans,” in Geoffrey W. Bromiley, ed., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979, 1915), 4:303.

¹⁹ Merrill K. Unger, R. Harrison, Frederic F Vos, and Cyril J. Barber, The New Unger’s Bible Dictionary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1988), s.v. “Samaritans.”

²⁰ Aldrich, “Anglo-Israelism Refuted,” 42, 58.

²¹ [www.religioustolerance.org/anglo_is.htm].

²² Concerning the election of Israel: Ex. 3:7, 15, 18; 6:6; 19:5-6; Lev. 20:26; Deu. 4:34, 37; 7:6-8; 10:15; 14:2; 26:18-19; 2S. 7:23; 1K. 8:53; 1Chr. 16:13; 17:21; Ps. 105:6; 106:6-7; 135:4; Isa. 41:8; 43:1, 10; 44:1; 45:4; Jer. 10:16; Mat. 24:22; Rom. 9:4; Rom. 11:5.

²³ [www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/5951/BI.html]. British Israelists make the claim that the stone under the coronation chair is the stone that the builders rejected. God strictly forbade the use of hewn stones in altars (Exodus 20:25). This stone was probably not the coronation altar of the Old Testament kings. Secondly, however, Professor A. C. Ramsey of the Geology Department of London University inspected the stone and identified it as red sandstone, probably of Scottish origin. The nearest red sandstone to Bethel, where Jacob found his stone is in Petra, nearly one hundred miles to the south; the stone around Bethel where Jacob slept is white limestone. [www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/5951/BI.html].

²⁴ [www.dhushara.com/book/torah/tribes/itb/tribes.htm].

²⁵ Editors, “Worldwide Church of God,” in Daniel G. Reid, Robert Dean Linder, Bruce L. Shelly, and Harry S. Stout, eds., Dictionary of Christianity in America (Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity, 1997, c1990), s.v. “Worldwide Church of God.”

²⁶ Aldrich, “Anglo-Israelism Refuted,” 51-52.

²⁷ Rabinowitz, “Ten Lost Tribes,” s.v. “Ten Lost Tribes.”

²⁸ It is difficult to imagine a more far-fetched interpretation of prophecy than this! [www.usd.edu/anth/cultarch/ltribes.html].

²⁹ “John Eliot, known as the ‘Apostle to the Indians,’ joined others in speculating about the connection between the American tribes and Israel’s ten lost tribes.”—H M Conn, “Missions, Evangelical Foreign,” in Daniel G. Reid, Robert Dean Linder, Bruce L. Shelly, and Harry S. Stout, eds., Dictionary of Christianity in America (Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity, 1997, c1990), s.v. “Missions, Evangelical Foreign.”

³⁰ See [www.econ.ohio-state.edu/jhm/arch/batcrk.html], [www.lds-mormon.com/batcreek.shtml], [www.geocities.com/SoHo/Lofts/2712/Batcreek.html].

³¹ [www.dhushara.com/book/torah/tribes/itb/tribes.htm].

³² [www.ankerberg.com/Articles/_PDFArchives/apologetics/AP1W0803.pdf].

³³ [http://members.aol.com/acadac/talks/twlv.htm].

³⁴ Footnote 13b: Israel, Ten Lost Tribes of and the lost tribes of Israel shall have the words of the Nephites and the Jews. Book of Mormon, 2 Nephi 29:12-13.

³⁵ Book of Mormon, ISRAEL, TEN LOST TRIBES OF.

³⁶ G. Southerton, Losing a Lost Tribe: Native Americans, DNA, and the Mormon Church (Salt Lake City, UT: Signature Books, 2004).

³⁷ McGee, Thru The Bible Commentary, Zec. 7:3, Mark 2:15.

³⁸ W. A. Criswell and Paige Patterson, eds., The Holy Bible: Baptist Study Edition (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1991), 502.

³⁹ Ibid.

⁴⁰ Ibid.

⁴¹ Ibid., 528.

⁴² Ibid., 504.

⁴³ Aldrich, “Anglo-Israelism Refuted,” 53.

⁴⁴ Criswell, The Holy Bible: Baptist Study Edition, 504.

⁴⁵ Aldrich, “Anglo-Israelism Refuted,” 56.

⁴⁶ With the final fall of the Southern Kingdom in 586 B.C., Jerusalem and the Temple were destroyed and many more captives deported to Babylon.

⁴⁷ Criswell, The Holy Bible: Baptist Study Edition, 634, 645.

⁴⁸ Ibid.

⁴⁹ Aldrich, “Anglo-Israelism Refuted,” 55.

⁵⁰ The ordinances of the sun and moon insure the continued existence of Israel, as seen in their mention in association with the woman of Revelation 12+.

⁵¹ McGee, Thru The Bible Commentary, Eze. 37:22.

⁵² Regarding the believing remnant of national Israel: 1K. 19:18; 2K. 19:4, 30; 21:14; 25:22; Isa. 1:9; 6:13; 7:3; 10:20-22; 28:5; 37:4, 31-32; 46:3; 59:21; 65:8; Jer. 5:10, 18; 23:3; 50:20; Eze. 5:3; 6:8-10; 9:8, 11; 11:13; Joel 2:32; Zec. 11:10; Mic. 2:12; 7:18; Zec. 13:8-9; Rom. 9:6, 9:27; 11:5, 17, 25; Gal. 6:16; 1Pe. 1:1; Rev. 12:17+.

⁵³ William Varner, Jacob’s Dozen: A Prophetic Look at the Tribes of Israel (Bellmawr, NJ: Friends of Israel Gospel Ministry, 1987), 95.

⁵⁴ “ ‘I will sift the house of Israel among all nations.’ If you want to know where the so-called ‘lost tribes of Israel’ are, look in your phone book for the Cohens, the Goldbergs, etc. They are scattered throughout the world, but they are not ‘lost’ as far as God is concerned. ‘Yet shall not the least grain fall upon the earth.’ God will not lose one of them.”—McGee, Thru The Bible Commentary, Amos 9:9.

⁵⁵ Donald Grey Barnhouse, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1971), 150.

3.7 - Revelation 7

3.7.1 - Revelation 7:1 Open Bible at Rev. 7:1 Listen to Rev. 7:1

After the Lamb has opened six of the seven seals, there is a pause in the action while the servants of God are sealed for protection from the judgments to follow.

After these things

Μετὰ ταῦτα [Meta tauta] .¹ This phrase indicates significant transitions in the development of John’s vision. The judgments of the first six seals have been communicated and now a transition occurs in preparation for the seventh seal, which will contain the seven trumpets and seven bowls.

If the NU and MT texts are correct in rendering Revelation 7:1+ as After this rather than After these [things] (according to the text of the TR), then perhaps chapter seven describes the next vision John sees which is not necessarily chronologically related to chapter six. If so, then the sealing of Israel (Rev. 7:4-9+) and the killing of numerous faithful from all nations (Rev. 7:9-17+) may have begun during the previous seals.² On the other hand, the distinction of the multitude in this chapter from those under the fifth seal (Rev. 6:9-11+) argues for understanding them as chronologically distinct groups. (See Revelation 7:9+ where John’s vision of the multitude coming out of the Great Tribulation is said to follow the sealing of the twelve tribes.)

Because the visions constitute a pause in the chronological progression represented by the opening of the seals, they have been called a parenthesis between the sixth and seventh seals, but there is some objection to this because the visions are an integral part of the book’s movement. . . . The natural meaning of the text places the sealing and the vision as a whole just after the sixth seal. Revelation 7+ is an interlude between the sixth and seventh seals. . . . The description is provided to answer the questions of Rev. 6:17+ by way of showing that some will survive and even prosper spiritually under the blessing of God during earth’s terrors. . . . The evidence is sufficient for placing this sealing just before the midpoint of the seven-year Tribulation, at the end of the period called “the beginning of birth pains.” Though the meta touto indicates a change of vision, this does not mean there is no relationship to the sixth seal.³

In any case, what transpires in this chapter is an interlude of sorts which is not tied explicitly to any seal, but inferred as being between the sixth and seventh seals. The scene now shifts from the judgments themselves to the people of God, both Jewish and otherwise, who attend this time of wrath upon the earth:

The great day of God’s wrath has come, but the action is interrupted . . . the author introduces an intermezzo between the sixth and seventh members of the series. A change comes over the spirit of his dream. . . . it is a consoling rhapsody or rapture designed to relieve the tension by lifting the eyes of the faithful over the foam and rocks of the rapids on which they were tossing to the calm sunlit pool of bliss which awaited them beyond. They get this glimpse before the seventh seal is opened with its fresh cycle of horrors.⁴

Chapter 7 comes as a parenthesis between the sixth and seventh seals—a stylistic feature repeated in the trumpet sequence (Rev. 10:1+-11:13+) but not with the bowls (cf. Rev. 16:12-21+). It is not intended to take the reader back to a time before the Four Horsemen are released in order to parallel the trumpets with the seals. It contrasts the security and blessedness which await the faithful with the panic of a pagan world fleeing from judgment. . . . Chapter 7+ also serves as a dramatic interlude. It delays for a brief moment the disclosure of that which is to take place with the seventh and final seal is removed from the scroll of destiny.⁵

four angels

Four is the number of worldwide effect. See Four: the Entire World, the Earth. This is the first of several global judgments which involve four angels. There are four angels bound at the river Euphrates which will later be released to kill a third of mankind (Rev. 9:14+).

four corners of the earth

This is figurative language indicating the four main compass directions (Eze. 7:2). The angels have a ministry extending over the entire earth.

standing . . . holding

Standing is ἐστῶτας [estōtas] , perfect tense, having stood. Holding is κρατοῦντας [kratountas] , present tense. The angels had taken their positions earlier and were already actively restraining the winds when John saw them. This is the proverbial calm before the storm. “Only the detail of the sealing of the 144,000 remained before the unleashing of these destructive winds.”⁶

four winds

The four major directions from which winds blow: from the East, South, West, and North. This is equivalent to saying “from every direction” (Jer. 48:36; Dan. 8:8).⁷ Wind is also used to describe God’s breath or Spirit (Eze. 37:9; Zec. 6:5) which is often used in judgment. In Pharaoh’s dream, the seven years of Egyptian famine were brought about by an east wind (Gen. 41:6, 27). The plague of locusts brought upon Egypt came on the east wind (Ex. 10:13). The same east wind allowed the children of Israel to cross the Red Sea (Ex. 14:21). The east wind is often associated with God’s judgment and deliverance (Ps. 48:7; 78:26; Isa. 27:8; Jer. 18:17; Eze. 19:12; Hos. 13:15; Jonah 4:8). Since there is no mention of wind in association with any forthcoming judgment here, it seems best to understand the wind as denoting the judgment and influence of God which is about to “blow” across the land as it had in the past. In Daniel’s vision, it was the “four winds of heaven” which stirred up the “Great Sea” which brought forth the four rapacious beasts (Dan. 7:2). The sea represented the Gentile nations from which the four successive empires would arise. These same four winds control the upcoming rise of Antichrist in judgment (Rev. 13:1+). The winds speak of the impending global judgments and their initiation and sovereign control by God.⁸

Angels Restraining the Four Winds

Angels Restraining the Four Winds⁹

not blow on the earth, on the sea, or on any tree

These three parts of the created order will undergo God’s judgment in events to come.

With the sounding of the first trumpet, a third of the trees are burned up (Rev. 8:7+).

At the second trumpet, a third of the sea becomes blood (Rev. 8:8+). At the pouring forth of the second bowl, the entire sea becomes blood as of a dead man (Rev. 16:3+).

At the sounding of the first trumpet, a third of the earth is burned up (Rev. 8:7+, NU and MT texts). At the pouring forth of the sixth bowl, the earth is utterly shaken (Rev. 16:18-20+).

The earth, the trees, and especially the sea are all important parts of the system of nature which supports life on the planet. Because man will continue to idolize the creation rather than the Creator (Rom. 1:25), God will set about to destroy this idol. But none of this can begin until the servants of God are sealed for protection (Rev. 7:3-4+). Even after the judgments have begun, the locusts from the bottomless pit are told not to harm the earth, sea or vegetation, but only men (Rev. 9:4+).

Having at one time been an avid environmentalist and valuing animal life above human life, we are familiar with the pagan religious undercurrents which fuel this movement. Many environmentalists thrill to the sight of a dolphin or whale, yet despise the God of the Bible Who brought them all forth. If environmentalists thrill to a dolphin or hummingbird, how much more marvelous is the One Who spoke and they leapt into existence! He is far more worthy of wonder than the mere work of His hands! To be sure, man has not been a faithful steward of all God has given him, but to deny the Creator while attempting to save the creation is folly as events in this book make plain.

Some commentators take these as symbolic representations:

“That no wind might blow upon the earth”—the scene of settled government (Rev. 10:2+; Ps. 46:2); “nor upon the sea”—nations and peoples in anarchy and confusion (Dan. 7:2-3; Isa. 57:20); “nor upon any tree”—the might and pride of the earth (Dan. 4:10, 22; Eze. 31:3-9, 14-18).¹⁰

These symbols are easy to interpret. The earth is Israel; the sea, the Gentiles; the trees, as we know from the famous parable in the ninth chapter of the book of Judges, refer to those in authority.¹¹

While it is true that each of these entities carries a symbolic meaning in other passages (cf. especially Rev. 13:1+; 17:15+), it is best to understand their use here as literal because of the related passages which follow. The locusts are commanded “not to harm the grass of the earth, or any green thing, or any tree, but only those men who do not have the seal of God on their foreheads” (Rev. 9:4+). The passage concerning the locusts differentiates men from real vegetation (“any green thing”). When trees are destroyed, so too is the green grass (Rev. 8:7+). When the sea becomes blood, living creatures and ships are affected (Rev. 8:9+; 16:3+). If the sea represents the nations here (as it does in Rev. 13:1+ and 17:15+), then what is meant by the living creatures and the ships which ply its waters? Also, when men, cities, or authorities are the recipients of judgments which follow, they are specifically denoted as such (Rev. 9:4-5+, 18+, 20+; 11:13+; 16:2+, 9+; 18:14-19+; 19:19+).

3.7.2 - Revelation 7:2 Open Bible at Rev. 7:2 Listen to Rev. 7:2

from the east

Literally, from the rising of the sun. Within Scripture, east is often the direction of the deliverance or judgment of God (Gen. 41:6, 23, 27; Ex. 10:13; 14:21; Ps. 48:7; 78:26; Isa. 27:8; Jer. 18:17; Eze. 19:12; Hos. 13:15; Jonah 4:8; Rev. 16:12+). It is the direction to which the glory of the Lord departed from both Solomon’s and Herod’s Temple (Eze. 10:18; 11:22-23 cf. Mat. 23:38; 24:1-3) and the direction by which it will eventually return (Eze. 43:2-4; 44:1-2). Here, it is “the direction of God,” the direction from which God’s protective sealing comes prior to the unleashing of the judgments to come.

the seal

Seal is σφραγῖδα [sphragida] . This is not a seal itself, but “the instrument with which one seals or stamps.”¹² This angel carries the means by which the one hundred and forty-four thousand will be sealed (Rev. 7:4-8+, which see). “This text does not explicitly say what this seal is, but Rev. 14:1+ suggests that it is the name of the Lamb and that of His Father (cf. Isa. 44:5).”¹³ Those who are to be sealed are one of three groups who survive this horrific time of judgment. Two of the groups are described in this chapter:

Chapter 7 forms a parenthetical section between the sixth (Rev. 6:12-17+) and seventh (Rev. 8:1+) seals to answer that question, introducing two groups who will survive the fury of divine judgment. The first, those described in Rev. 7:1-8+, are the Jewish evangelists who will be preserved on earth. They will survive the holocaust of divine wrath unleashed by the seal, trumpet, and bowl judgments. God will also protect them from the murderous efforts of Antichrist and his henchmen to wipe out believers in the true God. Having survived the wars, famine, unprecedented natural disasters, disease, rampant, unchecked sinfulness, and savage persecution of the Tribulation, they will enter the Millennial Kingdom alive. The second group to escape divine fury (Rev. 7:9-17+) are those who will be martyred and thereby ushered into the blissful rest of heaven, where they will be preserved.¹⁴

The third group which survives, although not mentioned in this chapter, are those who come to faith during the Tribulation and manage to stay alive until the Second Coming. These will enter the Millennial Kingdom and form its initial populace (Mat. 25:31-40).

of the living God

Throughout Scripture, the One True God is contrasted with dead idols who are dumb and cannot respond.¹⁵ Nevertheless, the pattern of history is that man has more often sought help from dumb idols than from the living God (Deu. 5:26; 1S. 17:26; Mat. 16:16; 1Th. 1:9-10; Heb. 12:22). In Satan’s most successful ploy to keep men captive to idolatry, he mimics the living God by empowering the false prophet “to give breath to the image of the beast” (Rev. 13:15+). Life-giving power is an intrinsic characteristic of God (Luke 24:5).¹⁶ See commentary on Revelation 1:18.

to whom it was granted to harm the earth and the sea

Every judgment is subject to God’s conditional permission. See commentary on Revelation 6:2. The earth, trees, and sea will be harmed in God’s upcoming judgments. See commentary on Revelation 7:1.

3.7.3 - Revelation 7:3 Open Bible at Rev. 7:3 Listen to Rev. 7:3

harm the earth, the sea, or the trees

See commentary on Revelation 7:1.

on their foreheads

Foreheads is μετώπων [metōpōn] , which is used to describe the location of the mark “of a branded slave.”¹⁷ The seal identifies them as belonging to God (Rev. 14:1+) and may be similar to the promise given to the overcomer in Philadelphia that Jesus would “write on him My new name” (Rev. 3:12+, Rev. 14:1+¹⁸ ). The picture of sealing for protection by marking the servants on their foreheads recalls a vision shown Ezekiel in which most in Jerusalem were practicing idolatry which God was about to judge. Prior to His judgment going forth, an angel was told to “Go through the midst of the city, through the midst of Jerusalem, and put a mark on the foreheads of the men who sigh and cry over all the abominations that are done within it” (Eze. 9:4). In the judgment which followed, those without the mark (seal) of God were killed (Eze. 9:5-6).

As blood was put upon the door of the houses of Israel in Egypt so that the angel of death would pass over these houses and strike only those which were not marked, so the seal of God is put upon the forehead of His own so that the angels of judgment, passing through the world, will know those who are God’s.¹⁹

As Master Imitator, Satan, through the beast, will mark those who are his, who are thereafter unredeemable (Rev. 14:9-10+). “Are we told that God, by His angel, will ‘seal’ His servants in their foreheads (Rev. 7:3+), so also we read that Satan, by his angels, will set a mark in the foreheads of his devotees (Rev. 13:16+).”²⁰

During the time of the Tribulation, it appears there will be three categories of people:

Those who are sealed and protected by God for special ministry (Rev. 7:4-8+; 14:1+).

Those who accept the mark of the beast (Rev. 13:16-18+) and are doomed (Rev. 14:9-10+). They are not written in the Book of Life.

Those who refuse the mark of the beast, many of whom are martyred (Rev. 20:4+).

In the eternal state, God’s name will be on the foreheads of all the faithful (Rev. 22:4+ cf. Rev. 3:12+). See commentary on Revelation 13:16 and Revelation 14:1.

3.7.4 - Revelation 7:4 Open Bible at Rev. 7:4 Listen to Rev. 7:4

who were sealed

ἐσφραγισμένων [esphragismenōn] , perfect passive participle, ones having been sealed. The angel recounts the total number of individuals who, by this time, have been sealed. The seal identifies those who are set apart for special protection in the midst of the judgments from God. “The mark which denotes ownership also carries with it the protection of the owner,”²¹ in this case, God. The seal may not be visible to men, but is evident to God and the angels and demons who carry forth his judgment (Rev. 9:4+). It is analogous to the sealing of believers today, who are baptized into the body of Christ and sealed with the Holy Spirit (2Cor. 1:22; Eph. 1:13; 4:30).

The best analysis of the seal is that it protects against the disasters that the four winds will bring to the earth (Beckwith; Caird). The context of Rev. 7:1-3+ is in preparation for the judgments of the seventh seal that includes the seven trumpets. Thus the sealing must refer to these judgments. The command “do not hurt” implies that after the sealing is finished, the judgments that are next in the divine program (i.e., Revelation 8+) will come (Smith).²²

Seiss suggests that in order to stand in the midst of this time of unparalleled judgment and tribulation, those who are sealed will require a special measure of spiritual enablement:

We may, therefore, conceive of this sealing of the 144,000 as a special and extraordinary impartation of the Holy Ghost; which again connects this vision with particular Old Testament promises. By the mouth of Joel, the Lord said to Israel: “I will pour out my Spirit upon all flesh.” This was indeed a general promise, but with it was coupled another, which is not so general, but particular to Israel: “And your sons and your daughters [O Jews] shall prophesy, your old men shall dream dreams, your young men shall see visions, and also upon the servants and upon the handmaidens in those days will I pour out my Spirit.” Peter tells us that this began to be fulfilled in the miracle of Pentecost; but the fulfilment did not end there. There are also particulars in this passage which were not fulfilled upon the primitive Church—particulars which refer to the judgment times, and connect directly to the scenes to which this sealing of the 144,000 is related. “Wonders in heaven and earth, blood, and fire, and pillars of smoke,” are spoken of; and the turning of the sun into darkness, and the moon into blood; . . . In this we distinctly recognize the occurrences under the red horseman of the second seal, the physical prodigies of the sixth seal, and the exact manifestations under the first and fifth trumpets.²³

One hundred and forty-four thousand

In our discussion of Interpreting Symbols, we noted the tendency of many interpreters to ignore the literal meaning of numbers whenever a cherished theological viewpoint makes the literal value given in the text unpopular. Perhaps the two most abused numbers in the entire book of Revelation are the 144,000 sealed individuals here and the 1,000 years of the millennial reign (Rev. 20+). Although this passage goes to great lengths to make plain the literal nature of what is being conveyed, this hasn’t stopped many from flights of interpretive fancy which substitute subjective conjecture for the plain facts:

The name “Christ” appears seven times and the name “Jesus” fourteen times. “The Lamb” is used of Christ twenty-eight times, seven bringing the Lamb and God together. The 7 x 4 appearances of this title underscore the universal scope of the Lamb’s complete victory. . . . Twelve is the number of God’s people, which is squared to indicate completeness and multiplied by one thousand to connote vastness.²⁴

Twelve is the number of the tribes, and appropriate to the Church: three by four: three, the divine number, multiplied by four, the number for world-wide extension. Twelve by twelve implies fixity and completeness, which is taken a thousandfold in 144,000. A thousand implies the world perfectly pervaded by the divine; for it is ten, the world number, raised to the power of three, the number of God. [emphasis added]²⁵

No matter how specific God’s Word may be concerning the identification of this group of persons, the interpreters refuse to follow the text where it leads. This is because they have theological biases which go against recognizing the obvious Jewish nature of this passage. (As we saw earlier, the Jewish nature of this book was recognized by many and led to opposition to its acceptance into the canon.)

Many are so morbidly prejudiced against everything Jewish, that it is concluded in advance, that anything merciful, referring to the Israelitish race, must needs be understood some other way than as the words are written. Though all the prophets were Jews, and Jesus was a Jew, and the writer of this Apocalypse was a Jew, and all the Apostles were Jews, and salvation itself is of the Jews, and the Jews as a distinct people are everywhere spoken of as destined to continue to the world’s end, it is regarded as the next thing to apostasy from the faith, to apply anything hopeful, that God has said, to this particular race. . . . No wonder, therefore, that they cannot find a consistent interpretation of a vision of grace which is predicated of Jacob’s literal seed, in contradistinction from all others.²⁶

Bullinger, an authority on figures of speech, holds that this number is not symbolic of some other group than the Jews, but intentionally definite:

Alford says of this number, “No one I am aware of has taken it literally!” Very likely: but we are thankful to be an exception to the rule, and to believe what God says. There is such a thing as Figures of Speech, but, we ask, what Figure is used here? What is its name? The truth is that there is here no Figure whatever; but it is the simple statement of fact: a definite number in contrast with the indefinite number in this very chapter (Rev. 7:9+). If the total number is not exact, then all the items which go to make it up are indefinite also. If the number is symbolical, then what number in the Book may we take as literal? . . . We prefer to believe God. And, believing Him, we conclude that He had reserved 7,000 in the days of Ahab (1K. 19:18; Rom. 11:4), so He will reserve 144,000 in the Great Tribulation.²⁷

As is often the case within Scripture, when the plain sense of Scripture is rejected, a foothold is provided for aberrant teachings frequented by cults, in this case the Jehovah’s Witnesses:

The Jehovah’s Witnesses teach that the 144,000 is the body of spirit-begotten believers who have a “heavenly hope” (Rom. 8:24. Eph. 4:4. Col. 1:5. Heb. 7:19. 1Pe. 1:3. 1Jn. 3:3). All other believers can have only an “earthly hope” (Job 14:7. Jer. 31:17. Acts 26:6). Once the Watchtower organization had more than 144,000 adherents, the teaching was developed that the “great multitude” mentioned later in the chapter (Rev. 7:9+) referred to those Christians who had only an earthly hope. Jehovah’s Witnesses teach that members of the “great multitude” who have only an earthly hope do not need to be born again. . . . If the claim of Jehovah’s Witnesses that the heavenly hope is limited to 144,000 has any validity, the significance of that hope for anyone today is purely historical, for since this number was reached within five years of Pentecost, no person alive today could possibly lay claim to be one of that fixed number, not even the leaders of the Watchtower in Brooklyn, New York.²⁸

However, the verses which follow make it clear that the sealed are Jews. This is in accordance with what is said later concerning the 144,000—that they are firstfruits,

These sealed Jews are those who come to faith in Jesus as Messiah during the Tribulation period. They are further described as “first fruits unto God and to the Lamb” (Rev. 14:4+), indicating that they compose the first stage of a final harvest of Jewish souls to be gathered later at the Lord’s coming in glory. . . . These comprise the “remnant” of Jews “who keep the commandments of God, and have the testimony of Jesus Christ” (Rev. 12:17+b).²⁹

See commentary on Revelation 14:1.

of all the tribes of the children of Israel

Children of Israel, υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ [huiōn Israēl] , literally: sons of Israel. These are the same twelve tribes of the children of Israel whose names are written on the gates of the New Jerusalem (Rev. 21:12+). These are a specific group of people who are physical offspring of Israel and differentiated from the rest of men (Zec. 9:1). In the regeneration, Jesus said the apostles will rule over these tribes (Mat. 19:28; Luke 22:30). “Immediately after the Translation of the heavenly saints (1Th. 4:15-17), God will work in grace amongst His ancient people, and among the Gentiles at large outside the apostate part of the world.”³⁰

At this point in the Revelation, we encounter one of those “Jewish elements” in the book of Revelation which seem to cause much discomfort for many commentators. Bullinger elaborates:

Few Scriptures have suffered more at the hands of Gentile Christians than this. Notwithstanding the fact that it concerns “all the tribes of the children of Israel,” and that the twelve tribes are named separately, popular interpretation insists on taking them as meaning the Church of God. Any system of interpretation which has this for its foundation may be judged and condemned at the outset as not only useless, but mischievous. Such a system has been described by Hooker as one “which changeth the meaning of words as alchemy doth, or would do, the substance of metals, making anything what it listeth; and bringeth, in the end, all truth to nothing.”³¹

The unwillingness to accept the Jewishness of what is described here is evident from many commentators who refuse to take the passage at face value:

The number scarcely refers only to Jewish Christians; rather it stands for all the members of the Church, the true Israel.³²

If [the number is] literal, it is necessary to suppose that this refers to the twelve tribes of the children of Israel. But on every supposition this is absurd. Ten of their tribes had been long before carried away, and the distinction of the tribes was lost, no more to be recovered, and the Hebrew people never have been, since the time of John, in circumstances to which the description here could be applicable. These considerations make it clear that the description here is symbolical. [emphasis added]³³

Walvoord accepts this passage as proving that the twelve tribes are still in existence. This interpretation seriously complicates the book of Revelation by bringing in racial distinctions which no longer exist in the NT purview. It disregards the historical fact that ten of the twelve tribes disappeared in Assyria and the remaining two list their separate identity when Jerusalem fell in A.D. 70. . . . The number is obviously symbolic. [emphasis added]³⁴

Mounce asserts that taking the passage literally “seriously complicates” the book of Revelation and asserts that racial distinctions . . . no longer exist in the NT purview. This would have come as a surprise to the apostle Paul who continued to describe himself as a Jew long after his conversion (Acts 21:39-22:3), said the same of Peter (Gal. 2:14-16), and spent almost three full chapters of Romans explaining to believers that God is not through with the Jewish nation (Rom. 9, 10, 11). At the close of this most important section of Scripture, Paul makes a statement which directly contradicts Mounce:

For I do not desire, brethren, that you should be ignorant of this mystery, lest you should be wise in your own opinion, that blindness in part has happened to Israel until the fullness of the Gentiles has come in. And so all Israel will be saved, as it is written: “The Deliverer will come out of Zion, and He will turn away ungodliness from Jacob; for this is My covenant with them, when I take away their sins.” Concerning the gospel they are enemies for your sake, but concerning the election they are beloved for the sake of the fathers. For the gifts and the calling of God are irrevocable. (Rom. 11:25-29) [emphasis added]

Elements of this short, but very important passage, reveal:

Paul was concerned that certain Gentile believers would be wise in your own opinion, namely that they would assume, like Mounce, that racial distinctions no longer exist. Not so!

Paul differentiates between two different groups of believers. Paul is doing the unthinkable, according to those with Mounce’s view. He is making a distinction among the redeemed! And what distinction is it? He is contrasting the fullness of the Gentiles with all Israel. He is saying that God has a different emphasis and timetable for the Gentile elect and the Jewish elect! God Himself recognizes a racial distinction which Mounce cannot recognize.

The Deliverer will come (future tense) and turn away ungodliness from Jacob. The fullness of the Gentiles and ungodly Jacob can not be made one and the same without ignoring the most basic rules of interpretation. One describes Gentiles and the other Jews. Both will eventually come to faith.

When a Jew comes to faith in Messiah Jesus, he does not cease to be a Jew. In fact, the exact opposite was the concern in NT times—whether a Gentile, upon coming to faith had to become a Jew (Acts 10:45; 11:17; 15:6-29)!³⁵

When the Deliverer turns away ungodliness from Jacob (who is Israel, the father of the Jews), it is said that this is because of God’s covenant. What covenant is that? It is the New Covenant which was originally given to Israel (Jer. 31:31). Again, what is surprising in the NT is not that Jews cease to be Jews (they don’t), but that Gentiles participate in this Jewish covenant.

Another frequently-encountered error concerning the interpretation of this passage is the assertion that ten of the twelve tribes have been forever lost. We discuss this unbiblical myth in our section entitled Ten Tribes Lost?

This passage also teaches that the so-called “ten lost tribes” were, in fact, never lost (cf. Rev. 21:12+; Matt. 19:28; Luke 22:30; Jas. 1:1). Instead, representatives from the ten northern tribes filtered south and intermingled with the two southern tribes (cf. 2Chr. 30:1-11; 34:1-9) and thus were preserved.³⁶

Ladd, in his desire to avoid the plain teaching of the text, believes this list of the twelve tribes is unlike any other in the OT:

These twelve tribes cannot be literal Israel, because they are not the twelve tribes of OT Israel. The list here appears nowhere else in the Bible. It has three irregularities: it names Judah first, thus ignoring the OT order of the tribes; it omits Dan with no explanation (see Eze. 48:1); it mentions Joseph instead of Ephraim. Perhaps John meant by this irregular listing of the twelve tribes to designate the Israel that is not the literal Israel. . . . The twelve tribes were irregularly listed to show that true Israel is not literal Israel, but the Church.³⁷

Here we meet again with Replacement Theology—the unbiblical idea that the Church is “Israel,” something nowhere stated in Scripture. To be sure, believers are called the spiritual seed of Abraham (Rom. 4:12-18; Gal. 3:7-8, 29), but if Scripture is any indication, there is an important distinction between the spiritual seed of Abraham and the physical seed of Jacob. For nowhere in all of Holy Writ—not once—is the Church denoted by the word “Israel.”³⁸ Those who confuse the Church with Israel are just one step behind many of the cults, such as The Church of God or British Israelism, who want to oust Israel from her promises and substitute themselves instead. (For more on these movements, see Ten Tribes Lost?) The Church already has her own promises so why should we try to steal Israel’s too? Besides, the spiritual restoration of the Jews is attended with great blessings: “For if their being cast away is the reconciling of the world, what will their acceptance be but life from the dead?” (Rom. 11:15).

The irregularities which Ladd sees as so significant are found in other listings of the tribes. Concerning the omission of tribes, we could cite the omission of Dan from the extensive tribal genealogies of 1 Chronicles 2:10.“In the enumerations of the tribes throughout Scripture, of which there are about eighteen, the full representative number twelve is always given, but as Jacob had thirteen sons [counting the two sons of Joseph instead of the father as Jacob’s] one or other is always omitted.”³⁹

This rotation and omission of tribal names is not unusual, as Ladd would have us believe, but is typical. “It should be noted that there is no standard way of listing the twelve tribes. There are at least nineteen different ways of listing them in the Old Testament, none of which agree with the list given here.”⁴⁰

A careful examination of the dozen places in the Bible where all the twelve tribes are mentioned will reveal some very beautiful truths. Jacob had twelve sons who were the fathers of the twelve tribes. Joseph and two sons, Ephraim and Manasseh, whose names later were added to the list of the tribes. This gives us fourteen names out of which twelve are selected, but not always the same twelve, in presenting the truths concerning Israel. Levi, the priestly tribe, had no military duties to perform and was not given a portion of the land when the tribes entered Palestine. The portion of Levi was to be the Lord Himself (Deu. 18:1-2; Jos. 13:14). In order to fill His place both in military affairs and in the land, a new tribe had to be found so Joseph was replaced by his two sons. Leaving out the name of Levi and that of Joseph, twelve names remained.⁴¹

Concerning Judah being listed first, the camp of Judah led the procession of the tribes on the march (Num. 10:14). Rather than seeking to understand why this list omits Dan and Ephraim, Ladd merely asserts that their omission means that the phrase “children of Israel” must denote the Church. But this runs roughshod over hermeneutical principles because these 144,000 from the tribes of Israel are contrasted with “a great multitude . . . of all . . . tribes” (Rev. 7:9+). These are different groups: one is denoted by twelve specific tribal names and is only 144,000 in size. The other comes from all tribes (and nations, peoples, and tongues) and is innumerable.⁴²

As to why Dan and Ephraim are omitted from the list, there seems to be a ready explanation. God promises that any person or tribe which practices idolatry will be set apart for adversity:

So that there may not be among you man or woman or family or tribe, whose heart turns away today from the LORD our God, to go and serve the gods of these nations [e.g., idolatry], and that there may not be among you a root bearing bitterness or wormwood; and so it may not happen, when he hears the words of this curse, that he blesses himself in his heart, saying, ‘I shall have peace, even though I follow the dictates of my heart’ -as though the drunkard could be included with the sober. The LORD would not spare him; for then the anger of the LORD and His jealousy would burn against that man, and every curse that is written in this book would settle on him, and the LORD would blot out his name from under heaven. And the LORD would separate him from all the tribes of Israel for adversity, according to all the curses of the covenant that are written in this Book of the Law. (Deu. 29:18-21) [emphasis added]

When the tribe of Dan migrated north from their original location, they persuaded a renegade Levite in Ephraim to join them, along with his graven image. After overthrowing Laish and renaming the town Dan, they set up the carved image and a priesthood attended it (Jdg. 18:19-30). Thereafter, the town of Dan became a center for worship of one of the golden calves which Jeroboam promoted as an alternative to worship at Jerusalem during the divided kingdom (1K. 12:28-30; 2K. 10:29).

The Lord’s estimation of Dan and his idolatry can be seen in the decreasing role of the tribe in scriptural history. In the twenty different listings of the tribes, Dan is generally far down and often is the last in the list. Consider, for example, the order of march in the wilderness: “And the standard of the camp of the children of Dan set forward, which was over the rear guard of all the camps throughout their hosts; and over its host was Ahiezer, the son of Ammishaddai” (Num. 10:25). [See Camp of Israel.] Dan was the last tribe to receive its inheritance in the Promised Land (Jos. 19:47-49). Most striking is the total omission of Dan from the extensive tribal genealogies of 1 Chronicles 2:10! These scriptural facts should be remembered when facing the often-asked question of why Dan is omitted in the 144,000 Jews sealed in the Tribulation period (Rev. 7:4-8+). Evidently this is due to the problem of idolatry which plagued this tribe throughout its history.⁴³

Also, when Deborah and Barak led Israel to war in the time of the judges, the tribes sent men to fight, but not Dan. Dan’s failure to participate is remarked upon in Scripture: “Why did Dan remain on ships?” (Jdg. 5:17).

Ephraim also was involved with idolatry:

Interestingly, Jeroboam’s idols were placed in the tribes of Dan and Ephraim (i.e., Bethel, 1K. 12:29). Thus, in the Revelation 7+ listing, Dan was replaced by Levi (Rev. 7:7+) and Ephraim was replaced by his father Joseph (Rev. 7:8+), while his brother Manasseh was included to complete the twelve (Rev. 7:6+).⁴⁴

The tribes of Dan and Ephraim are omitted from the list which follows, being replaced by Levi and Joseph. The reason for Ephraim’s omission is suggested by Hos. 4:17. For possible reasons for Dan’s omission see the related texts . . . (Lev. 24:10-16. Deu. 29:18-21. Jdg. 18:2-31. 1K. 12:26-33). Dan and Ephraim are included in Ezekiel’s prophecy of their inheritance in the eternal earthly kingdom of Christ (Eze. 48:1-6, 32), demonstrating God’s faithfulness to his covenant and promise (Lev. 26:44. Mal. 3:6. Rom. 11:29. 15:8).⁴⁵

Although Dan is omitted here, this should not be taken as an indication that the tribe of Dan will perish due to lack of protection during the Tribulation. “In the end grace triumphs and Dan is named first in the future distribution of land amongst the tribes (Eze. 48:2), but while being first mentioned, it is the furthest removed from the temple, being situated in the extreme north.”⁴⁶

Some understand the omission of Dan as an indication that the Antichrist will arise from Dan:⁴⁷

He who shall come claiming the kingdom for himself, and shall terrify those men of whom we have been speaking, having a name containing the aforesaid number [666], is truly the abomination of desolation. This, too, the apostle affirms: “When they shall say, Peace and safety, then sudden destruction shall come upon them.” And Jeremiah does not merely point out his sudden coming, but he even indicates the tribe from which he shall come, where he says, “We shall hear the voice of his swift horses from Dan; the whole earth shall be moved by the voice of the neighing of his galloping horses: he shall also come and devour the earth, and the fulness thereof, the city also, and they that dwell therein.” [Jer. 8:16] This, too, is the reason that this tribe is not reckoned in the Apocalypse along with those which are saved.—Irenaeus, Against Heresies, v.xxx.ii⁴⁸

Yet, in our discussion of The Beast we identify reasons which indicate a Gentile origin for the Antichrist. See the discussion of whether the Beast will be Jewish or Gentile?

There is also the possibility that the omission of Dan and Ephraim are not as significant as many think, perhaps mainly motivated to maintain symmetry.⁴⁹

The sealed are said to be “servants of God” (Rev. 7:3+) and “follow the Lamb wherever He goes” perhaps indicating a unique dedication and obedience to God in the midst of the Tribulation on earth (Rev. 7:3+; 14:4-5+). Their ministry is probably evangelistic in nature. Isaiah described a worldwide Jewish mission to the Gentiles. The context is immediately before the gathering of the Jews for the millennial age:⁵⁰

I will set a sign among them; and those among them who escape I will send to the nations: to Tarshish and Pul and Lud, who draw the bow, and Tubal and Javan, to the coastlands afar off who have not heard My fame nor seen My glory. And they shall declare My glory among the Gentiles. Then they shall bring all your brethren for an offering to the LORD out of all nations, on horses and in chariots and in litters, on mules and on camels, to My holy mountain Jerusalem, says the LORD, as the children of Israel bring an offering in a clean vessel into the house of the LORD. (Isa. 66:19-20) [emphasis added]

It seems conclusive that these are to be used in evangelism. First, what else could be the purpose of a divinely-protected group in the midst of this time period but to share the truth of the gospel and save even more from doom? Second, their appearance is grammatically linked with the innumerable believers which John subsequently sees (Rev. 7:9-17+).

In the future, God will graciously grant Israel a second opportunity to be His witness nation, and at that time they will not fail. Led by the 144,000 evangelists (Rev. 7:1-8+), Israel will be a light to the nations during the darkest hour of earth’s history.⁵¹

There is a decided advantage in using Jews to conduct a worldwide revival in the short timer period of 3 1/2 years. . . The modern missionary, . . . must spend approximately six years [4 years of Bible, 2 of target language] before he is fully equipped to present the gospel in a language that is not his own. . . . All of this world’s major languages, and a great number of the world’s minor languages, are spoken by Jews somewhere. . . . with a large segment of American Jewry being the exception, most Jews receive a good and basic understanding of the Old Testament text. . . . These Jews will already speak the languages needed. They will already have a basic knowledge of the Old Testament text. . . they could begin to preach the gospel in a very short period of time.⁵²

Our Lord says that the gospel of the kingdom is to be preached in all the world for a witness before the end shall come (Mat. 24:14). In view of all the teaching of the Word of God on this subject, it is undoubtedly the gospel of the kingdom which is the added special message of the 144,000. Of course, they present Jesus as the Saviour. Many look to Him and are saved. But they also preach the gospel of the kingdom presenting Jesus as Messiah. They are the sealed witnesses, the 144,000 like Paul who go out with all the gifts of the Holy Spirit, having the prophecies of Joel fulfilled in themselves, as the first faint occurrences at Pentecost cannot possibly be the complete fulfillment which comes to full fruition in the last days.⁵³

Along with many Gentiles who will come to faith during this troublesome time, these 144,000 Jewish believers are the initial means by which the Deliverer will begin to turn ungodliness from the Jewish nation (Rom. 11:25-26). The setting apart of a specific group from among the Jews also provides evidence that the Church Age has come to a close:

As long as the church is on the earth there are none saved to a special Jewish relationship. All who are saved are saved to a position in the body of Christ as indicated in Colossians 1:26-29; 3:11; Ephesians 2:14-22; 3:1-7. During the seventieth week the church must be absent, for out of the saved remnant in Israel God seals 144,000 Jews, 12,000 from each tribe, according to Revelation 7:4+. The fact that God is again dealing with Israel on this national relationship, setting them apart to national identities, and sending them as special representatives to the nations in place of the witness of the church, indicates that the church must no longer be on earth.⁵⁴

The Twelve Tribes of Israel

Scott sees significance in the grouping of the tribes which follows:

In our English version there are three tribes named in each verse, but in reality the arrangement of the tribes as of the apostles (Mat. 10:2-4) is in pairs: first, Judah and Reuben—the fourth and first sons of Leah—the former the royal tribe, the latter the representative of the nation (Gen. 49:3); second, Gad and Asher—the two sons of Zilpah—associated in the prophetic blessings in the last days (Gen. 49:19-20); third, Naphtali and Manasseh linked in the enumeration of Eze. 48:4; fourth, Simeon and Levi—the second and third sons of Leah—associated in the prophetic enumeration (Gen. 49:5-7), also in the Lord’s revelation of Himself to saved Israel (Zec. 12:13); fifth, Issachar and Zabulon [sic]—the fifth and sixth sons of Leah, both are associated in the prophetic (Gen. 49), and in the territorial (Eze. 48) enumerations of the tribes; sixth, Joseph and Benjamin—the two sons of Rachel, the beloved wife of the patriarch.⁵⁵

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the tribe of Judah

The fourth son of Jacob by Leah (Gen. 29:35). Judah means praise (Gen. 29:35) and was in the line leading to the Messiah and led the procession of the tribes (Num. 10:14), even into battle (Jdg. 20:18 cf. 2Chr. 20:21; Ps. 149:6). See Camp of Israel. See commentary on Revelation 5:5.

twelve thousand were sealed

“The number twelve in the Scripture has a special association with the idea of completion and it is also attached inseparably to the destiny of God’s chosen earthly people, Israel. Immediately, of course, we think of the twelve tribes and the twelve apostles.”⁵⁶ See Twelve: Jewish Tribes, Completeness.

the tribe of Reuben

The first son of Jacob by Leah (Gen. 29:32). Reuben means see ye a son.

the tribe of Gad

The seventh son of Jacob by Leah’s handmaid, Zilpah (Gen. 30:11). Gad means a troop.

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the tribe of Asher

The eighth son of Jacob by Leah’s handmaid, Zilpah (Gen. 30:13). Asher means happy am I.

the tribe of Naphtali

The sixth son of Jacob by Rachel’s handmaid, Bilhah (Gen. 30:8). Naphtali means my wrestling.

the tribe of Manasseh

One of Joseph’s two sons (Gen. 41:51). Joseph was the eleventh son of Jacob by Rachel (Gen. 30:24). Manasseh means causing to forget. Manasseh’s brother, Ephraim, is omitted from the list of those sealed. See commentary on Revelation 7:4.

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tribe of Simeon

The second son of Jacob by Leah (Gen. 29:33). Simeon means hearing.

tribe of Levi

The third son of Jacob by Leah (Gen. 29:34). Levi means attached, or joined.

tribe of Issachar

The ninth son of Jacob by Leah (Gen. 30:18). Issachar means he will bring a reward.

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tribe of Zebulun

The tenth son of Jacob by Leah (Gen. 30:20). Zebulun means dwelling or habitation.

tribe of Joseph

The eleventh son of Jacob by Rachel (Gen. 30:24). Joseph means adding. One of Joseph’s sons, Ephraim, is not mentioned in the list of those sealed although Manasseh is. This may not be significant since the tribe of Joseph would normally denote both Manasseh and Ephraim. See commentary on Revelation 7:4.

tribe of Benjamin

The twelfth and last son of Jacob by Rachel (Gen. 35:18). Joseph means son of my right hand.

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After these things

“The connecting link, after these things, is chronological and also shows a cause and effect relationship between the first and second parts of Revelation seven. Thus, by means of the 144,000 Jews, God will accomplish the second purpose of the Great Tribulation, that of bringing about a worldwide revival.”⁵⁷ See A Worldwide Revival.

behold

The sight which John saw was remarkable—both in its global scope and quantity. After having written the seven letters to the Seven Churches of Asia, which evidence lack of zeal and the penetration of worldliness into the churches, perhaps John was surprised by the large number who eventually respond to the gospel despite the inadequacies which attend those entrusted with the Great Commission (Mat. 28:18-20; Mark 16:15-16; Luke 24:47; John 17:18; Acts 1:8; 10:42).

a great multitude which no one could number

Here is a second group who will survive the time of God’s wrath—the faithful who come out of the Great Tribulation (Rev. 7:14+). Like the saints under the fifth seal (Rev. 6:9-11+), the majority of these probably die for their faith. But their death—at the hands of the harlot and later, the beast—will be their ultimate victory as overcomers (Rev. 2:10+, 13+; 12:11+). They have successfully applied the teaching of Jesus: “Do not fear those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul. But rather fear Him who is able to destroy both soul and body in hell” (Mat. 10:28). This innumerable company of believers (cf. Rev. 7:14+) indicates an innumerable company of people who come to faith in Christ during the time of the end. See How are People Saved in the Tribulation?

of all nations, tribes, peoples, and tongues

A fourfold designation emphasizing the global origin of this group. See Four: the Entire World, the Earth. That the 144,000 of Revelation 7:4+ cannot be symbolic of believers in general is seen by this verse. The 144,000 were from “all the tribes of the children of Israel” [emphasis added] whereas these are from all . . . tribes. Both OT and NT indicate that multitudes of non-Jews will join with the believing Jewish remnant in seeking the Lamb (Isa. 11:10; Luke 2:32; Rom. 3:29-30; 9:24). Like the multitude in Revelation 5:9+, these too are redeemed, but at a later date. These come out of the Great Tribulation. These have come from all nations, tribes, peoples, and tongues. Evidently, by this time, the gospel message has indeed been preached “in all the world as a witness to all nations” so that shortly “the end will come” (Mat. 24:14).⁵⁸ If the scene shown John includes future saints which have yet to die in the judgments or persecution about to come, then they will have heard the preaching of the divinely commissioned angel “having the everlasting gospel to preach to those who dwell on the earth—to every nation, tribe, tongue, and people” (Rev. 14:6+). See commentary on Revelation 7:14. See Jacob’s Trouble and the Great Tribulation.

stood before the throne

The same throne introduced in chapter 4 (Rev. 4:2+). This multitude is in heaven, not on earth.

and before the Lamb

The Lamb is still in heaven in the midst of opening the seven seals. The rider on the white horse (Rev. 6:2+) cannot be the Lamb. See commentary on Revelation 5:6 and Revelation 6:2.

clothed in white robes

Like the martyrs of the fifth seal (Rev. 6:9-11+), they will be clothed in white (Rev. 6:11+). Like those martyrs, they have not yet been resurrected.

Does the fact that they were clothed in white robes and held palms in their hands require the conclusion that they are resurrected with literal, physical resurrection bodies (cf. Luke 24:36-43)? . . . when Christ broke the fifth seal, John saw under the altar in heaven the souls of saints who had been slain for the Word of God during the 70th week (Rev. 6:9-11+). Since they had been slain, they were without physical bodies, and yet they were given white robes to wear (Rev. 6:11+). Thus, in Revelation the wearing of a white robe did not require a resurrection body. Even bodiless souls could wear such a robe. . . . when the rich man of Luke 16 died, his body was buried (Luke 16:22), and his soul went to hell (Luke 16:23). Even though his soul was without its body, Jesus ascribed eyes (Luke 16:23) and a tongue (Luke 16:24) to his bodiless soul. . . . In spite of the fact that angels do not have physical bodies by nature, the Bible ascribes wings, faces, feet, and hands to them (Isa. 6:2, 6; Rev. 10:1-2+, 5+, 8+, 10+) and portrays them wearing clothing (Mat. 28:2-3; Mark 16:5; Acts 1:10; Rev. 15:6+). . . . Although the Bible ascribes such things as hands, feet, faces, tongues, and the wearing of clothing to human, angelic, and divine beings, it does not mean that those beings have literal, physical bodies such as resurrected people have. . . . the fact that the great multitude of Revelation 7+ were clothed in white robes and held palms in their hands does not require the conclusion that they are resurrected with literal, physical resurrection bodies.⁵⁹

See commentary on Revelation 1:5, Revelation 3:4, and Revelation 3:18.

palm branches

During the Feast of Tabernacles (Sukkoth), the children of Israel were to “take for yourselves on the first day the fruit of beautiful trees, branches of palm trees, the boughs of leafy trees, and willows of the brook; and you shall rejoice before the LORD your God for seven days” (Lev. 23:40). The boughs were used in the construction of makeshift dwellings (booths, tabernacles) reminiscent of the time of wilderness wandering (Lev. 23:43). In the Millennial Kingdom, all the nations will go up to Jerusalem each year to keep this feast (Zec. 14:16) which will commemorate not only the wilderness wandering under Moses, but the wilderness of Israel’s dispersion among the nations after having rejected her Messiah.

Compare Zec. 14:16, whence it appears that the earthly feast of tabernacles will be renewed, in commemoration of Israel’s preservation in her long wilderness-like sojourn among the nations from which she shall now be delivered, just as the original typical feast was to commemorate her dwelling for forty years in booths or tabernacles in the literal wilderness.⁶⁰

The waving of palm branches became a symbol of national liberation and blessing and attended the First Coming of the King to Jerusalem (John 12:13).⁶¹ Here, they wave palm branches in anticipation of his return to Jerusalem in the events ahead.⁶²

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Salvation belongs to

When Jesus rode into Jerusalem on the day He presented Himself as king in fulfillment of the prophecy of Zechariah (Zec. 9:9 cf. Mat. 21:1-11), the crowd laid palm branches under His path while crying out “Hosanna to the Son of David!” (Mat. 21:9). Hosanna, an Aramaic word made up of the words “save” and “I pray,” originally meant “save, I pray.” Although it originally expressed a request—the desire for salvation—it eventually developed a “liturgical usage, a shout of praise and worship hosanna, we praise you.”⁶³ These praise the Lamb much as the people praised the King at His first presentation to Jerusalem—“salvation belongs to the Son of David!”⁶⁴

Σωτηρία [Sōtēria] includes both deliverance and preservation.⁶⁵ These had been delivered from the persecution of the Great Tribulation and preserved through death. Salvation was completed at the cross, but its full manifestation awaits the future (Rev. 12:10+; 19:1+). Because salvation belongs to the Father and the Son it cannot be obtained anywhere else, especially not by our own works. Salvation is by grace through faith.⁶⁶

to our God . . . and to the Lamb

God is uniquely the Savior. The Father spoke through Isaiah, “I, even I, am the LORD, and besides Me there is no savior. I have declared and saved” (Isa. 43:11). Zacharias prophesied concerning the salvation of the Lamb at His impending incarnation saying, “Blessed is the Lord God of Israel, for He has visited and redeemed His people, and has raised up a horn of salvation for us in the house of His servant David, as He spoke by the mouth of His holy prophets who have been since the world began” (Luke 1:69-70). Salvation belongs to the Father and the Son because the Son provided salvation through redemption (Rev. 5:9+). “Nor is there salvation in any other, for there is no other name under heaven given among men by which we must be saved” (Acts 4:12).

The Son is worshiped on an equal basis with the Father (John 5:23).⁶⁷ See commentary on Revelation 5:13.

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the angels . . . and the elders

The elders are differentiated from the angels (cf. Rev. 5:11+). They are either a separate class of angelic beings (much like the living creatures), or they are redeemed men. See commentary on Revelation 4:4.

the four living creatures

See commentary on Revelation 4:6.

worshiped

προσεκύνησαν [prosekynēsan] : “Used to designate the custom of prostrating oneself before a person and kissing his feet, the hem of his garment, the ground, etc.; the Persians did this in the presence of their deified king, and the Greeks before a divinity.”⁶⁸ The frequent response of the elders and living creatures (Rev. 4:10+; 5:14+; 11:16+; 19:4+). An innumerable host worships before the throne (Rev. 5:11+).

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blessing, glory, wisdom, thanksgiving, honor, power, might

The blessing is sevenfold indicating completeness. See Seven: Perfection, Completeness. Blessing is εὐλογία [eulogia] , from whence derives eulogy. Literally, a good word. Thanksgiving is εὐχαριστία [eucharistia] , from whence derives eucharist.

See commentary on Revelation 5:13. See Worship of God.

3.7.13 - Revelation 7:13 Open Bible at Rev. 7:13 Listen to Rev. 7:13

white robes

See commentary on Revelation 1:5, Revelation 3:4, and Revelation 3:18.

where did they come from

They are new arrivals in heaven, they were not among the multitude of the redeemed worshiping the Lamb when He first took the scroll from the Father (Rev. 5:9+).

3.7.14 - Revelation 7:14 Open Bible at Rev. 7:14 Listen to Rev. 7:14

Sir

Sir is κύριε [kyrie] which is frequently translated Lord. Elsewhere, the word is translated master (Mat. 6:24); Sir (Mat. 13:27; John 5:7), and lord (Mat. 10:24; Luke 12:36; 14:21; 16:3; John 15:15). It is the respectful address of an inferior to his superior in age or station.⁶⁹

you know

σὺ οἶδας [sy oidas] , emphatic: you, you know.

the ones who come out

ἐρχόμενοι [erchomenoi] , present participle. They are continually coming out— probably the result of ongoing persecution resulting in martyrdom, although the text does not explicitly indicate martyrdom.“Present middle participle with the idea of continued repetition. ‘The martyrs are still arriving from the scene of the great tribulation.’ ”⁷⁰ “Therefore the Rapture of the church is not in view in this verse, since it is a single, instantaneous, and sudden event (cf. 1Cor. 15:51-52).”⁷¹

the great tribulation

Literally, the tribulation, the great. “ ‘The tribulation,’ points to a definite prophetic period, and not simply to tribulation in general in which all saints shared. ‘The great tribulation’ cannot be the general troubles that affect God’s people in all ages. The insertion of the definite article marks its speciality.”⁷² This is the unique time of intense tribulation which Jesus predicted (Mat. 24:21). During this time, multitudes will die; both unbelievers in judgment and believers through martyrdom and harsh conditions (as these, Rev. 14:13+). “And unless those days were shorted, no flesh would be saved; but for the elect’s sake those days will be shortened” (Mat. 24:22). This is the “hour of trial which shall come upon the whole world, to test those who dwell on the earth” (Rev. 3:10+). This time of trouble will be especially difficult for the Jewish nation (Jer. 30:7; Dan. 12:1, 7; Mat. 24:16-20). Yet even this Great Tribulation cannot separate the faithful from the love of Christ, for they are overcomers (Rom. 8:35-39). See Who is the Overcomer?

As we have discussed elsewhere, the Church is not appointed to God’s wrath and is exempted from this “hour or trial which God brings upon the whole world to test those who dwell on the earth” (Rev. 3:10+). These believers are those who come to faith after the rapture of the Church.

It is interesting to note the accuracy which attends predictions made by those who take Scripture at face value. Walter Scott (1796-1861), writing well in advance of the establishment of Israel in 1948, says of this verse: “ ‘The great tribulation’ is yet future. It pre-supposes the Jewish nation restored to Palestine in unbelief, to serve Gentile political ends, and brought there by the active intervention of a great maritime power (Isa. 18).” [emphasis added]⁷³ Since 1948, Scott’s words, which reflect God’s Word, have come to pass. See Trouble Ahead.

washed their robes

See commentary on Revelation 1:5.

made them white

ἐλεύκαναν [eleukanan] , used to describe making blood-red stains due to sin become white (Isa. 1:18).⁷⁴ It may picture not only their salvation (washing away their sins), but also the exchange of garments bloodied by their persecution on earth for clean garments from God.

in the blood of the Lamb

The garments of many were no doubt stained with their own blood. Still, it is the blood of the Lamb which is required for salvation. Their blood, while precious to God (Ps. 116:15) and spilled as a testimony to God, lacks any redemptive power. See commentary on Revelation 1:5 and Revelation 5:9.

3.7.15 - Revelation 7:15 Open Bible at Rev. 7:15 Listen to Rev. 7:15

Therefore

“Because they are so washed white; for without it they could never have entered God’s holy heaven.”⁷⁵

before the throne of God

The entire thrust of Scripture, from Genesis to Revelation is the restoration of man to full intimacy with God. These occupy a position of great blessing in their proximity to the throne. By the sovereignty of God, these elect did not come to faith prior to the rapture, but endured the most difficult time for people of faith of all history. Even so, they remained steadfast in their testimony and overcome the adversary (Rev. 12:11+).

serve Him day and night in His temple

Their ministry is reminiscent of the four living creatures: “they do not rest day or night, saying: ‘Holy, holy, holy, Lord God Almighty, Who was and is and is to come!’ ” [emphasis added] (Rev. 4:8+). These who come out of the Great Tribulation may have a different ministry than that of the Church which is caught away prior to this time.

As their calling and service differ from ours, so does their destiny. We, as the bride with the Bridegroom, sit upon the throne to rule and reign with the Lord of Glory. Our destiny is said to be that of rulers and judges. We are to be kings and priests (1Cor. 6:2-3; 1Pe. 2:9; Rev. 1:6+). The 144,000 are to be the glorious bodyguard, the retinue of the Lamb, following Him whithersoever He goeth (Rev. 14:4+). The destiny of the Gentile multitude, however, is that of temple servants.⁷⁶

dwell among them

Dwell is σκηνώσει [skēnōsei] : “Literally live or camp in a tent.”⁷⁷ Used by John of Jesus’ incarnation when “the Word became flesh and dwelt among us” (John 1:14). This word only appears in the NT in John’s gospel and this book (John 1:14; Rev. 7:15+; 12:12+; 13:6+; 21:3+), providing evidence that the books share the same authorship.

Their enduring faith in the midst of the Great Tribulation provides a great testimony to the power of God and results in His dwelling among them. They realize the ultimate goal of the eternal state: “And I heard a loud voice from heaven saying, ‘Behold, the tabernacle of God is with men, and He will dwell with them, and they shall be His people. God Himself will be with them and be their God’ ” (Rev. 21:3+). As the psalmist said, “In Your presence is fullness of joy; at Your right hand are pleasures forevermore” (Ps. 16:11).

“He that sits upon the throne shall spread his tabernacle over them.” The A.V. reads, “shall dwell among them”; a poor and utterly inadequate rendering of the divine thought herein expressed. God spread His tabernacle over the tent of meeting of old, which thus became the centre and rest of the thousands of Israel. It covered them in the desert. Two millions and a half people—the typically redeemed host of Jehovah—were sheltered from scorching suns and winters’ blasts, by the huge canopy which God spread over them; it was the nation’s glory and defense.⁷⁸

His dwelling presence is directly tied to the promises which follow that the “sun shall not strike them, nor any heat.”“His dwelling among them is to be understood as a secondary truth, besides what is expressed, namely, His being their covert.”⁷⁹

When the Lord has washed away the filth of the daughters of Zion, and purged the blood of Jerusalem from her midst, by the spirit of judgment and by the spirit of burning, then the LORD will create above every dwelling place of Mount Zion, and above her assemblies, a cloud and smoke by day and the shining of a flaming fire by night. For over all the glory there will be a covering. And there will be a tabernacle for shade in the daytime from the heat, for a place of refuge, and for a shelter from storm and rain. (Isa. 4:4-6) [emphasis added]

3.7.16 - Revelation 7:16 Open Bible at Rev. 7:16 Listen to Rev. 7:16

They shall neither hunger anymore nor thirst anymore

Many of these tribulation saints no doubt suffered physical deprivation during their time of persecution (Mat. 25:31-46; Rev. 13:17+), not to mention the harsh conditions upon the earth during this time: “Their hunger talks of the famine of the third seal (Rev. 6:5-6+), their deprivation of water of the third trumpet (Rev. 8:10-11+), and the heat of the sun of the fourth bowl (Rev. 16:8-9+). In other words, these martyrs will come from all phases of the tribulation judgments depicted in Revelation.”⁸⁰

God also satisfies the spiritual hunger of the longing soul (Ps. 107:9; John 4:14; John 6:35). These are among the blessed ones “who hunger and thirst for righteousness” and “shall be filled” (Mat. 5:6).

nor any heat

In their wilderness wanderings, Israel was sheltered from the heat by the cloud which covered the camp during the day (Num. 10:34 cf. Isa. 4:4-6). Isaiah was also given revelation concerning this truth: in the day of salvation, the Father gave the Son as a covenant to the people. He would go forth to the sheep who were in darkness so that they would be fed. They would no longer hunger or thirst, nor would they suffer from the heat or sun. And He would lead them by the springs of water (Isa. 49:8-10).

Those who reject God will feel intense heat before His judgments are complete (Rev. 16:8+).

3.7.17 - Revelation 7:17 Open Bible at Rev. 7:17 Listen to Rev. 7:17

the Lamb who is in the midst of the throne

Not only the Father dwells among them (Rev. 7:15+), they will also be in intimate association with the Son who Himself is in the midst of the throne. Because of their faithful witness amidst chaos and intense persecution, they now enjoy the benefits which many others will not experience until the eternal state (Rev. 21:3+; 22:3+).

will shepherd them

In place of the worthless shepherd who feeds himself on the sheep (Zec. 11:15-17), they will be led by the True Shepherd out of Judah who was stricken on their behalf (Mat. 2:6; 26:31; Mark 6:34; 14:27; John 10:2-16). God, who scattered the sheep of Israel, will one day gather them again (Isa. 40:11; Jer. 31:10; Eze. 34:11-31; Mic. 5:4; Mat. 2:6).

living fountains of waters

He leads them to the still waters which restore the soul (Ps. 23:1-2). This is the living water which the same Shepherd promised the Samaritan woman (John 4:10-11) and which believers in the church age experience through the indwelling Holy Spirit (John 7:38-39).⁸¹ This water is available freely to all who thirst (Rev. 21:6+). It is the river of life which will ultimately be found flowing from the throne of God and the Lamb, watering the tree of life (Rev. 22:1-2+). In the Millennial Kingdom, a fountain of living water will flow from Jerusalem and revive all that it touches (Eze. 47:12; Zec. 14:8).

wipe away every tear

Many of the tears they had shed were due to their experience of death—both of loved ones and themselves. But God has swallowed up death forever and promised to wipe away every tear (Isa. 25:8). In their joy, their sorrow and sighing will flee away (Isa. 35:10; 51:11). Even in the Millennial Kingdom, great joy will be experienced (Isa. 65:19). Ultimately, in the eternal state, there will be no more pain and the former things (e.g., sin and the curse) shall pass away and all cause for tears will be gone (Rev. 21:4+).

Converts during the tribulation will have to face fierce and bestial persecution at the hands of their fellow-men, and also have to endure the natural tribulations which God will unleash on all mankind as a consequence of the sins of the human race. Yes, it will be possible to be saved during the tribulation, but it is infinitely better and imminently sensible to accept Jesus Christ as one’s Savior now, before the tribulation. [emphasis added]⁸²

Notes

¹ The NU text has Μετὰ τοῦτο [Meta touto] , After this (singular).

² “This ministry of the 144,000 is something that occurs throughout the entire first half and not merely after the sixth seal judgment. In fact, it is going on during the Seal judgments, and it is the means by which the fifth seal saints come to Messiah. The passage begins with After this, which is not chronological, but merely the next vision John sees.”—Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 222.

³ Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 1-7 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1992), Rev. 7:1.

⁴ James Moffatt, “Revelation of St. John the Divine,” in W. Robertson Nicoll, ed., The Expositor’s Greek Testament, vol. 5 (New York, NY: George H. Doran Company, n.d.), Rev. 7:1.

⁵ Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977), Rev. 7:1.

⁶ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, Rev. 7:1.

⁷ “We use the same expression today without in any way denying that the earth is a sphere, so must allow Revelation the same latitude and not see its thought as ‘primitive’!”—Monty S. Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John (Dallas, TX: 3E Ministries, 1987), Rev. 7:1.

⁸ “Since nowhere in Revelation do we read of the four winds actually blowing, they may be taken as representing the earthly catastrophes that occur under the trumpets and bowls.”—Alan F. Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), Rev. 7:1-3.

⁹ Albrecht Durer (1471 - 1528). Image courtesy of the Connecticut College Wetmore Print Collection.

¹⁰ Walter Scott, Exposition of The Revelation (London, England: Pickering & Inglis, n.d.), 155.

¹¹ Donald Grey Barnhouse, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1971), 143.

¹² Frederick William Danker and Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 796.

¹³ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, Rev. 7:2.

¹⁴ John MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1999), Rev. 7:1.

¹⁵ Concerning lifeless idols: Deu. 4:28; 2K. 19:18; Ps. 115:4; 135:15; Isa. 37:19; 41:25; 44:9; 45:20; 46:7; Jer. 2:28; 10:5, 8, 15; 16:20; Dan. 5:23; Acts 19:26; Rev. 9:20+.

¹⁶ Concerning the Living God: Ex. 3:6; Deu. 5:26; Jos. 3:10; 1S. 17:26, 36; 2K. 19:4, 16; Ps. 42:2; 84:2; Isa. 37:4, 17; Jer. 10:10; 23:36; Dan. 6:20, 6:26; Hos. 1:10; Mat. 16:16; 22:32; 26:63; John 6:69; Acts 14:15; Rom. 9:26; 2Cor. 3:3; 6:16; 1Ti. 3:15; 4:10; 6:17; Heb. 3:12; 9:14; 10:31; 12:22; Rev. 7:2+.

¹⁷ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 515.

¹⁸ At Rev. 14:1+, in contrast to the TR text, MT and NU texts indicate that the names of both the Father and the Son are written.

¹⁹ Barnhouse, Revelation, 144.

²⁰ Arthur Walkington Pink, The Antichrist (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1999, 1923), s.v. “The Antichrist will be the Son of Satan.”

²¹ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 796.

²² Thomas, Revelation 1-7, Rev. 7:3.

²³ J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 166.

²⁴ Gregory K. Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1999), 61.

²⁵ A. R. Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” in Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997, 1877), Rev. 7:4.

²⁶ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 161.

²⁷ E. W. Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1984, 1935), 282.

²⁸ Jerome Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1992), Rev. 7:4.

²⁹ William Varner, Jacob’s Dozen: A Prophetic Look at the Tribes of Israel (Bellmawr, NJ: Friends of Israel Gospel Ministry, 1987), 103.

³⁰ Scott, Exposition of The Revelation, 153.

³¹ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, 278.

³² Raymond Edward Brown, Joseph A. Fitzmyer, and Roland Edmund Murphy, eds., The Jerome Biblical Commentary (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1996, c1968), Rev. 7:4.

³³ Albert Barns, Notes on the Bible (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1884-85), Rev. 7:4.

³⁴ Mounce, The Book of Revelation, 168.

³⁵ “Scripture speaks of three categories of persons its contents concern: the Jews, the Gentiles, and the church of God (1Cor. 10:32). What is stated in Rev. 7:4+ pertains to Israel—it cannot pertain to any other group. The names of the tribes of Israel are nowhere in Scripture ever applied to the Gentiles or the church of God. Even among those who (mistakenly) believe the term ‘Israel’ can denote the Church, some recognize the overwhelming evidence in this passage against taking ‘Israel’ as the Church: “It is clear that, though ‘Israel’ may elsewhere designate the spiritual Israel, ‘the elect (Church) on earth’ [Alford], here, where the names of the tribes one by one are specified, these names cannot have any but the literal meaning.”⁸³ ”—Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, Rev. 7:4.

³⁶ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 7:4.

³⁷ G. E. Ladd, “Revelation, Book of,” in Geoffrey W. Bromiley, ed., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979, 1915), 4:175.

³⁸ The “Israel of God” of Gal. 6:16 being no exception. “As Peter Richardson observes: ‘Strong confirmation of this position [i.e., that “Israel” refers to the Jews in the NT] comes from the total absence of an identification of the church with Israel until A.D. 160; and also from the total absence, even then, of the term “Israel of God” to characterize the church.’ ”—Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, Rev. 7:1-3. In every instance, the word “Israel” refers to those who are of the physical seed of Jacob. See [Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, Israelology: The Missing Link in Systematic Theology (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 1989), 684-690].

³⁹ Scott, Exposition of The Revelation, 157.

⁴⁰ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 7:4.

⁴¹ Barnhouse, Revelation, 148.

⁴² “The Gentile company (verse 9) is not numbered. The Israelitish company, on the contrary, is carefully reckoned and the result stated, not in round numbers, but in precise terms.”—Scott, Exposition of The Revelation, 157.

⁴³ Varner, Jacob’s Dozen: A Prophetic Look at the Tribes of Israel, 60.

⁴⁴ Ibid., 103.

⁴⁵ Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, Rev. 7:4.

⁴⁶ Scott, Exposition of The Revelation, 158.

⁴⁷ Mills suggests that Dan will be key in leading Israel toward the Antichrist in the time of the end: “Dan has a traditional history of idolatry (Lev. 24:11; Jdg. 18:30-31; 1K. 12:28-29), and in the end times it will be no different: Dan will not recognize her Messiah, but will lead Israel in its firm covenant with the Pseudo-christ.”—Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Revelation 7:4. As interesting as this theory might be, it requires the tribe of Dan to act in concert as a tribe which seems unlikely given the lack of human ability to determine the boundaries of the tribe within the Jewish population. Of course, the possibility exists that some form of genetic tracking, along with genetic material recovered from a known Danite, could provide the key to unlock human knowledge of the boundaries of the tribe. As we discuss elsewhere, God knows which are the offspring of each son of Jacob. See Ten Tribes Lost?.

⁴⁸ Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe, Ante-Nicene Fathers Vol. I (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Company, 1885), s.v. “ECF 1.1.7.1.5.31.”

⁴⁹ “A great deal of speculation and guesswork has developed as a result [of the omission of the tribe of Dan], mainly the idea that the Antichrist will come out of this tribe. . . . Others claim that the False Prophet will arise out of the Tribe of Dan and that is why that tribe is left out. But this too, is pure speculation. There is nothing in the context to suggest either of these suppositions. The text itself does not state the reason why the Tribe of Dan is left out. The actual reason is simply to maintain the symmetry of twelve.”—Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 222-223.

⁵⁰ Unger takes this evangelistic work as occurring during the millennial age rather than in preparation for it: “The LORD will dispatch those of the Jews who escape the judgments of the Tribulation to the nations to evangelize the Gentiles of the Kingdom.”—Merrill F. Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), Isa. 66:19b. It would seem that “those among them who “escape” could refer to the sealed Jews of the Diaspora during the Tribulation period itself.”

⁵¹ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 7:9.

⁵² Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 178-179.

⁵³ Barnhouse, Revelation, 151.

⁵⁴ J. Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1958), 214.

⁵⁵ Scott, Exposition of The Revelation, 158.

⁵⁶ Barnhouse, Revelation, 145.

⁵⁷ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 179-180.

⁵⁸ Henry Morris, The Revelation Record (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1983), Rev. 7:9.

⁵⁹ Renald E. Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come (Bellmawr, NJ: The Friends of Israel Gospel Ministry, 1995), 248.

⁶⁰ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 7:9.

⁶¹ Regarding John 12:13: “From about two centuries earlier, the waving of palm branches had become a national, if not nationalistic, symbol, which signaled the fervent hope that a messianic liberator was arriving on the scene.”—MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, John 12:13.

⁶² Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 7:9.

⁶³ Timothy Friberg, Barbara Friberg, and Neva F. Miller, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2000), 416.

⁶⁴ “The word [salvation] frequently carries the meaning of ‘victory’ in classical Greek and in the LXX (Caird).”—Thomas, Revelation 1-7, Rev. 7:10.

⁶⁵ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 801.

⁶⁶ Concerning salvation by faith: Hab. 2:4; Luke 7:42, 50; Acts 13:39; Rom. 1:17; 3:20, 28; 4:2-6; 5:1, 16-18; Gal. 2:16, 21; 3:11, 24; 5:4; 6:15; Eph. 2:8-10; 2Ti. 1:9; Tit. 3:5; Heb. 10:38; Rev. 7:10+.

⁶⁷ Concerning worship of Jesus: Mat. 2:2; 8:2; 9:18; 14:33; 15:25; 28:9, 17; Mat. 20:20; Mark 5:6; Luke 24:52; John 5:18, 23; John 9:38; 20:28; Acts 7:59 cf. Ps. 31:5; Php. 2:9; Heb. 1:6; Rev. 5:13+; Rev. 7:10+.

⁶⁸ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 716.

⁶⁹ Moffatt, “Revelation of St. John the Divine,” 399.

⁷⁰ A. T. Robertson, Robertson’s Word Pictures in Six Volumes (Escondido, CA: Ephesians Four Group, 2003), Rev. 7:14.

⁷¹ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 7:14.

⁷² Scott, Exposition of The Revelation, 163.

⁷³ Ibid.

⁷⁴ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 472.

⁷⁵ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 7:15.

⁷⁶ Barnhouse, Revelation, 153.

⁷⁷ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 350.

⁷⁸ Scott, Exposition of The Revelation, 165.

⁷⁹ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 7:15.

⁸⁰ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 7:16.

⁸¹ He Who is the Living Water thirsted in dying (John 19:28): “He who began His ministry by hungering (Mat. 4:3), ended it by thirsting (John 19:28). He who was the Rock whence Israel in the desert was refreshed (1Cor. 10:4), and He who turned the water into wine (John 2:1-25), now thirsts.”—Graham W. Scroggie, A Guide to the Gospels (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1995, 1948), 587.

⁸² Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 7:17.

⁸³ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 7:1.

3.6 - Revelation 6

3.6.1 - Revelation 6:1 Open Bible at Rev. 6:1 Listen to Rev. 6:1

Having taken the scroll from the Father, the Lamb now begins to open the seals. As each seal is opened, a new judgment comes upon the earth. John is shown the judgments associated with the first six seals.

Now I saw

The chapter break is unfortunate here. Recall that the previous chapter ended with the exaltation of the Lamb and the recognition of His unique worthiness to open the scroll sealed with seven seals (see commentary on Revelation 5:5). The scene of worship and praise which John beheld is an important precursor to the scenes of judgment to follow. “After five chapters of rather elaborate preparation, ‘the things which must happen soon’ (Rev. 1:1+; 4:1+) begin to unfold.”¹

when the Lamb opened

The Lamb had been slain to redeem men and the world Revelation 5:9. Having paid the ultimate price, He is now worthy to open the first seal and initiate the steps which will lead to His global rule on earth. “Each time, with the opening of a seal, nothing is read from the scroll (Lenski), but actions occur that unquestionably match the corresponding part of the scroll exposed through each consecutive seal.”²

None of the horrendous judgments about to take place transpire until the Lamb opens a seal. Human history records a litany of wars, natural disasters, famines, and the like, but what is about to come forth upon the earth is completely unique. What has transpired up to now is the routine manifestation of human selfishness, sin, and the fallen world in which man lives. As Jesus explained, “all these things must come to pass, but the end is not yet” (Mat. 24:6). But with the opening of the seals by the Lamb, a divinely-initiated series of judgments begin which are historically unique in a number of aspects:

Severity - The judgments are more severe than any previously experienced in history. This coming day is unique so there is “none like it” (Jer. 30:7; Dan. 12:1; Mat. 24:21; Mark 13:19; Rev. 3:10+). (See Jacob’s Trouble and the Great Tribulation.)

Wrath of the Lamb - Unlike previous times when God the Father has manifested His wrath upon nations, this is the time of the “wrath of the Lamb” (Rev. 6:16+). It is the Son, the Lamb of God, Who’s wrath is being manifested.

The Final Flowering of Sin - Humanism and Satanism will be at their apex on a global scale. The ascent of man, as humanists view human history, will have reached its apex—which is in reality its lowest point since the ascent is really a descent. At this time, there will be a full flowering of sin unique in all history for its depravity and extent.

Ushering in God’s Kingdom on Earth - The wrath of the Lamb which comes forth is not merely a disconnected judgment of sin. It is part and parcel of the sweeping away of the systems of man to make way for the promised Messianic Kingdom on earth—the only kingdom which will never pass away.

This last point, the ushering in of God’s earthly kingdom, can be seen in the similarities between the events found in this book when compared with the events leading to the establishment of the first Theocratic Kingdom on earth—when Israel was delivered from Egypt.

There is a definite parallel between the supernatural preparation for the kingdom in history under Moses and the supernatural judgments which shall be poured out upon a rebellious world in preparation for the future Millennial Kingdom of our Lord Jesus Christ at His second advent. There is the same insolent challenge to the true God on the part of the Gentile powers (Ps. 2:1-3). There will be a similar gracious but infinitely greater preliminary miracle [like Ex. 7:12]—the Rapture of the Church—warning men of the supremacy of Jehovah and the ultimate defeat of all who rebel against Him. There will be the same swift progression in the severity of the divine judgments which follow, and even a striking parallel in the nature of the judgments (cf. Rev. 6:1-17+ through 18). There will be the same victorious outcome, the destruction of the antichrist and his armies in the judgment of Armageddon, and deliverance of the people of Israel (Rev. 19:1-21+). There will be another song of victory, significantly referred to as ‘the song of Moses... and the song of the Lamb’ (Rev. 15:1-3+).³

Everything which transpires from this point forward is completely within the control of God. For it is the Lamb Who initiates these events and there is no judgment, famine, or plague of demons which does not ultimately serve God’s purpose in what unfolds. This is seen by the frequently found phrase, it was given which attends both good and bad events recorded here (see commentary on Revelation 6:2+).

Since it is the Lamb Who unleashes the events about to transpire, we are not surprised by the close correlation between the sequence of events here and those which Jesus, the Lamb of God, taught would come (see The Synoptic Gospels).

They include:⁴

False Messiahs: Mat. 24:5, 11; Mark 13:6; Luke 21:8; Rev. 6:2+.

Wars: Mat. 24:6-7; Mark 13:7; Luke 21:9; Rev. 6:4+.

Famines: Mat. 24:7; Mark 13:8; Luke 21:10; Rev. 6:5-6+, 8+.

Pestilences: Luke 21:11; Rev. 6:8+.

Persecution: Mat. 24:9; Mark 13:9-13; Luke 21:12-17; Rev. 6:9-11+.

Earthquakes: Mat. 24:7; Mark 13:8; Luke 21:11; Rev. 6:12+.

Cosmic Phenomena: Mat. 24:29; Mark 13:24-25; Luke 21:11; Rev. 6:12-14+.

one of the seals

Concerning the significance of the seals, see commentary on Revelation 5:1.

Each of the scroll’s seven seals (cf. Rev. 5:1+) represents a specific divine judgment that will be poured out sequentially on the earth. The seals encompass the entire period of the Tribulation (Rev. 3:10+), culminating with the return of Christ. It seems best to understand the first four seals as taking place during the first half of the Tribulation, the fifth stretching from the first into the second half, (called the “great tribulation” in Rev. 7:14+ and lasting three and one-half years; Rev. 11:2+; 12:6+; 13:5+) and the sixth and seventh taking place during that “great tribulation.” Apparently the seventh seal contains the seven trumpet judgments (Rev. 8:1+-11:19+) and the seventh trumpet (Rev. 11:15+) contains the seven bowl judgments (Rev. 16:1-21+). The seven seals thus contain all the judgments to the end when Jesus Christ returns.⁵

As the Lamb opens the seals, a sequence of events are initiated which are closely parallel to Matthew 24 (also Mark 13 and Luke 21). The first four seals are set apart from the final three in their common representation by riders on horses.

The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse⁶

Showers equates the birth pangs “beginning of sorrows” of Mat. 24:4-8 with the first four seals of Revelation 6:1-8+ and places them during the first half of the 70th week of Daniel.⁷ He also observes that the Day of the Lord includes the notion of birth pangs (Isa. 13:6-10; 1Th. 5:3), so the first four seals are probably included within the first half of the 70th week (see The 70th Week of Daniel).

Since the beginning of birth pangs of Matthew 24 and the first four seals of Revelation 6+ are the same thing, and since the broad Day of the Lord will include the beginning of birth pangs, we can conclude that the broad Day of the Lord will also include the first four seals of Revelation 6+. . . . Since the beginning of birth pangs of the first half of the 70th week and the first four seals of Revelation 6+ are the same thing, the divine wrath, anger, and destruction of the Day of the Lord will also be associated with the first four seals.⁸

living creatures

See commentary on Revelation 4:6.

voice like thunder

Some speculate that the voice like thunder of the living creature may be the source of the seven thunders which John is prevented from recording (Rev. 10:3+). However, the description of this voice is probably meant to be an indication of its imposing volume to connect its command with the judgment to follow. See commentary on Revelation 4:5.

Come and see.

Ἐρχου καὶ ἴδε [Erchou kai ide] (MT) or Ἐρχου καὶ ἴδου [Erchou kai idou] (TR). This phrase occurs in the TR and MT texts in conjunction with the loosing of each of the first four seals (Rev. 6:1+, 3+, 5+, 7+). These translations understand the living creature to be speaking to John. The NU text omits καὶ ἴδε [kai ide] , and see, understanding come as a command issued by the living creature to the rider of the horse bringing him forth in judgment. This would accord well with the emphasis found on the judgments being subject to divine control.

The cry itself is very brief—Ἐρχου [Erchou] ! It may be equally rendered Go, or Come! Our translators give it about as often one way as the other. It does not alter the sense here whichever way we take it. It is not an address to John, as many have regarded it, and as the questionable addition to the text—“and see”—would seem to require. John was already on the spot, beholding all that was transpiring, and did not need to be called any nearer, or to remove any further off. And if his nearer approach or further departure had been needed in the case of the first horseman, it could not have been needed for the succeeding ones. But we find the same command repeated in each successive instance. Neither can we explain why it should be such a voice of thundering power, if it was simply to call to the seer.⁹

3.6.2 - Revelation 6:2 Open Bible at Rev. 6:2 Listen to Rev. 6:2

white horse

This white horse is the first of four horses of different colors, similar to the horses seen by Zechariah (Zec. 1:8; 6:2-6).¹⁰ See Zechariah’s Horses for a discussion of the relationship between Zechariah’s visions and the horsemen shown John. Within the context of the book of Revelation, white represents righteousness. “The white horse . . . emerges as an emblem of righteousness, though there is no guarantee that the righteousness is more than apparent.”¹¹

he who sat on it

The similarities between this rider and Christ are striking:

Riding a White Horse - Both ride upon a white horse indicating victory (Rev. 6:2+; 19:11+).

Wearing a Crown - Both wear a crown (Rev. 6:2+; 19:12+). (But Christ wears multiple crowns.)

Overcome - Both are “overcomers”—victorious in their pursuits (Rev. 6:2+; John 16:33; 1Jn. 4:4; Rev. 3:21+; 17:14+).

Even so, this is not the white horse which carries He who is Faithful and True in Revelation 19:11+. For it is the Lamb who has just loosed the first seal sending this horseman out. It violates all logic for the same person to be opening the seal and sending himself forth.¹² “Moreover, it would be inappropriate to have an angelic being call forth Christ or his servants.”¹³ If Christ rides forth here, who is it that remains in heaven to open the remaining seals?¹⁴ This rider carries a bow whereas Christ’s weapon is a sword (Rev. 2:12+; 19:15+). This rider is alone whereas Christ is followed by the armies in heaven also riding on white horses (Rev. 19:14+). Finally, this rider sets forth at the beginning of the Tribulation whereas Christ rides forth at its end.

In light of related passages, it seems best to understand this rider as representing a movement which ultimately culminates in the one whom Jesus described:¹⁵ “I have come in My Father’s name, and you do not receive Me; if another comes in his own name, him you will receive” (John 5:43). To an unsuspecting world he looks like Messiah, the political savior of mankind, yet he is a deceiver, the anti- or pseudo-Christ. Here is documented the initial appearance of the figure of the Antichrist upon the stage of world history. Although there will be numerous false messiahs down through history, none as convincing and successful as this final figure.¹⁶ The Restrainer has been taken out of the way so that the Antichrist, the son of perdition, might be revealed in his own time (2Th. 2:6-7). He is the one who will be destroyed with the breath of the mouth of the Lamb (2Th. 2:8; Rev. 19:20+). The church has already been taken up for she watches for Christ, not Antichrist. See Rapture, Imminency.

The beginning of birth pangs of Matthew 24 and the first four seals of Revelation 6+ are the same thing and will occur during the first half of the seven years of the 70th week. In light of the fact that the beginning of birth pangs will involve false messiahs, it would appear that the rider of the first seal will be a false messiah. . . . Since, . . . God’s Holy Spirit has the function of restraining humanity’s lawlessness, and since the Antichrist will be the ultimate expression of human lawlessness, it would appear that Paul was indicating in 2 Thessalonians 2:6-8 that the restraining work of the Holy Spirit is the restraint that prevents the Antichrist from being revealed until the right time. The Holy Spirit will continue that restraining work until He, as the restrainer, is removed, at which time the Antichrist will be revealed. Since, as noted earlier, only God has the authority to remove the Holy Spirit’s restraint, and since the Antichrist will be revealed once that restraint is removed, we can conclude that it will be through divine activity that the Antichrist will be turned loose to conquer the world. . . . It is important to note that God declared He will raise up the foolish, idol shepherd (Zec. 11:16).¹⁷

The rider on the white horse is more probably to be identified as the Antichrist. If this is not Antichrist, then Revelation does not place Antichrist on the scene of events before the middle of Daniel’s Seventieth Week (in Rev. 13+), and the rider is virtually unidentifiable.¹⁸

Pre-wrath rapture advocate Marvin Rosenthal finds the idea of God’s release of the Antichrist to be “preposterous:”

If the seals are God’s wrath, then God alone must take direct responsibility for a counterfeit religious system and the emergence of the Antichrist, for that is precisely what the first seal depicts. To attribute the emergence of the Antichrist to God is obviously preposterous. . . . To suggest that the first four seals are God’s wrath is totally unfounded. It strains reason to think that once God begins His Day of the Lord wrath, the Antichrist is able to assume control of the world.¹⁹

But to take any other view—that the manifestation of Antichrist is under the control of Satan or man—is opposed to biblical teaching. Even if the restrainer is taken to be something or someone other than God Himself (a view we do not hold), who is it that takes the Restrainer “out of the way” so that the “lawless one” is revealed (2Th. 2:6-7)? If the revealing of Antichrist is not subject to the precise timing and permission of God, then what are we to make of a tremendous number of biblical passages which assert the absolute sovereignty of God over all things?

Rosenthal lacks an adequate view of the sovereignty of God and how He redirects sin and the depravity of man toward His own ends. There are many examples where sin accomplishes God’s purpose, yet those who sin remain fully responsible for their actions. God is not the author of sin, but all things serve His purpose in the end (Mat. 24:26; Mark 14:21; Luke 22:22; Acts 2:22-23). See Who is the Restrainer?.

The first six seals. . . are thus set here, in order to show us that these judgments do not arise from chance, but are all under Divine control. The great False Messiah of the first Seal cannot be revealed until the appointed moment shall have come and the voice from the throne gives the permissive command “Go!” The judgments cannot fall until the same command is given.²⁰

a bow

The bow is a symbol representing strength (Job 29:20; 30:11; Eze. 39:3).

Some understand the mention of a bow, but no arrows as an indication of his initial deception by peace and agreement (Dan. 9:27). “The Antichrist is seen riding a white war-horse, and with bow in hand, but with no arrow fitted to it. The symbol suggests bloodless victories.”²¹ Like Antiochus Epiphanes before him, he would “come in peaceably, and seize the kingdom by intrigue . . . and after the league is made with him he shall act deceitfully” (Dan. 11:21-23).

And in the latter time of their kingdom, when the transgressors have reached their fullness, a king shall arise, having fierce features, who understands sinister schemes. His power shall be mighty, but not by his own power; he shall destroy fearfully, and shall prosper and thrive; he shall destroy the mighty, and also the holy people. Through his cunning He shall cause deceit to prosper under his rule; and he shall exalt himself in his heart. He shall destroy many in their prosperity. He shall even rise against the Prince of princes; but he shall be broken without human means. And the vision of the evenings and mornings which was told is true; therefore seal up the vision, for it refers to many days in the future. (Dan. 8:23-26)

There is no question among expositors that Antiochus is in view in this prophecy. What was prophesied was fulfilled literally through him. However, the prophecy looks beyond Antiochus to a future person (the Antichrist) of whom Antiochus is only a foreshadowing. This coming one is said to “stand against the Prince of princes” (Dan. 8:25). This can be none other than the Lord Jesus Christ. Thus the prophecy must go beyond Antiochus and look forward to the coming of one whose ministry will parallel that of Antiochus. From Antiochus certain facts can be learned about the forthcoming desecrator: (1) He will achieve great power by subduing others (Dan. 8:24). (2) He will rise to power by promising false security (Dan. 8:25). (3) He will be intelligent and persuasive (Dan. 8:23). (4) He will be controlled by another (Dan. 8:24), that is, Satan. (5) He will be an adversary of Israel and subjugate Israel to his authority (Dan. 8:24-25). (6) He will rise up in opposition to the Prince of princes, the Lord Jesus Christ (Dan. 8:25). (7) His rule will be terminated by divine judgment (Dan. 8:25). So it may be concluded that there is a dual reference in this striking prophecy. It reveals Israel’s history under the Seleucids and particularly under Antiochus during the time of Greek domination, but it also looks forward to Israel’s experiences under Antichrist, whom Antiochus foreshadows.²²

So before the terrors of the Tribulation break loose and lead to the battle of Armageddon there will come a period of world peace. But it will be a deceptive peace, as the world is lulled into a false sense of security followed by war, famine, and death. The world’s desperate desire for international peace will serve as the bait for the satanic trap. That longing for security and safety will play into the hands of Antichrist, Satan’s ruler, who will convince the world that he can provide them. He will particularly deceive Israel, whose people have for so long desired peace, and he “will make a firm covenant with the many [Israel] for one week” (Dan. 9:27). Antichrist’s peace pact and protection of Israel will not last, however: “in the middle of the week [the Seventieth Week of Daniel’s prophecy; the Tribulation] he will put a stop to sacrifice and grain offering; and on the wing of abominations will come one who makes desolate, even until a complete destruction, one that is decreed, is poured out on the one who makes desolate” (Dan. 9:27). The false peace that Antichrist brings will come to an abrupt halt at the midpoint of the Tribulation when he desecrates the temple in Jerusalem, betrays the Jewish people, and launches deadly attacks on them (cf. Mat. 24:4-10). There can and will be no peace until the Prince of Peace sets up His earthly kingdom (Rev. 20:1-6+).²³

Like Antiochus before him, the Antichrist plays a special role in relation to Israel during the events to come:

God will have specific purposes for bringing Antichrist on the world scene. One purpose will be the punishment of Israel. . . . [the] desolation of Israel by the Antichrist will be part of God’s judgment of the nation because it rejected its Messiah in His first coming [John 5:43]. . . . A second purpose will be the repentance of Israel. . . . God will bring the Antichrist on the world scene to play a major role in shattering [Israel’s] rebellion [Dan. 12:7]. . . . A third purpose will be the judgment of the world. . . . God will judge the world by giving it the kind of ruler it deserves. . . . A fourth purpose will be the exposure of the world’s unbelief. God will bring the Antichrist on the world scene and permit him to make his claim to be God to demonstrate mankind’s unbelief, . . . A fifth purpose will be the instigation of the final showdown between Christ and Satan’s forces and the defeat of those forces.²⁴

a crown

στέφανος [stephanos] , generally used of a victor’s crown or wreath, but not always. A widespread, but erroneous teaching is that this crown, being a stephanos and not a diadema, indicates that the rider cannot be Christ.²⁵ Not so, for Christ is also found wearing such a crown (Mat. 27:29; Mark 15:17; John 19:2, 5; Heb. 2:9). Evidence that this rider is other than Christ must be derived from other factors (see above). See Crowns.

was given to him

ἐδόθη [edothē] , passive voice. Although the rider likely believes he has gained his own crown for himself (cf. Isa. 45:1-4; Pr. 21:1; Dan 2:21; 2:37; 4:25, 31-32; 5:21), it is only his by permission. Everything which proceeds from the opening of the seals is subject to the permission of the one seated on the throne and the Lamb. The sovereignty of God is heavily emphasized throughout the book of Revelation—there is nothing which transpires that God Himself does not grant authority for it. This is seen in the frequently-found phrase was given which denotes the granting of permission to an agent from another, namely God (Rev. 6:2+, 4+, 8+, 11+; 7:2+; 8:3+; 9:1+, 3+, 5+; 11:1+; 13:5+, 7+, 14-15+; 16:8+; 19:8+; 20:4+). The first horseman is granted his crown (Rev. 6:2+), the second horseman is given to take peace with a great sword (Rev. 6:4+); Death and Hades, who ride with the third horsemen are given authority to kill a fourth part of the earth (Rev. 6:8+), the four angels are given the power to hurt the earth and sea (Rev. 8:3+), the star from heaven is given the key to loosen the demonic locusts from the abyss (Rev. 9:1+) who were themselves given power to torment men (Rev. 9:5+), the beast is given authority to continue for forty two months (Rev. 13:5+) and to make war against the saints and overcome them (Dan. 7:25; Rev. 13:7+), the fourth bowl is given the ability to scorch men (Rev. 16:8+). All of these horrific and terrible realities—the very manifestation and flowering of sin of which God is no author—are harnessed for His purposes. The troubling and yet comforting reality is that there is no creature which ultimately does not serve God’s purpose, either willingly or unwillingly. Troubling, because in the inscrutable purpose of God such evil is allowed to continue. Comforting, because everything we suffer is subject to God’s approval and purpose (Job 2:6; Rom. 8:28).“How irresistible the grasp of Omnipotence on the powers and forces of evil. They are effectually bridled till the plans of God are ripe and ready for action.”²⁶ Once the reality of God’s sovereignty is understood, the bondage of Satan is seen for what it is. For Satan has less freedom in rebellion against God than he once had in obedient service of the Master.

he went out conquering and to conquer

νικων και ἵνα νικήση [nikōn kai hina nikēsē] , both conquering and conquer are from νικάω [nikaō] , the same root as overcomer. Thus, he is another overcomer (Rev. 11:7+) to be contrasted with the True Overcomer Who is Christ (Rev. 5:5+; 17:14+).

He will be endowed with the most extraordinary powers, so that “he shall destroy wonderfully, and shall prosper, and practice, and shall destroy the mighty and the holy people” (Dan. 8:24). Before his exploits the fame of Alexander and Napoleon will be forgotten. None will be able to stand before him. He will go “forth conquering and to conquer” (Rev. 6:2+). He will sweep everything before him so that the world will exclaim, “Who is like unto the Beast? who is able to make war with him?” (Rev. 13:4+). His military exploits will not be confined to a corner, but carried out on a vast scale. He is spoken of as the man who will “shake kingdoms” and “make the earth to tremble” (Isa. 14:16).²⁷

Ezekiel 34:23-30 says that when God establishes His covenant of peace with Israel, the covenant will result in safety, peace with nations, and the elimination of harmful beasts by famine. By contrast, when the Antichrist establishes his covenant of peace with Israel [Dan. 9:27], God will inflict the world with conditions opposite of those His covenant of peace will bring. He will unleash war (the sword) [the second seal, Rev. 6:3-4+], famine (the third seal, Rev. 6:5-6+), and harmful beasts (the fourth seal, Rev. 6:7-8+) upon the earth to demonstrate that the Antichrist’s covenant of peace is not the covenant of peace that will bring true safety, as foretold in the Old Testament.²⁸

3.6.3 - Revelation 6:3 Open Bible at Rev. 6:3 Listen to Rev. 6:3

come and see

“The ‘living one’ who introduces this second horse does not use a voice of thunder as did the ‘living one’ who dispatched the first horse. This is significant, for it indicates that the first horse brings the other three horses in its train as a sequential consequence.”²⁹ See commentary on Revelation 6:1.

3.6.4 - Revelation 6:4 Open Bible at Rev. 6:4 Listen to Rev. 6:4

fiery red

πυρρός [pyrros] : “As a color fiery red, red (as fire).”³⁰ The same color as the dragon in Revelation 12:3+.

was granted

Ultimate power rests with God who allows the judgment for His purposes. See commentary on Revelation 6:2.

take peace from the earth

Although the rider on the white horse appears to conquer by means of negotiation and avoids bloodshed, this does not last. Eventually he shows his true colors as the second rider joins the ride—bringing war and death. This may correspond to the point in Daniel’s vision where another “horn which came up, before which three fell, namely, that horn which had eyes and a mouth which spoke pompous words, whose appearance was greater than his fellows” (Dan. 7:20). It appears that the little horn may only progress so far by means of peace before he is forced to go to war and assert his position with violence. Shortly after this point: “I was watching; and the same horn was making war against the saints, and prevailing against them” (Dan. 7:21 cf. Rev. 6:9-10+). This is the time of the “beginning of sorrows” which Jesus spoke of (Mat. 24:6-8). See The Synoptic Gospels.

should kill one another

σφάξουσιν [sphaxousin] : “To slaughter . . . Of the killing of a person by violence . . . butcher or murder someone”³¹ . The same root described the Lamb “as though it had been slain” (Rev. 5:6+). This will be a time of unprecedented bloodshed which will forever puncture the naive view of humanism that man is inherently good.

a great sword

This sword is wielded by the second horseman, but it is sent by God:

For thus says the LORD God of Israel to me: “Take this wine cup of fury from My hand, and cause all the nations, to whom I send you, to drink it. And they will drink and stagger and go mad because of the sword that I will send among them.” Then I took the cup from the LORD’S hand, and made all the nations drink, to whom the LORD had sent me. (Jer. 25:15-17)

This is the pattern of God’s judgment to nations who reject Him—He makes them mad and turn upon one another (Eze. 38:21). “While Scripture does not give the details, the advances in modern weaponry suggest a terrible, unimaginable holocaust.”³²

3.6.5 - Revelation 6:5 Open Bible at Rev. 6:5 Listen to Rev. 6:5

a black horse

Black is μέλας [melas] which is used “Of clothing used in mourning . . . as the color of evil.”³³

a pair of scales

Here the black speaks of judgment and famine, for the rider carries a pair of scales (balances) used to weigh food and indicating its scarcity.

3.6.6 - Revelation 6:6 Open Bible at Rev. 6:6 Listen to Rev. 6:6

a quart

“The measure spoken of here is the Greek measure of capacity of very ancient usage, the choenix. As early as the time of Homer it was indicated as the amount of wage given to a workman for a full day’s work (Odyssey XIX:XXVIII). Herodotus also gives this as the measure of wheat consumed by each soldier in the army of Xerxes (VIII:CLXXXVII).”³⁴

wheat

σίτου [sitou] , used of wheat in the context of hardship “as an indication of severe famine and rising prices . . . Ignatius, in his fervent longing for martyrdom, uses this symbolic language . . . I am God’s wheat and will be ground by the teeth of the wild beasts.”³⁵

a denarius

That famine is intended here is evident for this amount “was a workman’s average daily wage.”³⁶ Men will work an entire day and barely procure enough to stay alive. “Ordinarily, from sixteen to twenty measures were given for a denarius.”³⁷

do not harm the oil and the wine

ἀδικήσῃς [adikēsēs] , second person singular, imperative mood. The voice from the midst of the four living creatures is commanding the one on the black horse not to harm the oil and wine. Again, we see the judgments which pour forth are precisely under the control of God. See commentary on Revelation 6:1.

Some attempt to understand this verse in relation to an edict of Domitian restricting vine production in favor of corn:

It is argued that Rev. 6:6+ refers to Domitian’s edict against vines in AD 92, a measure which may have been intended as a drastic means of increasing corn production, but which hit Philadelphia with exceptional severity because of its dependence on viticulture.³⁸

Because of the earthquake, which drove them from the city proper, and because of the fertility of the soil, many of the people had turned to farming as a means of livelihood, specifically to the cultivation of vineyards. Apparently, because of famine, in A.D. 92 Domitian issued an edict that at least half the vineyards in the provinces be cut down and no new ones planted. This action was designed to increase production of corn which the Empire needed badly. This crisis affected Philadelphia more critically than any other, because no city of Asia depended on the fruit of the vine more than it. Dionysius, god of wine, was the principal deity.³⁹

This seems unlikely for the four horsemen ride out after the Lamb begins opening seals—something which remains future even to our own day. Moreover, it appears Domitian’s edict was not motivated in response to famine.⁴⁰

Others have understood the reference to oil as pertaining to the marking upon the foreheads of the servants of God who are anointed for protection during this time (Rev. 7:3+; 9:4+; 22:4+), but this seems unlikely since the context concerns food supply and famine.

Another suggestion is that the common commodities are hard to come by, but luxury items will remain available for the upper classes.

This intimates that the famine is by no means universal: yea, it suggests that side by side with abject suffering there is abundance and luxury.⁴¹

Some interpreters have suggested that the brunt of the suffering falls upon the poorer classes, but the rich are left largely untouched, but this is a less likely interpretation, for while fine wine and oil could be understood of the luxuries belonging to the rich, the poorer quality product may be in view here as descriptive of the ordinary provisions used by the common people.⁴²

One of the great criticisms of the present time is that there is scarcity in the midst of plenty. This is the situation which will be accentuated a thousandfold when the Antichrist begins his reign. It is a social maladjustment.⁴³

Still another idea is that the oil and wine denote medicinal supplies. That although food will be lacking, there will be an abundance of medicine.⁴⁴ This seems unlikely in view of the catastrophic conditions (medicinal supplies require careful storage and efficient distribution) and the number of deaths inferred.

Others suggest another possibility. They point to a similar passage in 1 Samuel which records famine conditions caused by rainy conditions which destroyed the grain crop, but under which vineyards and olive trees would flourish:

The proper understanding of the phrase “do not damage the oil and the wine” is found in an event recorded in 1 Samuel 12. . . . Samuel was threatening to call upon the Lord to bring thunder and rain as punishment. Why? . . . Heavy rains at the time of harvest would destroy the wheat, thereby bringing famine. . . As Nogah Hareuveni of Neot Kedumim, the Biblical Gardens of Israel, has pointed out: “The ripe, heavy-eared wheat can suffer from a downpour not only through physical damage from the force of the wind-driven rain, but also by rotting from the sudden moisture combined with the high temperatures that prevail in Israel by Shavuot (in late May-early June). This interpretation explains why the Israelites cried out to Samuel ‘pray. . .to save us from death’ (1S. 12:19)—from death by starvation that would follow the destruction of the grain crop.”. . . “the oil and the wine,” will not be affected by this rainstorm because they will have already been pollinated. In fact, the water might even help them, thus giving oil and wine for all, rich and poor alike.⁴⁵

The reverse scenario might also be possible: that of drought. “Since the roots of the olive and vine go deeper, they would not be affected by a limited drought which would all but destroy the grain.”⁴⁶ However, the nature of the famine which attends these “beginning of sorrows” (Mat. 24:8) is probably uniquely severe in history and argues against understanding the distinction between food items as denoting a limited famine. This situation contrasts with a locust-induced famine, such as that of Joel, in which all crops were ruined: “The field is wasted, the land mourns; for the grain is ruined, the new wine is dried up, the oil fails” (Joel 1:10).

The problem with taking this as a reference to limited famine is that it underrates the severity of the seals. This famine will be serious enough to make it unique in history up to that time. The world has already seen many limited famines, but never one like this. . . . So it is wrong to take a major feature such as this prohibition against hurting the oil and the wine and interpret it as a limitation on human hardship. It indicates rather the inequity that will prevail. The poor will have it extremely hard while the wealthy will experience no interruption to their luxurious lifestyle.⁴⁷

Both oil and wine are listed among the commercial wealth of Babylon at the time of her destruction (Rev. 18:13+). See commentary on Revelation 18:13.

3.6.7 - Revelation 6:7 Open Bible at Rev. 6:7 Listen to Rev. 6:7

fourth seal

This is the last seal which will loose a horse and rider. The first four seals are to be understood as a group, four being indicative of their global effects. See Four: the Entire World, the Earth.

come and see

See commentary on Revelation 6:1.

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pale horse

Pale is χλωρός [chlōros] from which we derive chlorophyll, which denotes the green pigments found in plants. It may denote a mottled appearance, like the sorrel or dappled horses in Zechariah’s vision. See Zechariah’s Horses. Here it denotes “the color of a person in sickness as contrasted with the appearance of health,”⁴⁸ for the name of the rider of the pale horse is death (θάνατος [thanatos] ).

Properly, “greenish-yellow,” like young grass or unripe wheat. Homer applies it to honey, and Sophocles to the sand. Generally, “pale, pallid.” Used of a mist, of sea-water, of a pale or bilious complexion. Thucydides uses it of the appearance of persons stricken with the plague (ii., 49). In Homer, it is used of the paleness of the face from fear, and so as directly descriptive of fear (“Iliad,” x., 376; xv., 4). Of olive wood (“Odyssey,” ix., 320, 379) of which the bark is gray.⁴⁹

The word to describe the fourth horse’s color, chlōros (“pale green”), is the color of grass and other vegetation in Mark 6:39 and Rev. 8:7+; 9:4+, but in the present connection, designates the yellowish green of decay, the pallor of death. It is a pale ashen color that images a face bleached because of terror. It recalls a corpse in the advanced state of corruption (Ford).⁵⁰

Death, and Hades followed

Death and Hades are here personified (cf. Isa. 28:18 where Death and Sheol sign a covenant). These two are often found together in Scripture for Hades is the destination of the unsaved upon passing through the gateway of death. This seems to be their relationship here because Hades followed behind Death—taking in the soul and spirit of those who had first died. Elsewhere, the appearance of Death with Hades may denote the destination of the material and immaterial parts of man, respectively. For the body molders in the grave (death) while the spirit and soul enter the underworld (Hades). Thus, “Death and Hades delivered up the dead who were in them” may refer to the release of the spirit and soul of the unsaved from imprisonment in Hades to be joined with a bodily resurrection from the grave in order to stand before God in judgment (Rev. 20:13+).

The eventual casting of death and Hades into the Lake of Fire (Rev. 20:14+) may describe the total victory over these unsavory realities brought about by the cross of Jesus (Hos. 13:14; 1Cor. 15:21-26, 54-55; 2Ti. 1:10) or denote those destined for the lake—the unsaved dead whose bodies remained in the grave and souls remained in Hades until the Great White Throne Judgment. Jesus has the keys of Death and Hades. See commentary on Revelation 1:18. Death and Hades either both ride the same horse, or Death is the horseman and Hades follows on foot. In either case, the two are inseparable as Hades takes in all that Death supplies.

power was given to them

Ultimate power rests with God who allows the judgment for His purposes. See commentary on Revelation 6:2.

over a fourth of the earth

A staggering judgment when seen in relation to today’s population:

If today’s [1992] world population figure of five billion is used, . . . “one fourth of the earth” means that Death and Hades have authority, which they apparently will exercise, to take the lives of one and a quarter billion people. The magnitude of this catastrophe can hardly be grasped because nothing comparable has happened throughout history (Swete). If limited to two continents, which it will probably not be (Beckwith; Lenski; Mounce), it will amount to the elimination of people from two of the world’s most populous ones (Walvoord).⁵¹

Since Thomas wrote, the world population has risen to over 6 billion [December 2003] which would result in the death of over 1.5 billion people.⁵² This number would be reduced by the believers in Christ who are taken in the Rapture prior to this period.

sword. . . hunger. . . death. . . beasts

The fourfold source of judgment hints at its global scope. See Four: the Entire World, the Earth. Sword is ῥομφαίᾳ [hromphaia] : “A large and broad sword, used by barbaric peoples, especially the Thracians.”⁵³ As has frequently been the case in the past, hunger follows war: the second horseman took peace from the earth and the effects of his ride contribute to the effectiveness of the fourth horseman. Although the third horseman brought great famine— the greatest experienced to that time—the famine now becomes even more severe. The listing of alternative forms of death pictures inescapable judgment. Those who escape death by the sword may die of hunger. Those who survive the hunger are likely to perish from disease (death).⁵⁴

Throughout human history, disease has killed people on a far more massive scale than war. More Union and Confederate soldiers died from disease during the Civil War than were killed in battle. An estimated 30 million people died during the great influenza epidemic of 1918-19 —more than three times as many as the estimated 8.5 million soldiers who died in battle during World War I.⁵⁵

Those who survive the first three will be so weak as to be unable to defend themselves from wild beasts which will become emboldened and attack them.

So it shall be a reproach and a taunt, an instruction and an astonishment, unto the nations that are round about thee, when I shall execute judgments on thee in anger and in wrath, and in wrathful rebukes; (I, Jehovah, have spoken it;) when I shall send upon them the evil arrows of famine, that are for destruction, which I will send to destroy you: and I will increase the famine upon you, and will break your staff of bread; and I will send upon you famine and evil beasts, and they shall bereave thee; and pestilence and blood shall pass through thee; and I will bring the sword upon thee: I, Jehovah, have spoken it. (Eze. 5:15-17) [emphasis added]

Thus says the Lord GOD: “Pound your fists and stamp your feet, and say, ’Alas, for all the evil abominations of the house of Israel! For they shall fall by the sword, by famine, and by pestilence. He who is far off shall die by the pestilence, he who is near shall fall by the sword, and he who remains and is besieged shall die by the famine.” Thus will I spend My fury upon them. (Eze. 6:11-12) [emphasis added]

From these passages we understand that what seem like intensified natural disturbances (war, hunger, death, attack by beasts) are in fact expressions of God’s judgment. Thus God’s wrath is already seen in the fourth seal—well in advance of the sixth and seventh seals.⁵⁶

The picture being drawn is one of no escape. No matter which group or location a man finds himself in, there is a God-ordained judgment which will result in death:

For thus saith the Lord Jehovah: “How much more when I send my four sore judgments upon Jerusalem, the sword, and the famine, and the evil beasts, and the pestilence, to cut off from it man and beast!” (Eze. 14:21) [emphasis added]

Thus shalt thou say unto them, “Thus saith the Lord Jehovah: ‘As I live, surely they that are in the waste places shall fall by the sword; and him that is in the open field will I give to the beasts to be devoured; and they that are in the strongholds and in the caves shall die of the pestilence.’ ” (Eze. 33:27) [emphasis added]

Amos predicted this character of the day of Jehovah: “Woe unto you that desire the day of Jehovah! Wherefore would ye have the day of Jehovah? It is darkness, and not light. As if a man did flee from a lion, and a bear met him; or went into the house and leaned his hand on the wall, and a serpent bit him. Shall not the day of Jehovah be darkness, and not light? even very dark, and no brightness in it?” (Amos 5:18-20).

There is intentional irony in God’s reversal of roles as men become the source of food for beasts (Gen. 9:2-3 cf. Eze. 29:5; 39:17-20; Rev. 19:17-18+). When man is disobedient to God, He reverses the original divine order where man was given dominion over the beasts (Gen. 1:26-28; 9:2-3) and gives man into the hand of beasts (Lev. 26:22; Deu. 32:24). The beasts will be emboldened both because of the emaciated and sickly condition of men and the scarceness of their own food supply. “Once food becomes scarce, wild animals which generally leave man alone will begin to attack man for food.”⁵⁷

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Opening the Fifth and Sixth Seals

Opening the Fifth and Sixth Seals⁵⁸

fifth seal

With the opening of the fifth seal, we break from the judgments associated with the four horsemen. “There are no voices of command from heaven under this seal, and no messengers dispatched from the throne; for the reason that bloody persecutions of God’s servants come from beneath—not from above.”⁵⁹ We now leave the “beginning sorrows” spoken of by Jesus behind and enter the time of tribulation characterized by martyrdom:

All these are the beginning of sorrows. Then they will deliver you up to tribulation and kill you, and you will be hated by all nations for My name’s sake. And then many will be offended, will betray one another, and will hate one another. (Mat. 24:8-10) [emphasis added]

The beginning of sorrows have passed and the Great Tribulation is now upon the world, a time of unprecedented martyrdom and anti-Semitism (Mat. 24:15-22; Rev. 12:6+, 13-15+). “The futurist interpretation takes these as the first martyrs of the tribulation of Daniel’s 70th Week. The fifth seal corresponds to Mat. 24:8-28, martyrdoms.”⁶⁰

under the altar

θυσιαστηρίου [thysiastēriou] , used “of the altar of burnt offering in the inner forecourt of the temple at Jerusalem . . .the heavenly altar of Revelation also seems to be thought of as an altar of incense: Rev. 6:9+; 8:3+, 5+; 9:13+; 14:18+; 16:7+.”⁶¹ When Aaron and his sons were consecrated to the priesthood, after the blood of the bull was put on the horns of the altar of sacrifice (or burnt offering), the remaining blood was poured “beside the base of the altar” (Ex. 29:12; Lev. 8:15). This pattern was also followed for the sin offering (Lev. 4:7). The blood of the martyred saints is considered as an “offering” before God as it accumulates at the base of the altar during this time of intense persecution of all who name the name of Christ (Mat. 24:9). “Like sacrifices, they had been slain for their testimony. Not sacrifices of atonement, but of devotion.”⁶²

The picture of souls immediately in God’s presence after death is in harmony with 2Cor. 5:8, and the fact that the martyrs are beneath the altar is consistent with the symbolism of Lev. 4:7, for the priest poured the blood of the sacrifice at the bottom of the altar, and the blood represented the life of the sacrifice (Lev. 17:11-14). So these martyrs will sacrifice their lives for God, and Heaven acknowledges this.⁶³

Some see this altar to be the altar of incense rather than the altar of sacrifice.⁶⁴ Yet the location of the martyrs under the altar has more in common with the altar of sacrifice and there is no compelling reason to connect this altar with the altar of incense upon which the prayers of the saints are offered.

the souls

ψυχὰς [psychas] , these have yet to attain a resurrection body which they will receive prior to the Millennial Kingdom (Rev. 20:4+). The word can also denote physical life. “And they overcame him because of the blood of the Lamb, and because of the word of their testimony; and they loved not their life (ψυχὴν [psychēn] ) even unto death” (Rev. 12:11+).⁶⁵ Given the location of the martyrs under the altar, souls may be intended to convey life. In the same way that the “life (נְפְשׁ [nep̄eš] ) of the flesh is in the blood” (Lev. 17:11) and the blood was poured beneath the altar (Ex. 29:12), the souls of the martyrs reside under the heavenly altar. Though their physical life was terminated, they themselves are still very much alive:

Their slaying, then, is not the end of them. It is not the total interruption of their being in all respects. It makes them invisible to men in the flesh, in the natural state; but it does not hinder their living on as souls, or their being visible to heavenly eyes, or to the eyes of John in his supernatural and prophetic exaltation. The holy Apocalyptist tells us that he “saw” them, although they “had been slain;” and heard them speaking with loud voices, though their material tongues had been burnt to ashes, and their corporeal organs of speech had been stiffened in death. It is altogether a wrong interpretation of the Scriptures which represents the dead in a state of non-existence, unconsciousness, or oblivion.⁶⁶

who had been slain for the word of God

It is difficult to establish exactly when these saints were martyred. Some argue that they were martyred prior to the opening of the fifth seal, during the preceding four seals.

A. T. Robertson, who has been acclaimed as America’s premier Greek authority of the 20th century, indicates that the verb form translated “were slain” in Revelation 6:9+ represents action that was completed before the action of the main verb “saw” . . . The fact that John did not see believers being slain, but instead saw the disembodied souls of saints who had been slain before he saw them, forces the conclusion that when Christ breaks the fifth seal, it will not cause the martyrdom of those saints . . . The martyred saints of the fifth seal will be living and dying during the first four seals.⁶⁷

But it is difficult to avoid the emphasis a plain reading of the verse puts upon the timing of the fifth seal and the revelation of the martyrs. It seems clear that with the opening of the fifth seal God intends us to realize that we have gone past the beginning of sorrows into the actual Tribulation period. See Trouble Ahead.

By now, a heightened religious persecution attends the events upon the earth for these saints did not perish due to beasts, famine, pestilence, or war—but were slain for the word of God. Their testimony was seen as a dangerous and undesirable witness against the false religious system riding the beast (Rev. 17:6+). At this point in the sequence of events, the Antichrist has not yet become the center of all worship:

[Some assume] that the fifth seal saints are martyred because they would not bow to the Antichrist. But, again, there is nothing in the context of the fifth seal to indicate this. To be sure, they are martyred for their faith. But it does not say that it was specifically for refusing to bow down to the Antichrist. The self-proclamation of deity by the Antichrist takes place at the time of the Abomination of Desolation (Mat. 24:15; 2Th. 2:4) which, . . . happens at the midpoint of the seven years. In Revelation, that midpoint begins with chapter eleven, when the Temple is taken over by Gentiles for 42 months (the second three and one-half years). Then Antichrist proceeds to remove all opposition by killing the two witnesses (Rev. 11+) and persecuting the Jews (Rev. 12+). He then proclaims himself to be God and sets up his image (Rev. 13+). Only those saints in and subsequent to chapter thirteen are being killed for refusing to accept the Antichrist.⁶⁸

The revelation of the fifth seal makes clear that in the future time of tribulation it will be most difficult to declare one’s faith in the Lord Jesus. It may very well be that the majority of those who trust Christ as Saviour in that day will be put to death. This is confirmed in Revelation 7+ where another picture of the martyred dead of the tribulation is given, and in Revelation 13+ where death is inflicted on all who will not worship the beast. Martyrdom in those days will be as common as it is uncommon today.⁶⁹

the testimony which they held

Like the first martyr of the Church (Stephen, Acts 7:59) and Antipas of the church at Pergamos (Rev. 2:13+) they will hold a consistent testimony up to and beyond the point of death (Rev. 12:11+). They are faithful sheep whose blood is spilled for God’s sake. “Yet for Your sake we are killed all day long; we are accounted as sheep for the slaughter” (Ps 44:22 cf. Rom. 8:36). Their death is as much a part of their testimony as their life. Those who “die in the Lord” have works which follow them (Rev. 14:13+).

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How long, O Lord

Lord is δεσπότης [despotēs] which emphasizes His ownership of the saints, as a master has slaves,⁷⁰ or a ruler over a household (Tit. 2:9).⁷¹ Let us always keep in mind that He can do whatever He desires with His sheep. In this case, He allows their slaughter as a testimony to their faith and the evil unfolding below which will finally be judged.

judge and avenge

When God finally tramples the winepress of His wrath it is described as “the day of vengeance,” for “the year of My redeemed has come” (Isa. 63:3-4). This then, is the judgment associated with the fifth seal—that petition of God by the martyred saints seals the fate of those who put them to death. One of the duties of the Goel, the nearest of kin, was to avenge the blood of the family member who had been murdered (Num. 35:19-21; Deu. 19:6; Jos. 20:3). See commentary on Revelation 5:9.

dwell on the earth

Their persecutors appear to be currently living on the earth which argues for understanding these as recent martyrs from the times described by the seals. This phrase denotes the earth dwellers and has significance far beyond merely designating people who happen to be living upon the earth. In this book, it takes on a soteriological and eschatological sense as a technical phrase describing those in the end times who refuse salvation, persecute the saints, and continue to blaspheme God in the midst of judgment (Rev. 3:10+; 6:10+; 11:10+; 12:12+; 13:8+, 12+, 14+; 14:6+; 17:8+).⁷² These are the ones being tested by this time of trial from God (Rev. 3:10+) and rejoice when God’s two witnesses are killed (Rev. 11:10+). It is they who are subject to the wrath of both God and the devil (Rev. 12:12+) and who will be deceived into worshiping the beast (Rev. 13:12+, 14+). Even though an angel preaches the everlasting gospel to each one (Rev. 14:6+), they continue in their rejection of God to the end. Therefore, their names are not written in the Book of Life (Rev. 17:8+). See Book of Life.

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white robe

These are the white robes promised to the overcomers, for their nakedness is clothed (Rev. 12:11+ cf. Rev. 3:5+, 18+). This is the righteousness of God which is obtained, not by works, but by faith (Rom. 3:5, 21-26; 10:3; 2Cor. 5:21; Php. 3:9; Jas. 1:20). See commentary on Revelation 3:5.

a little while longer

Some see the announcement of the angel that “there should be delay no longer” as the terminus of this period (Rev. 10:6+). But the context of the angel’s proclamation here concerns the completion of “the mystery of God . . . as He declared to His servants the prophets” (Rev. 10:7+). Perhaps the two time periods coincide in that martyrdom continues until the time of the final victory (Rev. 19+).

until . . . fellow servants and their brethren . . . would be killed

Their fellow servants and their brethren denotes a single category. “Figure of speech Hendiadys of Nouns. ‘Fellow servants and brethren’ denote by this figure not two separate classes of persons, but one class, their fellow servants who were their brethren.”⁷³

Here again a most difficult reality presents itself. God Who has the power to step in and end this holocaust at any moment instead chooses to allow it to play out in all its gruesome detail. Although we will never fully apprehend His divine patience, we know that it is explained, in part, by His great mercy toward those who have not yet turned, the glorious testimony being accrued by the martyred saints, and the filling up of the cup of injustice of the perpetrators. If He were to move immediately in vengeance at the time of their request, then some would be eternally lost that are yet to become their brethren.

This section of Scripture is the first intimation that the reign of Antichrist is to witness the greatest revival that the world has ever seen. More millions will be saved under the preaching of God’s witnesses in these seven years than in many times that period in this present age.⁷⁴

Their request has much in common with the prayers of the saints in the bowls in Revelation 5:8+ and is recorded by the Psalmist, “O Lord God, to whom vengeance belongs - O God, to whom vengeance belongs, shine forth! Rise up, O Judge of the earth; render punishment to the proud. Lord, how long will the wicked, How long will the wicked triumph?” (Ps. 94:1-3).

The “golden age” to be ushered in by the preaching of the gospel as all the world turns to Christ is an unscriptural myth. A golden age will come, but not by worldwide response to the gospel:

Surely this ought to be sufficient to convince all Christians today that the gospel is not intended to cover the world, or to bring in universal peace and blessing. This dispensation of grace (rejected) is to be followed by a dispensation of judgment. Not until after that shall Jerusalem be the centre of God’s presence and government.⁷⁵

The Gospel, as now preached, is not, and in the present order of things never will be, triumphant. This is demonstrated in the seven Epistles, and is the common teaching of the Scriptures on the subject. A leading feature in its entire history is, that it is mostly rejected. It is universally preached “as a witness to all nations,” but nations, as such, with all their patronage, have never received it, and have ever been the slayers of its witnesses.⁷⁶

killed as they were

They are probably being slain initially at the hand of the harlot who is “drunk with the blood of the saints and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus” (Rev. 17:6+).⁷⁷ She rides the beast who probably does the actual execution at her behest. Once she is destroyed (Rev. 17:16-17+), then the beast himself will carry out their martyrdom. Many will be beheaded (Rev. 20:4+).

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sixth seal

“It would be difficult to paint any scene more moving or more terrible than that described at the opening of the sixth seal.”⁷⁸ Up to now, the effects of the first five seals, although unprecedented in their global impact, could still be explained away as an intensification of what history already records: conflict, war, death, famine, disease, and martyrdom. With the opening of the sixth seal, all such explanations vanish for the signs which attend this seal are unmistakable in their uniqueness and scope.

The magnitude of the earthquake and cosmic disturbances that will occur when Christ breaks the sixth seal (Rev. 6:12-14+) forces the conclusion that this will be an awesome expression of the wrath of God, not the work of unregenerate mankind.⁷⁹

When the sixth seal is opened, there are unmistakable global signs of astronomical proportions, but the Lamb has yet to ride forth on His horse (Rev. 19:11+)—He is still in heaven loosing seals. How can His riding forth to destroy the armies of the earth be tonight if none of these unmistakable signs have transpired? Yet Scripture teaches His coming is imminent. The answer to this dilemma, as we’ve seen, is in recognizing that signs precede His final arrival in judgment, but not His coming as a bridegroom for His bride—a separate coming which precedes these events. See Rapture.

By the time of the sixth seal, the Day of the Lord must be already underway. Having already come without warning, like a thief in the night, it is now made unmistakable to the earth dwellers in the cosmic signs which attend this seal:

Paul declared that the broad Day of the Lord will come like a thief in the night—suddenly, unexpectedly, when the victims are unprepared [1Th. 5:2]. A thief depends upon the element of surprise for success. He does not give his intended victims a forewarning of his coming. Paul’s point—the unsaved will be given no forewarning of the coming of the broad Day of the Lord—rules out any of the seals of Revelation as being forewarnings of the beginning of the broad Day. For example, it rules out the sixth seal (Rev. 6:12-14+) which will cause great cosmic disturbances and a major earthquake causing the people of the world to flee to the mountains in terror (Rev. 6:15-17+). . . . if the disturbances of the sixth seal were a precursor to the Day of the Lord, the unsaved thereby would be given a graphic forewarning of its coming and will not be caught by surprise when it comes. Thus, the Day of the Lord would not come unexpectedly like a thief in the night.⁸⁰

a great earthquake

The uniquely intense earthquakes which attend the judgments of the Tribulation period provide tangible evidence of God’s hand in the events which transpire (Rev. 6:12+; 8:5+; 11:13+; 16:18+ cf. Mat. 27:54). During the Tribulation, even though men understand the source of the earthquakes, most fail to repent (Rev. 6:16+). A rare exception is the case of the great earthquake in Jerusalem, where those who avoid death “gave glory to the God of heaven” (Rev. 11:13+).

Jesus said great earthquakes would be one of the signs of “the beginning of sorrows” (Mat. 24:7-8). The OT prophets also predicted a time where God would intensely shake the earth.⁸¹ Haggai revealed that global earthquakes and the overthrow of the Gentile kingdoms would precede the return of God’s glory to His (millennial) Temple:⁸²

For thus says the Lord of hosts: ‘Once more (it is a little while) I will shake heaven and earth, the sea and dry land; and I will shake all nations, and they shall come to the Desire of All Nations, and I will fill this temple with glory,’ says the Lord of hosts. . . . I will overthrow the throne of kingdoms; I will destroy the strength of the Gentile kingdoms. I will overthrow the chariots And those who ride in them; the horses and their riders shall come down, every one by the sword of his brother. ‘In that day,’ says the Lord of hosts, ‘I will take you, Zerubbabel My servant, the son of Shealtiel,’ says the Lord, ‘and will make you like a signet ring; for I have chosen you,’ says the Lord of hosts. (Hag 2:6-7, 22-23)

Joel saw earthquakes associated with the mighty judgments of God poured out in the Day of the Lord, judgments which were intended to cause people to turn to God.

The earth quakes before them, the heavens tremble; the sun and moon grow dark, and the stars diminish their brightness. The LORD gives voice before His army, for His camp is very great; for strong is the One who executes His word. For the day of the LORD is great and very terrible; who can endure it? “Now, therefore,” says the LORD, “Turn to Me with all your heart, with fasting, with weeping, and with mourning.” (Joel 2:10-12)

The earthquake affects more than just the face of the earth. Σεισμὸς [Seismos] means “shaking; of a storm on the sea, with waves caused by high winds [Mat. 8:24].”⁸³ In the Septuagint, it is used in Joel 2:10 to describe the heavens trembling.⁸⁴ This catastrophic event extends beyond the geography of the earth to effect the cosmic realm.

the sun became black as sackcloth of hair

Jesus said that cosmic signs would be associated with the time of the end (Mat. 24:29; Mark 13:24-25; Luke 21:11). From other considerations, we understand that the signs associated with this sixth seal are not the only cosmic signs of this time period.⁸⁵

The Isaiah 13:9-10 and Joel 3:14-15 passages [concerning cosmic disturbances] clearly take place within the Day of the Lord, . . . Joel 2:30-31 describes cosmic disturbances before the Day of the Lord. In the prophetic scheme of things, there are several cosmic disturbances.⁸⁶

There are reasons for concluding that the cosmic disturbances related to the beginning of the Joel 3 Day of the Lord and the Second Coming of Christ immediately after the Great Tribulation are not the same as those of the sixth seal. First, the cosmic disturbances of Joel 3 will occur when the armies of the nations have gathered for war in Israel. Those armies will not begin to gather for war until the sixth bowl has been poured out (Rev. 16:12-16+), long after the sixth seal—one seal, seven trumpets, and five bowls after the cosmic disturbances of the sixth seal. . . . other cosmic disturbances will occur after those of the sixth seal. A third of the sun, moon, and stars will be darkened by the fourth trumpet (Rev. 8:12+); the sun will be darkened by smoke from the abyss at the fifth trumpet (Rev. 9:1-2+); the sun will scorch people on the earth with fire and fierce heat when the fourth bowl is poured out (Rev. 16:8-9+). . . . when the cosmic disturbances of the sixth seal take place, kings, military men, and all other classes of people will run to the caves and rocks of the mountains to hide. . . . By contrast, when the cosmic disturbances immediately before the Joel 3 Day of the Lord occur after the sixth bowl, the kings and military men will not run and hide. Rather, they will remain assembled together in battle array to boldly attempt war against God, His Messiah, and the holy angels (Ps. 2:1-3; Joel 3:9-16; Zec. 12:2-9; 14:1-6, 12-14).⁸⁷

The sun and moon were created for “signs” (Gen. 1:14).⁸⁸ They now provide indication that the events associated with this seal cannot be explained by natural phenomena—but result from the One Who controls the universe!

The darkening of the sun may be from the perspective of viewers on the earth—due to material ejected into the upper atmosphere by the earthquake or the impact of asteroids in the next verse. Although the sun is darkened, the moon continues to reflect light (as if the path light follows between the sun and moon is only minimally affected). In the fifth trumpet judgment, it is smoke which darkens the sun (Rev. 9:2+).

Eventually, like the earth, the sun and moon are judged to show those who dwell on the earth Who the true source of light is—the Lord Himself. If the trend in our own day is any indication, worship of the heavenly bodies will still be prevalent at that time and so God interferes with that which man has idolized (Zep. 1:5).⁸⁹ As always, the message is to turn from dead idols to serve the living God:

The sun shall no longer be your light by day, nor for brightness shall the moon give light to you; but the Lord will be to you an everlasting light, and your God your glory. Your sun shall no longer go down, nor shall your moon withdraw itself; for the Lord will be your everlasting light, and the days of your mourning shall be ended. (Isa. 60:19-20)

the moon became like blood

ἡ σελήνη ὅλη [hē selēnē holē] , the entire moon in all its fullness. John uses simile to describe the effects upon the moon. The entire moon takes on a reddish appearance, as when atmospheric dust darkens or moisture refracts its light. The red appearance conveys the idea of judgment.

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stars of heaven fell to the earth

Stars is ἀστέρες [asteres] from which we get the word asteroid. The word is also used of the supernatural manifestation which led the magi to the babe (Mat. 2:2), Christ who is the “morning star” (Rev. 2:27+; 22:16+), angels (Rev. 1:16+; 2:1+; 3:1+; 9:1+), and astronomical objects (Mat. 24:29; Mark 13:25; 1Cor. 15:41; Rev. 6:3+; Rev. 8:10+). Here and in Revelation 8:10+ stars are said to fall to the earth. It seems best to understand these as asteroids or meteors for even the smallest sun would consume the entire planet should it ever fall to earth.⁹⁰

The stars proper are certainly still found in their places after the fulfilment of this vision. (See Rev. 8:12+.) And remembering that the Scriptures often speak in the common language of men, without reference to the distinctions of science, and that even science itself still popularly speaks of “falling stars,” when it means simply meteoric phenomena, it appears but reasonable that we should understand the apostle to be speaking of something of the same sort.⁹¹

The most likely identification of these particular falling stars is that of a great swarm of asteroids that pummel the earth. Such an event has never occurred in historic times, but scientists have long speculated about the probability of either past or future earth catastrophes caused by encountering a swarm of asteroids.⁹²

“The sixth seal presents a disturbance of nature so vast that we naturally seek to explain it as hyperbole,”⁹³ but this is not merely hyperbolic language.⁹⁴ (See Interpreting Symbols.) These are the very signs that Jesus predicted would attend the period preceding His return:

Immediately after the tribulation of those days the sun will be darkened, and the moon will not give its light; the stars will fall from heaven, and the powers of the heavens will be shaken. Then the sign of the Son of Man will appear in heaven, and then all the tribes of the earth will mourn, and they will see the Son of Man coming on the clouds of heaven with power and great glory. (Mat. 24:29-30 cf. Mark 13:24-25; Luke 23:44-45; Rev. 1:7+) [emphasis added]

Isaiah had been shown this fearsome time:

Behold, the day of the LORD comes, cruel, with both wrath and fierce anger, to lay the land desolate; and He will destroy its sinners from it. For the stars of heaven and their constellations Will not give their light; the sun will be darkened in its going forth, and the moon will not cause its light to shine. I will punish the world for its evil, and the wicked for their iniquity; I will halt the arrogance of the proud, and will lay low the haughtiness of the terrible. I will make a mortal more rare than fine gold, a man more than the golden wedge of Ophir. Therefore I will shake the heavens, and the earth will move out of her place, in the wrath of the LORD of hosts and in the day of His fierce anger. (Isa. 13:9-13) [emphasis added]

In these judgments, God is shattering the puny pillars of support which men trust in when they turn away from Him.

See that you do not refuse Him who speaks. For if they did not escape who refused Him who spoke on earth, much more shall we not escape if we turn away from Him who speaks from heaven, whose voice then shook the earth; but now He has promised, saying, “Yet once more I shake not only the earth, but also heaven.” Now this, “Yet once more,” indicates the removal of those things that are being shaken, as of things that are made, that the things which cannot be shaken may remain. Therefore, since we are receiving a kingdom which cannot be shaken, let us have grace, by which we may serve God acceptably with reverence and godly fear. (Heb. 12:25-28) [emphasis added]

The increasingly severe judgments which fall during this period are specifically designed to remove hope in all else but God so that all creatures recognize their utter dependence upon the Creator. Hope placed anywhere else is idolatry. God now begins a systematic destruction of the natural order (sun, moon, stars, earth) which men have often deferred to in place of the Creator.⁹⁵ In its failure to recognize the Creator, environmentalism eventually fails in its effort to preserve the creation.

3.6.14 - Revelation 6:14 Open Bible at Rev. 6:14 Listen to Rev. 6:14

the sky receded

receded is ἀπεχωρίσθη [apechōristhē] . The term is used to describe the parting of Paul and Silas from Barnabas and Mark (Acts 15:39). The sky receded causing it to be “split apart” (NASB). At the appearance of the Judge at the Great White Throne Judgment, “the earth and heaven fled away and there was found no place for them” (Rev. 20:11+). The psalmist predicted a time when the heavens would “grow old like a garment; like a cloak You will change them” (Ps. 102:25).

Come near, you nations, to hear; and heed, you people! Let the earth hear, and all that is in it, the world and all things that come forth from it. For the indignation of the LORD is against all nations, and His fury against all their armies; He has utterly destroyed them, He has given them over to the slaughter. Also their slain shall be thrown out; their stench shall rise from their corpses, and the mountains shall be melted with their blood. All the host of heaven shall be dissolved, and the heavens shall be rolled up like a scroll; all their host shall fall down as the leaf falls from the vine, and as fruit falling from a fig tree. (Isa. 34:1-4) [emphasis added]

Passages such as this tempt the interpreter to jettison the literal approach and “go symbolic.”⁹⁶ Yet events which are so far removed from our daily experience as to be completely foreign need not be incredible when initiated by the hand of the Almighty. It is as if we were to try to explain the design of a nuclear plant to the ant! The construction of the starry realm is far beyond our grasp and the description which meets us here is at best an approximation which only hints at the full dimensions of what transpires. Clearly, it is an enormous and terrifying sight which could not even begin to be explained by modern physics. “This is the human perception of the magnitude of the disturbance, but is not the ultimate passage of the heavens, which does not come until Rev. 20:11+; . . . The impression of all these heavenly phenomena is that the universe is coming apart.”⁹⁷

In response to these events, men recognize the wrath of the Lamb (Rev. 6:16+). Mills offers an unusual suggestion concerning the purpose for the splitting of the sky:

In order to ensure that there is no misunderstanding on the source of these disasters, God will open the heavens for an instant, and the people on earth will be given a glimpse of God and the Lamb on their thrones (Rev. 6:16+). Revelation 6:14+ pictures an extended scroll suddenly being split; the two ends recoil, spring-like, around the end rod to which the scroll is attached. Suddenly, earth can peer into Heaven as Stephen did in Acts 7:56. Man sees Him who sits on the throne and the Lamb. Men will know they are experiencing the wrath of God, and this knowledge will be even more fearsome to them than the great natural catastrophes they will have endured.⁹⁸

every mountain and island was moved out of its place

The seismic disturbances will be of such magnitude that the entire geography of the earth is permanently altered.⁹⁹ The extensive mapping of the earth, both by GPS and sonar, will eventually be for naught as in a moment every geophysical mapping database is rendered obsolete.¹⁰⁰ As great as this earthquake is, it is but a precursor to an even greater one associated with the seventh bowl at which “every island fled away and the mountains were not found” (Rev. 16:19+). It would appear that the islands sink from sight and the mountains are leveled by God’s final outpouring of wrath.

3.6.15 - Revelation 6:15 Open Bible at Rev. 6:15 Listen to Rev. 6:15

kings of the earth

These are the kings which fail to “kiss the Son, lest He be angry, and you perish in the way, when His wrath is kindled but a little” (Ps. 2:12). They are the “kings of earth who committed fornication and lived luxuriously” with Babylon, who were ruled by her, but will mourn her fall (Rev. 17:2+, 18+; 18:3+, 9+). They are the kings who “gather . . . to the battle of that great day of God Almighty” (Rev. 16:14+; 19:19+). Here, they are “gathered together as prisoners are gathered in the pit, and will be shut up in the prison” (Isa. 24:20).

the great men . . . the mighty men

μεγιστανες [megistanes] , the great ones and ἰσχυροὶ [ischyroi] , strong ones. These are men who do not occupy official positions of rulership or military command, but who nevertheless influence and control the affairs of men from behind the scenes: from board rooms, golf courses, and luxury yachts. They are the “captains of industry.” As the globalization of our world continues, power will reside more and more in the hands of these leaders of multinational corporations.

commanders

χιλίαρχοι [chiliarchoi] from χιλιάς [chilias] one thousand. The leaders over a thousand troops. Roughly equivalent to a major or colonel.¹⁰¹

every slave and every free man

Several verses indicate that even at the supposed “height” of humanism’s achievements at the time of the end, slavery will not yet have been abolished worldwide (Rev. 13:16+; 19:18+). The emphasis is upon the comprehensive nature of the judgments. The magnitude of the disturbances coming upon the earth is such that every man is affected.

hide themselves in caves

Here is the classic record of man’s response to his own sin—a vain attempt to hide from the omnipresent, omniscient, almighty God (Gen. 3:8; Rev. 6:16+). In the irony of God, those who persecuted God’s servants, who were “destitute, afflicted, tormented—of whom the world was not worthy,” who “wandered in deserts and mountains, in dens and caves of the earth” (Heb. 11:38) now experience firsthand a similar affliction from the very hand of God.

3.6.16 - Revelation 6:16 Open Bible at Rev. 6:16 Listen to Rev. 6:16

fall on us

So intense is their fear of God’s judgments that they temporarily seek even death—anything to flee from His manifest presence (Hos. 10:8; Luke 23:30; Rev. 9:6+).

hide us from the face of Him

Attempting to hide from God illustrates how sin and fear warp the intellect, for it is impossible to hide from the Omnipresent One (Job 34:22). How different the motivation of the godly from the ungodly. Those with faith in Christ desire His presence and seek His face. (Ps. 17:15; Pr. 8:7; Isa. 45:19; Isa. 58:2; 65:1; Jer. 29:13; Amos 5:4). Those who reject God fear His presence and flee His face. This dichotomy is seen today in the reaction of people to the preaching of the gospel:

For we are to God the fragrance of Christ among those who are being saved and among those who are perishing. To the one we are the aroma of death leading to death, and to the other the aroma of life leading to life. And who is sufficient for these things? (2Cor. 2:15-16)

At the scene of God’s final judgment of the ungodly, there will be nowhere available to hide from His face, for heaven and earth will have fled away (Rev. 20:11+). All things are naked in His sight!¹⁰²

who sits on the throne

See commentary on Revelation 4:2.

the wrath of the Lamb

Here we encounter a phrase of seeming contradiction. The Lamb who was silently led to the slaughter (Isa. 53:7) now metes out wrath. It is the Lamb which opens each of the seals bringing forth these judgments which are indicative of the wrath of God. See commentary on Revelation 5:5.

The wrath of God began earlier, when the Lamb arose from His seat to open the first seal. Now it is recognized for what it is. “It should be noted that the passage does not say that the wrath of God begins only with the sixth seal, but that only with the sixth seal do unbelievers recognize that it is the wrath of God.”¹⁰³ Those on the earth are ignorant of the Scriptures. Yet even they recognize that the time of God’s wrath has now come upon the earth (Rev. 11:18+; 14:9-10+, 19+; 15:1+, 7+; 16:1+, 19+). See commentary on Revelation 5:6.

3.6.17 - Revelation 6:17 Open Bible at Rev. 6:17 Listen to Rev. 6:17

the great day of His wrath

The great day is The Day of the Lord, a unique time yet future when God will radically intervene in history to demonstrate in an irrefutable way Who He is.

The primary Old Testament passages from which the images in the sixth seal are drawn prove that the great day must be the Day of the Lord (Isa. 2:10-11, 19-21; 13:9-13; 34:4, 8; Eze. 32:7-8; Hos. 10:8; Joel 2:11, 30; Zep. 1:14; Mal. 4:5).¹⁰⁴

First, the expression the Day of the Lord refers to God’s special intervention into world events to judge His enemies, accomplish His purpose for history, and thereby demonstrate who He is—the sovereign God of the universe (Isa. 2:10-22; Eze. 13:5, 9, 14, 21, 23; Eze. 30:3, 8, 19, 25-26). Second, several Days of the Lord already have occurred in which God demonstrated His sovereign rule by raising up nations to execute His judgement on other nations. For example, He raised up Babylon to judge Egypt and its allies during the 500s B.C. (Jer. 46:2, 10; Eze. 30:3-6). However, the Bible also foretells a future Day of the Lord.¹⁰⁵

At the outset of the day of the Lord, human trials will be prolonged and comparable to a woman’s labor before giving birth to a child (Isa. 13:8; 26:17-19; 66:7-9; Jer. 30:6-8; Mic. 4:9, 10; cf. Mat. 24:8; 1Th. 5:3). This phase of growing human agony will be climaxed by the Messiah’s personal return to earth to terminate the period of turmoil through direct judgment.¹⁰⁶

The great day which has been on the horizon for thousands of years has finally arrived. Men will experience unparalleled fear and conditions that have never before prevailed upon the earth:

Wail, for the day of the LORD is at hand! It will come as destruction from the Almighty. Therefore all hands will be limp, every man’s heart will melt, and they will be afraid. Pangs and sorrows will take hold of them; they will be in pain as a woman in childbirth; they will be amazed at one another; their faces will be like flames. Behold, the day of the LORD comes, cruel, with both wrath and fierce anger, to lay the land desolate; and He will destroy its sinners from it. (Isa. 13:6-9)

The proud technologies of man, and infrastructure upon which it depends, will quickly collapse in the midst of this time of divine retribution. Death will be so common that burial will be uncommon as the flesh of men is treated as so much garbage:

The great day of the LORD is near; It is near and hastens quickly. The noise of the day of the LORD is bitter; there the mighty men shall cry out. That day is a day of wrath, a day of trouble and distress, a day of devastation and desolation, a day of darkness and gloominess, a day of clouds and thick darkness, a day of trumpet and alarm against the fortified cities and against the high towers. “I will bring distress upon men, and they shall walk like blind men, because they have sinned against the LORD; their blood shall be poured out like dust, and their flesh like refuse.” (Zep 1:14-17) [emphasis added]

“For behold, the day is coming, burning like an oven, and all the proud, yes, all who do wickedly will be stubble. And the day which is coming shall burn them up,” says the LORD of hosts, “That will leave them neither root nor branch.” (Mal 4:1-2)

Not only will God pour forth his wrath upon the Gentile nations, but the Jewish nation will also undergo a time of unparalleled trouble designed to purge out the unbelieving rebels and turn the remainder back to God. In the midst of this intense judgment, God has promised that a believing remnant will survive (see Jacob’s Trouble and the Great Tribulation):

Now these are the words that the LORD spoke concerning Israel and Judah. “For thus says the LORD: ’We have heard a voice of trembling, of fear, and not of peace. Ask now, and see, whether a man is ever in labor with child? So why do I see every man with his hands on his loins like a woman in labor, and all faces turned pale? Alas! For that day is great, so that none is like it; and it is the time of Jacob’s trouble, but he shall be saved out of it.” (Jer. 30:4-7) [emphasis added]

Jesus also spoke of this fearful time:

And there will be signs in the sun, in the moon, and in the stars; and on the earth distress of nations, with perplexity, the sea and the waves roaring; men’s hearts failing them from fear and the expectation of those things which are coming on the earth, for the powers of heaven will be shaken. (Luke 21:25-26)

This is that great day for which the angels who did not keep their proper domain are reserved for judgment—they will be used in judgment against men (Rev. 9+). See The Day of the Lord, Jacob’s Trouble and the Great Tribulation.

The wrath is said to be of the Lamb (Rev. 6:16+). This is extremely significant because those who are covered by the blood of the Lamb prior to this day (1Pe. 1:17-19) are exempted from experiencing His wrath—they are His bride (Luke 21:36; Rom. 5:9; 1Th. 5:9; Rev. 3:10+). See commentary on Revelation 3:10. See Rapture.

has come

ἦλθεν [ēlthen] , aorist tense which normally denotes past time. The day has already come in the opening of the sixth seal. God’s wrath is being poured out prior to the seventh seal (which initiates the seven trumpet judgments). This contradicts the pre-wrath rapture view which holds that the seals represent “Man’s wrath through Antichrist” [emphasis added]¹⁰⁷ . While it is true that the aorist tense can be used to describe a future event (proleptic),¹⁰⁸ it is more often used of actions which have already transpired.¹⁰⁹ Advocates of the pre-wrath rapture view argue that the pronouncement associated with the sixth seal is anticipatory of the wrath of God, and not in reaction to it.¹¹⁰ Since the aorist can represent events either in the past or future, the form of the verb itself (aorist) cannot settle the matter. Instead, the context must indicate which meaning is in view. The use of this same word within the larger context of the book of Revelation argues for understanding has come as denoting a past or present event which has just arrived.

Mention of this specific aorist form rendered has come (ἦλθεν [ēlthen] ) in the book of Revelation, include the following:

“Then He came and took the scroll” (Rev. 5:7+).

“For the great day of His wrath has come” (Rev. 6:17+).

“Another angel, having a golden censer, came and stood at the altar.” (Rev. 8:3+).

“The nations were angry, and Your wrath has come” (Rev. 11:18+).

“Fear God and give glory to Him, for the hour of His judgment has come” (Rev. 14:7+).

“Thrust in Your sickle and reap, for the time has come for You to reap” (Rev. 14:15+).

“Then one of the seven angels who had the seven bowls came” (Rev. 17:1+).

“Five have fallen, one is, and the other has not yet come” (Rev. 17:10+). (It is important in this instance to observe that ἦλθεν [ēlthen] merely denotes come. The future aspect of the statement, not yet, comes from another word (οὔπω [oupō] .)

“That great city Babylon, that mighty city! For in one hour your judgment has come” (Rev. 18:10+).

“Rejoice and give Him glory, for the marriage of the Lamb has come” (Rev. 19:7+).

“One of the seven angels who had the seven bowls filled with the seven last plagues came to me” (Rev. 21:9+).

In each of these cases, the verb describes something in the past, in the present, or in the immediate future—having “just now” come. “The aorist may be used for stating a present reality with the certitude of a past event. This idiom is a device for emphasis. It is commonly used of a state which has just been realized, or a result which has just been accomplished, or is on the point of being accomplished. (John 13:31; Mat. 3:17; 1Cor. 4:18).”¹¹¹ In none of its appearances in Revelation is it rendered by the translators as a true future tense (e.g., shall come, will come, is coming).

The pre-wrath rapture view requires its use here to be anticipatory over a period—spanning the events of the next chapter where the 144,000 are sealed and a multitude of martyrs are revealed—reaching until the seventh seal is loosed (Rev. 8:1+). Within the larger context of the book of Revelation this verb form does not denote what pre-wrath rapture proponents require. The most that can be said is that in some cases it describes an event which is “just now” happening, on the boundary between the present and the future (e.g., the impending destruction of Babylon in Rev. 18:10+, the arrival of the marriage of the Lamb in Rev. 19:7+).

The only time an aorist indicative speaks of something future or something about to happen, however, is if it is a dramatic aorist (H. E. Dana and Julius R. Mantey, A Manual Grammar of the Greek New Testament [New York: Macmillan, 1927], p. 198), a futuristic aorist (BDF, par. 333 [2]), or a proleptic aorist (Nigel Turner, Syntax, vol. 3 of A Grammar of New Testament Greek [Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1963], p. 74). Some contextual feature must be present to indicate clearly these exceptional usages. No such feature exists in the context of the sixth seal, so these special uses are not options here. . . . The verb in Rev. 6:17+ must be a constantative aorist looking back in time to the point in the past when the great day of wrath arrived.¹¹²

When we examine the immediate context of this passage—the seismic and astronomical disturbances—we find that Isaiah elsewhere attributes these phenomena as being part of the Day of the Lord:

Enter into the rock, and hide in the dust, from the terror of the LORD and the glory of His majesty. The lofty looks of man shall be humbled, the haughtiness of men shall be bowed down, and the LORD alone shall be exalted in that day. For the day of the LORD of hosts Shall come upon everything proud and lofty, upon everything lifted up-And it shall be brought low—upon all the cedars of Lebanon that are high and lifted up, and upon all the oaks of Bashan; upon all the high mountains, and upon all the hills that are lifted up; upon every high tower, and upon every fortified wall; upon all the ships of Tarshish, and upon all the beautiful sloops. The loftiness of man shall be bowed down, and the haughtiness of men shall be brought low; the LORD alone will be exalted in that day, but the idols He shall utterly abolish. They shall go into the holes of the rocks, and into the caves of the earth, from the terror of the LORD and the glory of His majesty, when He arises to shake the earth mightily. In that day a man will cast away his idols of silver and his idols of gold, which they made, each for himself to worship, to the moles and bats, To go into the clefts of the rocks, and into the crags of the rugged rocks, from the terror of the LORD and the glory of His majesty, when He arises to shake the earth mightily. (Isa. 2:10-21) [emphasis added]

Isaiah tells us that in that day, not before the day, men will hide in holes of the rocks and caves.¹¹³ They are hiding from the terror of the LORD when He arises to shake the earth mightily. Their hiding is not anticipatory, but reactionary. In other words, the events of the sixth seal are part of the Day of the Lord.

The reaction of the unbelieving world to the terrors unleashed by the sixth seal will not be one of repentance (cf. Rev. 9:21+; 16:11+), but of mindless panic. They will finally acknowledge what believers have been saying all along, that the disasters they have experienced are God’s judgment. [emphasis added]¹¹⁴

In what way could the events of the sixth seal be said to be “Man’s wrath” [emphasis added]¹¹⁵ as pre-wrath rapture advocates hold? These events occur “when He opened the sixth seal” [emphasis added] (Rev. 6:12+). Who is He? The Lamb of Revelation 6:1+! It is Jesus Christ who directly initiates these judgments. And how could astronomical and seismic manifestations such as these reflect the wrath of puny men? For what man could cause asteroids to fall to the earth and the sky to recede as a scroll (Rev. 6:13-14+)?

Isaiah 2:10-22 foretold the future time when people, including the proud and lofty, will flee in terror to hide in the holes of the rocks and caves of the earth “for the fear of the LORD, and for the glory of his majesty, when he ariseth to shake terribly the earth” (Isa. 2:11). . . . note that Isaiah indicated he was writing about the Day of the Lord, from which we can conclude that the Day of the Lord . . . will include the sixth seal, and that seal will involve Day of the Lord wrath.¹¹⁶

See When Does the Day of the Lord Dawn?

who is able to stand

τίς δύναται σταθῆναι [tis dynatai stathēnai] . Able is present tense. The phrase could be rendered: who is presently able to stand. Their exclamation does not concern a potential future situation, as if the wrath were to begin after the seventh seal. They are presently experiencing the wrath and recognize it by the events which have just transpired which have driven them to hide in caves and in the rocks. When the sky splits and rolls up like a scroll, mountains and islands move out of their place, and asteroids fall to earth, there is little doubt concerning the power involved—it is the judgment of God! These events are not a precursor to God’s wrath, they are the result of His wrath.

As Joel said, “For the day of the Lord is great and very terrible; Who can endure it?” (Joel 2:11b). It will be a time of unprecedented bloodshed and death, However, in the midst of these things, there are some who are able to stand because they are afforded special protection from God. The 144,000 from the twelve tribes of Israel, Jewish believers in Messiah Jesus, are protected so that their gospel mission (Rev. 7:9+) can be accomplished during this time of unprecedented upheaval (Rev. 7:3-8+).

As for the earth dwellers, they will remain in denial:

But then, amazingly, even this would pass. After these few terrifying days, the stars stopped falling and the terrible shakings ceased. The survivors emerged from their shelters and began again to rationalize their resistance to God. After all, these calamities could be explained scientifically, so perhaps they had been too quick to attribute them to God’s wrath. They quickly set about rebuilding their damaged structures and became more resolute in their opposition to the gospel of Christ.¹¹⁷

The book of Revelation discredits those who hold that God is so loving and kind that He will never judge people who have not received His Son. Though the modern mind is reluctant to accept the fact that God will judge the wicked, the Bible clearly teaches that He will. The Scriptures reveal a God of love as clearly as they reveal a God of wrath who will deal with those who spurn the grace proffered in the Lord Jesus Christ. The passage before us is a solemn word that there is inevitable judgment ahead for those who will not receive Christ by faith.¹¹⁸

Dear reader, is your citizenship in heaven? Or do you remain an earth dweller yet?

Friends and brethren, what a mercy that day is not yet upon us! There is a Rock to which we still may fly and pray, with hope of security in its wide-open clefts. It is the Rock of Ages. There are mountains to which we may yet betake ourselves, and be forever safe from all the dread convulsions which await the world. They are the mountains of salvation in Christ Jesus. I believe I am addressing some who have betaken themselves to them. Brethren, “hold fast the profession of your faith without wavering; for He is faithful that promised.” (Heb. 10:23.) But others are still lingering in the plains of Sodom, who need to take this warning to heart as they never yet have done. O ye travellers of the judgment, seek ye the Lord while He may be found, and call upon Him while He is near! And may God in His mercy hide us all from the condemnation that awaits an unbelieving world!¹¹⁹

Amen!

Notes

¹ Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 1-7 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1992), Rev. 6:1.

² Ibid.

³ Alva J. McClain, The Greatness Of The Kingdom (Winona Lake, IN: BMH Books, 1959), 56.

⁴ Keith H. Essex, “The Rapture and the Book of Revelation,” in Richard L. Mayhue, ed., The Master’s Seminary Journal, vol. 13 no. 1 (Sun Valley, CA: The Master’s Seminary, Spring 2002), 230.

⁵ John MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1999), Rev. 6:1.

⁶ Albrecht Durer (1471 - 1528). Image courtesy of the Connecticut College Wetmore Print Collection.

⁷ “Both passages involve similar descriptions to the approaching end.”—Renald E. Showers, The Pre-Wrath Rapture View (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 11. “The beginning of birth pangs and the first four seals are the same and . . . take place during the first half of the 70th week.”—Renald E. Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come (Bellmawr, NJ: The Friends of Israel Gospel Ministry, 1995), 16. “A comparison of Christ’s description of the beginning of birth pangs in Matthew 24:5-7 with the first four seals of Revelation 6:1-8+ indicates that the beginning of birth pangs and the first four seals are the same thing.”—Ibid., 25.

⁸ Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 63.

⁹ J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 125.

¹⁰ As another example of Anti-supernatural Bias, consider Mounce’s observation: “As usual, John modifies his sources [Zechariah] with great freedom. Apparently for Mounce, it is John who is determining the content of his vision!”—Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977), Rev. 6:2.

¹¹ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, Rev. 6:2.

¹² Fausset sees this rider as “Evidently Christ, whether in person, or by His angel, preparatory to His coming again, as appears from Rev. 19:11+, 12+.”—A. R. Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” in Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997, 1877), Rev. 6:2.

¹³ Alan F. Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), Rev. 6:2.

¹⁴ “How the Lamb who opens the seal can be the effect of the opening, and at the same time be the rider on a white horse, we cannot understand.”—E. W. Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1984, 1935), Rev. 6:2.

¹⁵ All four riders are representative personifications of forces. With this rider, there is also a correlation to an individual which the “spirit of antichrist” brings forth (1Jn. 4:3). “This rider, like the other three, is not an individual, but a personification of a growing movement or force that will be at work during this future period.”—Thomas, Revelation 1-7, Rev. 6:2.

¹⁶ “Rabbi Akiba proclaimed Bar Kokhba as Messiah in A.D. 132; the whole Jewish community of Crete followed a messiah named Moses in the fifth century; Abu Issa of Isfahan raised an army of 10,000 men; and European Jewry crowned Shabbetai Zvi messiah in the seventeenth century, although he later converted to Islam!”—Randall Price, Jerusalem In Prophecy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 1998), 192.

¹⁷ Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 105-108.

¹⁸ Jerome Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1992), Rev. 6:2.

¹⁹ Marvin Rosenthal, The Pre-Wrath Rapture of the Church (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1990), 142.

²⁰ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 6:17.

²¹ Arthur Walkington Pink, The Antichrist (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1999, 1923), s.v. “The Career of the Antichrist.”

²² J. Dwight Pentecost, “Daniel,” in John F. Walvoord and Roy B. Zuck, eds., The Bible Knowledge Commentary (Wheaton, IL: SP Publications, 1983), Dan. 8:23.

²³ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 6:2.

²⁴ Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 108-109.

²⁵ “The Greek language has two words meaning ‘crown,’ One is the word diadem, which is a king’s crown. It is the crown of a sovereign and of a person who is royal by his nature and by his position—a king. This is the kind of crown that Jesus wears.”—Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 160. “That the figure is not Messiah is indicated by the fact that the crown here is a stephanos crown, the crown of an overcomer or victor. It is not the diadem crown, the crown of sovereignty and royalty, the type of crown Messiah will wear in chapter 19.”—Ibid., 206. “This rider wears the conqueror’s crown (stephanos); Christ will have a different kind of crown—the crown of kings (diadema).”—Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 105. “This rider wears a stephanos, a crown won as a prize; in Rev. 19:12+ Christ wears many diadēmas, royal crowns.”—MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 6:2.

²⁶ Walter Scott, Exposition of The Revelation (London, England: Pickering & Inglis, n.d.), 155.

²⁷ Pink, The Antichrist, s.v. “The Genius and Character of the Antichrist.”

²⁸ Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 62.

²⁹ Monty S. Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John (Dallas, TX: 3E Ministries, 1987), Rev. 6:3.

³⁰ Timothy Friberg, Barbara Friberg, and Neva F. Miller, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2000), 340.

³¹ Frederick William Danker and Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 796.

³² MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 6:4.

³³ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 499.

³⁴ Donald Grey Barnhouse, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1971), 127.

³⁵ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 752.

³⁶ Ibid., 179.

³⁷ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 6:6.

³⁸ Colin J. Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1989), 175.

³⁹ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 272.

⁴⁰ Ibid., Rev. 6:6.

⁴¹ Pink, The Antichrist, s.v. “Antichrist in the Apocalypse.”

⁴² Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, Rev. 6:6.

⁴³ Barnhouse, Revelation, 128.

⁴⁴ “For while there is a famine of food, there will be an abundance of medicine, for the oil and wine are not hurt. These items were used for medicinal purposes.”—Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 219.

⁴⁵ Gordon Franz, “Was ‘Babylon’ Destroyed when Jerusalem Fell in A.D. 70?,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 226-227.

⁴⁶ Mounce, The Book of Revelation, 155.

⁴⁷ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, Rev. 6:6.

⁴⁸ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 882.

⁴⁹ M. R. Vincent, Vincent’s Word Studies (Escondido, CA: Ephesians Four Group, 2002), Rev. 6:8.

⁵⁰ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, Rev. 6:8.

⁵¹ Ibid.

⁵² See the world population clock: [http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/ipc/popclockw].

⁵³ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 737.

⁵⁴ “Metonymy of the Effect, the effect (death) put for the cause producing it (pestilence).”—Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, Rev. 6:8.

⁵⁵ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 6:8.

⁵⁶ “The context of Ezekiel 5:17 (Eze. 5:12-16) indicates that the famine, beasts, pestilence, and sword of that passage are expressions of God’s wrath.”—Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 115.

⁵⁷ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 219.

⁵⁸ Albrecht Durer (1471 - 1528). Image courtesy of the Connecticut College Wetmore Print Collection.

⁵⁹ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 140.

⁶⁰ Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, Rev. 6:11.

⁶¹ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 366.

⁶² Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 6:9.

⁶³ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 6:9.

⁶⁴ “The description given in Revelation seems to fit the altar of incense better than the great altar of sacrifice which stood near the door of the tabernacle. The altar in Revelation is connected with the prayers of the martyrs (Rev. 6:9+), its fire is used to light the incense of the golden censer (Rev. 8:3+, 5+), and its location is ‘before God,’ which would accord much more closely with the place of the altar of incense that stood on the border between the Holy Place and the Holy of Holies, the inner shrine of the tabernacle.”—Merrill C. Tenney, Interpreting Revelation (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1957), 171.

⁶⁵ “This Greek word occurs 105 times in the New Testament, and its uses and occurrences may be classified as follows: (1) Metonymy of the Cause, ‘soul’ put for ‘life,’ which is the effect of it. The natural life of the body, Mat. 2:20; 6:25, 25; 10:39, 39; 16:25, 25; 20:28. Mark 3:4; 8:35; 10:45. Luke 6:9; 9:56; 12:22, 23; 14:26; 17:33a; John 10:11, 15, 17; 12:25a, 25b; 13:37, 38; 15:13; Acts 15:26; 20:10, 24; 27:10, 22; Rom. 11:3; 16:4; Php. 2:30; 1Jn. 3:16, 16; Rev. 8:9+; 12:11+. Rendered ‘soul,’ Mat. 16:26, 26; Mark 8:36, 37; Luke 12:20; 1Th. 2:8. (2) The immaterial, invisible part of man: Mat. 10:28; Acts 2:27, 31; 1Th. 5:23; Heb. 4:12. (3) The disembodied man (2Cor. 5:3, 4; 12:2): Rev. 6:9+; 20:4+. (4) The seat of personality: Luke 9:24, 24; Heb. 6:19; 10:39. (5) Metonymy of Cause. The seat of perception, feeling, desire: Mat. 11:29; Luke 1:46; 2:35; Acts 14:2 (mind), 22; 15:24. (6) Metonymy of Cause. The seat of will and purpose: Mat. 22:37; Mark 12:30, 33; Luke 10:27; Acts 4:32; Eph. 6:6; Php. 1:27; Col. 3:23; Heb. 12:3. (7) The seat of appetite: Rev. 18:14+. (8) Metonymy of Cause, soul put for person. Synecdoche of the Part, an integral part of man (individually) is put for the whole person. Used of persons or individuals: Acts 2:41, 43; 3:23; 7:14; 27:37; Rom. 2:9; 13:1; Jas. 5:20; 1Pe. 3:20; 2Pe. 2:14; Rev. 18:13+. (9) Synecdoche of the Part. The expression ‘my soul,’ ‘his soul,’ etc., becomes by Synecdoche the idiom for me, myself, himself, etc. Used to emphasize the personal pronoun (a) in the first person: Mat. 12:18; 26:38; Mark 14:34; Luke 12:19, 19; John 10:24 (us); 12:27; 2Cor. 1:23; Heb. 10:38 (soul); (b) in the second person: 2Cor. 12:15; Heb. 13:17; Jas. 1:21; 1Pe. 1:9, 22; 2:25; (c) in the third person: 1Pe. 4:19; 2Pe. 2:8. (10) Synecdoche of the Part. ‘Soul’ (Gr. psyche) is also used of animals. An animate creature, human or other: 1Cor. 15:45; Rev. 16:3+. (11) The ‘inward man,’ seat of the new life: Luke 21:19; 1Pe. 2:11; 3Jn. 2. Compare the classification of the corresponding Old Testament term nephesh at Gen. 2:7 (note).”—Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, Mat. 2:20.

⁶⁶ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 142.

⁶⁷ Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 110, 119.

⁶⁸ Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, A Review of the Pre-Wrath Rapture of the Church (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, n.d.), 43.

⁶⁹ John F. Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1966), Rev. 6:9.

⁷⁰ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 176.

⁷¹ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 107.

⁷² “ ‘Them that dwell on the earth’ is a semi-technical designation for mankind in its hostility to God.”—Mounce, The Book of Revelation, 159.

⁷³ Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, Rev. 6:11.

⁷⁴ Barnhouse, Revelation, 132.

⁷⁵ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 6:11.

⁷⁶ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 126.

⁷⁷ “As to who is persecuting these believers, this will be answered by Revelation 17+: namely, Ecclesiastical Babylon.”—Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 220.

⁷⁸ Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ, Rev. 6:12.

⁷⁹ Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 119.

⁸⁰ Ibid., 60.

⁸¹ McLean believes this earthquake to be correlated with the timing of the Abomination of Desolation: “If the time sequence of A (the Abomination of Desolation at the midpoint of the Seventieth Week of Daniel and the tribulation of the synoptics), equals B (at this time the people flee to the mountains and women are warned about impending dangers); and the time frame of B equals C (the people cry out for the mountains to fall on them); and the reference C equals D (the sixth seal of Revelation when the wrath of God and the Lamb initiate the great day of their wrath, and people cry for the mountains to fall on them), then A (the Abomination of Desolation at the midpoint of Daniel’s Seventieth Week), equals or occurs at the [same] time as D (the time of the sixth seal of the Apocalypse).”—John A. McLean, “Structure of the Book of Revelation,” in Mal Couch, ed., Dictionary of Premillennial Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1996), 375-376.

⁸² In this passage Zerubbabel typifies the Messiah.

⁸³ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 746.

⁸⁴ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 6:12.

⁸⁵ Fruchtenbaum recognizes “five cosmic disturbances: one before the seven years, three during, and one after.”—Fruchtenbaum, A Review of the Pre-Wrath Rapture of the Church, 25.

⁸⁶ Fruchtenbaum, A Review of the Pre-Wrath Rapture of the Church, 25.

⁸⁷ Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 66-69.

⁸⁸ Passages describing astronomical signs: Isa. 5:30; 13:10; 24:23; 30:26; 50:3; Jer. 4:23-28; Eze. 32:7; Joel 2:10; 2:31; 3:15; Amos 8:9; Mat. 24:29; Mark 13:24; Luke 21:25; 23:45; Acts 2:20; Rev. 6:12+; 8:12+; 9:2+.

⁸⁹ Concerning the worship of heavenly bodies: Gen. 11:4; Deu. 4:19; 17:3; 2K. 17:16; 23:5, 11; 2Chr. 33:3; Job 31:26-28; Isa. 47:13; Jer. 8:2; 10:2; 19:13; Acts 7:42; Rom. 1:25; Rev. 8:12+.

⁹⁰ Some believe these stars could refer to fallen angels. “The sixth seal marks the end of the first half of the tribulation, so these stars could be the expulsion of Satan’s host from Heaven (Rev. 12:7-12+ with 12:3-4+).”—Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 6:13.

⁹¹ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 154.

⁹² Henry Morris, The Revelation Record (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1983), Rev. 6:13.

⁹³ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 6:13.

⁹⁴ As we forewarned the reader in our discussion concerning The Genre of the book of Revelation, many interpreters part ways here from the Golden Rule of Interpretation in favor of subjective “apocalypticism.” “The details of this dramatic description of a universe in turmoil are drawn from the common stock of current apocalypticism. They are not to be taken with complete literalness. Those who first read John’s description would not have bothered to debate whether or not the details were to be taken literally. They were part of a well-established tradition that went back through contemporary apocalyptic literature to the early prophetic portrayals of the day of the Lord.”—Mounce, The Book of Revelation, 161. We might ask who decides what “complete literalness” means? Which parts are literal and which parts are not? Are the men literal? But not the stars? “The suggestion of combining symbolic and literal (Mounce) is fraught with hermeneutical difficulty.”—Thomas, Revelation 1-7, Rev. 6:12. Also: how would God convey these events if they were literal? The Anti-supernatural Bias of these interpreters makes it nearly impossible for God to tell us of catastrophic events because they always get recast as “apocalyptic” and therefore not literal.

⁹⁵ Concerning worship of heavenly bodies: Gen. 11:4; Deu. 4:19; 17:3; 2K. 17:16; 23:5, 11; 2Chr. 33:3; Job 31:26-28; Isa. 47:13; Jer. 8:2; 10:2; 19:13; Acts 7:42; Rom 1:25.

⁹⁶ However: “The difficulties of the symbolic interpretation are insuperable, while no difficulties whatever attend the literal interpretation.”—Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, 274.

⁹⁷ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, Rev. 6:14.

⁹⁸ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 6:14.

⁹⁹ That is, until the regeneration of the Millennial Kingdom (Mat. 19:28) and later, the eternal state (Rev. 21:1+).

¹⁰⁰ Even today, charts of Alaskan waters made prior to the 1964 earthquake carry a disclaimer indicating that actual depths may vary by dozens of feet from that shown on the chart.

¹⁰¹ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 881.

¹⁰² Concerning the omniscience of God: 2S. 7:19; Job 24:1; 28:24; 31:4; Ps. 69:5; 139:2-4; 147:5; Isa. 40:28; 41:21-26; 42:9; 43:9; 44:7; 45:21; 46:10; 48:3-5; Jer. 12:3; Dan. 2:10, 27; Mat. 6:8; Luke 7:39; 12:6; Acts 15:28; Rom. 11:33; Rev. 2:23+.

¹⁰³ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 221.

¹⁰⁴ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 6:17.

¹⁰⁵ Renald E. Showers, “The Day of the Lord,” in Elwood McQuaid, ed., Israel My Glory (Westville, NJ: Friends of Israel Gospel Ministry, March/April 2003), 18-19.

¹⁰⁶ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, Rev. 6:17.

¹⁰⁷ Rosenthal, The Pre-Wrath Rapture of the Church, 147.

¹⁰⁸ We will use the term “prophetic” for “proleptic” since most readers are more familiar with that term.

¹⁰⁹ “The aorist tense describes an undefined action that normally occurs in the past.”—William D. Mounce, Greek for the Rest of Us (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2003), 157, 160.

¹¹⁰ Rosenthal, The Pre-Wrath Rapture of the Church, 164-167.

¹¹¹ Tommie P. Dana and Julius R. Mantey, A Manual Grammar of the Greek New Testament (Toronto, Ontario: The Macmillan Company, 1955), 198.

¹¹² Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 460.

¹¹³ Rosenthal misrepresents Isaiah: “The prophet Isaiah said men would flee to the caves of the mountains immediately before the Day of the Lord.”—Rosenthal, The Pre-Wrath Rapture of the Church, 175. This makes little sense. Why would they flee before that day when it is the events which attend the day which they recognize as being God’s wrath which cause their flight?

¹¹⁴ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 6:17.

¹¹⁵ Rosenthal, The Pre-Wrath Rapture of the Church, 147.

¹¹⁶ Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 120.

¹¹⁷ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 6:17.

¹¹⁸ Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ, Rev. 6:17.

¹¹⁹ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 159.

3.5 - Revelation 5

3.5.1 - Revelation 5:1 Open Bible at Rev. 5:1 Listen to Rev. 5:1

Having seen the Father and His glorious throne, John’s attention is now drawn to a scroll held in the Father’s hand. The redeeming Lamb takes the scroll and prepares to open its seals, initiating God’s judgments in the Day of the Lord and beginning the reclamation of the earth in preparation for God’s direct rule.

And I saw

John’s focus now shifts from the details of the throne and the living creatures and elders to that which lays upon the right hand of “Him who sat on the throne.” The scene which presents itself to John is among the most sublime in all of Scripture. If Isaiah 53 can be said to be the “holy of holies” of the OT, then perhaps Revelation 5+ holds that honor in the NT.

Where, in all the revelations of eternity, is there another such a scene? Where, in all the disclosures of God, and His awful administrations, is there another such a picture, or another such a crisis? Search the book of inspiration from end to end, and you will find no parallel to it.¹

right hand

The side of favor and strength (Ps. 20:6; 74:11; 80:17; 89:13; 98:1). This is the side at which the Son is seated awaiting His kingdom (Ps. 110:1; Dan. 7:13-14; Mark 16:19; Acts 5:31; 7:55; Eph. 1:20; Col. 3:1; Heb. 1:3; 10:12) and making intercession for His Church (Rom. 8:34). Jesus is seated “with My Father on His throne” (Rev. 3:21+) and shares the power and reign of the Father (Rev. 5:13+; 6:16+; 7:10+ cf. 1K. 2:19). The long period of waiting while He remains seated is about to come to an end.

on the throne

The position from which the Father rules the affairs of His universe (Ps. 47:8; Isa. 6:1; Dan. 7:9-10). The throne pictures both sovereignty and judgment (Rev. 20:11+).

a scroll

βιβλίον [biblion] , also rendered book (Rev. 1:11+; 3:5+; 13:8+; 17:8+; 20:12+; 20:15+; 21:27+; 22:7+, 9-10+, 18-19+). Later, a mighty angel appears with a little book βιβλαρίδιον [biblaridion] and cries out at which seven thunders utter their voices. John is told to seal up the things which the seven thunders utter and not write them (Rev. 10:4+). The angel then declares (even swears) that “in the days of the sounding of the seventh angel, when he is about to sound, the mystery of God would be finished, as He declared to His servants the prophets.” (Rev. 10:6+). John is then commanded to eat the little book which will be sweet to the taste but bitter in the stomach. The book given to John, like that eaten by Ezekiel (Eze. 2:9-3:5), apparently contains prophetic pronouncements of God, of woe and judgment, which must come to pass (Rev. 10:9-11+). There are similarities between this scroll and these other books. This scroll is also sealed. Great prophetic streams find their fulfillment in the opening of the scroll. These similarities have led some to suggest that the sealed scroll primarily contains prophetic information previously unrevealed which is now made known through the things shown John.

What ought we to look for as the first thing, in the Apocalypse, which , as we have seen, has the end of the “many days” and “the time of the end” for its great subject, but the unsealing of this book, the sealing of which is so prominently spoken of in the book of Daniel? . . . We take it therefore that the opening of the seals of this book is the enlargement, development, and continuation of the Book of Daniel, describing, from God’s side, the judgments necessary to secure the fulfilment of all that He has foretold.²

As attractive as this explanation may be, it falls short of explaining the emphasis placed in this chapter between the right to open the book and redemption. The identification of this scroll is not found only in the fact that, like other prophetic writings, it is sealed, but also in its close association with redemption (Rev. 5:9+) and the events which follow upon the loosing of its seals. The scroll is inherently related to the fulfillment of a purchase.

Ladd suggests the scroll is a form of ancient will. “The little book is in the form of an ancient will, which was usually sealed with the seals of seven witnesses. It contains God’s inheritance for His people, which is founded upon the death of His son (see Heb. 9).”³ This view has the advantage of explaining the emphasis found here upon the death of the Lamb (Rev. 5:6+, 9+). The events which transpire following the loosing of the seals are directly related to Christ’s inheritance:

[Psalm 2:1-3] describe[s] the rebellious world forces gathered together to try to prevent God’s Messiah from taking tenant possession or administration of the earth. [Psalm 2:7] records that when the Messiah confronts this challenge, He will declare what God has already decreed concerning Him: “Thou art my Son.” . . . the biblical term “son” involves the concept of “heir” (Gal. 4:7). Thus, as God’s Son, the Messiah is the heir of an inheritance given to Him by God. Psalm 2:8 presents God’s description of that inheritance: “I shall give thee the nations for thine inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the earth for thy possession.”⁴

Although the loosing of the seals results in the realization of the promised inheritance (Ps. 2:8), it seems that more than just a will is in view. A purchase was made at the cross, and now the deed of that purchase is being claimed by its rightful owner.

While Babylon had besieged Jerusalem, God told Jeremiah to purchase a plot of ground in Israel. Even though the land had fallen to Babylon, Jeremiah’s purchase demonstrated the reality of God’s promise to restore Israel back to the land (Jer. 32:14-15, 43-44). There are significant parallels between Jeremiah’s deed of purchase and Messiah’s redemption described in this chapter. In both cases, a purchase was made in advance and a period intervened before the possession was fully awarded at a future date.

Although [Jeremiah] had paid the price of redemption for this cousin’s land and thereby had gained the right of tenant possession, he could not take immediate, actual possession of the land for at least two reasons. First, Jeremiah was confined in prison when he paid the price of redemption (Jer. 32:2-3, 8-9). Second, his cousin’s land was “already under Babylonian control” when Jeremiah paid for it. Because Israel had rebelled against God so persistently, its land inheritance had been turned over to foreigners (Lam. 5:2; Jer. 32:21-24, 28-36). The Jews (including Jeremiah) would be exiled to other countries, and their land would continue under enemy control for several decades; but then the Jews would be regathered to their homeland, and their land would be restored to their control (Jer. 32:15, 37, 41-44). Because he knew that actual possession of the land could not take place for many years, Jeremiah commanded that both deeds of purchase be placed in a secure place for a long time (Jer. 32:13-15).⁵

The purchase price has been paid, but that which has been purchased remains in the hands of usurpers. Thus, a chain of judgments are brought forth by which the purchaser takes back what He rightfully owns. In the end, the usurpers are evicted and that which has been purchased is finally in the hands of the purchaser.

The contents of the Βιβλιον [Biblion] must be brought into relation to the whole chain of judicial acts which unfold from Rev. 6+ on and from which there develop organically the visions of the trumpets and bowls. Hence we are not concerned merely with the 6 or 7 seals themselves, but with all the last events up to the consummation.⁶

The meaning of the scroll is best understood by recognizing the truth in each of these ideas:

A Catalog of Judgments - Judgments of lament and mourning and woe attend the opening of each seal (and the subsequent trumpets and bowls). In this, the scroll is similar to Ezekiel’s book (Eze. 2:9-10). “When the Lamb breaks the seals, it is not merely a disclosure of the scroll’s contents, but an activation of those contents.”⁷

Prophetic Revelation - As the seals are removed from the scroll, events unfold which are the fulfillment of prophetic themes found elsewhere in Scripture. When the scroll has been completely unsealed and the seventh trumpet has sounded, it is said that “the mystery of God would be finished, as He declared to His servants the prophets” (Rev. 10:7+). See Related Passages and Themes.

A Testament - The testamentary nature of the scroll is seen in the fact that only the slain Lamb can open it (Heb. 9:15-17; Rev. 5:9+). Opening the scroll ultimately brings about the outworking of unfulfilled promises of the New Covenant (Jer. 31:31-37; Rom. 11:26-27; etc.).

A Deed of Purchase - By opening of the scroll, the Lamb takes as His inheritance that which He had already purchased (Rev. 5:9+). His inheritance includes an enduring kingdom and the title deed to the earth (Ps. 2:6-8). “But what is this remarkable scroll? It is nothing less than the title deed to the earth itself. . . . it is clearly the antitype of all the rich typological teaching associated with the divinely specified procedures for land redemption in the Old Testament.”⁸ “The sealed scroll is the deed of purchase for mankind’s tenant possession inheritance or administration of the earth that was forfeited when mankind fell away from God. . . . a scroll deed of purchase was made when Christ paid the redemption price to redeem mankind’s tenant possession of the earth by shedding His blood on the cross.”⁹

As the Lamb opens the scroll, these varied aspects of its contents work in harmony to reveal the consummation of history:

Frequent references to the events of the seals, trumpets, and bowls appear throughout the remaining visions in Revelation . . . indicating that the content of the seven-sealed scroll ultimately includes the unfolding of the consummation of the mystery of all things, the goal or end of all history, for both the conquerors and the worshipers of the beast. In Rev. 10:7+ we are told that in the days of the sounding of the seventh trumpet “the mystery of God will be accomplished, just as he announced to his servants the prophets.” From this it may be concluded that the scroll contains the unveiling of “the mystery of God” that OT prophets foretold . . . Thus the “seals” conceal the mystery, which only Christ can disclose (Dan. 12:9; Rev. 10:4+), of how God’s judgment and his kingdom will come. . . . The scroll, then, is not only about judgment or about the inheritance of the kingdom, Rather it contains the announcement of the consummation of all history.¹⁰

written inside and on the back

The tablets of the Testimony containing the Ten Commandments which Moses brought from Mount Sinai were also “written on both sides; on the one side and on the other they were written.” The writing was the work of God engraved on the tablets (Ex. 32:15-16). In the previous chapter, we saw extensive parallels between the experience and vision of John and that of Ezekiel (Eze. 1). Here is another parallel, for Ezekiel was given a book which contained “writing on the inside and the outside, and written on it were lamentations and mourning and woe.” Legal documents are also written on both sides:

Jeremiah signed and sealed shut one copy of the scroll deed of purchase and had witnesses sign it, apparently on the outside (Jer. 32:10, 12). Concerning this practice, Weemse wrote, “For the manner of writing the contract, he who was to buy the ground wrote two instruments; the one to be sealed with his own signet, the other he showed unclosed to the witnesses, that they might subscribe and bear witness of that which was written. This, the witnesses did subscribe UPON THE BACK of the inclosed [sic] instrument” . . . Gaston Maspero gave an example of an enclosed document being used as evidence. “Contracts stamped upon clay tablets have been found in Babylonia, enclosed in an envelope of clay, on the outside of which an exact duplicate of the contract is impressed: if in the course of time any disagreement arose and it was suspected that the outside text had been tampered with, the envelope was broken in the presence of witnesses to see if the inside text agreed with it or not.” The fact that the sealed scroll of Revelation 5+ had writing on both the inside and the outside (Rev. 5:1+), in the same manner as Jeremiah’s and other deeds of purchase in Israel’s land redemption system, indicates that it is a deed of purchase.¹¹

sealed

κατεσφραγισμένον [katesphragismenon] , perfect tense passive: having been sealed. It was previously sealed and remains so. Various types of documents can be sealed. A document may contain prophetic pronouncements from the Lord concerning the future and be sealed until the time in which its contents are to be fulfilled (Dan. 8:26; 12:4-9). Other documents, such as title deeds are sealed to protect their contents from tampering until the time in which the title is claimed. Jeremiah’s deed sealed this way (Jer. 32:10-14). Until the seals are broken, the contents of the book are inaccessible—they remain an unrevealed mystery (Isa. 29:11; Dan. 8:26; 12:4-9; Rev. 10:7+). Even in our own day, when so much within Scripture has been revealed (Rev. 22:10+), God’s words remain a sealed book for many. This was the case in Isaiah’s day (Isa. 29:11-14).

seven seals

In the number seven is found the symbolism of completion. See Seven: Perfection, Completeness. Within these seven seals are found all the judgments to be poured out upon the earth and the earth dwellers as part of the redemption of creation and the Lamb taking dominion over the earth. See commentary on Revelation 5:5.

All seven seals enclose the scroll as a unit. Some commentators attempt to divide the effects which flow from the opening of the seals into separate categories: the wrath of Satan versus the wrath of God. This will not do, for it is the Lamb Who is the only one found worthy to loose the seals. He alone opens all seven seals. His initiative is as fully engaged in opening of the first seal as the last.

All seven are part of the same sealed scroll; all seven have the same purpose or function with regard to that scroll; all seven will be part of the irrefutable evidence that Christ is the true Kinsman-Redeemer; all seven will be broken by Christ; and all seven will be part of the same program of Christ’s evicting Satan and his forces and taking permanent possession of the earth.¹²

The sequence of events which follow from the opening of these seals indicates that all the judgments which following are included within the seals:

A study of Revelation 8+ through 18 indicates that the seventh seal will contain the seven trumpet and seven bowl judgments. Thus, when Christ breaks all seven seals of the Revelation 5+ scroll, He will thereby instigate the total bombardment of divine wrath or judgment against the domain of Satan and his forces, which will cover the 70th week of Daniel 9 up to Christ’s coming immediately after the 70th week and the Great Tribulation.¹³

3.5.2 - Revelation 5:2 Open Bible at Rev. 5:2 Listen to Rev. 5:2

Who is worthy to open

“A mighty angel shouts out a challenge for anyone to come forth who is ‘worthy’ to open the great scroll and its seals. All creation in heaven and earth and under the earth stood motionless and speechless. . . . no one had the authority and virtue for such a task.”¹⁴ “As the echoes of his cry recede there is only silence. The powerful archangels Michael and Gabriel do not answer. Uncounted thousands of other angels remain silent. All the righteous dead of all the ages, including Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Job, Moses, David, Solomon, Elijah, Elisha, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel, Peter and the rest of the apostles, Paul, and all the others from the church age, say nothing.”¹⁵

The question of worthiness hinges on several factors. Only Christ has the necessary qualifications:

Perfect Judgment - A combination of perfect justice and perfect compassion. One who extends perfect mercy while not flinching from exacting perfect justice (Deu. 7:16; 13:8; 19:13, 21; 25:12; Isa. 11:4; John 7:24). “Because He is faithful [Rev. 19:11+] He must discharge His office as judge, not shrinking from the administration of discipline or punishment where it is needed. Because He is true [Rev. 19:11+] He cannot alter the standards of God which condemn sin. Favoritism and laxity cannot be found in Him, for He is the perfect administrator of justice in a world where injustice has long since reigned.”¹⁶

Relationship to Mankind - Dominion of the earth was originally given to Adam (Gen. 1:26-28) from whence it was lost to Satan due to sin. “As a result of getting the first man, Adam, to join his revolt against God, Satan usurped tenant possession of the earth away from its original tenant and has been exercising administration control of the world system against God ever since. Several things indicate that this is so. For example, Satan had the authority to offer Jesus all the power and glory of the kingdoms of the world (Luke 4:5-6); Satan declared that it had been delivered (perfect passive verb) to him by someone else (Adam, Luke 4:6); Jesus called Satan ‘the prince of this world’ (John 12:31; 14:30; 16:11); and Paul called him ‘the god of this age’ (2Cor. 4:4).”¹⁷ Dominion is to be restored by a man. Not just any man, but the perfect man (2Cor. 5:21; Heb. 4:14; 1Pe. 2:22; 1Jn. 3:5). “Just as the Israelite redeemer had to be a kinsman (a relative from the same clan and tribe) of the person who lost the tenant possession, so the Redeemer of mankind and their forfeited tenant possession of the earth had to be a kinsman (a relative of the same kind) of mankind. He had to be a human. No angel or any other kind of being would qualify.”¹⁸

Right of Possession - Possession of that which was lost required the payment of a redemption price. The price to redeem a world lost to the ravages of sin was the shedding of truly innocent blood (Rev. 5:6+, 9+).

Ability to Possess - The right to possess is meaningless without the might to possess. “Martin Kiddle wrote: “The strong angel’s challenge to find some one worthy to open the scroll and to break its seal was much more than to ask for some one capable of revealing the world’s fate. The demand was for one able not only to disclose God’s plan, but to set it in motion, accomplish it, bring it to pass.””¹⁹

The possession of this book and the execution of the purpose can be entrusted only to one who is completely worthy. No ordinary man can accept the responsibility of opening its sealed pages. Paradoxically, the person who undertakes this tremendous task must be absolutely courageous and absolutely compassionate.²⁰

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no one . . . was able

All men, except one, are “born of Adam” and are lost in sin, and are therefore unqualified to bring about redemption (1K. 8:46; 2Chr. 6:36; Job 15:14; Pr. 20:9; Ecc. 7:20; Isa. 64:6; Rom. 3:9, 19-23; Gal. 3:22; 1Jn. 1:8-10).

And what, indeed, have been all the endeavours of unsanctified men, in politics, in science, and in all the arts of civilization, improvement, philosophy, and even religion, but to work out this problem of successful repossession of what was lost in Adam, to attain to that forfeited perfection and supreme good which has ever danced before their imaginations.²¹

When Adam forfeited dominion in the Fall, all men born of the line of Adam fell with him (Rom. 5:12; Acts 17:26). Having inherited the sin of Adam, none is able to prevail. Herein lies the need for the virgin birth of Christ. For Christ is the only man for which the truism “Absolute power corrupts absolutely,” does not hold.

Throughout history there have been many pretenders to earth’s throne who have sought to conquer and rule the world. The first and most powerful and notorious usurper was Satan. After his rebellion against God was crushed, he and his angelic followers were thrown out of heaven (Luke 10:18; Rev. 12:3-4+), and he became the “god of this world” (2Cor. 4:4). He inspired a host of humans to try their hand at conquest, men such as Nebuchadnezzar, Darius, Alexander the Great, the emperors of Rome, Attila the Hun, Genghis Khan, Napoleon, Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler. In the future will come the most powerful Satan-possessed human conqueror of all, the final Antichrist. All of those men, and a host of lesser lights, have one thing in common: they failed. Only one individual has the right, the power, and the authority to rule the earth: the Lord Jesus Christ.²²

3.5.4 - Revelation 5:4 Open Bible at Rev. 5:4 Listen to Rev. 5:4

I wept much

ἔκλαιον [eklaion] , imperfect tense: I was weeping. John evidently understood the significance of the scroll and the great need to open it and to read its contents. From this we understand overwhelming sadness attends any future which continues apart from redemption. For the horrors of sin, sickness, murder, death and the warping of all things God intended for good would continue unabated for unending millennia if it were not for the cross of Christ. If God had not sent His Son—at His own initiative—mankind would have forever and completely remained lost. Locked within an eternity of generations darkened by depravity and pain, there would have been forever no hope. Aside from the cross, the history of man is one long testimony of inability to overcome the ravages of sin.

John knew by that Spirit in which he was, what that sealed book meant. He knew that if no one was found worthy and able to take it from the hand of God, and to break its seals, that all the promises of the prophets, and all the hopes of the saints, and all the preintimations of a redeemed world, must fail.²³

W. A. Criswell explains why John wept: “[John’s tears] represent the tears of all God’s people through all the centuries. Those tears of the Apostle John are the tears of Adam and Eve, driven out of the Garden of Eden, as they bowed over the first grave, as they watered the dust of the ground with their tears over the silent, still form of their son, Abel. Those are the tears of the children of Israel in bondage as they cried unto God in their affliction and slavery. They are the tears of God’s elect through the centuries as they cried unto heaven. They are the sobs and tears that have been wrung from the heart and soul of God’s people as they looked on their silent dead, as they stand beside their open graves, as they experience in the trials and sufferings of life, heartaches and disappointments indescribable. Such is the curse that sin has laid upon God’s beautiful creation; and this is the damnation of the hand of him who holds it, that usurper, that interloper, that intruder, that alien, that stranger, that dragon, that serpent, that Satan-devil. ‘And I wept audibly,’ for the failure to find a Redeemer meant that this earth in its curse is consigned forever to death. It meant that death, sin, damnation and hell should reign forever and ever and the sovereignty of God’s earth should remain forever in the hands of Satan” [Expository Sermons on Revelation (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1969), 3:69-70]²⁴

Thankfully, man was not left abandoned to a history of self-perpetuated depravity. For history is HIS story—“History, then, has its center in Jesus Christ and its goal is his triumphant reign over all the powers of the world.”²⁵

3.5.5 - Revelation 5:5 Open Bible at Rev. 5:5 Listen to Rev. 5:5

do not weep

μὴ κλαῖε [mē klaie] , a present tense imperative indicating that John continued to weep.²⁶

the Lion of the tribe of Judah

God had revealed that the ruler would be like a lion, an offspring of Judah (Gen. 49:9-10; Ps. 60:7). Jesus was born in the line of Judah (Mat. 1:2-3; Luke 3:33; Heb. 7:14). Although Reuben was the firstborn, due to his sin and the sins of his brothers, the right of kingly rule fell to Judah:

Actually Reuben had the right of the firstborn. Nevertheless the Messiah is not “Lion out of the tribe of Reuben.” For, on account of sin (as recorded in Gen. 35:22), Reuben was deprived of his firstborn rights and the right concerning the Messiah (1Chr. 5:1; Gen. 49:3-4). The next following brothers, Simeon and Levi, were also excluded (Gen. 49:5-7) on account of their bloody deed at Shechem (Gen. 34:25). Thereupon Reuben’s rights as the firstborn were divided as follows: The double share of the material inheritance (Deu. 21:15-17) went to Joseph (in Ephraim and Manasseh; 1Chr. 5:1-2); The priestly dignity (see Ex. 13:2, 13:15), having regard to Ex. 32:26-28, went to Levi (Num. 3:12, 45; 8:17-18); and The ruler’s dignity (Gen. 43:1-34; 33:1-20; 48:14, 18-19) went to Judah, Jacob’s fourth son (1Chr. 5:2). Therefore is the Messiah the “Lion out of the tribe of Judah” (Rev. 5:5+; Gen. 49:9-10).²⁷

The genealogical records of the tribes of Israel were lost in the destruction of the temple in 70 AD. This poses a problem for Judaism which, having rejected Jesus, still awaits Messiah. If Messiah comes now, how will it be determined that He is the Lion from the tribe of Judah?

Messiah will have to come before the tribe of Judah loses its identity. This establishes a clear time period for the prophecy. The records by which tribal identities were maintained were kept in the Jewish Temple. All of these records were lost with the destruction of the temple in 70 A.D. Within a few generations all the tribes of Israel, with the exception of Levi, had lost their identity. Immediately after 70 A.D. the rabbis passed laws which would preserve the identity of the priestly tribe of Levi, but Jews from the other tribes quickly lost their identity. In order for this prophecy to have significance to humans (God still knows the tribal identities), Messiah had to come before 70 A.D.²⁸

Root of David

Jesus was born in the line of David (Mat. 1:1, 6, 17, 20; Luke 1:27, 32; 3:31; Rom. 1:3; 2Ti. 2:8; Rev. 22:16+), He is the “son of David” (Mat. 9:27; 12:23; 15:22; 20:30-31; 21:9, 15; 22:42; etc.). Jesus is the “Rod from the stem of Jesse” (Isa. 11:1), the “Root of Jesse” (Isa. 11:10), David’s father (Ru. 4:22).

Jesus is the fulfillment of the Davidic Covenant.²⁹ God made an unconditional covenant with David where He swore that his throne would be established like the sun and moon (Ps. 89:33-37). At present, there is no “throne of David” upon the earth, but there will be when the Lion has completed His work (Rev. 20:4-6+) for the zeal of God will ensure it!

For unto us a Child is born, unto us a Son is given; and the government will be upon His shoulder. And His name will be called Wonderful, Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace. Of the increase of His government and peace There will be no end, Upon the throne of David and over His kingdom, to order it and establish it with judgment and justice from that time forward, even forever. The zeal of the LORD of hosts will perform this. (Isa. 9:6-7) [emphasis added]

As a root springs anew from the stump of a tree which has been cut down and appears to be dead, so the line leading to Messiah was preserved throughout history. “For there is hope for a tree, if it is cut down, that it will sprout again, and that its tender shoots will not cease. Though its root may grow old in the earth, and its stump may die in the ground, Yet at the scent of water it will bud and bring forth branches like a plant” (Job 14:7-9). This root was repeatedly chopped back, but never completely terminated as Satan attempted throughout history to thwart the Messianic line of promise. See commentary on Revelation 12:4.

Messianic Line from Abraham to Jesus

Messianic Line from Abraham to Jesus³⁰

Jesus is the promised “Branch” that would come (King, Jer. 23:5-6; Servant, Zec. 3:8; Man, Zec. 6:12; Lord, Isa. 4:2). See Four Gospels.

“Behold, the days are coming,” says the LORD, “That I will raise to David a Branch of righteousness; a King shall reign and prosper, and execute judgment and righteousness in the earth. In His days Judah will be saved, and Israel will dwell safely; now this is His name by which He will be called: THE LORD OUR RIGHTEOUSNESS.” (Jer. 23:5-6) [emphasis added]

Some see the root as including the idea of Jesus’ preexistence (cf. Mic. 5:2).³¹ Although this is true (Mat. 22:42-25), the present context deals with the origin of Jesus, not of David. Root here “is a metaphorical term for ‘offspring.’ ”³²

has prevailed

ἐνίκησεν [enikēsen] , from the same root (νικα῀ω [nikaō] ) which describes “he who overcomes,” ὁ νικ῀ων [ho nikōn] . Jesus has “overcome the world” (John 16:33). Whoever is born of God shares in His inheritance as overcomer (1Jn. 5:4; Rev. 2:7+, 11+, 17+, 26+; 3:5+, 12+, 21+; 17:14+; 21:7+). “At the cross He defeated sin (Rom. 8:3), death (Heb. 2:14-15), and all the forces of hell (Col. 2:15; 1Pe. 3:19). Believers are overcomers through His overcoming (Col. 2:13-14; 1Jn. 5:5).”³³

Christ defeated Satan and his forces when He paid the redemption price of His shed blood. Through the payment of that price, Christ defeated Satan and his forces in the sense that He gained the right to take tenant possession of the earth away from them and rule the earth as the last Adam. This truth sheds light on the meaning of Christ’s statement just before He went to the cross, “the prince of this world is judged” (John 16:11). Christ’s death sealed Satan’s doom. At the proper time, determined sovereignly by God, Christ will exercise the right he gained at the cross to throw out the usurper.³⁴

“Since [the] captivity, the royal family of Judah has not exercised rule but has remained dormant, just as a stump gives no evidence of having life. The stump of this royal family will spring to life again suddenly when its King (the Messiah or Christ) springs forth from it to rule.”³⁵ Having prevailed, the Lamb qualifies as the promised Shiloh (Gen. 49:10; Eze. 21:25-27). Midrash Rabbah 98 states that Shiloh denotes “to he whose it is,” “to he who it belongs,” “he whose right it is,” or “to whom kingship belongs.”³⁶

to open the scroll

Jesus has the authority to open the scroll because He has the key of David. See commentary on Revelation 3:7. “God [the Father] Himself will not break a single seal of it, for the Father has ceded the prerogative of judgment”³⁷ (John 5:22-27).

to loose its seven seals

Having paid the ultimate price of redemption, being made sin on our behalf (Isa. 53:6; 2Cor. 5:21), the Lamb has earned the right to loose the seals bringing judgments on those who continue to reject His gracious offer of redemption (John 3:35-36). As each of these seals is loosed, additional judgment is brought upon the earth. The first six seals result in preliminary judgments (Rev. 6:1+, 3+, 5+, 7+, 9+, 12+). At the loosening of the seventh seal, the judgments become more pronounced as all seven trumpet judgments are within the seventh seal (Rev. 8:1-6+). At the opening of the seventh seal, the first four trumpets are sounded (Rev. 8:7+, 8+, 10+, 12+). Because the last three trumpet judgments are especially severe, there is a pause in the judgments as angelic warning is given concerning the severity of the last three trumpets (Rev. 8:13+). Then the first two of the final three trumpets sound (Rev. 9:1+, 13+). At the sounding of the final trumpet, the declaration is made: “The kingdoms of this world have become the kingdoms of our Lord and of His Christ” (Rev. 11:15+). By this we understand the last seven bowl judgments to be subsumed within the seventh trumpet. Prior to the pouring forth of the seven bowls of wrath (Rev. 16:1-17+), three more additional angelic warnings are given (Rev. 14:6-9+). The judgments of God’s wrath are completed in the pouring forth of the seventh bowl (Rev. 16:17+). See Sequential Events.

In the loosing of all seven seals, and the subsequent trumpet and bowl judgments, Christ retakes that which He purchased at Calvary (John 19:30; Rev. 11:15+; 16:16+; 21:6+). To bring the kingdom of God to earth, the kingdom of Satan must first be overthrown. Much of what follows in this book must be understood in the context of the overthrow of Satan’s kingdom prior to the setting up of God’s kingdom on earth.

By the end of the 70th week, Satan and his forces will have drawn all the rulers and armies of the world into the land of Israel for the battle of Armageddon (Rev. 16:12-16+), which will take place at Christ’s Second Coming and will pit Satan and his ungodly allies against Christ and His forces (Rev. 19:11+-20:3+). This will be Satan’s ultimate challenge to Christ’s right to take tenant possession of the earth and rule it. The combined military might of rebellious mankind will be gathered to the precise location to which Christ will return to take possession of the earth, because Satan will want all the help he can get to try to prevent Christ from exercising His right (Ps. 2:1-3).³⁸

No portion of the roll is said to be unfolded and read; but simply the seals are successively opened, giving final access to its contents being read as a perfect whole, which shall not be until the events symbolized by the seals shall have been past, when Eph 3:10 shall receive its complete accomplishment, and the Lamb shall reveal God’s providential plans in redemption in all their manifold beauties. Thus the opening of the seals will mean the successive steps by which God in Christ clears the way for the final opening and reading of the book at the visible setting up of the kingdom of Christ.³⁹

See The Arrival of God’s Kingdom.

3.5.6 - Revelation 5:6 Open Bible at Rev. 5:6 Listen to Rev. 5:6

four living creatures

See commentary on Revelation 4:6.

the elders

See commentary on Revelation 4:4.

a Lamb

“When John turned, he saw, not a Lion, according to the Elder’s announcement, but a Lamb, according to the prior historical fact.”⁴⁰ For the Lion of Judah must first be the Lamb of God in order to purchase redemption and earn the right to go forth as a Lion in judgment. Here we see the character of God—grace and mercy preceding judgment.“In one brilliant stroke John portrays the central theme of NT revelation—victory through sacrifice.”⁴¹

Ἀρνίον [Arnion] , originally meant little lamb⁴² or young sheep.⁴³ “The imagery derives from the Passover, when Jewish families were required to keep the sacrificial lamb as a household pet for four days before sacrificing it (Ex. 12:3-6).”⁴⁴ The only other occurrence of arnion in the entire NT is John’s gospel, where it is used of the Christian community (John 21:15).⁴⁵ This is another indication that the same author wrote the book of John and the book of Revelation. See Authorship.⁴⁶ “In Revelation the name ‘Lamb’ (arnion, literally, ‘little lamb’) is used more often than any other name or title of Christ. John called Him the Lamb twenty-eight times.”⁴⁷

Twice in John’s gospel, John the Baptist refers to Jesus as “the Lamb of God,” referring to His impending sacrifice which will atone for the sins of the world (John 1:29, 36). Isaiah also described the Messiah as a sacrificial lamb, a passage which Philip explained to the Ethiopian eunuch (Isa. 53:7; Acts 8:32-35). Peter describes the precious, sinless blood of Christ “as of a lamb without blemish and spot,” an allusion to the Passover lamb whose blood “covered” the Israelites from the destroying angel in the plague which took the firstborn of Egypt (1Pe. 1:19 cf. Ex. 11:5-6; 12:3-13). In fulfillment of the requirement that no bones of the lamb may be broken (Ex. 12:46; Ps. 34:20), the Roman soldiers found Jesus already dead and did not break his legs as they did those of the thieves crucified beside him (John 19:33-36). Paul clearly understood Jesus to be the Passover lamb. “For indeed Christ, our Passover, was sacrificed for us” (1Cor. 5:7). It is by “the blood of the Lamb” that believers overcome the diabolos who “throws-against” them accusations (Rev. 12:11+), for it is the blood which cleanses them of sin and provides their white robes. It is the blood of Christ which provides for their eternal life as those who are written in the “Book of Life of the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world” (Rev. 13:8+).

The Lamb is to be contrasted with the beast throughout this book.⁴⁸ The second beast who “had two horns like a lamb” may be mistaken as this lamb by those who are deceived, but he speaks “like a dragon” (Rev. 13:11+). See Master Imitator. See A Lamb and a Beast.

stood

ἑστηκὸς [hestēkos] , perfect participle: having stood. The lamb had been there for some time. Having been seated to the right hand of the Father for millennia, Jesus now rises. The time of sharing the Father’s throne is rapidly drawing to a close. Once He takes the scroll, as the Root of David, He will initiate a series of irreversible events which will result in the establishment of the Davidic kingdom upon the earth. See commentary on Revelation 5:10.

as though it had been slain

ἐσφαγμένον [esphagmenon] , perfect passive participle: “of animals, especially when killed as a sacrifice slaughter, slay; metaphorically, of Jesus’ atoning death as the Lamb of God.”⁴⁹ By His one-time sacrifice, sin was rendered powerless to prevent those who trust in Him from right-standing before God (Heb. 9:26). It has been said, “the only man-made thing in heaven will be the scars of the Savior.” Isaiah informs us, “His visage was marred more than any man, and His form more than the sons of men” (Isa. 52:14). Heaven and earth will pass away and the former things will pass (Rev. 21:1+, 4+), but will the scars of Messiah ever be erased? For they serve as a testimony of His love, His resurrection from death (John 20:20, 27), and His identity as Redeemer (Luke 24:30-31).

The slaying of God’s own Son was not an afterthought in response to an unexpected rebellion. He was “slain from the foundation of the world” (Rev. 13:8+).⁵⁰ Peter informs us that He was “foreordained before the foundation of the world, but was manifest in these last times” (1Pe. 1:20). It was known from all eternity that Christ would come to die for the sin of the world: there is nothing which God has not seen and provided for in advance (Isa. 45:21). Even as early as Abraham, God provided a detailed picture of the atonement of the cross when Abraham was told to offer Isaac as a picture of another Father’s offering of another Son on the same mountain years yet future. As Abraham observed, “God will provide for Himself the lamb” (Gen. 22:8) and so He has! This is the pierced Lamb which “every eye will see,” “even they who pierced him” (Rev. 1:7+ cf. Zec. 12:10). Are you trusting in the slain Lamb, Who was foreordained for your redemption?

seven horns

“Here is the intimation that something more than sacrifice and intercession is now to be His business.”⁵¹ The horn is a biblical symbol denoting power or government (1S. 2:10; 2S. 22:3; Ps. 132:13-17). The seven horns indicate the complete power of Christ and the finality (completeness) of His kingdom. “As a horn is the emblem of power, and seven the number of perfection, the seven horns may denote the almighty power of Jesus Christ.”⁵² His is the only “everlasting dominion” and kingdom “which shall not be destroyed” (Dan. 7:14). Other “horns” have risen and fallen on the world stage (Dan. 7:7-8, 11, 20, 21, 24; 8:3-12, 20-22; Rev. 12:3+; 13:1+, 11+; 17:3+, 7+, 12+, 16+), but the “stone cut without hands” will strike all previous horns and smash them to pieces (Dan. 2:34, 45-46; 7:14). Christ is the horn of salvation from the lineage of the house of David (Luke 1:67-73):

And in the days of these kings the God of heaven will set up a kingdom which shall never be destroyed; and the kingdom shall not be left to other people; it shall break in pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand forever. Inasmuch as you saw that the stone was cut out of the mountain without hands, and that it broke in pieces the iron, the bronze, the clay, the silver, and the gold-the great God has made known to the king what will come to pass after this. The dream is certain, and its interpretation is sure. (Dan. 2:44-45)

Then to Him was given dominion and glory and a kingdom, that all peoples, nations, and languages should serve Him. His dominion is an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away, and His kingdom the one Which shall not be destroyed. (Dan. 7:14)

Therefore God also has highly exalted Him and given Him the name which is above every name, that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of those in heaven, and of those on earth, and of those under the earth, and that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father. (Php 2:9-11)

The seven horns may also allude to the conquest of Jericho by Joshua (his Hebrew name is Yehoshua meaning “YHWH saves,” corresponding to Jesus in Greek):

When the children of Israel first entered the land of Canaan to claim it for their own as God had promised, they encountered a wicked city barring their way. When in accord with God’s command, the priests took “seven trumpets of ram’s horns,” the walls of Jericho tumbled down and the city and its alien inhabitants were destroyed. Thus, these “seven horns” on the Lamb may well have recalled to John the seven ram’s horns of Joshua, and their effectiveness in enabling the people of God to enter on their inheritance in God’s land of promise.⁵³

Another similarity with the Book of Joshua is found in the pouring forth of the seventh bowl—subsumed within the sounding of the seventh trumpet—when the mighty city of Babylon is destroyed (Rev. 16:17-19+).

seven eyes

As the text says, these are the seven Spirits of God. Commenting on the related passage in Zec. 3:9, Baron explains:

The manifold intelligence or omniscience of this “Living Stone”—the seven reminding us of the sevenfold plenitude of the One Spirit of Jehovah, “the spirit of wisdom and understanding, the spirit of counsel and might, the spirit of knowledge and of the fear of the Jehovah,” which should rest upon Him, and which was so wonderfully fulfilled in Him whom the New Testament seer beheld as the Lamb which had been slain [Rev. 5:6+].⁵⁴

Three grand qualities of the Goel [kinsman-redeemer] are thus brought to view;—first, sacrificial virtue, to take away sin; second, aggressive strength to conquer and to overcome all foes; and third, perfect and universal intelligence, direct from the indwelling Spirit of God in all its fulness.⁵⁵

See commentary on Revelation 1:4.

sent out

ἀπεσταλμένοι [apestalmenoi] , perfect passive participle: having been sent out. They were sent in the past and by now have already seen all (Zec. 4:2-10). The eyes indicate omniscience and the complete knowledge of all that is hidden for perfect judgment. There is no secret which these eyes have not viewed (Ecc. 12:14; Isa. 29:15; 40:27; Mat. 10:26; Mark 4:22; Luke 8:17; 12:2; Rom. 2:16; 1Cor. 4:5). See commentary on Revelation 1:14.

3.5.7 - Revelation 5:7 Open Bible at Rev. 5:7 Listen to Rev. 5:7

took the scroll

εἴληφεν [eilēphen] , perfect tense. An aorist use of the perfect tense encountered in narratives.⁵⁶ The emphasis is on the past action rather than the continuing results. “The Greek conveys a dramatic action in the tense of the verb ‘took’ (perhaps a dramatic perfect?): ‘He went up and took it, and now he has it.’ ”⁵⁷ Having stood, Christ now takes the scroll out of the hand of the Father. As Christ initiates these actions, the world slumbers below, oblivious to the thief approaching in their night.⁵⁸ “He who moved at first to create, now moves to restore. . . . The Lamb Becomes a Lion . . . in the scene before us Christ is not on the Father’s throne; the age of His intercession has come to a close. We shall see Him acting in an entirely new character. . . . The age of the Church is over. This is now prophecy of the future.”⁵⁹

Here is a pivotal moment in history, second only to the crucifixion in its import. “This is the sublimest individual act recorded in the Apocalypse. It is the act which includes all that suffering creation, and the disinherited saints of God have been sighing, and crying, and waiting for, for all these long ages—for six thousand years of grief and sorrow.”⁶⁰ “His taking of the scroll marks the initiation of proceedings to convert its contents into reality and eventually usher in the promised kingdom.”⁶¹

After age-upon-age of death, murder, disease, and sin—while countless bones piled upon the earth below—God has waited in patience so that all that would come to Him would respond (2Pe. 3:9). Even since the cross, where the cost of sin was paid in full, justice has slept due to grace. With the Lamb’s taking of the scroll, the events of history take a turn toward the impending redemption of all that is God’s from the dominion of Satan and sin. Once the Lamb rises from the right hand of the Father to take the scroll, the die is cast and the program leading to the redemption of the created order moves now in rapid succession. The Son of God has begun to take the nations for His inheritance (Ps. 2:8; 82:8). He is now about to take possession of that which has been His since the cross, an everlasting dominion which shall not pass away—the one kingdom which shall not be destroyed (Dan. 7:14, 27). When the last of the seals has been loosed, triggering the trumpet and bowl judgments, it will be said, “The kingdoms of this world have become the kingdoms of our Lord and of His Christ, and He shall reign forever and ever!” (Rev. 11:15+).“This marks the beginning of the end of the groaning of Rom. 8:22.”⁶²

This is no gradual conversion of the world to Christ, but the initiation of a dramatic, cataclysmic intervention into His history to reject Satan and unrepentant earth dwellers. See Trouble Ahead.

3.5.8 - Revelation 5:8 Open Bible at Rev. 5:8 Listen to Rev. 5:8

living creatures

See commentary on Revelation 4:6.

twenty-four elders

See commentary on Revelation 4:4.

fell down

The living creatures and elders repeatedly fall before the throne in adoration and worship (Rev. 4:10+; 5:14+; 19:4+).

harp

Harps are played by the 144,000 from the twelve tribes of Israel (Rev. 14:1-3+) and all those who have victory over the beast by refusing to take the mark and worship him (Rev. 15:2+). The Levites used harps as part of their priestly service ministering to God (2Chr. 5:12; 29:25), as did the psalmist (Ps. 33:2; 43:4; 71:22; 92:3; 149:3; 150:3).

golden bowls full of incense which are the prayers of the saints

It was at the hour of incense that the people were praying when the angel of the Lord appeared to Zacharias announcing the birth of John the Baptist (Luke 1:10). The prayers of the saints—many of which have remained without answer for thousands of years— will find their fulfillment in the events to come (Rev. 19:1-2+). Later, similar bowls will contain the wrath of God (Rev. 15:7+). It seems we are to see a correlation between the prayers of the saints offered up to God as incense and the resulting vengeance poured forth as God’s wrath. Prior to the sounding of the seven trumpets, an angel offers the prayers of the saints with incense on an altar before God. He then exchanges the contents of the censer for fire from the altar and throws it to the earth resulting in “thunderings, lightnings, and an earthquake”—all sounds of impending judgment (Rev. 8:3-5+).

The continual cries of God’s elect throughout history are like the fragrance of incense which rises to God (Ps. 141:1-2). “And shall God not avenge His own elect who cry out day and night to Him, though He bears long with them?” (Luke 18:7). Malachi spoke of a time when incense would be offered to God, not just in the Temple, but across the entire world. Not just by the priests of Israel, but by all the Gentiles. This offering pictures the global prayer which even now ascends from the saints as a memorial to His throne (Mal. 1:11; Acts 10:4). When on our knees we are contributing to the contents of these bowls. “And who can reckon up the volumes and oceans of such entreaties, which remain to this day unanswered? But, not one of them is lost. They are carefully treasured in golden bowls.”⁶³

Why are harps and bowls full of incense, which are the prayers of the saints (Rev. 5:8+), connected with the Lamb’s taking the book of the inheritance? Did the prayers of the saints bring about this scene? Would our Lord have commanded His disciples to pray “Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done, as in heaven, so on earth,” if (a) God had not meant to bring this to pass, and (b) if the prayers of the saints were not a vital factor in bringing about this glorious result?⁶⁴

Some view only the elders as possessing the harps and bowls. “The fact is that the details of the following description are not appropriate to the living beings. To see them as possessing harps and bowls is unnatural, and to attribute to them priestly functions ignores the priestly function that is distinctive to the elders (Swete; Charles; Lenski).”⁶⁵ Although one of the living creatures handles a golden bowl later in the Apocalypse (Rev. 15:7+), this bowl is full of wrath and is not seen to reflect a priestly function whereas the golden bowls of incense are priestly in function (Lev. 4:7; Num. 4:16; 1S. 2:28).

3.5.9 - Revelation 5:9 Open Bible at Rev. 5:9 Listen to Rev. 5:9

they sang

ᾳ῎δουσιν [adousin] , present tense: they are singing. A historical present which describes an event which has already transpired using the present tense for heightened vividness which transports the reader to the time of the action. In the OT, the tribe of Judah (meaning “praise,” Gen. 29:35) led the way into battle and so it is here (Jdg. 20:18). These scenes of ecstatic heavenly worship are as lofty as the judgments which follow are severe.

Both the living creatures and the elders sing this song. This has caused some to favor the variant reading of this verse which omits the “we” from the redeemed because the living creatures, being of an angelic order, are not among the redeemed.⁶⁶ See below.

The Adoration of the Lamb

The Adoration of the Lamb⁶⁷

a new song

New is καινὴν [kainēn] , new in quality. The new aspect of the song may be worship motivated by the impending opening of the scroll which for so many years has remained untouched. The words of this song record the unique initiation by the Lamb of the events which rapidly lead to the climax of history and the establishment of His kingdom.

open its seals

See commentary on Revelation 5:5. See Revelation 6:1+.

You were slain

See commentary on Revelation 5:6.

your redeemed us

ἠγόρασας [ēgorasas] : “Literally buy, purchase, do business in the marketplace (Mat. 13.44); figuratively, as being no longer controlled by sin set free; from the analogy of buying a slave’s freedom for a price paid by a benefactor redeem (1Cor. 6:20).”⁶⁸ Redemption involves a purchase and those who are purchased are no longer their own (1Cor. 6:20; 7:23; 2Pe. 2:1). The purchased price for those redeemed was not made with corruptible things like silver and gold (1Pe. 1:18), but by the life of the Son of Man Who gave “His life a ransom for many” (Mat. 20:28). The redemption in view is both soteriological (individual souls are reconciled to God) and eschatological (the original creation will be restored at last).

Redemption has its roots and foundations in the past, but its true realization lies in the future, and connects directly with the period and transactions to which our text relates. The Scriptures everywhere point forward to Christ’s Apocalypse, as the time when first the mystery shall be finished, and the long process reach its proper consummation.⁶⁹

This is similar to Boaz’s redemption of land for Naomi (Ru. 4:1-11). Like Boaz, Jesus is the Goel. The term Goel describes the person who is next of kin and his respective duties as kinsman-redeemer: to buy back what his poor brother has sold and cannot himself regain (Lev. 25:25-26); to avenge any wrong done to a next of kin, particularly murder (Num. 35:12-27); to purchase land belonging to one deceased who was next of kin and to marry his widow and to raise up children for the deceased (Ru. 2:20; 4:14).

There are small variations in the manuscript evidence for verses 9 and 10 which impinge on a significant theological issue: the identity of the twenty-four elders. Are the elders included among the redeemed or not? The TR text for these two verses (reflected in the KJV and NKJV) is shown below. We have marked the places where other manuscripts differ.

. . . For you were slain and have redeemed usA to God by Your blood out of every tribe and tongue and people and nation, and have made usB kings and priests to our God; and weC shall reign on the earth. (Rev. 5:9-10+, NKJV)

A - All manuscripts read “us” (ἡμα῀ς [hēmas] ) with a single exception: Codex Alexandrinus from the fifth century omits the word.⁷⁰

B - All manuscripts read “made them” (αὐτοὺς [autous] ) with a single exception: Textus Receptus which reads “us” (ἡμα῀ς [hēmas] ).⁷¹

C - All manuscripts read “they shall reign” (βασιλευσουσιν [basileusousin] or βασιλευουσιν [basileuousin] ) with a single exception: Textus Receptus which reads “we shall reign” (βασιλευσομεν [basileusomen] ).⁷²

The manuscript evidence for “us” in verse 9 is overwhelming:

Tregelles retains “us,” remarking “in verse 9, eemas, ‘us,’ should certainly be read. There was an opinion, many years ago, that it rested on but slight authority. This arose through an error in a reprint of Griesbach’s text; so that he was supposed to have excluded it. On this misprint interpretations were based. Now of all collated manuscripts, the Codex Alexandrinus alone omits eemas (and this is thought to have some support from the Ethiopic version); and one manuscript has eemon instead. The consent of the ancient versions has much weight in a case of this kind. It is surprising that some later editors have omitted it only on the authority mentioned.” [S. P. Tregelles, The Hope of Christ’s Second Coming, p. 69, 70 note].⁷³

Some critics and expositors have rejected this ἡμα῀ς [hēmas] (us), for the reason that it is omitted in the Codex Alexandrinus, and in the Ethiopic version; though the latter is not much more than a loose paraphrase. The Codex Sinaiticus, however, which was discovered in 1860, and which is of equal antiquity and authority with the Codex Alexandrinus, contains it. The Codex Basilianus, in the Vatican, contains it. The Latin, Coptic or Memphitic, and Armenian, which are of great value, contain it. And so do all other manuscripts and versions. And to discredit it simply and only because it does not appear in that one single Codex of Alexandria, is most unreasonable and unjust to the weight of authority for its retention.⁷⁴

Here we encounter an excellent example of the arbitrary and subjective nature of textual criticism underwriting the NU text which omits “us.” The motives are no doubt well-intentioned as is the logic—once applied. But the guidelines employed in the selection of the preferred text from among the variant readings are flawed. Proponents of the Critical Text attempt to pass off as scientific analysis that which is largely arbitrary. For it is impossible to accurately restore an original text when subjective guesswork, hundreds of years after-the-fact, guides the selection process. The approach relies heavily on heuristics: general guidelines which seem to make sense, but which cannot be known to actually reflect the facts. And therein lies the vulnerability of the method. In the case at hand, we have “us” in every significant manuscript known with the exception of one. But that doesn’t deter the “logic” of textual criticism which arrives at a conclusion rejecting the overwhelming evidence in favor of the one exceptional reading:⁷⁵

Although the evidence for τῶι θεῶι [tō theō] is slight, . . . this reading best accounts for the origin of the others. Wishing to provide ἠγόρασας [ēgorasas] with a more exactly determined object than is found in the words ἐκ πάσης φυλῆς κ.τ.λ. [ek pasēs phylēs kṭl] , some scribes introduced ἡμα῀ς [hēmas] either before τῶι θεῶι [tō theō] (94 2344 al) or after τῶι θεῶι [tō theō] (א 046 1006 1611 2053 al), while others replaced τῶι θεῶι [tō theō] with ἡμα῀ς [hēmas] (1 2065* Cyprian al). Those who made the emendations, however, overlooked the unsuitability of ἡμα῀ς [hēmas] with αὐτούς [autous] in the following verse (where, indeed, the Textus Receptus reads ἡμα῀ς [hēmas] , but with quite inadequate authority).⁷⁶

A number of internal factors militate against the inclusion of ἡμα῀ς [hēmas] as part of the text of the autograph. A most obvious one is the impossibility of reconciling the first person plural with the third person plurals what are clearly the correct readings in the next verse. . . . Such an abrupt switch from first person to third person renders the language of the song meaningless, so the reading must be judged as impossible.⁷⁷

Here we see a bias of scholars of our age who frequently assume that those before us lacked the necessary care or intelligence to handle the text: they “overlooked the unsuitability . . . in the following verse.” They would have us believe that for hundreds of years, scribes preserved an “obvious” error which “renders . . . the song meaningless.” Centuries later, appealing to arbitrary and subjective guesswork, these critics reject the majority witness and elevate the single minority variant while claiming to “restore” the proper text. Such is the science of textual criticism.

While we recognize the need for textual criticism, we regret that often arbitrary and unverifiable suppositions are given precedence over manuscript evidence leading to questionable conclusions as here.

Part of the motivation for expunging “us” from this verse comes from a desire, possibly misplaced, to bring verse 9 into conformity with the majority of manuscripts which have “them” rather than “us” in verse 10: “Indeed, all the critical authorities are unanimous in substituting the 3rd person for the 1st in the next verse [verse 10]. But if so, then we must have the 3rd person here and not the 1st person.”⁷⁸ There are two liabilities which attend such reasoning:

There are other possible explanations for why both 1st person (“us”) and 3rd person (“them”) may appear within the same song. For one, both the living creatures and the elders sing the song. Perhaps the living creatures exclude themselves (“them”) while the elders include themselves (“us”) within the company of the redeemed. “Revelation 5:9+ has content that is appropriate to humans (the elders), while verse 10+ is appropriate for angelic singers (the cherubs). John did not explain the arrangement of singers, but his words allow for an antiphonal arrangement.”⁷⁹ Also, singing a song in both the 1st person and 3rd person is not without precedent (see below). “The Hebrew construction of the third person for the first, has a graphic relation to the redeemed, and also has a more modest sound than us, priests [Bengel].”⁸⁰ More likely, “The use of them instead of ‘us’ indicates the vastness and comprehensiveness of redemption. The twenty-four elders move beyond themselves to sweep up all the saints of all the ages into their paean of praise and adoration.”⁸¹

One of the tenets of textual criticism is to favor the more difficult rendering. We suggest that the very existence of a majority witness which contains “us” in verse 9 and “them” in verse 10 provides ample evidence of the more difficult rendering. For scribes lacking in reverence for every word of the text would have likely “rectified” this tension (as do the modern critics), yet they did not.⁸²

Pentecost provides an explanation for the variations which does not require jettisoning the majority witness of “us” in verse 9:

Some have sought to dissociate the elders from the redemption of which they sing (Rev. 5:9+) by deleting the word “us” from the text, affirming on that basis that these could not be the representatives of the church. On this point several things are to be observed. First, there is good manuscript evidence to include the word in the text. The word need not be deleted on textual grounds. In the second place, even if it were to be deleted it does not mean that the elders were not singing of their own redemption. In Exodus 15:13, 17, where Moses and the people of Israel are praising God for His judgment, which they manifestly experienced themselves, they sing in the third person. Scripture gives precedent, therefore, for dealing with that which is subjective as an objective fact. And in the third place, if the word were omitted and it could be proved that they were singing about a redemption which they did not experience themselves, it need not prove that the elders are not the church, for as the elders are brought into a knowledge of the judgments of God being poured out on the earth they anticipate the victory of the saints who are on the earth through these experiences and they can praise God for the redemption of these from “every kindred, and tongue, and people, and nation” (Rev. 5:9+) who have experienced the tribulation, been saved in it, and who will be made “kings and priests, and shall reign on the earth,” (Rev. 5:10+; 20:6+).⁸³

by your blood

A bloodless gospel is no gospel. Without the shedding of blood there is no remission of sin. The redeemed of this age are “the church of God which He purchased with His own blood” [emphasis added] (Acts 20:28). Redemption provides for the forgiveness of sin—that which separates man from God—and was made possible “through His blood” [emphasis added] (Col. 1:14). This is the reason why Christ’s blood is said to be “precious” (1Pe. 1:19).⁸⁴ See commentary on Revelation 1:5.

every tribe and tongue and people and nation

The global emphasis of this book is seen in this phrase and similar. The redeemed come out of “all nations, tribes, peoples, and tongues” (Rev. 7:9+). John is told to prophesy about many “peoples, nations, tongues, and kings” (Rev. 10:11+). The earth dwellers, who rejoice over the death of the two witnesses, represent the “peoples, tribes, tongues, and nations” (Rev. 11:9+). The worldwide scope of the Antichrist’s power is seen in that he is granted authority over “every tribe, tongue, and nation” (Rev. 13:7+). The gospel is preached by an angel to “every nation, tribe, tongue, and people” (Rev. 14:6+). The waters upon which the harlot sits “are peoples, multitudes, nations, and tongues” (Rev. 17:1+, 15+). The work of the Church is to reach these global peoples with the message of the gospel (Mark 16:15) and results in a global harvest of incredible diversity. The four categories denote global extent. See Four: the Entire World, the Earth.

Behind phylēs (“tribe”) is the idea of the same descent. It is a group belonging to the same clan and united by family lineage (Lenski; Haily). People speaking the same language are intended in glōssēs (“tongue”) (cf. Acts 2:4, 6, 8, 11) (Lenski; Hailey). Laou (“people”) unites a people of the same race or stock (Hailey) or possibly of the same interests (Lenski). The group indicated by ethnous (“nation”) is one bound together by political unity (Lenski) or perhaps, more broadly, by habits, customs, and peculiarities [Cremer].⁸⁵

These facts all stand against the preterist interpretation which would localize these passages to Jerusalem and the Mediterranean attending the fall of Jerusalem in A.D. 70 or the subsequent fall of Rome.

3.5.10 - Revelation 5:10 Open Bible at Rev. 5:10 Listen to Rev. 5:10

have made us

The TR text reads as shown. The MT and NU texts read “have made them.” See discussion concerning textual variants in the preceding verse.

kings and priests

The TR and MT texts read as shown. The NU text reads “a kingdom of priests.” A similar variation attends Revelation 1:6+ where the TR text reads as shown, but the MT text agrees with the NU text as shown here. See commentary on preceding verse. See commentary on Revelation 1:6.

As priests, believers are ministers of the new covenant—not of the letter, but of the Spirit (2Cor. 3:6). They offer up spiritual sacrifices acceptable to God (1Pe. 2:5) while proclaiming His praises (1Pe. 2:9). They minister to God as priests and share His reign as kings (Dan. 7:27; Rev. 2:26-27+; 3:21+; Rev. 20:6+). “Though believers are currently viewed as a royal priesthood (1Pe. 2:5, 9; cf. Ex. 19:6), this is only preliminary to the fullness of the way they will function alongside Christ in the Millennial Kingdom.”⁸⁶ See commentary on Revelation 2:26, Revelation 3:21, and Revelation 20:6.

we shall reign on the earth

The TR text reads as shown. The MT and NU texts read “they shall rule.” See discussion concerning textual variants in the preceding verse.

This is the same promise made earlier to the overcomer in Thyatira and Laodicea. The saints will be given power over the nations and will co-rule with Christ (Rev. 2:26-27+). They will sit with Him on His throne (Rev. 3:21+). They shall reign (future tense) on the earth in fulfillment of the familiar petition within the “Lord’s Prayer”: Your kingdom come, Your will be done on earth as it is in heaven (Mat. 6:10). The rule will be upon His throne, not upon the throne of the Father where He currently is seated. This occurs at the Millennial Kingdom following His appearing (2Ti. 4:1; Rev. 20:4-6+). The psalm writer said, “those who wait on the LORD, they shall inherit the earth” [emphasis added] (Ps. 37:9b). Jesus said, “Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth” [emphasis added] (Mat. 5:5). There is real, physical land involved in the redemption which pours forth from this book. The taking back of man’s dominion over the earth which was lost by Adam (Gen. 1:26, 28), and the restoration of Israel to the Promised Land (Amos 9:13-15).⁸⁷ See commentary on Revelation 3:21.

Some argue that a future earthly kingdom is out-of-step with the spiritual glories of the gospel. Yet it is completely in keeping with the promises found throughout the OT.

But strangely enough, some of the very men who are so scornful of the alleged “materialism” of a Millennial Kingdom, are the most insistent that the Church today must make effective in society what they call the social and moral ideals of the present kingdom of God. Thus, it is our duty to vote the right ticket politically, give to the Red Cross, help the Boy Scouts, support the United Nations, endow hospitals, etc. But if a “spiritual” kingdom can and should produce such effects at the present time through the very imperfect agency of sinful men, why cannot the same thing be true in larger measure in the coming age when the rule of God will be mediated more perfectly and powerfully through the Eternal Son personally present among men as the Mediatorial King? ... The reasoning of such men at times seems very curious. If physicians conquer disease, if scientists eliminate certain physical hazards, if by legislation governments improve the quality of human existence, if wise statesmen succeed in preventing a war, etc.,—these things are often cited as evidence of the progress of a present Kingdom of God. But if the Lord Jesus Christ Himself returns to earth in person to accomplish these same things, more perfectly and universally, then we are told that such a kingdom would be “carnal.”⁸⁸

Some people tell us that it is quite too low and coarse a thing to think of the earth in connection with the final bliss of the saints. They preach that we do but degrade and pervert the exalted things of holy Scripture, when we hint the declaration of the wise man, that “the earth endureth forever,” and that over it the glorious and everlasting kingdom of Christ and His saints, is to be established in literal reality. But if the ransomed in heaven, with golden crowns upon their brows, kneeling at the feet of the Lamb, before the very throne of God, and with the prayers of all the saints, and the predictions of all the prophets in their hands, could sing of it as one of the elements of their loftiest hopes and joys, I beg to turn a deaf ear to the surly cry of “carnal”—“sensual”—“unspiritual”—which some would turn me from “the blessed hope.” Shall the saints in glory shout “We shall reign on the earth,” and we be accounted heretics for believing that they knew what they were saying?⁸⁹

3.5.11 - Revelation 5:11 Open Bible at Rev. 5:11 Listen to Rev. 5:11

living creatures

See commentary on Revelation 4:6.

elders

In favor of the view that the elders are the redeemed, they are distinguished from angels both here and in Revelation 7:11+. See commentary on Revelation 4:4.

ten thousand times ten thousand

μυριάδες μυριάδων [myriades myriadōn] , myriads of myriads, a countless multitude. A similar phrase describes the demonic horsemen, δισμυριάδες μυριάδων [dismyriades myriadōn] , two myriads of myriads. Assuming demons are fallen angels, and only one-third of the angels fell (Rev. 12:4+), then the total number of the elect angels is truly staggering, essentially innumerable (Job 25:3; Ps. 68:17; Dan. 7:10; Mat. 26:53; Luke 2:13-14; Heb. 12:22).

3.5.12 - Revelation 5:12 Open Bible at Rev. 5:12 Listen to Rev. 5:12

the Lamb who was slain

See commentary on Revelation 5:6.

power . . . honor . . . glory

The same three which were earlier given to the Father in worship (Rev. 4:10-11+) are now given to the Lamb. Yet, Scripture records that God will not give His glory to another (Isa. 42:8; 48:11). Jesus taught, “that all should honor the Son just as they honor the Father. He who does not honor the Son does not honor the Father who sent Him” [emphasis added] (John 5:23). Thus He prayed, “And now, O Father, glorify Me together with Yourself, with the glory which I had with You before the world was” (John 17:5). What greater statement of divinity could Jesus have made than this? “Therefore, it is proper to worship the Son, even as it is proper to worship the Father, for here it has been shown that Father and Son receive the same worship.”⁹⁰ Indeed, Jesus frequently received worship at His First Coming (Mat. 2:2; 14:33; 15:25; 28:9; 28:17; Mark 5:6; Luke 24:52; John 9:38; 20:28). Once again, we see that Jesus is God. See commentary on Revelation 1:17.

This scene contrasts markedly with the crucifixion, an event in which all humanity rebelled against its Creator and thought to kill Him so that it could go its own irresponsible, independent way. Here, at last, Jesus Christ receives His due: full acclaim and acknowledgment by every created thing.⁹¹

3.5.13 - Revelation 5:13 Open Bible at Rev. 5:13 Listen to Rev. 5:13

every creature

All that is creaturely worships the Creator. This alone establishes that Jesus is not a created being—for worship of any creature, no matter how high, is blasphemous idolatry (Rev. 22:8-9+).

Therefore God also has highly exalted Him and given Him the name which is above every name, that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of those in heaven, and of those on earth, and of those under the earth, and that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father. (Php 2:9-11)

in heaven and on the earth and under the earth and such as are in the sea

All of the created order—no matter their location—pay homage to the Father and the Son (Ps. 148:7-10; Php. 2:10). The fourfold division of the phrase denotes the universal creation, similar to how the heavens and the earth are used (Gen. 1:1), or under the earth may refer to those in Hades: both demons in the bottomless pit (Luke 8:31; Rev. 9:1-2+; 9:11+; 11:7+; 17:8+) and the unsaved dead who await final judgment (Rev. 20:13+). See Four: the Entire World, the Earth. Whether visible (the material realm) or invisible (the spiritual realm), all is dependent for existence every moment upon the favor and will of God. It is in this sense that Jesus is the “Beginning” and “Firstborn” over creation (Col. 1:15; 3:14).

He is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn over all creation. For by Him all things were created that are in heaven and that are on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or dominions or principalities or powers. All things were created through Him and for Him. And He is before all things, and in Him all things consist. (Col. 1:15-17)

to Him who sits on the throne and to the Lamb

Both the Father and the Lamb receive equal worship. An astounding indication of the Deity of Christ and the Trinity! Only in the eternal state will we be able to fully apprehend the glory of the Father and the Son (John 17:24).

I urge you in the sight of God who gives life to all things, and before Christ Jesus who witnessed the good confession before Pontius Pilate, that you keep this commandment without spot, blameless until our Lord Jesus Christ’s appearing, which He will manifest in His own time, He who is the blessed and only Potentate, the King of kings and Lord of lords, who alone has immortality, dwelling in unapproachable light, whom no man has seen or can see, to whom be honor and everlasting power. Amen. (1Ti 6:13-16) [emphasis added]

See commentary on Revelation 5:12. See Worship of God.

3.5.14 - Revelation 5:14 Open Bible at Rev. 5:14 Listen to Rev. 5:14

living creatures

See commentary on Revelation 4:6.

twenty-four elders

See commentary on Revelation 4:4. The NU and MT texts omit twenty-four.

Him who lives forever and ever

Omitted from the NU and MT texts. See commentary on Revelation 1:8, Revelation 1:11, and Revelation 1:18.

Notes

¹ J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 118.

² E. W. Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1984, 1935), 233.

³ G. E. Ladd, “Revelation, Book of,” in Geoffrey W. Bromiley, ed., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979, 1915), 4:174.

⁴ Renald E. Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come (Bellmawr, NJ: The Friends of Israel Gospel Ministry, 1995), 97.

⁵ Ibid., 82.

⁶ Gottlob Schrenk, “Biblion,” in Gerhard Kittel, Geoffrey William Bromily, and Gerhard Friedrich, eds., Theological Dictionary of the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1964-c1976), s.v. “Biblion.”

⁷ Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 1-7 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1992), 379.

⁸ Henry Morris, The Revelation Record (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1983), 96.

⁹ Renald E. Showers, The Pre-Wrath Rapture View (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 43.

¹⁰ Alan F. Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 71.

¹¹ Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 81, 88.

¹² Ibid., 111.

¹³ Ibid., 96.

¹⁴ Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, 71.

¹⁵ John MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1999), Rev. 5:2.

¹⁶ Merrill C. Tenney, Interpreting Revelation (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1957), 130.

¹⁷ Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 84.

¹⁸ Ibid., 85.

¹⁹ Showers, The Pre-Wrath Rapture View, 53.

²⁰ Tenney, Interpreting Revelation, 126.

²¹ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 118.

²² MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, 162.

²³ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 114.

²⁴ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, 165.

²⁵ Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, 71.

²⁶ “The prohibition is of the cessation of some act that is already in progress. It has the idea, Stop continuing.”—Daniel B. Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics - Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House and Galaxie Software, 1999, 2002), 720.

²⁷ Erich Sauer, The Dawn of World Redemption (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdman’s Publishing Company, 1951, c1964), 157.

²⁸ Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, Messianic Christology (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 1998), 22.

²⁹ For more on the Davidic Covenant, see 2S. 7:8-17, 19; 23:5; 1K. 11:36; 15:4; 2K. 8:19; 1Chr. 17:9-16, 27; 22:10; 2Chr. 6:15-17; 7:18; 13:5; 21:7; Ps. 2:6-8; 89:3-4; Ps 89:19-51; 132:10-12; Isa. 9:7; 11:1; 37:35; 55:3; Jer. 22:30; 23:5-6; 30:9; 33:14-17, 19-26; 36:30; Eze. 37:24-25; Hos. 3:4-5; Amos 9:11-12; Luke 1:32-33, 69-70; Acts 2:29-32; 13:22-23, 32-37; 15:16-17; Rom. 9:4.

³⁰ Line of Messiah: Gen. 3:15; 9:1, 26; 12:2; 17:19; 21:12; 22:18; 25:23; 26:5, 2; 27:27; 28:3, 13-15; 32:9; 35:11; 48:4; 49:10; 2S. 7:12-16; 1Chr. 17:11; Jer. 22:30; 36:30; Luke 1:33.

³¹ “As the ‘root’ of David, He existed before David, that is, He is eternal. And as the ‘offspring’ or descendant of David, He is the rightful Heir to the throne of David, and the One who will fulfill the covenanted blessings promised to David.”—Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 93. “Not merely ‘a sucker come up from David’s ancient root’ (as Alford limits it), but also including the idea of His being Himself the root and origin of David: compare these two truths brought together, Mat. 22:42-45. Hence He is called not merely Son of David, but also David. He is at once ‘the branch’ of David, and ‘the root’ of David.”—A. R. Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” in Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997, 1877), Rev. 5:5.

³² Thomas, Revelation 1-7, Rev. 5:5.

³³ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, 167.

³⁴ Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 92.

³⁵ Ibid., 90.

³⁶ “ ‘The Messiah shall be called Shiloh to indicate that he was born of a woman and would therefore not be a divine being.’ The amniotic sac in which the fetus is formed in the womb is called the shilyah in Hebrew. This is similar to sheloh, the Hebrew word for Shiloh. This is one of the rabbinic arguments against the divinity of Messiah.”—Fruchtenbaum, Messianic Christology, 23. Rabbinic interpretation associated the title Shiloh with the Messiah: a midrash takes “Shiloh” to refer to “King Messiah” (Genesis R. 98.13), the Babylonian Talmud lists “Shi’loh” as one of the names of the Messiah (Sanhedrin 98b), and Medieval Jewish Biblical expositor Rashi makes the following comment: “Shiloh - i.e. King Messiah whose is the Kingdom.” Note that Eze. 21:25-27 was given to Zedekiah, the last king of the Davidic dynasty.

³⁷ Robert Anderson, The Coming Prince (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1957), 173.

³⁸ Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 94.

³⁹ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 5:1.

⁴⁰ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, 237.

⁴¹ Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977), 144.

⁴² Although the diminutive sense may have no longer been the sense by NT times. [Frederick William Danker and Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 108]

⁴³ Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, 72.

⁴⁴ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, 167.

⁴⁵ Arnion occurs in the Septuagint at Ps. 114:4, 6; Jer. 11:19; 50:45.

⁴⁶ Jesus as the “Lamb” in Revelation: Rev. 5:6+, 8+, 12-13+; 6:1+, 16+; 7:9-10+, 14+, 17+; 12:11+; 13:8+, 11+; 14:1+, 4+, 10+; 15:3+; 17:14+; 19:7+, 9+; 21:9+, 14+, 22-23+, 27+; 22:1+, 3+.

⁴⁷ Harold D. Foos, “Christology in the Book of Revelation,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 106.

⁴⁸ “Another object of the form Greek, arnion, the Lamb, is to put Him in the more marked contrast to Greek, therion, the Beast.”—Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 5:6. The beast in Revelation: Rev. 11:7+; 13:1-4+, 11-12+, 14-15+, 17-18+; 14:9+, 11+; 15:2+; 16:2+, 10+, 13+; 17:3+, 7-8+, 11-13+, 16-17+; 19:19-20+; 20:4+, 10+.

⁴⁹ Timothy Friberg, Barbara Friberg, and Neva F. Miller, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2000), 371.

⁵⁰ Passages related to the foundation of the world: Gen. 1:1; Pr. 8:29; Mat. 13:35; 25:34; Luke 11:50; John 1:1; 17:24; Eph. 1:4; Heb. 4:3; 9:26; 1Pe. 1:20; Rev. 13:8+; 17:8+.

⁵¹ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 116.

⁵² Jerome Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1992), Rev. 5:6.

⁵³ Morris, The Revelation Record, 101.

⁵⁴ David Baron, Zechariah: A Commentary On His Visions And Prophecies (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1918), 116.

⁵⁵ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 117.

⁵⁶ Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics - Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament, 578.

⁵⁷ Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, 72.

⁵⁸ Mat. 24:43; Luke 12:39; John 12:6; 1Th. 5:2, 4; 2Pe. 3:10; Rev. 3:3+; 16:15+.

⁵⁹ Donald Grey Barnhouse, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1971), 98, 100.

⁶⁰ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 117.

⁶¹ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, Rev. 5:8.

⁶² Monty S. Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John (Dallas, TX: 3E Ministries, 1987), Rev. 5:5.

⁶³ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 118.

⁶⁴ William R. Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1994,c1935), 97.

⁶⁵ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, Rev. 5:8.

⁶⁶ [Barnhouse, Revelation, 110] raises the question as to whether the living creatures may participate in the song having a personal experience of redemption. We feel this view has little merit. For one, Scripture is entirely silent as to this possibility. For another, upon what basis would angelic redemption be based? For Christ came as the God-man, born of a woman to regain that which was lost by the first man Adam. How could fallen angels profit from human redemption? Our ignorance concerning the angelic realm is only surpassed by our tendency toward unprofitable speculation concerning that which we cannot know.

⁶⁷ Albrecht Durer (1471 - 1528). Image courtesy of the Connecticut College Wetmore Print Collection.

⁶⁸ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 33.

⁶⁹ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 111.

⁷⁰ Zane C. Hodges and Arthur L. Farstad, The Greek New Testament According To The Majority Text (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishing, 1985), Rev. 5:9.

⁷¹ Ibid., Rev. 5:10.

⁷² Ibid.

⁷³ Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, Rev. 5:9.

⁷⁴ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 108*.

⁷⁵ Regarding the identification of the twenty-four elders as angels, Thomas who holds such a view, observes: “If any one of the three readings including ἡμα῀ς [hēmas] is correct, it would mean that those singing this song are among the redeemed. This would necessitate a reconsideration of the conclusions reached above regarding the identities of the four living beings and twenty-four elders [as angels]. Unquestionable manuscript support for inclusion of the pronoun is impressive.”—Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 410.

⁷⁶ Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament (Stuttgart, Germany: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1994), 666.

⁷⁷ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 410.

⁷⁸ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, 242.

⁷⁹ John Niemelä, The Twenty-Four Elders and the Rapture (Orange, CA: Chafer Theological Seminary, 2005), 5.

⁸⁰ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 5:9.

⁸¹ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, 172.

⁸² This passage illustrates the elasticity of the tenets of textual criticism and how easily its practitioners abandon their own grammatical heuristics when it seems useful.

⁸³ J. Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1958), 257.

⁸⁴ Characteristics of Christ’s blood: Gen. 9:4; Ex. 12:23; 24:8; Lev. 17:11; Isa. 52:15; Zec. 9:11; Mat. 26:28; 27:4; Luke 22:20; John 19:30; Acts 20:28; Rom. 5:9; 1Cor. 10:16; Eph. 1:7; 2:13; Col 1:14, 20; 2:14-15; Heb. 9:12, 14, 22; 10:19, 29; 11:28; 12:24; 13:12, 20; 1Pe. 1:18-19; 1Jn. 1:7; 5:8; Rev. 1:5+; 5:9+; 7:14+; 12:11+.

⁸⁵ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, Revelation 5:9.

⁸⁶ Ibid., Rev. 5:10.

⁸⁷ Concerning the land promises made to Israel, see: Gen. 15:7, 18; 26:4; 35:12; Ex. 3:8, 17; 6:4; 12:25; 13:5, 11; 32:13; 33:1; Deu. 1:8; 29:1, 9, 12; 30:1; 32:52; Jos. 21:43; 23:5; 1Chr. 16:18; 17:9; Ps. 105:11; Isa. 60:21; Jer. 11:5; 16:15; Eze. 37:14, 25; Amos 9:15; Acts 7:5.

⁸⁸ Alva J. McClain, The Greatness Of The Kingdom (Winona Lake, IN: BMH Books, 1959), 520-521.

⁸⁹ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 119.

⁹⁰ Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, Rev. 5:12.

⁹¹ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 5:8.

3.3 - Revelation 3

3.3.1 - Revelation 3:1 Open Bible at Rev. 3:1 Listen to Rev. 3:1

Jesus dictates letters to the remaining three of the Seven Churches of Asia. This chapter completes the record of “the things which are” (Rev. 1:19+). The reader is encouraged to “have ears to hear what the Spirit says to the churches”, even down to our own day.

the angel

See the discussion concerning the identity of the angel at Revelation 1:20.

church in Sardis

See commentary on Seven Churches of Asia.

Sardis

Sardis was the ancient capital of Lydia.

Temple of Artemis at Sardis

Temple of Artemis at Sardis¹

Sardis was known for its great wealth and may have been the earliest kingdom (7th century B.C.) to use minted coins.²

In John’s time it was a trade center known for textile manufacture, dyeing, and jewelry. Sardis had been Lydia’s capital and was proverbial for its riches. To this day, our idiom “as rich as Croesus” acknowledges this fact, for Croesus was the king of Sardis who had almost unlimited riches, yet who led the Lydian empire into defeat and decline. Sardis epitomized the complacency, softness and degeneration which invariably ultimately accompany wealth.³

It was also considered a mountain fortress⁴ which was very difficult to capture, except through the negligence of the defenders:

At the approach of Alexander, . . . the Sardians hastened out to surrender their city without resistance. . . . the place was again captured by Antiochus III in 214 BC through the negligence of the defenders.⁵

The rock on which Sardis was built is friable, which means that while the slopes were precipitous, because of the cracks and faults, it was climbable. One of Cyrus’ soldiers had noticed a Sardian soldier climbing down this slope to retrieve a helmet he had dropped, and so concluded that the slopes were negotiable in that particular spot. So that night he led a party of Persian troops up to the citadel by following the fault in the rock. When they reached the battlements they found them unguarded, for the Sardians considered themselves too safe to need a guard. The battle of King’s Mountain in American history is similar to the Sardian collapse, for in that battle the rebels scaled a redoubt while the English relaxed in false confidence of their security. Astonishingly, Sardis did not learn from experience, for two centuries later one of Antiochus’ soldiers repeated this feat and again led the capture of an unguarded city which had resisted siege for a year. Twice, the Sardians lost their city because they were too complacent to watch! This historical background underlies Christ’s injunction to watchfulness (Rev. 3:2-3+), and Rev. 3:3+ alludes to the means by which the city was lost twice before—a thief in the night.⁶

A large temple dedicated to the Asiatic goddess Cybele stood at Sardis:

Excavations . . . unearthed . . . an exceptionally large (160 by 300 feet) temple dedicated to Artemis. Its seventy-eight Ionic columns (of which two are still standing) are each fifty-eight feet in height. . . . It was dedicated to a local Asiatic goddess usually referred to as Cybele, who was identified with the Greek Artemis. This patron deity was believed to possess the special power of restoring the dead to life [cf. Rev. 3:1+].⁷

Being situated in a mountainous region, the city was earthquake-prone:

Sardis, like neighboring Philadelphia, suffered a catastrophic earthquake in AD 17. . . . this was nothing less than the sudden collapse of a great part of the mountain and the consequent disappearance of much of the very site of the original fortress-city.⁸

Because of the earthquake, which drove them from the city proper, and because of the fertility of the soil, many of the people had turned to farming as a means of livelihood, specifically to the cultivation of vineyards. Apparently, because of famine, in A.D. 92 Domitian issued an edict that at least half the vineyards in the provinces be cut down and no new ones planted. This action was designed to increase production of corn which the Empire needed badly. This crisis affected Philadelphia more critically than any other, because no city of Asia depended on the fruit of the vine more than it. Dionysius, god of wine, was the principal deity.⁹

(Some correlate Domitian’s edict with Revelation 6:6+, although we believe it to be unlikely.) In the second century, Melito was bishop of this city. ¹⁰ but Christianity was completely exterminated in the Hermus Valley in the Middle Ages.¹¹

In more recent times, Sardis has none of its previous opulence:

Sardis, the once proud capital of Lydia, and the residence of its opulent monarchs, is now reduced to a wretched Turkish village called Sart, the habitation of herdsmen, buffaloes, and oxen, situated at the foot of mount Tmolus, on the banks of the Pactolus, between 30 and 40 miles east from Smyrna. The ruins of Sardis are peculiarly grand, and lift up their heads, as if to assert their ancient glory; but it now contains not a single Christian family.¹²

The derivation of the name Sardis is uncertain as is the meaning, having been given as remnant, “[Some] have derived it from the Hebrew, and have assigned it the signification of remnant, or an escaped few.”¹³ those escaping, [J. Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1958), 152] renovation, [Ibid.] the sun, [Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, Rev. 3:1] red ones, [Ibid.] and prince of joy.¹⁸

seven Spirits of God

See commentary on Revelation 1:4. Christ emphasizes to this church that He is the source of the seven Spirits of God (John 15:26; 16:7) because of His assessment that they are dead. It is the specialty of the third Person of the Trinity, the Holy Spirit, to bring forth life from that which is a lifeless wilderness (Gen. 1:2):

Jesus answered, “Most assuredly, I say to you, unless one is born of water and the Spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of God. That which is born of the flesh is flesh, and that which is born of the Spirit is spirit. Do not marvel that I said to you, ‘You must be born again.’ The wind blows where it wishes, and you hear the sound of it, but cannot tell where it comes from and where it goes. So is everyone who is born of the Spirit.” (John 3:5-8)

Prior to the Day of Pentecost, Jesus explained that it was the Holy Spirit that would be the source of “rivers of living water” which would flow out of the heart of those believing in Him (John 7:37-39). This life-giving Spirit was poured forth on the Day of Pentecost (Acts 2:33). It was on this day that the body of Christ was first animated by the Spirit of Christ (Rom. 8:9). As God had first breathed the “breath of life” to animate dust from which he formed man (Gen. 2:7), so each believer is animated by the Holy Spirit when he comes to spiritual life and is joined to the body of Christ (1Cor. 12:12-13). Christ is here emphasizing the Spirit as the means by which they might strengthen the things which remain, that are ready to die (Rev. 3:2+).

It need hardly be observed how important a witness this verse, when the right interpretation of “the seven Spirits” has been seized, bears to the faith of the Western Church on that great point upon which it is at issue with the Eastern, in respect, namely, of the procession of the Holy Ghost. he is indeed the Spirit of the Father and the Son.¹⁹

seven stars

The stars are the angels of the churches. If elders, they are to be men “full of the spirit” (Acts 6:3-5; 11:24). See commentary on Revelation 1:16 and Revelation 1:20.

I know

See commentary on Revelation 2:2.

have a name that you are alive

Alive is ζῆς [zēs] : “Which needs to be distinguished from the word-group of βίος [bios] (‘life’). The former refers to inner life, the latter to external.”²⁰ Christ emphasizes the wide divergence between how the church of Sardis appears to men and how it appears to God. This underscores a theme which runs throughout Scripture: that those without the Spirit of God are unable to see the world through the eyes of God. The church of Sardis had made for themselves a name. Name is here used to represent fame, reputation, or character. Thus the Sardians were following in the sin of Babel. “And they said, ‘Come, let us build ourselves a city, and a tower whose top is in the heavens; let us make a name for ourselves, lest we be scattered abroad over the face of the whole earth’ ” (Gen. 11:4).

but you are dead

Jesus says they are dead—in the sense of being disconnected from the Father, just as the prodigal (Luke 15:24, 32).

One commentator has said, “Their state is described in a single word—soulless profession-they had a name to live but were dead. It is not scandalous wickedness, but decent death; the form retained, the heart gone; Christ owned in word, ignored in deed; creeds correct, conduct respectable, life departed . . . sound doctrine and outward propriety . . . affections not only waning, but gone. His name held, His Word read, His truth owned, Himself forgotten.” . . . When the human spirit does not control some part of the body, there is said to be a partial paralysis. Some pressure upon a nerve center or some other abnormality may cause one foot to be dragged or one hand to be withered instead of maintaining the normal participation in the life of the body. The Holy Spirit should govern and direct the Church which is the Body of Christ.²¹

The activity of a fellowship can often be mistaken as an indication of life. But Scripture makes plain that works and activity in and of themselves are no reliable indicator of spiritual life for it is possible for an active fellowship to be comprised of the “living dead” (Mat. 8:22; Luke 9:60; 1Ti. 5:6). “Go throughout Christendom . . . and you will often find the Gospel in a coffin.”²² “The letter does not speak of persecution (why would Satan bother to persecute a dead church?).”²³

It is vain to boast of a correct creed, of right theories, of sound doctrine, if there be no practical godliness, no good works, no positive virtues and active charities and labours. Orthodoxy is important, but orthodoxy alone will not do. The most orthodox in this list is depicted as the deadest. . . . There are, indeed, such things as “dead works;” works that have no life-connection with piety; works put on from without, and not brought forth from within; fruits tied upon the tree, and not the product of its life; which are not at all characteristics of true religion. There may be prayers, vigils, fasts, temples, altars, priests, rites, ceremonies, worship, and still be no true piety. Heathenism has all these.²⁴

True spiritual life comes to the “living dead” by way of spiritual regeneration (Eph. 5:14) and is characterized by the presence and leading of the Holy Spirit (Eze. 1:12, 20; Mat. 4:1; Luke 2:27; Acts 8:29; 10:19; 13:2; 16:9-10; 18:5).

3.3.2 - Revelation 3:2 Open Bible at Rev. 3:2 Listen to Rev. 3:2

be watchful

A present tense imperative participle (γίνου γρηγρῶν [ginou grēgrōn] ) : “you be continually watching!” The command to the church at Sardis is the same found throughout Scripture to all believers. They are to be continuously watching. “It is not merely the call to be awake; it is to remain awake, to keep a vigil as a watchman in the midst of a sleeping encampment.”²⁵

The Sardian church was to be watchful because of the weakness of the flesh. “ ‘Watch and pray, lest you enter into temptation. The spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak’ ” (Mat. 26:41). They were to watch themselves:

But take heed to yourselves, lest your hearts be weighed down with carousing, drunkenness, and cares of this life, and that Day come on you unexpectedly. For it will come as a snare on all those who dwell on the face of the whole earth. Watch therefore, and pray always that you may be counted worthy to escape all these things that will come to pass, and to stand before the Son of Man. (Luke 21:34-36) [emphasis added]

They were also to watch others in order to guard the fellowship:

Therefore take heed to yourselves and to all the flock, among which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers, to shepherd the church of God which He purchased with His own blood. For I know this, that after my departure savage wolves will come in among you, not sparing the flock. Also from among yourselves men will rise up, speaking perverse things, to draw away the disciples after themselves. Therefore watch, and remember that for three years I did not cease to warn everyone night and day with tears. (Acts 20:28-31)

If they would not watch, then He would come upon them as a thief (Rev. 3:3+). Unlike the “secure sinner,” those who watch will not be taken by surprise.

strengthen the things which remain

The church of Sardis had need of endurance and was to press forward and strengthen those things which had not already died. Evidently, their fellowship had been drawing back from God’s calling:

For you have need of endurance, so that after you have done the will of God, you may receive the promise: “For yet a little while, and He who is coming will come and will not tarry. Now the just shall live by faith; but if anyone draws back, My soul has no pleasure in him.” (Heb. 10:36-38)

But the Sardian church would be unable to strengthen the things which remain except for a renewed dependence upon the Holy Spirit. For in their own efforts, they were totally incapable of what Jesus here commands.²⁶ Again we see the purpose for Christ’s title as “He who has the seven Spirits of God” when writing to this dying church.

that are ready to die

The branches were almost completely disconnected from the life-giving vine (John 15:5).

works perfect

Perfect is πεπληρωμένα [peplērōmena] rather than τέλεια [teleia] indicating works previously prepared and appointed but having been unfulfilled (Eph. 2:10). The works that they had (Rev. 3:1+) were done to please or impress men and thus their motivation was fatally flawed. In this, the Sardian church was following in the footsteps of the religious leaders of Jesus’ day: “But all their works they do to be seen by men. They make their phylacteries broad and enlarge the borders of their garments” (Mat. 23:5). “Even so you also outwardly appear righteous to men, but inside you are full of hypocrisy and lawlessness” (Mat. 23:28).

before God

Before men, the works were impressive and gave the church a name, but before God they were wood, hay, and stubble leaving their appointed true works of God unfulfilled. See Worldly Churches.

The NU and MT differ from the TR here having My God. See Revelation 3:12+.

3.3.3 - Revelation 3:3 Open Bible at Rev. 3:3 Listen to Rev. 3:3

remember . . . how you have received

The church at Sardis is given a command similar to that of the Ephesian church: to remember what they had earlier received and practiced. Inattention had played a significant part in their drift away from life toward death (Heb. 2:1).

hold fast

τήρει [tērei] , a present tense imperative: “continually hold fast!” Like those who would be blessed by “the words of this prophecy” (Rev. 1:3+), the church at Sardis would need to actively keep the things they had heard.

repent

See commentary on μετανοια [metanoia] at Revelation 2:5.

if you will not watch

Christians are to watch: (1) for Christ; (2) themselves lest they drift; (3) others lest false brethren or teachers pervert what they have received. Here the emphasis is upon watching for Christ (Mat. 24:42; 25:13; Mark 13:33, 35; Mark 13:37; Luke 12:36-40; 21:36; 1Cor. 1:7; 16:13; Php. 3:20; 1Th. 1:10; 5:6; 2Ti. 4:8; Tit. 2:13; Heb. 9:28; 2Pe. 3:12; Rev. 3:2-3+; Rev. 16:15+).

as a thief, and you will not know what hour

Coming as a thief always denotes an unexpected coming in judgment because a thief comes to rob and destroy. Christ is never said to come for His church as a thief. “The first phase of the Lord’s coming is as a bridegroom and the second phase is as a thief. He does not come upon His bride as a thief and He does not come upon the apostates and unregenerate world as a bridegroom.”²⁷ Here, the phrase would remind the Sardian church of the historical fall of the city (see commentary on Revelation 3:1):

The city had been captured twice in its history, once in 549 B.C. by Cyrus of Persia and again in 195 B.C. by Antiochus the Great, while its inhabitants were indifferently resting in its supposed impregnability. Would Christians there allow the same to happen to them at the hands of one whom they had made their spiritual opponent?²⁸

Some believe the immediate context of the letter argues for understanding this threat as pertaining to a localized spiritual coming in judgment:

The context of Rev. 3:3b+ requires that the term “like a thief in the night” does not here refer to the rapture, but rather to Christ coming in judgment like that threatened to the church at Ephesus (Rev. 2:5+), for this coming can be averted by repentance, but that cannot apply to the rapture. Here the “thief” aspect is a reminder drawn from the embarrassing history of the city.²⁹

At a time when the Sardian church least expected Him, judgment would fall on the local assembly. Yet even here when a local application appears in view, we find Scripture teaching a general principle which will apply at the time of the end. “The threat here is not related to His second coming, but is that the Lord would come and destroy the Sardis church if there is no revival. It can also be extrapolated into a warning of the judgment that faces all dead churches at Christ’s return.”³⁰

There are indicators that the coming could be eschatological: “In other alleged cases of Christ’s coming for special judgment (cf. Rev. 2:5+, 16+, 22-23+), consequences are explicitly stated, but here no such penal result is given. Apparently it is understood to be Christ’s punishment of disloyalty at His second advent.”³¹

Elsewhere, Scripture relates that the Day of the Lord will come in a similar manner:

For you yourselves know perfectly that the day of the Lord so comes as a thief in the night. For when they say, “Peace and safety!” then sudden destruction comes upon them, as labor pains upon a pregnant woman. And they shall not escape. But you, brethren, are not in darkness, so that this Day should overtake you as a thief. You are all sons of light and sons of the day. We are not of the night nor of darkness. Therefore let us not sleep, as others do, but let us watch and be sober. For those who sleep, sleep at night, and those who get drunk are drunk at night. But let us who are of the day be sober, putting on the breastplate of faith and love, and as a helmet the hope of salvation. For God did not appoint us to wrath, but to obtain salvation through our Lord Jesus Christ, who died for us, that whether we wake or sleep, we should live together with Him. (1Th. 5:2-10) [emphasis added]

But the day of the Lord will come as a thief in the night, in which the heavens will pass away with a great noise, and the elements will melt with fervent heat; both the earth and the works that are in it will be burned up. (2Pe. 3:10) [emphasis added]

On the Day of the Lord, Jesus comes as a thief in judgment upon an unsuspecting world:

But as the days of Noah were, so also will the coming of the Son of Man be. For as in the days before the flood, they were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, until the day that Noah entered the ark, and did not know until the flood came and took them all away, so also will the coming of the Son of Man be. Then two men will be in the field: one will be taken and the other left. Two women will be grinding at the mill: one will be taken and the other left. Watch therefore, for you do not know what hour your Lord is coming. But know this, that if the master of the house had known what hour the thief would come, he would have watched and not allowed his house to be broken into. Therefore you also be ready, for the Son of Man is coming at an hour you do not expect. (Mat. 24:37-44)³² [emphasis added]

Take heed, watch and pray; for you do not know when the time is. It is like a man going to a far country, who left his house and gave authority to his servants, and to each his work, and commanded the doorkeeper to watch. Watch therefore, for you do not know when the master of the house is coming—in the evening, at midnight, at the crowing of the rooster, or in the morning— lest, coming suddenly, he find you sleeping. And what I say to you, I say to all: ‘Watch!’ (Mark 13:33-37)

Let your waist be girded and your lamps burning; and you yourselves be like men who wait for their master, when he will return from the wedding, that when he comes and knocks they may open to him immediately. Blessed are those servants whom the master, when he comes, will find watching. Assuredly, I say to you that he will gird himself and have them sit down to eat, and will come and serve them. And if he should come in the second watch, or come in the third watch, and find them so, blessed are those servants. But know this, that if the master of the house had known what hour the thief would come, he would have watched and not allowed his house to be broken into. Therefore you also be ready, for the Son of Man is coming at an hour you do not expect. (Luke 12:35-40)³³ [emphasis added]

“Behold, I am coming as a thief. Blessed is he who watches, and keeps his garments, lest he walk naked and they see his shame.” (Rev. 16:15+) [emphasis added]

Christ’s coming as a thief has no reference to His coming for the church at the rapture. His thief-like coming occurs at the day of the Lord. Since Paul tells the Thessalonians they were well acquainted with the prophetic truth concerning the day of the Lord, this day is not to be identified with the Rapture, about which Paul did need to write to clarify their understanding. The day of the Lord begins with the Great Tribulation, and ends with the close of the Millennium. Those who shall “not escape” (1Th. 5:3) are those who are not brethren, who fail to watch and pray (Luke 21:36), are not counted worthy to escape, and therefore go on into the tribulation period.³⁴

Paul said much the same thing to the Thessalonian church as Jesus says here to the church at Sardis—to the faithful who remain watching, Christ will not come as a thief:

For you yourselves know perfectly that the day of the Lord so comes as a thief in the night. For when they say, “Peace and safety!” then sudden destruction comes upon them, as labor pains upon a pregnant woman. And they shall not escape. But you, brethren, are not in darkness, so that this Day should overtake you as a thief. You are all sons of light and sons of the day. We are not of the night nor of darkness. Therefore let us not sleep, as others do, but let us watch and be sober. (1Th. 5:2-6) [emphasis added]

See Trouble Ahead.

will not

The negation here is with οὐ μέ [ou me] , the strongest possible form of negation in Koine Greek.³⁵ No matter the resolve, awareness, or intelligence of those who fail to continuously watch, they will be spiritually deceived and will not know the time.

3.3.4 - Revelation 3:4 Open Bible at Rev. 3:4 Listen to Rev. 3:4

a few even in Sardis

God never lumps the faithful in with the errant in his assessment. Even in the midst of a wicked culture, there are those who trust in Him which He will never forsake (Gen. 6:9; 18:25; 19:22; Jos. 6:17).

not defiled their garments

Before coming to faith, these few were wearing “filthy rags” in comparison to the righteousness required by God (Isa. 64:6). Having trusted in Christ, His righteousness has been imputed to them and they are positionally holy. Even then, in their walk, they could become defiled by fleshly activities of the world (Jas. 1:27; Jude 23). By confessing their sins, these few had steadfastly remained in close fellowship with God (1Jn. 1:9).

shall walk with me

The picture of walking is two-fold: (1) the faithful are presently guided by the Spirit to walk in His ways (Gen. 5:22; 1S. 2:9; Job 23:14; Ps. 37:5, 23; 40:2; 66:9; 119:133; Pr. 3:6; 16:9; 19:21; 20:24; Isa. 2:3; 30:21; 48:17; Jer. 6:16; 10:23; Rom. 8:1, 4-6; Gal. 5:16); (2) in the future, the redeemed will have full fellowship with God as did Adam in the Garden of Eden (Gen. 3:8; Rev. 21:3+; 22:3-4+).

in white

They will wear white garments in contrast to the “filthy garments” they wore prior to coming to faith:

Now Joshua was clothed with filthy garments, and was standing before the Angel. Then He answered and spoke to those who stood before Him, saying, “Take away the filthy garments from him.” And to him He said, “See, I have removed your iniquity from you, and I will clothe you with rich robes.” And I said, “Let them put a clean turban on his head.” So they put a clean turban on his head, and they put the clothes on him. And the Angel of the Lord stood by. (Zec. 3:3-5)

These are those whose sin has been atoned by the blood of Jesus, who “wash their garments in the blood of the Lamb.” Those at Sardis in John’s day are to be followed by a constant stream of faithful throughout history culminating in those who stand firm to obtain the crown of life during the Great Tribulation (Rev. 7:9-17+). Those slain for the word of God and for the testimony they held are given white robes to wear (Rev. 6:9-11+). The white color speaks of the righteousness of Christ, but also of the marriage garments worn by His bride and those who attend the wedding feast who are found to be “spotless and without blemish” and “white and clean”:

But when the king came in to see the guests, he saw a man there who did not have on a wedding garment. (Mat. 22:11)

“Let us be glad and rejoice and give Him glory, for the marriage of the Lamb has come, and His wife has made herself ready.” And to her it was granted to be arrayed in fine linen, clean and bright, for the fine linen is the righteous acts of the saints. . . . And the armies in heaven, clothed in fine linen, white and clean, followed Him on white horses. (Rev. 19:7-14+)

Husbands, love your wives, just as Christ also loved the church and gave Himself for her, that He might sanctify and cleanse her with the washing of water by the word, that He might present her to Himself a glorious church, not having spot or wrinkle or any such thing, but that she should be holy and without blemish. (Eph 5:25-27)

they are worthy

Their worthiness is found in the worthiness of Him on Whom they have believed. Those who were at one time invited to the wedding, but rejected the Bridegroom were not worthy to attend. “Then he said to his servants, ’The wedding is ready, but those who were invited were not worthy” (Mat. 22:8). Those with faith in Christ are adopted into God’s family and are found worthy to attain the resurrection of life (Luke 20:34-36, the first resurrection, see commentary at Revelation 2:11).

God’s Word does not refuse to ascribe a worthiness to men (Mat. 10:10-11; 22:8; Luke 20:35; 21:36; 2Th. 1:5, 11); although this worthiness must ever be contemplated as relative and not absolute; as resting on God’s free acceptance of an obedience which would fain be perfect, even while it actually is most imperfect, and on this his acceptance and allowance of it alone.³⁶

3.3.5 - Revelation 3:5 Open Bible at Rev. 3:5 Listen to Rev. 3:5

overcomes

See Who is the Overcomer?

clothed in white garments

See commentary on Revelation 3:4. Clothed is περιβαλεῖται [peribaleitai] , the overcomer will cause himself to be clothed in white.³⁷ The overcomer will be clothed in white garments like those in Laodicea who are counseled “to buy ... white garments, that you may be clothed, that the shame of your nakedness may not be revealed” (Rev. 3:18+). This clothing covers nakedness, reminding us of the Hebrew word for atonement, כֻפַּר [ḵuppar] : “pual - to be covered over.”³⁸ The white garments are a symbol of redemption (Rev. 4:4+; 5:8-9+; 7:9-17+). The sin of the overcomer will be removed from God’s sight by being covered by the “righteousness of God” (Rom. 3:5, 21-26; 10:3; 2Cor. 5:21; Php. 3:9; Jas. 1:20).

Some have also seen the white garments as a possible allusion to the glorified state of the redeemed (Dan. 12:3; Mat. 13:43; Rom. 8:19, 23; Php. 3:21).

The armies of heaven who appear with the warrior Messiah are “arrayed in fine linen, white and pure” (Rev. 19:14+). It would seem, therefore, that the white garments promised to the overcomer in Rev. 3:5+ represent an attire appropriate to the heavenly state. Since they are made white by washing in the blood of the Lamb (Rev. 7:13+), the figure is highly appropriate to portray justification.³⁹

I will not

This is emphatic: a double negative (Luke 21:33; John 6:37; 8:51; 13:8; Rev. 2:11+).

blot out his name from the Book of Life

The church at Sardis had a name and likely had an official roll containing the names of those who attended. Yet it was dead. Jesus directs the church members to be concerned whether they are in the Book of Life rather than the church role. See Book of Life.

confess his name

Christ taught the same in the gospels—that whoever would confess Him before men, in turn, He would confess before His Father and the angels (Mat. 10:32; Luke 12:8). What powerful incentive this is for our witness of Him in the face of skeptics and mockers! When standing before such men, let us consider ourselves to be standing before the very throne of the Father in our confession of the Son. “Coming immediately after the promise of not erasing the overcomer’s name from the book of life, this promise implies that on that future day of reckoning the judge will acknowledge the names written in the book as those who belong to Him.”⁴⁰

3.3.6 - Revelation 3:6 Open Bible at Rev. 3:6 Listen to Rev. 3:6

let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches

See commentary on Revelation 2:7.

3.3.7 - Revelation 3:7 Open Bible at Rev. 3:7 Listen to Rev. 3:7

the angel

See the discussion concerning the identity of the angel at Revelation 1:20.

church in Philadelphia

See commentary on Seven Churches of Asia. Philadelphia was built by Attalus Philadelphus, king of Pergamum (died 138 BC) from which it derives its name.

Architrave Fragment at Philadelphia

Architrave Fragment at Philadelphia⁴¹

Philadelphia is twenty-seven miles E.S.E. from Sardis⁴² and suffered frequent earthquakes, one of which nearly destroyed it during the reign of Tiberius Philadelphia.

Philadelphia, so called from its founder, Attalus Philadelphus, still exists in the town called Allah-shear, “the city of God.” . . . The number of houses is said to be about 3000, of which 250 are Greek, the rest Turkish; and the Christians have twenty-five places of worship, five of them large and regular churches, a resident bishop, and twenty inferior clergy.⁴³

He who is holy,

Here again we see the deity of Christ (and the Trinity) in the application of a title by the Son which is uniquely the Father’s. This title is applied to יהוה [Yahweh] in the OT (Isa. 6:3; 40:25; 43:15). The holiness of Jesus is a reflection of his identification with the Father in the Godhood. “I and My Father are one” (John 10:30). “Hagios characterizes Jesus, not so much as the sinless one, but as one especially set apart, belonging exclusively to God.”⁴⁴

There is only one who is holy, an attribute required as the perfect sacrifice (Isa. 53:4-11; Heb. 10:14). No other man could bear the sins of other men since they could not even bear their own sin (Heb. 7:27). He is holy not only in the sense of being perfect and without sin (Isa. 53:9; John 8:46; 14:30; 2Cor. 5:21; Heb. 4:15; 7:26; 9:14; 1Pe. 1:19; 2:22; 1Jn. 3:5), but because of his uniqueness and separateness—there is none other like Him. “And you shall be holy to Me, for I the Lord am holy, and have separated you from the peoples, that you should be Mine” (Lev. 20:26). His name is “Holy” (Isa. 57:15) and he is righteous in all His ways (Ps. 145:17). He is the “Holy One” Who the Father had promised would not be allowed to see corruption (Ps. 16:10) and thus would be raised from the dead.

The holiness of God is the subject of great angelic praise throughout Scripture (Isa. 6:3; Rev. 4:8+). All those in the spiritual realm, even the demons, recognize this attribute of Christ (Mark 1:24). Yet, this truth was sadly lacking on earth where the “Holy One” was denied by unholy men who asked for a murderer in His place (Acts 3:14; 4:27).

He who is true

Another attribute of the Trinity: God cannot lie (Num. 23:19; Rom. 3:4; Heb. 6:18; Tit. 1:2). Jesus tells the Laodiceans that His witness is faithful and true (Rev. 3:14+)—what He says is undeniable in its accuracy. This is why it is He who will judge and avenge the blood of the martyrs (Rev. 6:10+; 19:11+). Because He Himself is true, His “words will by no means pass away” (Mat. 24:35).

key of David

The key indicates the governmental authority of David.⁴⁵ He is the promised king Who will rule from the throne of David (2S. 7:13-17; Ps. 89:4, 28; Isa. 9:7; 16:5; Jer. 23:5; 33:15; Amos 9:11; Zec. 6:13; Mat. 19:28; 25:31; Luke 1:32; Acts 2:30).

Jacob prophesied that a ruler would arise from the tribe of Judah (Gen. 49:10). Isaiah prophesied of a coming child with an eternal kingdom that would rule from David’s throne (Isa. 9:6-7). Gabriel repeated this promise to Mary at the annunciation: “He will be great, and will be called the Son of the Highest; and the Lord God will give Him the throne of His father David” (Luke 1:32).

The key of David was laid on the shoulder of Eliakim who acted as prime minister and who determined who would be allowed to see King Hezekiah. He also would make decisions only the king could overthrow. His was a position of great authority and trust:

Then it shall be in that Day, that I will call My servant Eliakim the son of Hilkiah; I will clothe him with your robe and strengthen him with your belt; I will commit your responsibility into his hand. He shall be a father to the inhabitants of Jerusalem and to the house of Judah. The key of the house of David I will lay on his shoulder; so he shall open, and no one shall shut; and he shall shut, and no one shall open. I will fasten him as a peg in a secure place, and he will become a glorious throne to his father’s house. (Isa. 22:20-23)

This key was properly handled by the king (Rev. 3:7+), and therefore by the “house-mayor” only in his stead. The power of the keys consisted not only in the supervision of the royal chambers, but also in the decision who was and who was not to be received into the king’s service. There is a resemblance, therefore, to the giving of the keys of the kingdom of heaven to Peter under the New Testament. But there the “binding” and “loosing” introduce another figure, though one similar in sense; whereas here, in the “opening” and “shutting,” the figure of the key is retained.⁴⁶

The key being laid on his shoulder speaks of committing responsibility into his hand and alludes to Isaiah’s prophecy of the ultimate Davidic ruler:

For unto us a Child is born, unto us a Son is given; And the government will be upon His shoulder. And His name will be called Wonderful, Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace. Of the increase of His government and peace There will be no end, upon the throne of David and over His kingdom, to order it and establish it with judgment and justice from that time forward, even forever. The zeal of the LORD of hosts will perform this. (Isa. 9:6-7) [emphasis added]

Being both God and man, in the line of David (Mat. 1:1, 6; Luke 3:31), Christ alone has the authority to open the scroll initiating the judgments which usher in the Davidic kingdom upon the earth. “But one of the elders said to me, ‘Do not weep. Behold, the Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root of David, has prevailed to open the scroll and to loose its seven seals.’ ” (Rev. 5:5+).

Some interpreters see these keys as being identical with the keys of the kingdom of heaven (Mat. 16:19; Heb. 3:6).⁴⁷ Peter was given the keys to the kingdom and was personally present when each of the 3 person groups (Jews, Samaritans, and Gentiles: Acts 1:8) first received the Holy Spirit.⁴⁸ Jesus chastised the scribes and Pharisees, “But woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you shut up the kingdom of heaven against men; for you neither go in yourselves, nor do you allow those who are entering to go in” (Mat. 23:13). Instead, authority to enter the kingdom of heaven was entrusted to a simple fisherman (Mat. 16:19). The authority of heaven stands behind the Spirit-led decisions of the church (Mat. 18:18; John 20:23).

Concerning the keys of Hades and Death, see commentary on Revelation 1:18.

He who opens and no one shuts

ὁ ἀνοιγων καὶ οὐδὲς κλείσει [ho anoigōn kai oudes kleisei] : “the one presently opening and no one shall shut”. He is actively holding open the door such that no one else can shut it.

shuts and no one opens

κλείων καὶ οὐδεὶς ἀνοίγει [kleiōn kai oudeis anoigei] : “while presently shutting and no one is presently opening”. He is actively shutting things which are to remain shut. Men must respond while the door is held open by God for once it is shut, there is no recourse for entry:

And while they went to buy, the bridegroom came, and those who were ready went in with him to the wedding; and the door was shut. (Mat. 25:10)

When once the Master of the house has risen up and shut the door, and you begin to stand outside and knock at the door, saying, ‘Lord, Lord, open for us,’ and He will answer and say to you, ‘I do not know you, where you are from.’ (Luke 13:25)

3.3.8 - Revelation 3:8 Open Bible at Rev. 3:8 Listen to Rev. 3:8

I know

See commentary on Revelation 2:2.

open door

Θύραν ἐνεῳγμένην [Thyran eneōgmenēn] : “a door while having been opened” (perfect tense) - the door now stands open after having been opened by Jesus. Although Jesus is knocking at a shut door in Laodicea (Rev. 3:20+), at Philadelphia He Himself holds the door open such that no one can shut it. This door in Philadelphia could represent the door of evangelism and illumination without which human promulgation of the gospel falls on unreceptive ears (Luke 24:45; Acts 14:27; 16:14; 1Cor. 16:9; 2Cor. 2:12; Col. 4:3). See commentary on Revelation 3:20.

In view of the mention of the key of David (Rev. 3:7+) and synagogue of Satan (Rev. 3:9+), it seems more likely the door provides entrance into the Messianic Kingdom where Christ will rule from the throne of David (see commentary on Revelation 3:21).⁴⁹

It speaks of a sure entrance into the Messianic Kingdom, promised to this church as a reward for their faithfulness. No one, not even those of “the synagogue of Satan,” can shut them out. Jewish opponents would seek to deny Gentiles, such as Christians in this city, entrance into the Messianic Kingdom.⁵⁰

In view of Jesus’ subsequent promise to the overcomer, “I also will keep you from the hour of trial which shall come upon the whole world” (Rev. 3:10+), perhaps this door that is held open and which no man can shut is a sure pathway to heaven for the faithful at the time of the Rapture: “After these things I looked, and behold, a door standing open in heaven. And the first voice which I heard was like a trumpet speaking with me, saying, ‘Come up here, and I will show you things which must take place after this.’ ” [emphasis added] (Rev. 4:1+). See Rapture.

a little strength

Even though they have but little strength, they will be able to avail themselves of the door since Christ ensures it remains open. Some believe this should be translated without the indefinite article, “little strength” as an indication of weakness rather than power.⁵¹ The ministry of the church at Philadelphia would be all the more effective because in their strength their accomplishments would be undeniably of God (2Cor. 12:9; Php. 4:13). Others believe that the commendations given to this church are an indication of their spiritual vitality so that this phrase “must refer to the church’s limited influence because of its numerical smallness.”⁵²

kept My word

The church at Philadelphia had faithfully kept His word. They had preserved its meaning and applied it to their own lives. They were blessed with those who keep the words of this prophecy (Rev. 1:3+; 22:7+). It is by keeping his word—and the commandments therein—that the Philadelphian church demonstrated the depth of their love for Him (John 14:21-24).

In our own day, there are many pressures attempting to dissuade believers from keeping His word. “We are asked by some to abandon Genesis to ‘science,’ salvation by redemption to anthropology, the life of the Spirit to psychology, the very Word itself to higher criticism.”⁵³

not denied My name

They had not denied Him by their words (Mat. 10:32-33; 26:70-72; Luke 12:8-9; 1Jn. 2:22-23) or through their actions (Pr. 30:9; Acts 3:13-15; 1Ti. 5:8). In the midst of the ultimate test, the church at Pergamos held fast to His name and did not deny His faith. (See commentary on Revelation 2:13.) In the days of the Tribulation, many will deny His name by taking the name of another (John 5:43; Rev. 13:17+; 14:11+).

3.3.9 - Revelation 3:9 Open Bible at Rev. 3:9 Listen to Rev. 3:9

synagogue of Satan, who say they are Jews and are not

See commentary on Revelation 2:9.

but lie

ψεύδονται [pseudontai] , present tense, middle voice: they themselves are presently lying. They are making this ongoing claim themselves.

worship before your feet, and to know that I have loved you

In the local context, Christ would give converts who were formerly of the “synagogue of Satan” to the Philadelphian church.⁵⁴ The worship would not be to the Philadelphian believers, but before them in recognition that God has loved them and favored them (Dan. 2:46-47).⁵⁵ “That the persecuting Jews would one day be forced to come and worship before your feet does not mean that the latter will be worshiped as deities, but they will be sitting enthroned with Christ (Rev. 3:21+), before whom, someday, every knee will bow (Php. 2:10).”⁵⁶

This is an allusion to numerous passages in the OT which indicate that in the Millennium, Gentiles will come and bow down to Israel in recognition that God is with them (Isa. 45:15; 49:22-23; 60:14-16).Zechariah described a time when Gentiles would honor faithful Jews because, “we have heard that God is with you”:

Thus says the LORD of hosts: “Peoples shall yet come, inhabitants of many cities; the inhabitants of one city shall go to another, saying, ‘Let us continue to go and pray before the LORD, and seek the LORD of hosts. I myself will go also.’ Yes, many peoples and strong nations shall come to seek the LORD of hosts in Jerusalem, and to pray before the LORD.” Thus says the LORD of hosts: “In those days ten men from every language of the nations shall grasp the sleeve of a Jewish man, saying, ‘Let us go with you, for we have heard that God is with you.’ ” (Zec. 8:20-23)

In the church age, just the opposite is true—God elevates the faithful, both Gentile and Jew, over the national Jew who rejects Messiah Jesus.⁵⁷ The unique role of favor enjoyed by the Church is intended to provoke the unbelieving Jewish nation to jealousy (Deu. 32:21; Isa. 65:1-2; Rom. 10:19-21; 11:11, 14; Rev. 3:9+). “What the Jews expected from the pagans, they themselves will be forced to render to the followers of Jesus.”⁵⁸

In light of the general nature of the application of all seven of these messages, the prophecy must look forward to the time when the whole church enters the Messianic Kingdom. The people of Israel will have an entirely different attitude toward the church as Christ’s bride because they will by then have turned to Christ themselves.⁵⁹

This verse does not distinguish Gentiles from Jews, but faithful from faithless. The Philadelphian church included Jewish believers (Rom. 9:27).

In connexion with this promise, there is an interesting passage in the Epistle of Ignatius to this same Philadelphian Church (c. 6), implying the actual presence in the midst of it, of converts from Judaism, who now preached the faith which once they persecuted.⁶⁰

The formerly non-believing Jews from the synagogue of Satan would worship before their believing Jewish countrymen as well as the believing Gentiles. (Lest we forget, the writer of the Revelation is himself a son of Abraham by birth!)

God loved them as was demonstrated by the cross (John 3:14-17; Rev. 1:5+). “In this is love, not that we loved God, but that He loved us and sent His Son to be the propitiation for our sins” (1Jn. 4:10).

3.3.10 - Revelation 3:10 Open Bible at Rev. 3:10 Listen to Rev. 3:10

to persevere

Perseverance is especially needed in the midst of adversity. Jesus said that it would be by patience that believers “possess your souls” (Luke 21:16-19). Persevere is ὑπομονῆς [hypomonēs] , which may include the idea of expectation related to the promise to be kept from the hour:

Arndt and Gingrich hold that the word hupomone sometimes meant ‘(patient) expectation.’ They indicated that is its meaning in the expression ‘patience of Jesus Christ’ in Revelation 1:9+ and that perhaps that is its meaning in Revelation 3:10+. . . . One thing in favor of this view is Christ’s exclamation in Rev. 3:11+, ‘Behold I come quickly, hold that fast which thou hast.’⁶¹

keep you from the hour of trial

A large body of discussion attends this phrase. The debate centers on whether from (εκ [ek] ) here denotes out of or through. Is the promise to keep the church out of the trial or to preserve it through the trial?

Proponents of the kept through view observe other passages where εκ [ek] can have this meaning.⁶² They also observe examples in Scripture where God’s people are protected in the midst of God’s judgment:

On the very same day Noah and Noah’s sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth, and Noah’s wife and the three wives of his sons with them, entered the ark. (Gen. 7:13)

Now the blood shall be a sign for you on the houses where you are. And when I see the blood, I will pass over you; and the plague shall not be on you to destroy you when I strike the land of Egypt. (Ex. 12:13)

Come, my people, enter your chambers, and shut your doors behind you; hide yourself, as it were, for a little moment, until the indignation is past. For behold, the LORD comes out of His place to punish the inhabitants of the earth for their iniquity; the earth will also disclose her blood, and will no more cover her slain. (Isa. 26:20-21)

“Do not harm the earth, the sea, or the trees till we have sealed the servants of our God on their foreheads.” . . . They were commanded not to harm the grass of the earth, or any green thing, or any tree, but only those men who do not have the seal of God on their foreheads. (Rev. 7:3+; 9:4+)

Proponents of the kept from view point to the fact that the most natural use of εκ [ek] indicates out of and that if the alternate meaning were in view, another more suitable preposition would have been used.⁶³ They too can point to passages which support their view—where the faithful are removed prior to God’s judgment:

And Enoch walked with God; and he was not, for God took him. (Gen. 5:24)

And Abraham came near and said, “Would You also destroy the righteous with the wicked? Suppose there were fifty righteous within the city; would You also destroy the place and not spare it for the fifty righteous that were in it?” . . . Then he said, “Let not the Lord be angry, and I will speak but once more: suppose ten should be found there?” And He said, “I will not destroy it for the sake of ten.” (Gen. 18:23-32)

And he said to him, “See, I have favored you concerning this thing also, in that I will not overthrow this city for which you have spoken. Hurry, escape there. For I cannot do anything until you arrive there.” Therefore the name of the city was called Zoar. (Gen. 19:21-22)

The problem cannot be solved simply by appeal to similar passages since both models of protection are found in Scripture. This is because saints occupying different roles in history find themselves in different situations with regard to what God is doing in their midst. There is not a “one size fits all” approach to how God chooses to protect the faithful: at the time of Noah’s flood, Enoch “walked with God and he was not, for God took him” (Gen. 5:24), yet Noah and his family were preserved through the flood within the Ark (Gen. 7:13). We believe that by these typological examples, God is teaching us that some saints will be raptured whereas others—who come to faith later—will be protected in the midst of His wrath.

But, the simple answer to the question at hand is found by reading the promise more carefully, for the promise is not to be kept from the trial, but from the hour of trial. The church will not even experience the trial for it will be kept from the hour when the trial is visited upon the earth.

Christ promised to keep these church saints form the time period characterized by the testing Christ had in mind. If the Lord had meant that He would keep them from just the testing itself, He could have made that very clear by omitting the words ‘the hour’ and simply saying, ‘I will keep you from the testing.’⁶⁴

When the all-important word hour is factored into the discussion, it becomes clear that the promise relates to the time of trial and not its effects. “When Jesus in his human nature prayed ‘remove this cup from me [Mark 14:36; Luke 22:42],’ and the parallel or equivalent request, ‘save me from this hour [John 12:27],’ he was not praying to be spared during the hour, but to be kept from it, which settles the meaning of the expression here.”⁶⁵ Too often, commentators fail to grasp this important distinction. For example:

It is far from clear that the removal of Christians from the earth would be the only possible way in which Jesus could keep His people from the wars and plagues anticipated to occur at that time. [emphasis added]⁶⁶

But this line of reasoning is flawed because the verse says nothing about being kept from wars and plagues—the promise is to be kept from the hour or time.

A serious problem with the kept through view is that God’s promise is of little merit in view of the fact that Scripture records multitudes of the faithful will suffer violent death during this period (Dan. 7:21, 25; 8:24; Rev. 7:9-16+; 12:11+; 13:7+; 20:4+):⁶⁷

Even if the church saints were to be shielded from the testing of God’s wrath will bring on the earth in the period of testing Christ had in mind, the Scriptures (Rev. 6:9-11+; 13:7+, 15+; 20:4+) make it clear that many of the saints alive on the earth during that period will be martyred by unbelievers. Thus, even though they will not be put to death by God’s wrath, they will still experience violent death as if they had not been shielded from God’s wrath. This militates against the answer that Christ will shield or protect the saints in or through that period of testing.⁶⁸

This verse does not say that the Church will be merely kept safe during the trial, but it will be kept from the very hour of trial, that is, from the very time of it. This requires a removal before the Tribulation ever occurs. If Revelation 3:10+ means that the Church will be kept safe during the Tribulation, then something goes terribly wrong. Throughout the Tribulation, saints are being killed on a massive scale (Rev. 6:9-11+; 11:7+; 12:11+; 13:7+, 15+; 14:13+; 17:6+; 18:24+). If these saints are Church saints, they are not being kept safe and Revelation 3:10+ is meaningless. Only if Church saints and Tribulation saints are kept distinct does the promise of Revelation 3:10+ make any sense.⁶⁹

This hour of trial is said to come upon the whole world (see below) and cannot relate to the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70 as some hold for there was no need to protect the Philadelphian church from events hundreds of miles distant which had offered no direct physical threat to Asia Minor. This promise relates to a unique time of trial yet future that all believers shall escape due to their participation in the Rapture. In this, the passage has in common a typological and future application like that of Revelation 2:20-22+ where Jezebel is cast into great tribulation. See commentary on Revelation 2:22. See Rapture.

which shall come

τῆς μελλούσης ἔρχεσθαι [tēs mellousēs erchesthai] , the one about to come. “The participle τῆς μελλούσης [tēs mellousēs] (‘which is about to’) modifies ὥρας [hōras] , ‘hour,’ rather than πειρασμοῦ [peirasmou] , ‘trial,’ showing that it is the hour, not the trial, that is prominent in the statement.”⁷⁰

the whole world

Some interpreters take world (οἰκουμένης [oikoumenēs] ) as denoting the land in Israel or the Mediterranean in order to find fulfillment in the events attending Rome and the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70.

In A.D. 68, the death of Nero, and the civil wars that followed, greatly threatened the stability of the Roman Empire, until Vespasian was made emperor in A.D. 70. During this same period (A.D. 66-70), the Jews were embroiled in a fight for the survival of their nation against the Romans . . . which they lost.⁷¹

It is true that this term is used in contexts where its scope is not global (Luke 2:1; Acts 11:28; 17:6; 19:27). However the term is also used in a global sense elsewhere (Mat. 24:14; Luke 4:5; Luke 21:26; Acts 17:31; Rom. 10:18; Heb. 1:6; 2:5; Rev. 12:9+; 16:14+).

This same expression is used in Revelation 16:14+ to refer to the kings of the whole inhabited earth gathering together to battle at Armageddon in conjunction with the sixth bowl judgment . . . it was used in Jesus’ statement concerning the preaching of the gospel of the kingdom in all the inhabited earth to all nations during the future tribulation period (Mat. 24:14 [cf. Rev. 14:6+]). In both of these passages, it must refer to the entire inhabited earth, not just the Roman Empire.⁷²

Thus, it is not a technical term and it’s meaning is determined by the context. Even if we permit the preterist interpretation that world here means all the known world, the events of Nero in Rome and the fall of Jerusalem in A.D. 70 had little impact at Philadelphia in Asia Minor:

The Neronian persecution was limited to Rome as far as the data tell us, and there is no evidence for it extending to the province of Asia at that time.⁷³

What does a localized judgment hundreds of miles away have to do with the seven churches of Asia? John uses two long chapters in addressing those churches regarding the implications of the coming of Christ for them. For instance, the promise to shield the Philadelphian church from judgment (Rev. 3:10-11+) is meaningless if that judgment occurs far beyond the borders of that city.⁷⁴

The context of the book of Revelation and the events which it describes—the wrath of God being poured forth on an unbelieving world prior to the return of Christ—argue for the global sense here. This time was described by Jesus in terms which are clearly global:

For then there will be great tribulation, such as has not been since the beginning of the world until this time, no, nor ever shall be. And unless those days were shortened, no flesh would be saved; but for the elect’s sake those days will be shortened. (Mat. 24:21-22)

For it will come as a snare on all those who dwell on the face of the whole earth. Watch therefore, and pray always that you may be counted worthy to escape all these things that will come to pass, and to stand before the Son of Man. (Luke 21:35-36)

Of special interest is Jesus’ statement recorded by Mark. In describing the uniqueness of this time, He mentioned since the beginning of creation, another indication of global scope. This is in contrast with the words told Daniel by the angel that it would be the most unique time since there was a nation when describing its effects upon the Jewish nation (Dan. 12:1).

For in those days there will be tribulation, such as has not been since the beginning of the creation which God created until this time, nor ever shall be. And unless the Lord had shortened those days, no flesh would be saved; but for the elect’s sake, whom He chose, He shortened the days. (Mark 13:19-20) [emphasis added]

An early teaching from the Didache alludes to this passage and takes it in a global sense:

For as lawlessness increases, they will hate and persecute and betray one another. And then the deceiver of the world will appear as a son of God and “will perform signs and wonders,” and the earth will be delivered into his hands, and he will commit abominations the likes of which have never happened before. (5) Then all humankind will come to the fiery test, and “many will fall away” and perish [emphasis added]⁷⁵

3.3.10.1 - Earth Dwellers

to test those who dwell upon the earth

Both Isaiah and Zephaniah described this day:

For behold, the LORD comes out of His place to punish the inhabitants of the earth for their iniquity; the earth will also disclose her blood, and will no more cover her slain. (Isa. 26:21)

The great day of the LORD is near; It is near and hastens quickly. The noise of the day of the LORD is bitter; there the mighty men shall cry out. That day is a day of wrath, a day of trouble and distress, a day of devastation and desolation, a day of darkness and gloominess, a day of clouds and thick darkness, a day of trumpet and alarm against the fortified cities and against the high towers. “I will bring distress upon men, and they shall walk like blind men, because they have sinned against the LORD; their blood shall be poured out like dust, and their flesh like refuse.” Neither their silver nor their gold shall be able to deliver them in the day of the LORD’S wrath; but the whole land shall be devoured by the fire of His jealousy, for He will make speedy riddance of all those who dwell in the land. (Zep 1:14-18)

The tribulation and wrath associated with this coming hour is intended to test those whose home, citizenship, and focus is earthward rather than heavenly.⁷⁶

The phrase those who dwell upon the earth takes on a soteriological/eschatological meaning in the book of Revelation for it denotes the unsaved at the time of the end who steadfastly continue in their rejection of God. In contrast to the faithful who are aliens and sojourners upon the earth (Lev. 25:23; Num. 18:20, 23; 1Chr. 29:15; Ps. 39:12; 119:19; John. 15:19; 17:14, 16; Php. 3:20; Heb. 11:13; 1Pe. 2:11) and whose hope is heavenward (Heb. 11:13-16; Rev. 13:6+), these that dwell upon the earth are trusting in man and his environment.⁷⁷ These are the spiritual offspring of the humanists of our day. Believers are not among these earth dwellers, for the earth dwellers ultimately hate believers:⁷⁸ “If you were of the world, the world would love its own. Yet because you are not of the world, but I chose you out of the world, therefore the world hates you” (John 15:19). When the earth dwellers give us praise and are in love with us, then it is time for us to reassess the validity of our heavenly witness.

The time of testing will come unexpectedly upon “those who dwell on the face of the whole earth” (Luke 21:35). They will suffer through a time of testing like none before and they will endure both the wrath of God (Rev. 6:16-17+) and Satan (Rev. 12:12+)! They will be subjected to incredible deception (2Th. 2:11; Rev. 13:12-14+; 17:8+),⁷⁹ will worship both Satan and the Antichrist (Rev. 13:4+, 8+) and willingly participate in the slaughter of those who remain faithful to God (Rev. 6:10+; 11:10+). Even though every nation, tribe, tongue, and people will hear the gospel during this time of testing, the majority will stand confirmed in their rejection of God (Rev. 14:6+):

All the classes [of men named here] literally reside on the earth, but the phrase referred to is one of moral signification and import. They are apostates from Christianity, having deliberately and determinately rejected the heavenly calling, and chosen the earth. God may have heaven; they are determined to have the earth as their place and portion.⁸⁰

All of these Revelation references to “them that dwell upon the earth” clearly indicate that they will be unsaved people of the future period of testing who will never get saved. . . . In spite of the devastating horrors of the sixth trumpet, which will kill one-third of mankind, the earth-dwellers will not repent of their wicked deeds (Rev. 9:20-21+). The fourth bowl will cause people to be scorched with great heat; the fifth bowl will cause excruciating pain; and the sixth bowl will cause hailstones weighing approximately 94 pounds each to bombard people. Although they will recognize that these are God’s wrath judgments, the earth-dwellers will blaspheme Him rather than repent (Rev. 16:1+, 7+, 8-11+, 21+).⁸¹

See Beast Worshipers are Unique.Like the believers of Philadelphia, those who trust in Christ prior to this time will be kept from the hour. Yet Scripture also records numerous saints who will come to faith during this horrific period and will walk through the events of their day—often ending in the ultimate witness—death (Rev. 7:9-16+; 12:11+; 13:7+; 20:4+).

Some suggest that the trial or test of this time period will have at least three purposes: (1) to serve as a witness to God (Dan. 11:35; 12:10); (2) to purge the rebels from Israel and turn the elect to God (Zec. 13:7-9; Mark 13:13); (3) to demonstrate the unrepentant state of the earth dwellers.⁸² Even as the earth dwellers remain steadfast in their rejection of God, the believing Jewish remnant will swell:

“Awake, O sword, against My Shepherd, against the Man who is My Companion,” says the LORD of hosts. “Strike the Shepherd, and the sheep will be scattered; then I will turn My hand against the little ones. And it shall come to pass in all the land,” says the LORD, “That two-thirds in it shall be cut off and die, but one-third shall be left in it: I will bring the one-third through the fire, will refine them as silver is refined, and test them as gold is tested. They will call on My name, and I will answer them. I will say, ‘This is My people’; and each one will say, ‘The LORD is my God.’ ” (Zec. 13:7-9)

Only the faithful will dare risk supporting the Jewish faithful during this massive outpouring of anti-Semitic and anti-Christian sentiment (Mat. 25:31; Rev. 12:13+). See Trouble Ahead.

3.3.11 - Revelation 3:11 Open Bible at Rev. 3:11 Listen to Rev. 3:11

I am coming quickly

“The placement of this fifth promise at this point is clear implication that the deliverance of the faithful will occur in conjunction with His coming. It holds open the possibility that His coming will happen before this generation passes, but does not guarantee it. This heightens the expectancy of Christ’s coming soon, a possibility which is stressed further by the presence of tachy (‘soon’).”⁸³ See commentary on Revelation 1:1. See Imminency.

hold fast

κράτει [kratei] , a present tense imperative: “be continually holding fast!” The same thought as those who are blessed in Revelation 1:3+.

that no one may take your crown

The crown of life was promised to the overcomer in Smyrna (Rev. 2:10+). Since a specific crown is not identified, “Perhaps here the more general meaning of victory attached to stephanon should remain undefined.”⁸⁴ See Crowns.

3.3.12 - Revelation 3:12 Open Bible at Rev. 3:12 Listen to Rev. 3:12

overcomes

See. Who is the Overcomer?

I will make him a pillar in the temple

Some have seen this as an allusion to the pillars in Solomon’s Temple. “The reference here to Solomon is unmistakable. He it was who built the temple, and put in its porch those mysterious pillars ‘Jachin [i.e., He shall establish] and Boaz [i.e., In it is strength]’ (1K. 7:13-22; 2Chr. 3:17).”⁸⁵ Others find the analogy flawed in this instance:

To find any allusion here . . . to the two monumental pillars, Jachin and Boaz, which Solomon set up, not in the temple, but in the open vestibule before the temple (1K. 7:21; 2Chr. 3:15, 17), I must say, appears to me quite beside the mark; and if there were any question on this point, the words which follow, “and he shall go no more out,” appear entirely decisive upon this point. These famous pillars were always without the temple; they would therefore have served very ill to set forth the blessedness of the redeemed, who should be always within it.⁸⁶

The language has much in common with Temple language elsewhere in the NT which is applied to the body of the believer and the presence of the indwelling of the Holy Spirit. See Temple of the Believer.

Since there is no Temple in the New Jerusalem (Rev. 21:22+), this promise may be similar to the promise concerning the Millennium made to the Thyatiran overcomer (Rev. 2:27+) and denote participation in the Millennial Temple during the Messianic Age.⁸⁷ Some view the entire New Jerusalem as a “temple.” See New Jerusalem.

The image of the pillar also evokes passages where the righteous are compared to fruitful trees “planted in the house of the Lord” (Ps. 92:12-14), God’s house being the Temple (John 2:16).

go no more out

This is perhaps the most precious promise among all the promises given the overcomer. For this phrase relates to fellowship with God! The entire message of Scripture, from Genesis 1 to Revelation 22+, can be found within this pregnant phrase. See Hide and Seek. To the overcomer in Philadelphia is the promise of the fulfillment of that first love so lacking in Ephesus, to walk once again in full fellowship with God (Gen. 3:8; 5:24; Rev. 21:3+, 22+).

write on him the name of My God

The written name indicates character and ownership (Num. 6:27; John 1:12). These will be owned by God and molded according to His character. They are “sons of God” (Mat. 5:9; Luke 20:36; John 1:12; Rom. 8:14, 19; Gal. 3:26). In the Tribulation, the 144,000 Jews have the Father’s name written on their foreheads (Rev. 14:1+) which identifies whose they are and provides for their protection (Rev. 7:3+; 9:4+). Here, the name is recorded on all the redeemed in the eternal state (Rev. 22:4+).

In the last days, Satan will provide his own imitation of this identification (Rev. 13:16-17+; 17:5+; 20:4+). See Master Imitator.

Previously, a new name was written on a stone given to the overcomer at Pergamos. See commentary on Revelation 2:17.

name of the city of My God

Jerusalem will have a new name during the Millennium:

The Gentiles shall see your righteousness, and all kings your glory. You shall be called by a new name, which the mouth of the LORD will name. (Isa. 62:2)

At that time Jerusalem shall be called The Throne of the LORD, and all the nations shall be gathered to it, to the name of the LORD, to Jerusalem. No more shall they follow the dictates of their evil hearts. (Jer. 3:17)

“All the way around shall be eighteen thousand cubits; and the name of the city from that day shall be: THE LORD IS THERE.” (Eze. 48:35)

The Lord will name the millennial Jerusalem “The Throne of the LORD” and “THE LORD IS THERE” indicating the presence of Messiah Jesus who will rule from the throne of David in the midst of the city.⁸⁸

However this name is that of the New Jerusalem and is not said to be new.⁸⁹ The name is applied to the overcomer as a declaration of his right to citizenship in the eternal city (Rev. 21:2+). Citizenship declared now (Php. 3:20) will be realized there.

This verse may also contain an allusion to an event of Philadelphian history whereby the city took a new name:

The gratitude of the victims to the emperor is . . . variously attested . . . A huge pedestal found at Puteoli bears a dedicatory inscription to Tiberius surrounded by the names of Asian cities, . . . The name ‘Philadelphea’ [sic] is fully preserved. Later coins and inscriptions of some of these cities show that they assumed an imperial name or cognomen about this time. . . [Philadelphia] takes the name ‘Neocaesarea’ . . . The concept of Philadelphia as a new city with a new name to honour the divine emperor whose patronage had restored its fortunes has again been related to Rev. 3:12+.⁹⁰

city of My God

Earthly Jerusalem has been chosen by God. He has put His name there (1K. 8:48; 11:13, 36; 14:21; 2Chr. 6:6, 38; 12:13; Ps. 132:13; Isa. 49:14-16). Yet for all its glory, even in the Millennium when it is restored (Isa. 60; (62), the earthly Jerusalem is not the final destiny of the saints or the abode of God’s presence. For at the end of the Millennium there will be a “new heavens and new earth” (Rev. 21:2+) and a New Jerusalem which will be the ultimate destiny of the saints.

Elsewhere, Jesus also refers to the Father as My God (Mat. 27:46; John 20:17; cf. Eph. 1:17; Heb. 1:8-9). We are Christ’s and Christ is the Father’s (1Cor. 3:23).

New Jerusalem

New is καινῆς [kainēs] , new in quality. The New Jerusalem bears little similarity to the Jerusalem of our time or of the Millennium (Rev. 20:4-6+). This is not the millennial city, which many Scriptures declare will be restored to prominence among the nations. It is the eternal abode of the saints:

In Holy Scripture there are two Jerusalems: the one is on earth in the land of Palestine; the other is ‘above’ in heaven (Gal. 4:25-26; Heb. 12:22). Now the Old Testament prophets speak of a city which, in the coming Kingdom, shall be reclaimed from Gentile power, rebuilt, restored to the historic nation of Israel, and made the religious center of the world. This Jerusalem cannot be the ‘heavenly Jerusalem,’ for that city is impeccably holy, the eternal dwelling of the true God, and has never been defiled or marred by human sin and rebellion. Any such notion is to the highest degree impossible and absurd. All predictions of a restored and rebuilt Jerusalem must therefore refer to the historical city of David on earth.⁹¹

which comes down out of heaven

This is the “Jerusalem above” (Gal. 4:24), the “heavenly Jerusalem,” the ultimate goal and destination of all the saints (John 14:2-3; Heb. 13:14).

But you have come to Mount Zion and to the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem, to an innumerable company of angels, to the general assembly and church of the firstborn who are registered in heaven, to God the Judge of all, to the spirits of just men made perfect. (Heb. 12:22-23)

She comes down out of heaven as a “bride, the Lamb’s wife”:

Then one of the seven angels who had the seven bowls filled with the seven last plagues came to me and talked with me, saying, “Come, I will show you the bride, the Lamb’s wife.” And he carried me away in the Spirit to a great and high mountain, and showed me the great city, the holy Jerusalem, descending out of heaven from God. (Rev. 21:9-10+)

She is referred to as a bride and wife for this is the final residence of the wife of the Lamb (Rev. 19:7+).

My new name

New is καινο῀ν [kainon] , new in quality. This new name, which denotes a yet unrevealed aspect of the character of Jesus (Rev. 3:12+; 19:12+) will be written on the overcomer. This recalls the mysterious, but unrevealed name attending the Angel of the Lord and Son of God throughout Scripture. The name is hinted at, but never revealed: when Jacob wrestled with the Angel and was named Israel (Gen. 32:29); when the Angel announced the birth of Samson to his parents (Jdg. 13:6, 18); in the question concerning the Son of God (Pr. 30:4); and in God’s new name to be written on the overcomer (Rev. 3:12+).

The overcomer is intimately identified with He who overcame (John 16:33). That the overcomer bears the names of both the Father and the Son is yet another clear statement of the deity of Christ—for God the Father would never share ownership or identity with any non-God.

3.3.13 - Revelation 3:13 Open Bible at Rev. 3:13 Listen to Rev. 3:13

let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches

See commentary on Revelation 2:7.

3.3.14 - Revelation 3:14 Open Bible at Rev. 3:14 Listen to Rev. 3:14

the angel

Some have suggested this particular angel to be Archippus (Col. 4:17) who was named as the first bishop of Laodicea in the Apostolical Constitutions (viii. 46)⁹² .

Lightfoot has suggested however from Col. 4:17 that Archippus, presumably the son of Philemon (Philemon 2), held responsibility in the church in Laodicea. The two cities were only ten miles apart, and Col. 4 suggests habitual communication between them.⁹³

See the discussion concerning the identity of the angel at Revelation 1:20.

church of the Laodiceans

See commentary on Seven Churches of Asia. Laodicea was in southern Phrygia, midway between Philadelphia and Colosse.

Bathhouse Arches at Laodicea

Bathhouse Arches at Laodicea⁹⁴

It was known as Laodicea on the Lycus to distinguish it from at least five other cities bearing the same name. Previously Diospolis, then Rhoas, then rebuilt by Antiochus the Second, king of Syria, and named after his wife Laodice (whom he divorced and who later poisoned him).⁹⁵

Laodicea was known as an independent and wealthy city where wool was a major source of commerce. “It has often been observed that Laodicea was a banking centre. Cicero cashed his bills of exchange there on his arrival in his province of Cilicia in 51 BC.”⁹⁶

The city suffered grievously in the Mithridatic war, but presently recovered again; once more in the wide-wasting earthquake in the reign of Tiberius, but was repaired and restored by the efforts of its own citizens, without any help asked by them from the Roman senate (Tacitus, Annal. xiv. 27).⁹⁷

The prosperity of the city was illustrated following a great earthquake of A.D. 60, which destroyed the city and other cities around it. As was its habit, the Roman government offered substantial aid in rebuilding the devastation. Yet Laodicea was not among those cities who received help. Whether the government refused to offer it because of their great wealth, or Laodicea refused it because they did not need it, is debated. Whatever the case, the reason was wealth.⁹⁸

In 62 BC the proconsul Flaccus confiscated large amounts of Jewish gold bound for Jerusalem, among them the sum of over twenty pounds weight at Laodicea. . . . the sums collected may represent the totals of temple-tax from their respective districts. It has been calculated that the amount from Laodicea would imply a population of 7,500 adult Jewish freemen in the district.⁹⁹

Aspects of the letter from Christ appear to allude to commercial activities in Laodicea:

Laodicea was a great garment manufacturing center and pioneered mass-produced, and therefore cheap, outer garments. These garments used the wool of the vast flocks of sheep that grazed the high plateaus in the vicinity. Laodicea was proud of its garment industry and its well-clothed citizens—this adds pertinence to the nakedness of Rev. 3:17+. This verse draws on another aspect of Laodicean pride, too, for the city was a noted medical center with a famous school at the temple of the Carian god, Men. This medical school was world famous for two products in particular, an ointment for the ears and one for the eyes. To aid in exporting these medications, the doctors of Laodicea developed a process of converting the ointment to powder which was compressed into tablets. The comment of Rev. 3:18+ is thus ironic; in their pride, the church members of Laodicea did not recognize that they were spiritually blind.¹⁰⁰

The name Λαοδίκεια [Laodikeia] is a compound from Λαός [Laos] (“people”) and δίκη [dikē] (“judgment,” “rule”). Thus the city was aptly named for the letter which Christ here writes:

Its name designates it as the Church of mob rule, the democratic Church, in which everything is swayed and decided by popular opinion, clamour and voting; and hence a self-righteousness and self-sufficient Church.¹⁰¹

Laodicea . . . means “people ruling.” This is set in contrast to God’s ruling in the church. It is a church entirely ruled by men, for the Holy Spirit is not present and doing His ministry of guiding.¹⁰²

Although Paul mentions this church in his epistle to the Colossians (Col. 2:1; 4:13-16) and it remained a significant church for a number of centuries as witnessed by an important council concerning the canon of Scripture which was held there in AD 361—the Council of Laodicea, at the time of John’s writing, the leadership of the church appears to have been inverted from Scriptural guidelines. Paul had previously warned Timothy concerning the consequences of the sheep ruling in place of spirit-led Shepherds:

For the time will come when they will not endure sound doctrine, but according to their own desires, because they have itching ears, they will heap up for themselves teachers; and they will turn their ears away from the truth, and be turned aside to fables. (2Ti 4:3-4)

the Amen

Derived from the Hebrew term אָמֵן [ʾāmēn] which denotes certainty, a reliable support:

The basic root idea is firmness or certainty. In the Qal it expresses the basic concept of support and is used in the sense of the strong arms of the parent supporting the helpless infant. The constancy involved in the verbal idea is further seen in that it occurs in the Qal only as a participle (expressing continuance). The idea of support is also seen in II Kings 18:16, where it refers to pillars of support.¹⁰³

the Faithful and True Witness

“Christ’s attributes of sincerity and truth come to the forefront as He deals with those whose alleged devotion to Him is only superficial and not substantial.”¹⁰⁴ He will shortly deliver an assessment of the Laodicean church which is unique in its total lack of commendation. No other of the seven churches fairs as poorly in His assessment. Therefore, He emphasizes the accuracy and trustworthiness of what He is about to say. In scenes of judgment, we find an emphasis on the reliability of His witness because it is a requirement for Holy judgment (Rev. 19:11+). His words are worthy to have faith exercised upon them (Rev. 21:5+; 22:6+):

The word [πιστός [pistos] ] is employed in two very different senses in the New Testament as elsewhere, in an active and a passive,—now as trusting or believing (John 20:27; Acts 14:1), now as trustworthy or to be believed (2Ti. 2:22; 1Th. 5:27; 1Jn. 1:9). Men may be πιστοί [pistoi] in both senses, the active and the passive, as exercising faith, and as being worthy to have faith exercised upon them; God can be πιστός [pistos] only in the latter.¹⁰⁵

Again, we find Jesus applying to Himself titles which are descriptive of the Father (Jer. 42:5). Being God, Jesus can do nothing but witness of the truth. What other man could make the claim of Jesus, “If I bear witness of Myself, My witness is true” (John 8:14-18)?

Pilate therefore said to Him, “Are You a king then?” Jesus answered, “You say rightly that I am a king. For this cause I was born, and for this cause I have come into the world, that I should bear witness to the truth. Everyone who is of the truth hears My voice.” Pilate said to Him, “What is truth?” And when he had said this, he went out again to the Jews, and said to them, “I find no fault in Him at all.” (John 18:37-38)

These characteristics will allow for His just rule during the Millennium:

His delight is in the fear of the Lord, and He shall not judge by the sight of His eyes, nor decide by the hearing of His ears; but with righteousness He shall judge the poor, and decide with equity for the meek of the earth; He shall strike the earth with the rod of His mouth, and with the breath of His lips He shall slay the wicked. Righteousness shall be the belt of His loins, and faithfulness the belt of His waist. (Isa. 11:3-5)

See commentary on Revelation 1:5.

the Beginning of the creation of God

This meaning of beginning here may be author or efficient cause¹⁰⁶ and does not indicate that He was a product of creation:

This is a favorite Arian prooftext, cited to prove that Jesus is not eternal, but had a beginning, Jesus being understood by them to be the first-created creature of God, through whom God created all else in the universe. The underlying Greek word, arche, may be understood in a passive sense, and rendered “the beginning,” as the A.V., or more correctly understood in the active sense, and rendered “the beginner,” source, origin, or principle of creation. Since God is eternal, and Jesus is God, the passive sense is not suited to the context, as being out of harmony with the many representations of Christ John has already given, whereby he in citing or alluding to Old Testament passages has applied to Jesus Christ in the book of Revelation what is in the Old Testament spoken of Jehovah.¹⁰⁷

Not he whom God created first, but as in Col. 1:15-18, the Beginner of all creation, its originating instrument. All creation would not be represented adoring Him, if He were but one of themselves.¹⁰⁸

Having analyzed the use of ἀρχή [archē] (beginning) in the Septuagint and throughout the NT, Svigel concludes the meaning here is primarily that of governmental rule and the phrase here should be rendered, “the supreme Authority over the creation of God.”¹⁰⁹

Jesus is the Beginning and End (Rev. 21:6+; 22:13+), both the author of and ruler over creation (Gen. 1:1; John 1:1-3; 1Cor. 8:6; Eph. 3:9; Col. 1:15-17; Heb. 1:2).¹¹⁰ See commentary on Revelation 5:12 and Revelation 5:13.

3.3.15 - Revelation 3:15 Open Bible at Rev. 3:15 Listen to Rev. 3:15

I know

See commentary on Revelation 2:2.

cold

ψυχρὸς [psychros] : “in mind: of one destitute of warm Christian faith and the desire for holiness.”¹¹¹

hot

ζεστός [zestos] , used of “ ‘boiling’ water.”¹¹²

I could wish

It is always and constantly God’s desire that men would fear Him and keep His commandments, but men still choose to walk in their own counsels (Deu. 5:29; Ps. 81:10-13).

you were cold or hot

Here we have what would seem to be an allusion to the marginal water supply of Laodicea:

Rudwick and Green emphasize that the site of Laodicea was chosen for its position at an important road-junction. ‘It lacked a natural water-supply, for there are no springs on the site, and the Lycus River dries up in summer’ (p. 177). The remains of a remarkable aqueduct of stone pipes indicate that the people derived water from a source south of the city, perhaps from the hot mineral springs near Denizli, the modern town five miles distance. This would have cooled only slowly in the pipes, and on arrival the supply would have been tepid and its effect emetic.¹¹³

The people of Laodicea had built an aqueduct to supply their city, but the water was lukewarm and impure. The remains can still be seen, and thick deposits of calcium carbonate inside the pipes witness plainly to the worth of the water which once flowed through them. The words of Rev. 3:14-15+ must have hit home powerfully in Laodicea: the writer said that the church was as useless and distasteful as that bad water.¹¹⁴

Aqueduct at Laodicea

Aqueduct at Laodicea¹¹⁵

Some have pondered why Jesus would rather have cold. This is explained by realizing that the only thing God hates more than lack of faith is hypocritical faith. Inconsistency of conviction is more damaging and irretrievable than the wrong conviction. Scripture is replete with the theme of the need for the people to make a clear choice between God or the alternative (Jos. 24:15; 1K. 18:21; Eze. 20:39; Zep. 1:5; Mat. 6:24). “There is no one farther from the truth in Christ than the one who makes an idle profession without real faith.”¹¹⁶ It is the double-minded man, like “the wave of the sea driven and tossed by the wind,” who should not “suppose he will receive anything from the Lord” (Jas. 1:5-8).

Here, the cold and hot relate to their spiritual condition:

The hot are the truly saved believers. The cold are those who are not believers and do not claim to be believers. The lukewarm are those who do claim to believe in Jesus, but are not truly regenerate believers.¹¹⁷

How shall we then understand this exclamation of the Saviour, . . . namely, by regarding the “cold” here as one hitherto untouched by the powers of grace. There is always hope of such an one, that, when he does come under those powers, he may become a zealous and earnest Christian. He is not one on whom the grand experiment of the Gospel has been tried and has failed. But the “lukewarm” is one who has tasted of the good gift and of the powers of the world to come, who has been a subject of Divine grace, but in whom that grace has failed to kindle more than the feeblest spark. The publicans and harlots were “cold,” the Apostles “hot.” The Scribes and Pharisees, . . . were “lukewarm.”¹¹⁸

3.3.16 - Revelation 3:16 Open Bible at Rev. 3:16 Listen to Rev. 3:16

you are lukewarm

The church was no longer a light shining in the darkness. It appears to have been at peace with its enemies: the synagogue of Satan:

Antiochus settled a community of two thousand Jews in Laodicea after expelling them from Babylon. By 62 BC the governor of the city became alarmed at the amount of currency the Jews were exporting to pay the temple tax and so placed an embargo on currency (exchange control is nothing new!), and consequently seized one hundred and twenty pounds weight [Hemer gives the figure of twenty pounds, p. 182.] of gold as contraband in Laodicea and Apameia. This gold was worth about 15,000 days’ wages in those days, and as the temple tax was the equivalent of two days’ wages, this means there were at least 7,500 Jewish men (besides women and children) in these cities. When John wrote this letter more than a century later, given the prosperity of the city, the Jewish population was probably considerably higher. The significance of this probability is that, while Christians elsewhere in Asia were persecuted by the Jews (e.g., Rev. 2:9+; 3:9+), there is no mention of persecution in this city with so large a Jewish population. This silence speaks volumes, for the Christian church in Laodicea was so complacent and self-sufficient in its wealth that it had ceased to be effective for Christ; so much so that its traditional persecutor, the Jews, considered it benign.¹¹⁹

See Worldly Churches.

vomit you out

An equivalent threat to that given to the Ephesian angel of removing his lampstand (Rev. 2:5+). “Recent travellers with difficulty discovered one or two Christians in the poor village of Iski-hissar, which stands on the site which Laodicea occupied of old.”¹²⁰ When conditions become so bad that repentance and return are not forthcoming, God turns men loose to their own destruction and loss (Jer. 15:1-4; Zec. 11:9; Rom. 1:20-28).

3.3.17 - Revelation 3:17 Open Bible at Rev. 3:17 Listen to Rev. 3:17

you say

λέγεις [legeis] , you are presently saying.

I am rich

The attitude of the city of Laodicea had infected the church. “It is evident that the Christians of Laodicea shared the self-sufficiency of their fellow-townsmen, and carried it into the sphere of their relations with God and Christ.”¹²¹ Self-sufficiency is the death-knell of relationship with God for independence of God is sin! The town had independently recovered from a devastating earthquake in the reign of Tiberius (A.D. 14-37, Luke 3:1) without asking for or receiving help from the Roman senate.¹²² Its riches and success had influenced the thinking of its residents. Pride and self-sufficiency had crept into the culture and the culture had crept into the church.

I am rich, πεπλύτηκα [peplytēka] , is I have become rich, (perfect tense). The emphasis is on the result—now being rich—so it is translated as a present tense.¹²³ Here we see the curse of blessing for Scripture records that where men receive God’s blessing they soon drift away from the very source of their blessing. Everywhere, the pattern of history is that of a revolving wheel:¹²⁴

Men suffer lack and affliction and turn to God.

God responds to repentance with provision and blesses.

Men glory in their condition of prosperity and grow cold toward God.

Judgment falls and the wheel goes around again.

Man seems unable to experience provision from God without misplacing its source as his own achievements (Jer. 9:23-24; Hos. 12:8-9; Luke 12:16-21) which then becomes the focus leading to evil:

Now godliness with contentment is great gain. For we brought nothing into this world, and it is certain we can carry nothing out. And having food and clothing, with these we shall be content. But those who desire to be rich fall into temptation and a snare, and into many foolish and harmful lusts which drown men in destruction and perdition. For the love of money is a root of all kinds of evil, for which some have strayed from the faith in their greediness, and pierced themselves through with many sorrows. (1Ti. 6:6-10)

How different was the condition of the Laodicean church from those in Smyrna (Rev. 2:9+)!

have need of nothing

It appears the Laodiceans highly valued their independence and that they refused the offer of Rome to help rebuild following the earthquake. Many of the rebuilt structures included the inscription ἐκ τῶν ἰδίων [ek tōn idiōn] (“out of our own resources”).¹²⁵

God had warned the children of Israel of how their sin could pervert His blessing:

Beware that you do not forget the LORD your God by not keeping His commandments, His judgments, and His statutes which I command you today, lest-when you have eaten and are full, and have built beautiful houses and dwell in them; and when your herds and your flocks multiply, and your silver and your gold are multiplied, and all that you have is multiplied; when your heart is lifted up, and you forget the LORD your God who brought you out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage; who led you through that great and terrible wilderness, in which were fiery serpents and scorpions and thirsty land where there was no water; who brought water for you out of the flinty rock. (Deu. 8:11-15)

Agur, the son of Jakeh, understood the danger of the lack of need leading to independence from God:

Remove falsehood and lies far from me; give me neither poverty nor riches-Feed me with the food allotted to me; lest I be full and deny You, and say, “Who is the LORD?” Or lest I be poor and steal, and profane the name of my God. (Pr. 30:8-9)

do not know

The Laodicean’s had no idea of their condition for they were spiritually blind (Hos. 7:8-9; Luke 6:42).

you are

σὺ εἶ [sy ei] , emphatic: you . . . you are.

wretched and miserable

They were wretched, ταλαίπωρος [talaipōros]—afflicted¹²⁶ , and miserable, ἐλεεινὸς [eleeinos]—pitiable.¹²⁷ They themselves were afflicted but did not know their condition, hence they were pitiable.

poor

They were poor in the wrong way: spiritually rather than physically. See commentary on Revelation 2:9.

blind

They do not know because they are blind. Scripture makes plain that those who are sure of their sight are most often sightless (Isa. 42:18-20; John 9:39-41). So it was with the Laodicean church. Of all the churches which Jesus wrote to, this church was the least likely to respond to His exhortation because it was sure of its health and vision.

But sin makes blind and man cannot perceive his corruption (Eph. 4:18; Rev. 3:17+). He believes in the good within himself and deifies his own nature (2Th. 2:3-4): ‘Mankind is deity seen from below.’ So long as he believes that, he will never lay hold of the redemption (Mat. 9:12).¹²⁸

So it is with many churches in our day who are convinced that their social activities and programs are an indicator of their spiritual health. Having lost all capability of introspection by the measure of God’s Word, they are unable to assess their condition by anything other than pragmatic measures and ministry statistics. As they grow in influence and numbers, their willingness to admit of the need for correction continually wanes until they reach a condition much like that of the Laodicean church.

naked

They had not watched nor kept their garments so now they were naked (Rev. 16:15+). Their shame was evident to all but themselves, for they were blind to their own nakedness.

3.3.18 - Revelation 3:18 Open Bible at Rev. 3:18 Listen to Rev. 3:18

I counsel you to buy from Me

The language is meant to speak to the merchants of the city, some of whom would have been members of the church:

He who might have commanded, prefers rather to counsel; He who might have spoken as from heaven, conforms Himself, so far as the outward form of his words reaches, to the language of earth. To the merchants and factors of this wealthy mercantile city He addresses himself in their own dialect. . . . Would it not be wise to transact their chief business with Him?¹²⁹

Salvation is free for no man has the necessary riches to contribute even one penny toward the cost of his own salvation. And to do so would be the height of blasphemy since it would deny the sufficiency of the sacrifice of God’s own Son (Col. 2:14; Heb. 7:27; 9:12, 28). On the other hand, Scripture also records that true salvation and service for the Lord costs everything (Luke 14:33).

The price which they should pay was this, the renunciation of all vain reliance on their own righteousness and wisdom; the price which in another Epistle St. Paul declared he had so gladly paid, that so he might himself win Christ (Php. 3:7-8); the [forsaking all], ἀποτάσσεσται πα῀σα [apotassestai pasa] , which the Lord long before had declared to be the necessary condition of his discipleship (Luke 14:33).¹³⁰

gold. . . white garments. . . eye salve

The remedies for the previously-stated ills, for they were poor, naked, and blind (Rev. 2:17+).

refined in the fire

Not just gold, but refined gold which has been purified by fire:

In this you greatly rejoice, though now for a little while, if need be, you have been grieved by various trials, that the genuineness of your faith, being much more precious than gold that perishes, though it is tested by fire, may be found to praise, honor, and glory at the revelation of Jesus Christ. (1Pe. 1:6-7)

The Laodiceans church needed true spiritual gold which would stand the test of the bema seat of Christ:

Now if anyone builds on this foundation with gold, silver, precious stones, wood, hay, straw, each one’s work will become clear; for the Day will declare it, because it will be revealed by fire; and the fire will test each one’s work, of what sort it is. (1Cor. 3:12-13)

white garments

The mention of white garments would be especially noteworthy since Laodicea was known for its production of high quality glossy black wool:

Commentators . . . have seen allusion to the clothing industry of Laodicea and in particular a contrast with the glossy black wool of its sheep. Knowledge of the breed rests primarily upon Strabo: ’The country around Laodicea produces sheep remarkable not only for the softness of their wool, in which they surpass even that of Miletus, but also for its raven-black color.¹³¹

“Laodicea’s wools were famous. Christ offers infinitely whiter raiment.”¹³² The same white garments which are promised to the overcomer in Sardis (Rev. 3:4-5+). See commentary on Revelation 3:4.

be clothed, that the shame of your nakedness may not be revealed

The Laodicean church had walked in the steps of Adam and Eve before them—they had attempted to clothe themselves to cover their nakedness (Gen. 3:7-11). Yet the fig leaves sewn by Adam and his wife were not sufficient in God’s sight—animal sacrifice was needed to atone for sin when God provided their clothing (Gen. 3:21). The Laodicean church had religion, but was lacking relationship. They had attempted to substitute their own righteousness (Pr. 20:6; 21:2; Mat. 5:20; Luke 10:29; 18:9) for the righteousness that can only come from God (Rom. 10:3). They were clothed in see-through garments of their own works—naked but unable to see their condition. They needed to purchase from God the robes of righteousness:

eye salve that you may see

The eye salve may allude to the early practice of ophthalmology associated with the city:

We have explicit evidence for the connection of Laodicea with a leading figure of first-century ophthalmology. . . . local people today find medicinal value in bathing their eyes in the Hierapolis waters, the alum content apparently being the beneficial [sic] agent. . . . the city probably marketed extensively and profitably an ointment developed locally from available materials, whose exact composition may have been kept secret from commercial rivals.¹³³

The Laodicean’s needed the illuminating work of the Holy Spirit so that they may more clearly see their own nakedness and realize their need of clothing. “The Spirit convinces of sin, and by this [‘eye salve’] we must understand the illuminating grace of the Holy Ghost, which at once shows to us God, and in God and his light ourselves.”¹³⁴ They needed the illumination of the Holy Spirit so they could see their condition accurately, just as the “seven eyes” saw them (Rev. 4:6+). See Hiding or Revealing?

3.3.19 - Revelation 3:19 Open Bible at Rev. 3:19 Listen to Rev. 3:19

As many as I love, I rebuke and chasten

The Laodicean church could take comfort in the fact that Christ had written a letter of rebuke to them for it was an indication of his ongoing love for them. They were not so far gone that He would leave them silently to their own devices. Like a loving Father, God chastens those who would be His sons (Deu. 8:5; 2S. 7:14; Heb. 12:5-8).

be zealous

ζήλευε [zēleue] , be continually full of zeal (present-tense). The same root word as “hot” in Revelation 3:15+. Although God said “I could wish you were cold or hot” (either state being preferable to lukewarm hypocrisy), He still prefers that they be hot. The Laodicean church-goer was to earnestly desire, pursue, and strive after God.¹³⁵ He could no longer remain a church-goer, but would need to become a God-chaser.

repent

See commentary on μετανοια [metanoia] at Revelation 2:5.

3.3.20 - Revelation 3:20 Open Bible at Rev. 3:20 Listen to Rev. 3:20

I stand at the door and knock

I stand is ἕστηκα [hestēka] , perfect tense: I have stood. Knock is κρούω [krouō] , present tense: I am knocking. He has been standing for a period of time and is still awaiting their response to his continual knocking. The knocking is accompanied by the voice of the bridegroom. When the bride lacks sufficient zeal and is slow to respond, the bridegroom has already withdrawn (Sos. 5:1-6). If the Laodicean church was truly zealous, they would have already opened the door (Luke 12:35-36).

The irony here in that Christ is outside His own church, desiring to be invited back in!¹³⁶ The love of God and His desire to rectify the condition in Laodicea is reflected in the manner in which the God of the universe steadfastly waits outside the Laodicean door.

He at whose door we ought to stand, for He is the Door (John 10:7), who, as such, has bidden us to knock (Mat. 7:7; Luke 11:9), is content that the whole relation between Him and us should be reversed, and instead of our standing at his door condescends Himself to stand at ours.¹³⁷

Some have seen in this door an allusion to a monumental gate in the city.¹³⁸ Elsewhere, Jesus is Himself the door (John 10:9) providing full access to heaven and God (Heb. 10:19-20).

hears My voice

The voice is intentionally contrasted with the knock:

So far as we may venture to distinguish between the two, . . . to see in the voice the more inward appeal, the closer dealing of Christ with the soul, speaking directly by his Spirit to the spirit of the man; in the knocking those more outward gracious dealings, of sorrow and joy, of sickness and health, and the like, which He sends, and sending uses for the bringing of his elect, in one way or another, by smooth paths or by rough, to Himself.¹³⁹

All men have ears, but not all hear His voice. See commentary on Revelation 2:7.

come in to him

Wallace argues from the grammar that this verse cannot denote an offer of salvation. He observes that Christ is promising to come in to the presence of (πρὸς αὐτόν [pros auton] ) the one who opens the door, not into the sphere of his person.¹⁴⁰ But this is not essential for the verse to denote the fellowship associated with salvation. Elsewhere, salvation is described as the Father and Son coming to (not into) the believer:

“He who has My commandments and keeps them, it is he who loves Me. And he who loves Me will be loved by My Father, and I will love him and manifest Myself to him.” Judas (not Iscariot) said to Him, “Lord, how is it that You will manifest Yourself to us, and not to the world?” Jesus answered and said to him, “If anyone loves Me, he will keep My word; and My Father will love him, and We will come to him [πρὸς αὐτόν [pros auton] ] and make Our home with him.” (John 14:21-23) [emphasis added]

Yet the context offers little to support an evangelistic emphasis:

The verse contains nothing of the gospel message as such—no mention of substitutionary atonement, of Christ’s resurrection, of repentance, of faith in the person and work of Christ. Neither is there anything in the adjacent context about these vital matters. Yet evangelists and personal workers everywhere commonly employ this verse as a gospel invitation. God, in His grace, does occasionally use it to help bring an unsaved person to Christ, since it does enjoin a proper attitude of openness to God’s call, but that is not its intent. It is addressed only to compromising, lukewarm Christians in compromising, lukewarm churches, and it is they whom Christ is seeking to draw back to Himself.¹⁴¹

and dine with him

After coming under the Mosaic Covenant, Moses, Aaron, Aaron’s sons, and seventy of the elders of Israel “saw God” and “ate and drank” in His presence (Ex. 24:8-11). Dining conveys the idea of intimate fellowship (Luke 19:5-7; John 13). Jesus says he will dine with him in ongoing fellowship and intimacy as soon as the door is opened. There is also the promise of dining with Him at the marriage supper of the Lamb (Mat. 22:1-14; 25:1-13; 26:29; Luke 22:16; Rev. 19:9+). “The consummation of this blessed intercommunion shall be at the Marriage Supper of the Lamb, of which the Lord’s Supper is the earnest and foretaste.”¹⁴² Jesus has promised not to partake of the Passover meal until he dines with believers in the Millennial Kingdom (Mat. 8:11; Mat. 26:29; Mark 14:25; Luke 22:18).

3.3.21 - Revelation 3:21 Open Bible at Rev. 3:21 Listen to Rev. 3:21

overcomes

See Who is the Overcomer?

sit with Me

They will sit with Him and share His rule in the same way He sits at the right hand of the Father and shares His rule. See commentary on Revelation 2:26 and Revelation 2:27.

on My throne

An amazing manifestation of grace. Those who were about to be spewed from his mouth are invited to sit with Him on His throne.¹⁴³

The promise . . . is an extension of the promise Christ made to the Twelve while on earth that they would not only eat and drink with Him in His kingdom, but also sit upon twelve thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel (cf. Mat. 19:28; Luke 22:29-30). Paul expanded the promise to include all Christians as rulers and the broadened domain of the world, not just Israel (cf. 1Cor. 6:2).¹⁴⁴

Jesus clarifies a point which is often confused today: He is not now sitting on His throne, but is seated at the right hand of the Father on the Father’s throne.

There is a most important dispensational teaching in this verse. There are those who think that the Church is the kingdom and that there is to be no literal kingdom on earth. Here the Lord says that at the present time He is not upon His own throne.¹⁴⁵

Jesus taught that there would be a delay in the coming of His kingdom (Mat. 6:10; Luke 11:2; 19:11-15; Acts 1:6-7). Its arrival is yet future and will be indicated by signs (Luke 21:31). It occurs after the Antichrist has his day (Dan. 7:11-14, 21-22, 25-27; Rev. 19:20+), after the seventh angel sounds his trumpet (Rev. 11:15-17+), after Satan is cast down (Rev. 12:10+), when Christ returns to judge the sheep and the goats (Mat. 25:31; 2Ti. 4:1), in the regeneration when the apostles will rule over the tribes of Israel (Mat. 19:28; Luke 22:29-30) and believers co-rule (Rev. 20:4-6+), when He drinks wine and eats the Passover again with His followers (Mat. 26:29; Mark 14:25; Luke 22:16-18).

This passage, in harmony with Luke 1:32, 33; Mat. 19:28; Acts 2:30, 34, 35; 15:14-16, is conclusive that Christ is not now seated upon His own throne. The Davidic Covenant, and the promises of God through the prophets and the Angel Gabriel concerning the Messianic kingdom await fulfilment.¹⁴⁶

Several factors indicate that David’s throne is separate and distinct from God’s throne in heaven. First, several descendants of David have sat on his throne, but only one of his descendants ever sits on the right hand of God’s throne in heaven. That descendant is Jesus Christ (Ps. 110:1; Heb. 8:1; 12:2). Second, David’s throne was not established before his lifetime (2S. 7:16-17). By contrast, since God has always ruled over His creation, His throne in heaven was established long before David’s throne (Ps. 93:1-2). Third, since God’s throne in heaven was established long before David’s throne and since God’s throne was established forever (Lam. 5:19), then it was not necessary for God to promise to establish David’s throne forever (2S. 7:16) if they are the same throne. Fourth, David’s throne was on the earth, not in heaven. David and his descendants who sat on his throne exercised an earthly, ruling authority. They never exercised ruling authority in or from heaven. By contrast, as noted earlier, the Bible indicates that God’s throne is in heaven. Fifth, the Bible’s consistent description of David’s throne indicates that it belongs to David. When God talked to David about his throne, God referred to it as “thy throne” (2S. 7:16; Ps. 89:4; 132:12). When God mentioned David’s throne to others, He referred to it as “his throne” (Ps. 89:29; Jer. 33:21), “David’s throne” (Jer. 13:13), and “the throne of David” (Jer. 17:25; 22:2, 4; 22:30). By contrast, the Scriptures’ consistent description of the throne in heaven indicates that it belongs to God the Father. ¹⁴⁷

According to Trench, this is a greater position than the role given to the apostles over the tribes of Israel (Mat. 19:28).¹⁴⁸

He is currently seated to the right hand of the Father on the Father’s throne. In the Millennium, He will take up his throne (Mat. 25:31). In the eternal state, it appears the two thrones become synonymous (1Cor. 15:24-25; Rev. 22:1+, 3+).

as I also overcame

It is by Jesus’ identity as the overcomer and their identification with Him that believers are overcomers. See Who is the Overcomer?.

sat down with my Father on His throne

After His ascension, Jesus sat down at the right hand of the Father. This is his present position (Mark 16:19; Rom. 8:34; Eph. 1:20; Col. 3:1 Heb. 1:3; 8:1; 10:12; 12:2; 1Pe. 3:22). Jesus told the high priest that he would see the Son of Man “sitting at the right hand of the Power” (Mat. 26:64). He stood up at the death of His witness Stephen (Acts 7:55-56), but this was not yet the time to receive the kingdom and return to rule for He must remain seated until His enemies are made His footstool (Ps. 110:1; Mat. 22:44). Eventually, He will be presented before the Ancient of Days to receive the kingdom (Dan. 7:13-14) initiating His return and subsequent rule from the throne of David (Luke 1:33; Mat. 5:31-32; Rev. 19:11-21+; 20:4-6+).

This, the grandest and crowning promise, is placed at the end of all the seven addresses, to gather all in one. It also forms the link to the next part of the book, where the Lamb is introduced seated on His Father’s throne (Rev. 4:2+, 3+).¹⁴⁹

3.3.22 - Revelation 3:22 Open Bible at Rev. 3:22 Listen to Rev. 3:22

let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches

See commentary on Revelation 2:7.

After reading the seven letters to the seven churches, we cannot escape the fact that compromise of God’s word is anathema to Christ and is the root of all Christian weakness. Let us each individually resolve to uphold the full teaching of our Lord and Savior—in the strength He provides.¹⁵⁰

This is the last mention of “church” (εκκλησία [ekklēsia] ) in the book of Revelation until the closing remarks: “I, Jesus, have sent My angel to testify to you these things for the churches. I am the root and the descendant of David, the bright morning star.” (Rev. 22:16+). As we note elsewhere, the Jewishness of the book of Revelation was recognized early on and contributed to a reluctance to recognize its canonicity. This is a reflection of what we have just observed: the absence of the church from the events following chapters 2 and 3. We believe this is intentional and indicates that the saints who experience the Tribulation period come to faith after the Rapture of the church. This includes a significant Jewish witness (Rev. 7:4-8+; 11:3-13+; 14:1-5+).

The fact that parts of Revelation contain no reference to the church but make many references to Israel has been recognized by scholars who do not advocate a Pretribulation Rapture of the church. For example, the Roman Catholic scholar, C. Van Den Biesen, state, “The Apocalypse abounds in passages which bear no specific Christian character but, on the contrary, show a decidedly Jewish complexion.”¹⁵¹

It is important to understand that the pretribulational rapture view is not derived from this observation, but that it is founded upon other passages. The emphasis on the church in chapters 2 and 3 followed by a complete omission of any mention of the church in the events of judgment spanning chapters 6 through 19 is but one of numerous evidences in Scripture which indicate that the church will not endure the Tribulation. See Rapture.

Notes

¹ Copyright © 2003 www.BiblePlaces.com. This image appears by special permission and may not be duplicated for use in derivative works.

² American Heritage Online Dictionary, Ver. 3.0A, 3rd ed. (Houghton Mifflin, 1993), s.v. “Lydia.”

³ Monty S. Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John (Dallas, TX: 3E Ministries, 1987), Rev. 3:1.

⁴ “Even at dates later than the Revelation ‘to capture the acropolis of Sardis’ was proverbially ‘to do the impossible’.”—Colin J. Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1989), 133.

⁵ Ibid.

⁶ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 3:1.

⁷ Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977), 109.

⁸ Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 134.

⁹ Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 1-7 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1992), 272.

¹⁰ “Melito, a name we hear seldom now, but the titles of whose works inspire us with a deep regret for their almost entire loss, was bishop of Sardis, being the only illustrious name connected with this Church, in the latter half of the second century (Neander, Kirch. Gesch. i. 3, p. 1140).”—Richard Chenevix Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1861), 152.

¹¹ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 242.

¹² Jerome Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1992), Rev. 3:1.

¹³ J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 71.

¹⁴ J. Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1958), 152.

¹⁵ Ibid.

¹⁶ Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, Rev. 3:1.

¹⁷ Ibid.

¹⁸ Ibid.

¹⁹ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 153.

²⁰ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, Rev. 3:1.

²¹ Donald Grey Barnhouse, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1971), 66-67.

²² Ibid., 68.

²³ John MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1999), Rev. 3:4.

²⁴ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 73.

²⁵ Barnhouse, Revelation, 68.

²⁶ “This doctrine of Total Inability, which declares that men are dead in sin, does not mean that all men are equally bad, nor that any man is as bad as he could be, nor that any one is entirely destitute of virtue, nor that human nature is evil in itself, nor that man’s spirit is inactive, and much less does it mean that the body is dead. What it does mean is that since the fall man rests under the curse of sin, that he is actuated by wrong principles, and that he is wholly unable to love God or to do anything meriting salvation. . . . Man is a free agent but he cannot originate the love of God in his heart. . . . As the bird with a broken wing is ‘free’ to fly but not able, so the natural man is free to come to God but not able.”—Loraine Boettner, The Reformed Doctrine of Predestination (Phillipsburg, NJ: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company, 1932), 61-62.

²⁷ Barnhouse, Revelation, 70.

²⁸ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 255.

²⁹ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 3:3.

³⁰ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, 114.

³¹ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 253.

³² This passage does not describe the Rapture of the church as Luke’s account makes especially clear: “ ‘I tell you, in that night there will be two men in one bed: the one will be taken and the other will be left. Two women will be grinding together: the one will be taken and the other left. Two men will be in the field: the one will be taken and the other left.’ And they answered and said to Him, ‘Where, Lord?’ So He said to them, ‘Wherever the body is, there the eagles will be gathered together’ ” (Luke 17:34-37). Those who are taken are like those who perished in the flood of Noah. Jesus indicates they are taken in judgment as many parallel passages which describe birds feeding on carrion make plain: Deu. 28:26; Job 39:30; Eze. 39:4, 17-20; Jer. 7:33; 12:9; 15:3; 16:4; 19:7; Mat. 24:28; Luke 17:37; Rev. 19:17-18+.

³³ Once again, the context of this passage is judgment as can be seen by the verses which follow: “But if that servant says in his heart, “My master is delaying his coming,” and begins to beat the male and female servants, and to eat and drink and be drunk, the master of that servant will come on a day when he is not looking for him, and at an hour when he is not aware, and will cut him in two and appoint him his portion with the unbelievers. And that servant who knew his master’s will, and did not prepare himself or do according to his will, shall be beaten with many stripes. . . . I came to send fire on the earth, and how I wish it were already kindled!” (Luke 12:45-49).

³⁴ Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, Rev. 3:3.

³⁵ New Electronic Translation : NET Bible, electronic edition (Dallas, TX: Biblical Studies Press, 1998), Rev. 3:3.

³⁶ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 164.

³⁷ “the one who conquers will cause himself to be clothed in white clothing. Like Gal. 5:12, this is an example of a causative direct middle. Direct middles are not uncommon with verbs meaning ‘to put on clothes.’ ”—Daniel B. Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics - Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House and Galaxie Software, 1999, 2002), 424.

³⁸ James Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Ontario: Woodside Bible Fellowship, 1996), H3722.

³⁹ Mounce, The Book of Revelation, Rev. 3:5.

⁴⁰ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 264.

⁴¹ Copyright © 2003 www.BiblePlaces.com. This image appears by special permission and may not be duplicated for use in derivative works. Architrave: The lowermost part of an entablature in classical architecture that rests directly on top of a column. Also called epistyle.

⁴² Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, Rev. 3:7.

⁴³ Ibid.

⁴⁴ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 273.

⁴⁵ “By Metonymy of the Adjunct, whereby the sign is put for the thing signified, ‘key’ is put for governmental authority, of which it is the sign.”—Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, Rev. 3:7.

⁴⁶ Carl Friedrich Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Commentary on the Old Testament (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2002), 7:262.

⁴⁷ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia.

⁴⁸ Although Paul is commissioned as the apostle to the Gentiles in Acts 9:1-43, it is Peter who first takes the gospel to the Gentiles in Acts 10:1-48. Why? Because it is Peter who has the keys to the kingdom.

⁴⁹ Mounce, The Book of Revelation, Rev. 3:8.

⁵⁰ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 278.

⁵¹ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia.

⁵² Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 279.

⁵³ Barnhouse, Revelation, 75.

⁵⁴ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 280.

⁵⁵ “The passage does not mean that believers are to be worshiped. It is merely at their feet that the unbelievers shall kneel as they are forced to acknowledge that Christ is God, and that every detail of the Scripture is eternal and true.”—Barnhouse, Revelation, 76.

⁵⁶ Steve Gregg, Revelation Four Views: A Parallel Commentary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1997), 76.

⁵⁷ “Rev. 3:9+, . . . refers to Isaianic prophecies that the Gentiles will come and bow down before Israel and recognize Israel as God’s chosen people (Isa. 45:14; 49:23; 60:14). This Jewish hope has been turned upside down. Note it is the Jewish persecutors of Christians whom God will make to submit to the church. This reversal of Isaiah’s language is probably a conscious attempt to express the irony that the submission that unbelieving ethnic Jews hoped to receive from Gentiles, they themselves will be forced to render to the church.”—Gregory K. Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1999), 94.

⁵⁸ Alan F. Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), Rev. 3:9.

⁵⁹ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 282.

⁶⁰ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 177.

⁶¹ Renald E. Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come (Bellmawr, NJ: The Friends of Israel Gospel Ministry, 1995), 209-210.

⁶² “To be kept in temptation, not to be exempted from temptation (τηρεῖν εκ [tērein ek] not being here==τηρεῖν ἀπό [tērein apo] , Jas. 1:27; Pr. 7:5 cf. 2Th. 3:3); a bush burning, and yet not consumed (cf. Isa. 43:2).”—Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 178. “The words τηρήσω ἐκ [tērēsō ek] are to be understood from John 17:15: God’s people shall receive special protection in the trial rather than exemption from it (ἀπό [apo] ; cf. also 2Pe. 2:9).”—Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 164.

⁶³ “The idea of the saints being shielded from the testing while living within and through its time period also would have been expressed more clearly through the use of another preposition, either en (meaning ‘in’) or dia (meaning ‘through’) [thus, ‘I will keep you in or through the time period of testing’] rather than ek.”—Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 212.

⁶⁴ Ibid., 211.

⁶⁵ Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, Rev. 3:10.

⁶⁶ Gregg, Revelation Four Views: A Parallel Commentary, 76.

⁶⁷ “If Gundry’s view of Rev. 3:10+ is correct [that the church will be guarded and preserved during God’s testing of earth-dwellers during the Tribulation], then one is left with the colossal problem of reconciling the fact that multitudes of believers will die under the fierce persecution of Antichrist during the Tribulation and yet God supposedly will preserve His people physically through the Tribulation.”—Keith H. Essex, “The Rapture and the Book of Revelation,” in Richard L. Mayhue, ed., The Master’s Seminary Journal, vol. 13 no. 1 (Sun Valley, CA: The Master’s Seminary, Spring 2002), 29-30.

⁶⁸ Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 212.

⁶⁹ Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 155.

⁷⁰ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 288.

⁷¹ Gregg, Revelation Four Views: A Parallel Commentary, 77.

⁷² Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 214.

⁷³ Grant R. Osborne, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2002), 8.

⁷⁴ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 225.

⁷⁵ J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, The Apostolic Fathers, 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1989), 158.

⁷⁶ “The temptation brings out the fidelity of those kept by Christ and hardens the unbelieving reprobates (Rev. 9:20+, 21+).”—A. R. Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” in Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997, 1877), Rev. 3:10. Note, however, that this verse indicates that it is those who dwell on the earth who are the object of the testing, not the faithful.

⁷⁷ This fact explains why the events of Revelation include great judgments poured out upon the natural systems of the earth for the earth has become an idol of worship for the earth dwellers.

⁷⁸ Some may say that earth dwellers do not hate believers, but simply tolerate them. This is only true to the extent the local culture has been influenced by the salt and light of believers. When darkness increases, hatred of the earth dwellers towards believers escalates dramatically, for believers remind them of God’s righteous judgment which they desire to throw off.

⁷⁹ This spiritual deception will be so powerful that only those who have come to faith will have the needed supernatural protection to overcome it.

⁸⁰ Walter Scott, Exposition of The Revelation (London, England: Pickering & Inglis, n.d.), Rev. 11:9.

⁸¹ Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 216-217.

⁸² The idea that the trial is also to refine believers is contradicted by this verse which states that the ones to be tested are the ones who “dwell upon the earth”—a technical term in the book of Revelation for those who remain unrepentant during the events of the end. “This same expression occurs in Revelation 6:10+; 11:10+; 13:8+, 12+, 14+; 14:6+ and 17:8+. In its usage it is not giving us a geographical description but rather a moral classification.”—Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 197.

⁸³ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, Rev. 3:11.

⁸⁴ Ibid., 291.

⁸⁵ E. W. Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1984, 1935), 96.

⁸⁶ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 182.

⁸⁷ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 65.

⁸⁸ “Heb. Jehovah shammah. i.e. The Lord is there. Signifying the personal presence of Messiah who will reign visibly in Israel.”—Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, Eze. 48:35.

⁸⁹ Trench believes it will be “The Lord is there” (Eze. 48:35). [Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia]

⁹⁰ Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 157.

⁹¹ Alva J. McClain, The Greatness Of The Kingdom (Winona Lake, IN: BMH Books, 1959), 244.

⁹² Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 190.

⁹³ Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 181.

⁹⁴ Copyright © 2003 www.BiblePlaces.com. This image appears by special permission and may not be duplicated for use in derivative works.

⁹⁵ “The new city was established by Antiochus II (261-246 BC) and named after his first wife Laodice, whom he divorced in 253.”—Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 180.

⁹⁶ Ibid., 191.

⁹⁷ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 189.

⁹⁸ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, Rev. 3:14.

⁹⁹ Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 182.

¹⁰⁰ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 3:14.

¹⁰¹ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 72.

¹⁰² Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 66.

¹⁰³ Robert Laird Harris, Gleason Leonard Archer, and Bruce K. Waltke, Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1999, c1980), 1.41.

¹⁰⁴ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 300.

¹⁰⁵ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 191.

¹⁰⁶ “Waterland defines Arkē (beginning), ‘that is, author or efficient cause’ (Works, vol. 2, p. 53).”—Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, Rev. 3:14.

¹⁰⁷ Ibid.

¹⁰⁸ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 3:14.

¹⁰⁹ Michael J. Svigel, “Christ as Arche in Revelation 3:14,” in Bibliotheca Sacra, vol. 161 no. 642 (Dallas, TX: Dallas Theological Seminary, April-June 2004), 225.

¹¹⁰ See also Pr. 8:22-30 where wisdom is personified with attributes much like those of Jesus: having intimate fellowship with the Father, eternal generation, beside the Father as a master craftsman, the delight of the Father.

¹¹¹ Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, G5593.

¹¹² Frederick William Danker and Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 337.

¹¹³ Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 188.

¹¹⁴ Tim Dowley, ed., The History of Christianity (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 1995), 72.

¹¹⁵ Copyright © 2003 www.BiblePlaces.com. This image appears by special permission and may not be duplicated for use in derivative works.

¹¹⁶ John F. Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1966), Rev. 3:15.

¹¹⁷ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 66.

¹¹⁸ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 195-196.

¹¹⁹ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 3:14.

¹²⁰ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 191.

¹²¹ Henry Barclay Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1998, 1906), lxi.

¹²² Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 189.

¹²³ “Intensive Perfect (a.k.a. Resultative Perfect). . . . The perfect may be used to emphasize the results or present state produced by a past action. The English present often is the best translation for such a perfect. This is a common use of the perfect tense.”—Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics - Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament, 574.

¹²⁴ In our own day and culture, we are experiencing stage 3 and nearing stage 4.

¹²⁵ Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 193.

¹²⁶ Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, G5005.

¹²⁷ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 249.

¹²⁸ Erich Sauer, The Dawn of World Redemption (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdman’s Publishing Company, 1951, c1964), 50.

¹²⁹ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 201-202.

¹³⁰ Ibid., 203.

¹³¹ Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 199.

¹³² Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 3:18.

¹³³ Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 198.

¹³⁴ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 206.

¹³⁵ Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, G2206.

¹³⁶ Gregg, Revelation Four Views: A Parallel Commentary, 80.

¹³⁷ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 211.

¹³⁸ “This ostentatious self-sufficiency reached a climax when the reconstruction was completed by the erection of great public buildings at the expense of individual citizens in the years immediately preceding the Domitianic date of the Revelation [in response to the earthquake of Nero’s reign]. The monumental triple gate thus donated may have been in mind in the writing of Rev. 3:20+.”—Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 208.

¹³⁹ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 212.

¹⁴⁰ “The crucial phrase for our purposes is ‘I shall come in to him.’ This text has often been taken as a text offering salvation to a lost sinner. Such a view is based on two assumptions: (1) that the Laodiceans, or at least some of them, were indeed lost, and (2) that εἰσελεύσομαι πρὸς [eiseleusomai pros] means ‘come into.’ Both of these assumptions, however, are based on little evidence. With reference to the first assumption, that those in the Laodicean church were not believers, it is important to note that in the preceding verse, the resurrected Lord declares, ‘Those whom I love, I reprove and discipline.’ Here φιλεω [phileō] is used for ‘love’ a term that is never used of God/Jesus loving unbelievers in the NT. (Indeed, it would be impossible for God to have this kind of love for an unbeliever, for it routinely speaks of enjoyment and fellowship. ἀγαπα [agapa] , rather, is the verb used of God’s love for unbelievers [cf. John 3:16], for it frequently, if not normally, speaks of commitment and, when used with God/Jesus as the subject, the idea is often of an unconditional love.) This φιλεω [phileō] must be applied to the Laodiceans here, for the verse concludes, ‘Be zealous, therefore, and repent.’ The inferential οὐ [ou] connects the two parts of the verse, indicating that the Laodiceans are to repent because Christ loves (φιλεω [phileō] ) them! The second assumption is that εἰσελεύσομαι πρὸς [eiseleusomai pros] means ‘come into.’ Such an assumption is based on a less than careful reading of the English text! The ASV, NASB, RSV, NRSV, for example, all correctly render it ‘come in to.’ (Note the space between the prepositions.) The idea of ‘come into’ would be expressed with eij as the independent preposition and would suggest a penetration into the person (thus, spawning the idea of entering into one’s heart). However, spatially πρό [pro] means toward, not into. In all eight instances of εἰσέρχομαι πρὸς [eiserchomai pros] in the NT, the meaning is ‘come in toward/before a person’ (i.e., enter a building, house, etc., so as to be in the presence of someone), never penetration into the person himself/herself. In some instances, such a view would not only be absurd, but inappropriate (cf. Mark 6:25; 15:43; Luke 1:28; Acts 10:3; 11:3; 16:40; 17:2; 28:8). What, then, can we say that this verse is affirming? First, we should answer in the negative: it is not an offering of salvation. The implications of this are manifold. Among other things, to use this text as a salvation verse is a perversion of the simplicity of the gospel. Many people have allegedly ‘received Christ into their hearts’ without understanding what that means or what the gospel means. Although this verse is picturesque, it actually muddies the waters of the truth of salvation. Reception of Christ is a consequence, not a condition, of salvation. As far as the positive meaning of this verse, it may refer to Christ having supremacy in the assembly or even to an invitation (and, consequently, a reminder) to believers to share with him in the coming kingdom. But to determine which of these is correct is beyond the scope of grammar. All grammar can tell us here is which view is almost certainly not correct—namely, that which sees this as an offering of salvation.”—Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics - Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament, 381.

¹⁴¹ Henry Morris, The Revelation Record (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1983), Rev. 3:20.

¹⁴² Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine.”

¹⁴³ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 3:21.

¹⁴⁴ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 325.

¹⁴⁵ Barnhouse, Revelation, 84.

¹⁴⁶ C. I. Scofield, The Scofield Study Bible (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2002, 1909), Rev. 3:21.

¹⁴⁷ Renald Showers, Israel My Glory, January/February 2001, 30.

¹⁴⁸ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia.

¹⁴⁹ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 3:21.

¹⁵⁰ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 3:22.

¹⁵¹ Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 246.

4.15 - Seven Churches of Asia Listen to Seven Churches of Asia

The immediate audience for the Revelation recorded by John is “the seven churches which are in Asia” (Rev. 1:4+, 11+). Asia is not the Asia of our day which is the world’s largest continent stretching from the Pacific Ocean on its eastern border to the Ural Mountains in the west. At the time of John, the region refers to the peninsula know as Asia Minor:

At the end of the first century the peninsula known as Asia Minor seems to have embraced six provinces, Asia, Bithynia (including Pontus), Galatia, Cappadocia, Cilicia, Lycia (including Pamphylia). The Province of Asia had been created as far back as the year B.C. 120 out of the domains bequeathed to the Senate by Attalus III., the last king of Pergamum. . . . “Asia in the New Testament,” wrote Dr. Lightfoot in 1865, “is always Proconsular Asia.”; and his dictum has not been seriously shaken by the researches of the last forty years.¹

We would locate the churches today on a map of western Turkey.

The Seven Churches of Asia

The Seven Churches of Asia²

These churches were directly or indirectly the result of Paul’s missionary journeys recorded in the book of Acts. Paul taught at Ephesus for over two years at the school of Tyrannus (Acts 19:1, 9-10; 20:31) and his disciple Timothy was an elder there (1Ti. 1:3). It is probably for this reason, together with its prominence and location on the seacoast close to Patmos, that the first church John is told to address is at Ephesus (Rev. 1:11+; 2:1+).

The prominence of this church is reflected in its being the possible recipient of as many as eight NT books: the gospel of John, Ephesians, 1 and 2 Timothy, 1, 2, and 3 John, and Revelation. Besides, Paul was ministering in Ephesus at the time he wrote 1 Corinthians.³

One of the principles of Scripture is that those who have received the greater revelation have greater responsibility for correctly responding to what they have been shown. Peter mentions this principle: “For the time has come for judgment to begin at the house of God; and if it begins with us first, what will be the end of those who do not obey the gospel of God?” (1Pe. 4:17). This may explain why the letters to the churches which appear in Rev. 2+ and 3+ precede the portion of the book which describes God’s “correction” of the non-believing (Rev. 6+ and beyond).

4.15.1 - Why these Seven Churches?

It is known that there were other churches in Asia Minor at the time John wrote.⁴ Some of them are mentioned elsewhere in Scripture:

There were other churches in Asia at the close of the first century. The NT itself refers to congregations at Troas (Acts 20:5-12), Colosse (Col. 1:2), and Hierapolis (Col. 4:13). There might also have been churches at Magnesia and Tralles, since Ignatius wrote to them less than twenty years later.⁵

The question naturally arises as to why Jesus chose these seven churches from among all the churches in the region? And why seven? The answer to the first question would seem to be found in their geographical distribution which facilitated communication by letter along the established trade routes between the cities:

Ephesus was the messenger’s natural place of entry to the mainland of the province of Asia, and the other cities lay in sequence on a circular route round its inner territories. it may readily be supposed that a regular itinerary had been perfected since Pauline times and that the seven focal cities on the route had acquired a special importance as organization and distributive centres for the church of the area.⁶

It is not at first sight easy to explain the principle on which the Apocalyptic list of seven has been formed. Why does it include two comparatively small towns, Thyatira and Philadelphia, while Tralles and Magnesia, Hierapolis and Colossae, Alexandria Troas and Adramyttium, Miletus and Halicarnassus, Dorylaeum and Synnada, are passed by? Some at least of these cities had Christian communities before the end of the first century; . . . the first three cities in St John’s list were by common consent primary cities in Asia, and they stand in the order which would normally be followed, at least by a resident at Ephesus. Moreover Ephesus, Smyrna, and Pergamum were in direct communication with one another by the great road which the Romans had constructed shortly after their occupation of Asia. So far then both the selection of the names and their order are easy to understand. But why should not the Apocalyptic messenger have been sent on from Pergamum to Cyzicus or to Troas? Why was his course at this point diverted to the inland towns of Thyatira, Sardis and Philadelphia, . . . all the Seven Cities stand on the great circular road that bound together the most populous, wealthy, and influential part of the Province, . . . Planted at these seven centres, the Apocalypse would spread through their neighbourhoods, and from thence to the rest of the province.⁷

As to why seven churches were chosen: the symbolic meaning of seven indicates completeness or perfection. It appears to be a deliberate choice, like the many other occurrences of seven in the book of Revelation, to signify that these seven churches typify all churches in every age.

4.15.1.1 - Representative of All Churches of All Ages

The seven churches appear to typify a broad range of strengths and weaknesses which are found in any church in any location in any age. Each letter to an individual church is given for the benefit of all seven churches of the Revelation (and all saints of every age: Rev. 2:7+, 11+, 17+, 29+; 3:6+, 13+, 22+).⁸

This theory says the churches, which were actual existing congregations, are like seven types of churches that one might at any given time in the history of the church. The historicity of these assemblies is not denied, but this view holds that the Lord chose to single them out because they represent seven kinds of problems that typify various congregations of believers.⁹

Of this larger Epistle, namely the Apocalypse itself, these seven Churches are the original receivers; not as having a nearer or greater interest in it than any other portion of the Universal Church; though as members of that Church they have an interest in it as near and great as can be conceived (Rev. 1:3+; 22:18-19+); but on account of this their representative character.¹⁰

These letters have the same universal application to the saints of all ages as the epistles written to various churches in the NT:

These seven Epistles, however primarily addressed to these seven Churches of Asia, were also written for the edification of the Universal Church; in the same way, that is, as St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans, or to Timothy, or St. James’ to the Dispersion, were written with this intention. The warnings, the incentives, the promises, the consolations, and, generally, the whole instruction in righteousness in these contained, are for every one in all times, so far as they may meet the several cases and conditions of men. . . Thus far there can be no question. “All Scripture,” and therefore this Scripture, “was written for our learning.”¹¹

It also seems probable that these churches were the ones with which John enjoyed the closest relationship.¹²

4.15.1.1.1 - Historical Significance

A number of these churches remained viable for many years beyond the date of John’s writing.¹³ We have record of early documents which were written to some of them:

The seven accepted letters of Ignatius, datable to about AD 115, are of great value to our study, for three of them were addressed to three of our seven churches, Ephesus, Smyrna and Philadelphia, and a fourth to Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna. It is not clear whether Ignatius knew the Revelation. . . . His impressions of the churches are independent.¹⁴

Several of the early Church Fathers, who attest to the canonicity of the book of Revelation and to its authorship at the hand of John the Apostle, lived among these churches to which John wrote. Their testimony regarding these facts is especially weighty since they were intimately familiar with the region and times of which John wrote.

4.15.1.2 - Believers and Unbelievers

The letters recognize that each church is composed of both believers and church-going unbelievers. “Church” (Ἐκκλησίας [Ekklēsias] ) is a compound word made up of “from” or “out” (ἐκ [ek] ) and “I call” (καλέω [kaleō] ) and is used in a variety of contexts:

This word [ecclesia] translated church or assembly is found in at least four important meanings in the New Testament. It is used (1) to mean an assembly of people. In this sense it has no special theological meaning. It can refer to Israel as a gathered people in the wilderness (Acts 7:38) or a regular assembly of citizens (Acts 19:39) or a group of people gathered for religious worship (Heb. 2:12). (2) The same word is used for an assembly of Christians in a local church (Acts 8:1, 8:3; 11:22, 26) and in the plural for a group of such churches (1Cor. 16:19; Gal. 1:2). Each assembly or church has a local gathering composed of professed Christians. That all in the assembly are not necessarily true believers is clear from the messages to the seven churches of Asia (Rev. 2:1+-3:22+). (3) Ecclesia is also used of the total of professing Christians without reference to locality and is practically parallel in this sense to Christendom (Acts 12:1; Rom. 16:16; 1Cor. 15:9; Gal. 1:13; Rev. 2:1-29+, 3:1-22+; etc.). The same word is used (4) of the body of Christ, composed of those baptized by the Holy Spirit into the church (1Cor. 12:13). Ecclesia used in this connection becomes a technical word referring to the saints of this age.¹⁵

It is important to recognize that the letters to these seven churches use the term “church” in the sense of a local gathering of professing believers. It is not used in a technical sense to describe all those who are known to have been born again—the true body of Christ (Luke 15:24, 32; John 3:3, 7; Gal. 6:15; 1Pe. 1:3, 23; 1Jn. 2:29; 3:9; 5:1, 18). If we fail to understand that the letters address both believers and “church-going” unbelievers, then the promises attending each letter will be misconstrued.¹⁶

[the letters] involve the visible church rather than the invisible Church. The latter is the Body of Messiah, composed of all true believers since Pentecost. It is sometimes referred to as the Universal Church. But the visible church is the local body or local church, which may have both believers and unbelievers. It includes all professing believers whether they really are or not.¹⁷

The omniscience and piercing gaze of Jesus is evident by His detailed knowledge of the condition of each church. Jesus “knows” their works (Rev. 2:2+, 9+, 13+, 19+; 3:1+, 8+, 15+).“Know” (Οἶδα [Oida] , Rev. 2:2+) expresses the Lord’s self-claim of knowledge in each of the seven messages in contrast to γινώσκω [ginōskō] (“I know”), which speaks of progress of knowledge, oida reflects full or complete knowledge. It depicts absolute clearness of mental vision, which photographs all facts of life as they pass. It, not ginōskō, is always the word used of Christ’s knowledge in Revelation.¹⁸

We call the contents of these chapters Epistles; but they are not so much messages from an absent Lord as sentences of a present Judge, engaged in the solemn act of inspection and decision.¹⁹

4.15.1.3 - Who is the Overcomer?

Each letter closes with one or more promises for “he who overcomes.” The question arises, “Who is the overcomer?”

The question that needs resolving involves a proper identification of this overcomer. Does he belong to a special class of Christians composed of those who are spiritual and not carnal? Or is he part of a special group of Christians who are set apart for eventual martyrdom? Or is “overcomer” simply another name for those who are genuinely regenerate believers?²⁰

A survey of the rewards promised for the overcomer in each church shows that they correlate with the general benefits of salvation offered to all believers (Rev. 2:7+, 11+, 17+, 26-27+; 3:5+, 12+, 21+). These promises describe the rewards for true believers within the larger body of each church, composed of both true and professing Christians.

Almost all the references to overcoming mention a promise for all believers, promises that accompany salvation. . . . It would seem strange to think of only some believers eating of the tree of life, or not being hurt by the second death, or not being clothed in white garments. [emphasis added]²¹

As to the definition of overcomer, it can best be understood in light of what John says elsewhere:

For whatever is born of God overcomes the world. And this is the victory that has overcome the world—our faith. Who is he who overcomes the world, but he who believes that Jesus is the Son of God? (1Jn 5:4-5) [emphasis added]

The overcomers in each church do so, not by their actions—rather their actions are an indication of their identification with the Overcomer, Jesus Christ (John 16:33; 1Jn. 4:4). John indicates that those who overcome do so by way of their relationship with God:

I write to you, fathers, because you have known Him who is from the beginning. I write to you, young men, because you have overcome the wicked one. I write to you, little children, because you have known the Father. (1Jn 2:13) [emphasis added]

Those who overcome do so by trusting in Christ and His sacrifice, remaining unwavering in their faith, even when faced with death (Rev. 12:11+). They inherit all things because of their position in Christ as sons of God (Rev. 21:7+).

Promises to the Overcomer

Church | Promise
Ephesus | To eat from the tree of life (Rev. 2:7+).
Smyrna | Not be hurt by the second death (Rev. 2:11+).
Pergamos | Hidden manna to eat, a white stone with a new name written (Rev. 2:17+).
Thyatira | Power over the nations, the morning star (Rev. 2:26-28+).
Sardis | Clothed in white garments, name not blotted out from the Book of Life, name confessed before the Father and angels (Rev. 3:5-6+).
Philadelphia | Made a pillar in the temple of God, name of God, New Jerusalem, and Jesus’ new name written upon (Rev. 3:12+).
Laodicea | Sit with Jesus on His throne (Rev. 3:21+).

4.15.1.4 - The Structure of the Letters

The seven letters to the seven churches follow a well-developed pattern.²²

They are constructed precisely on the same model. They every one of them contain. . . 1. A command . . . to the seer that he should write to the Angel of the Church. 2. One or more glorious titles which Christ claims for Himself. . . 3. The action message from Christ to the Angel of the Church. . . 4. A promise to the faithful. . . 5. . . . an exhortation which give a universal character to these particular addresses.²³

The titles used by each letter are taken primarily from John’s vision of Jesus in the first chapter (Rev. 1:12-18+) and relate to the situation of the particular church.²⁴

4.15.1.4.1 - Ephesus

The Letter to Ephesus

Attribute
Description

Meaning
desirable, darling, beloved, relaxation²⁵

Titles²⁶
To the angel of the church of Ephesus write, ‘These things says He who holds the seven stars in His right hand, who walks in the midst of the seven golden lampstands:’ (Rev. 2:1+)

Commendation
I know your works, your labor, your patience, and that you cannot bear those who are evil. And you have tested those who say they are apostles and are not, and have found them liars; and you have persevered and have patience, and have labored for My name’s sake and have not become weary. (Rev. 2:2-3+) But this you have, that you hate the deeds of the Nicolaitans, which I also hate. (Rev. 2:6+)

Criticism
Nevertheless I have this against you, that you have left your first love. (Rev. 2:4+)

Exhortation
Remember therefore from where you have fallen; repent and do the first works, or else I will come to you quickly and remove your lampstand from its place—unless you repent. (Rev. 2:5+)²⁷

Promises
To him who overcomes I will give to eat from the tree of life, which is in the midst of the Paradise of God. (Rev. 2:7b+)

Commentary
Revelation 2:1

4.15.1.4.2 - Smyrna

The Letter to Smyrna

Attribute | Description
Meaning | myrrh, bitter²⁸
Titles | And to the angel of the church in Smyrna write, ‘These things says the First and the Last, who was dead, and came to life:’ (Rev. 2:8+)
Commendation | I know your works, tribulation, and poverty (but you are rich); and I know the blasphemy of those who say they are Jews and are not, but are a synagogue of Satan. (Rev. 2:9+)
Criticism | None!
Exhortation | Do not fear any of those things which you are about to suffer. Indeed, the devil is about to throw some of you into prison, that you may be tested, and you will have tribulation ten days. (Rev. 2:10+a)
Promises | Be faithful until death, and I will give you the crown of life. (Rev. 2:10+b)
Commentary | Revelation 2:8

4.15.1.4.3 - Pergamos

The Letter to Pergamos

Attribute
Description

Meaning
much marriage, thoroughly marriage,²⁹ high tower,³⁰ parchment³¹

Titles
And to the angel of the church in Pergamos write, ‘These things says He who has the sharp two-edged sword:’ (Rev. 2:12+)

Commendation
I know your works, and where you dwell, where Satan’s throne is. And you hold fast to My name, and did not deny My faith even in the days in which Antipas was My faithful martyr, who was killed among you, where Satan dwells. (Rev. 2:13+)

Criticism
But I have a few things against you, because you have there those who hold the doctrine of Balaam, who taught Balak to put a stumbling block before the children of Israel, to eat things sacrificed to idols, and to commit sexual immorality. Thus you also have those who hold the doctrine of the Nicolaitans, which thing I hate. (Rev. 2:14-15+)

Exhortation
Repent, or else I will come to you quickly and will fight against them with the sword of My mouth. (Rev. 2:16+)

Promises
He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches. To him who overcomes I will give some of the hidden manna to eat. And I will give him a white stone, and on the stone a new name written which no one knows except him who receives it. (Rev. 2:17+)

Commentary
Revelation 2:12

4.15.1.4.4 - Thyatira

The Letter to Thyatira

Attribute
Description

Meaning
odor of affliction, continual sacrifice³² , feminine oppression³³

Titles
And to the angel of the church in Thyatira write, ‘These things says the Son of God, who has eyes like a flame of fire, and His feet like fine brass:’ (Rev. 2:18+)

Commendation
I know your works, love, service, faith, and your patience; and as for your works, the last are more than the first (Rev. 2:19+).

Criticism
Nevertheless I have a few things against you, because you allow that woman Jezebel, who calls herself a prophetess, to teach and seduce My servants to commit sexual immorality and eat things sacrificed to idols. And I gave her time to repent of her sexual immorality, and she did not repent (Rev. 2:20-21+).

Exhortation
Indeed I will cast her into a sickbed, and those who commit adultery with her into great tribulation, unless they repent of their deeds. I will kill her children with death, and all the churches shall know that I am He who searches the minds and hearts. And I will give to each one of you according to your works. Now to you I say, and to the rest in Thyatira, as many as do not have this doctrine, who have not known the depths of Satan, as they say, I will put on you no other burden. But hold fast what you have till I come (Rev. 2:22-25+).

Promises
And he who overcomes, and keeps My works until the end, to him I will give power over the nations— ‘He shall rule them with a rod of iron; They shall be dashed to pieces like the potter’s vessels’ —as I also have received from My Father; and I will give him the morning star (Rev. 2:26-28+).

Commentary
Revelation 2:18

4.15.1.4.5 - Sardis

The Letter to Sardis

Attribute
Description

Meaning
remnant,³⁴ those escaping,³⁵ renovation,³⁶ the sun, red ones, prince of joy³⁷

Titles
And to the angel of the church in Sardis write, ’These things says He who has the seven Spirits of God and the seven stars: (Rev. 3:1a+)

Commendation
You have a few names even in Sardis who have not defiled their garments (Rev. 3:4+).

Criticism
I know your works, that you have a name that you are alive, but you are dead (Rev. 3:1b+).

Exhortation
Be watchful, and strengthen the things which remain, that are ready to die, for I have not found your works perfect before God. Remember therefore how you have received and heard; hold fast and repent. Therefore if you will not watch, I will come upon you as a thief, and you will not know what hour I will come upon you (Rev. 3:2-3+).

Promises
You have a few names even in Sardis who have not defiled their garments; and they shall walk with Me in white, for they are worthy. He who overcomes shall be clothed in white garments, and I will not blot out his name from the Book of Life; but I will confess his name before My Father and before His angels (Rev. 3:4-6+).

Commentary
Revelation 3:1

4.15.1.4.6 - Philadelphia

The Letter to Philadelphia

Attribute
Description

Meaning
brotherly love

Titles
And to the angel of the church in Philadelphia write, ‘These things says He who is holy, He who is true, He who has the key of David, He who opens and no one shuts, and shuts and no one opens:’ (Rev. 3:7+)

Commendation
I know your works. See, I have set before you an open door, and no one can shut it; for you have a little strength, have kept My word, and have not denied My name (Rev. 3:8+) you have kept my command to persevere (Rev. 3:10+).

Criticism
None!

Exhortation
Indeed I will make those of the synagogue of Satan, who say they are Jews and are not, but lie—indeed I will make them come and worship before your feet, and to know that I have loved you. Because you have kept My command to persevere, I also will keep you from the hour of trial which shall come upon the whole world, to test those who dwell on the earth. Behold, I am coming quickly! Hold fast what you have, that no one may take your crown (Rev. 3:9-11+).

Promises
He who overcomes, I will make him a pillar in the temple of My God, and he shall go out no more. And I will write on him the name of My God and the name of the city of My God, the New Jerusalem, which comes down out of heaven from My God. And I will write on him My new name (Rev. 3:12+).

Commentary
Revelation 3:7

4.15.1.4.7 - Laodicea

The Letter to Laodicea

Attribute
Description

Meaning
rule of the people

Titles
And to the angel of the church of the Laodiceans write, ‘These things says the Amen, the Faithful and True Witness, the Beginning of the creation of God:’ (Rev. 3:14+)

Commendation
None!

Criticism
I know your works, that you are neither cold nor hot. I could wish you were cold or hot. So then, because you are lukewarm, and neither cold nor hot, I will vomit you out of My mouth. Because you say, ‘I am rich, have become wealthy, and have need of nothing’ —and do not know that you are wretched, miserable, poor, blind, and naked— (Rev. 3:15-17+)

Exhortation
I counsel you to buy from Me gold refined in the fire, that you may be rich; and white garments, that you may be clothed, that the shame of your nakedness may not be revealed; and anoint your eyes with eye salve, that you may see. As many as I love, I rebuke and chasten. Therefore be zealous and repent (Rev. 3:18-19+).

Promises
Behold, I stand at the door and knock. If anyone hears My voice and opens the door, I will come in to him and dine with him, and he with Me. To him who overcomes I will grant to sit with Me on My throne, as I also overcame and sat down with My Father on His throne (Rev. 3:20-21+).

Commentary
Revelation 3:14

4.15.1.5 - Representative of Seven Stages of Church History?

A number of expositors down through history have held that the seven churches represent seven sequential stages of church history.³⁸ While we do not favor this view, it is instructive to understand the arguments for and against such a view since it will frequently be encountered by students of the book of Revelation. The view is known as the historical-prophetical view:

The historical-prophetical interpretation . . . states that while all seven types of churches always exist, one type dominates a particular era of church history. Throughout church history all seven types of churches will be present, but one type will tend to dominate a particular period of church history. . . .³⁹

Fruchtenbaum responds to the assertion that such a view of the letters to the churches violates the Golden Rule of Interpretation:

The question this . . . perspective raises is: Does this view not violate The Golden Rule of Interpretation and the principles of a literal hermeneutic? If it could be clearly shown that all that was said in a particular letter can be or was true of that particular church or that type of church, then the answer would be: “Yes.” But if statements are made that cannot in any way be true of that particular church, then the answer would be: “No.” This author would prefer to limit the interpretation to that church only or to that type of church only, but now and then statements are made which render that impossible. . . .⁴⁰

Certain statements made to individual churches cannot be true of the strictly local situation, and they must have a far wider meaning. . . . One example is the promise to keep the Church of Philadelphia from the hour of trail, that hour which is to come upon the whole earth. The time is long past that this promise could be kept only to that particular church, for that local church no longer exists; nor can this promise be limited to that type of church because other types of churches of these two chapters will also share in the promise. . . . It is statements like this [the use of the Phoenician name Jezebel at Thyatira] that lend credence to the historical-prophetical interpretation. . . . In [Rev. 2:22+], the woman is to be cast into the Great Tribulation. This means that unlike the true Church, the Roman Catholic Church [represented by Jezebel] will go into the Great Tribulation . . . This is another example of a passage that simply cannot be limited to the local situation.⁴¹

Fruchtenbaum suggests the following historical correlation.⁴² We’ve augmented Fruchtenbaum’s suggestions with those of Bullinger that each assembly denotes a unique phase in Israel’s history:⁴³

Seven Stages of Church History

Church | Church History Typified | Dates | Israel’s History Typified⁴⁴ | Verses
Ephesus | The Apostolic Church | A.D. 30-100 | The Day of Israel’s Espousals (Exodus) | Rev. 2:1-7+
Smyrna | The Church of the Roman Persecution | A.D. 100 - 313 | The Period of Israel’s Wanderings (Numbers) | Rev. 2:8-11+
Pergamum | The Church of the Age of Constantine | The Wilderness Period (Numbers) | A.D. 313-600⁴⁵ | Rev. 2:12-17+
Thyatira | The Church of the Dark Ages | A.D. 600-1517⁴⁶ | The Wilderness Period (Numbers) | Rev. 2:18-29+
Sardis | The Church of the Reformation | A.D. 1517-1648 | The Period of Israel’s Kings (1 and 2 Kings) | Rev. 3:1-6+
Philadelphia | The Church of the Great Missionary Movement | A.D. 1648-1900 | The Period of Israel’s Removal (1 and 2 Chronicles) | Rev. 3:7-13+
Laodicea | The Church of the Apostasy | A.D. 1900-present day | The Period of Judah’s Kings (2 Chronicles) | Rev. 3:14-22+

It is our view that the historical-prophetical view suffers from numerous problems.

There is significant disagreement between different proponents of the view concerning which periods of history are represented, both their characteristics and dates. In this, the historical-prophetical scheme suffers from the same problems as the Historicist Interpretation of Revelation.⁴⁷

Church history is far more complex than can be reflected by seven periods sharing global characteristics.⁴⁸

The correlation made between the letters and church history is entirely westernized and fails to take into account important movements and activities elsewhere in the world.

If the churches truly are representative of the course of church history, this fact must have been concealed from the early church or it would have destroyed the concept of imminency.⁴⁹

The historical-prophetical interpretation seems to read more into the text than what is intended.⁵⁰

Trench observes;

The multitude of dissertations, essays, books, which have been, and are still being written, in support of this scheme of interpretation, must remain a singular monument of wasted ingenuity and misapplied toil . . . a future looking into Scripture for that which is not to be found there . . . a resolution to draw out from it that which he who draws out must first himself have put in. Men will never thus make Scripture richer. They will have made it much poorer for themselves, if they nourish themselves out of it with the fancies of men, in place of the truths of God.⁵¹

For further information on this subject, see [Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 505-515].

Notes

¹ Henry Barclay Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1998, 1906), li-lii.

² Photograph courtesy of NASA.

³ Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 1-7 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1992), 130.

⁴ “There were other churches in the Asian province: Colosse, near Laodicea, to which Paul wrote in one of his epistles; Troas, where he held a meeting and restored Eutychus to life (Acts 20:5-12); Magnesia and Tralles, to which Ignatius indited letters at the beginning of the second century. Colosse and Troas were certainly founded before the writing of the Apocalypse, and probably the others were also.”—Merrill C. Tenney, Interpreting Revelation (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1957), 29. “There were more than seven churches in the region meant by ‘Asia,’ for instance, Magnesia and Tralles.”—A. R. Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” in Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997, 1877), Rev. 1:1.

⁵ Alan F. Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 23.

⁶ Colin J. Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1989), 15.

⁷ Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John, liii-liv.

⁸ “The [Muratorian Canon] states in lines 47-59, “. . . For also John, in his Apocalypse, while writing to the seven churches, yet speaks to all.””—Mark Hitchcock, “The Stake in the Heart—The A.D. 95 Date of Revelation,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 132.

⁹ Mal Couch, “Ecclesiology in the Book of Revelation,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 125.

¹⁰ Richard Chenevix Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1861), 5.

¹¹ Ibid., 222.

¹² “These adequately represented the various spiritual situations of the surrounding churches at the time. Then too they were probably the ones with which John enjoyed the closest relationship.”—Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 64.

¹³ Bullinger holds the unusual view that the church has been raptured before the book of Revelation opens. He believes the seven churches of Revelation 2+ and 3+ are seven, literal, Jewish churches or assemblies yet to come. [E. W. Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1984, 1935), xiii] He believes this explains the lack of historical evidence for the existence of some of the churches which some have noted. “Tertullian (about 145-220) says that leaders of certain sects, such as Cerdon and Marcion, rejected the Apocalypse on the ground that it could not have been written by John, inasmuch as (among other reasons) there was no Christian Church in existence at Thyatira in the time of John. Epiphanius (who wrote about A.D. 367) deals with the Alogi, a sect which disputed the genuineness of the Apocalypse, and on the same grounds. . . . The answer of Epiphanius acknowledged the historical fact: but his answer was that St. John wrote to the church at Thyatira, not because it was then in existence, but because it would be at some future time. . . . In A.D. 363 was held the Council of Laodicea. It was attended by thirty-two bishops of Asia, among whom was the bishop of Ephesus. This Council framed a list or canon of the sacred books, but the Apocalypse was not included in the catalogue. How can we account for this as a historical fact if these seven churches were all then existent; and if these epistles were sent to them at that time, Laodicea being one of them?”—Ibid., 70-71. Thomas counters: “The basis of the assumption [that no church existed in Thyatira] being statements by Tertullian (A.D. 145-220) and by Epiphanius (about A.D. 367). . . . Tertullian does not agree with the faithfulness of this assertion, but merely cites the claims of certain sects. Epiphanius too was answering unorthodox objections of the Alogi to the genuineness of the Apocalypse. The absurdity of this position is readily seen when one recollects the evidence of the Apocalypse itself. . . . [The author] would not have assumed as fact a thing known to be erroneous. How much more true this is with the inspired apostle as author.”—Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 506. This view seems implausible when one considers that these churches, once viable, have lain in ruins for most of two millennia. Are we to suppose they will spring back to life at the time of the end?

¹⁴ Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 19.

¹⁵ John F. Walvoord, The Millennial Kingdom (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1959), 224-225.

¹⁶ The “overcomer” (Rev. 2:7+, 11+, 17+, 26+; 3:5+, 12+, 21+; 21:7+) is not a special class of Christian, but a simple believer (1Jn. 5:4).

¹⁷ Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 47.

¹⁸ [Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 133]. See also [Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John, 24].

¹⁹ J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 67.

²⁰ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 151.

²¹ Mal Couch, “Soteriology in the Book of Revelation,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 164-165.

²² See also [Monty S. Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John (Dallas, TX: 3E Ministries, 1987), Rev. 2:8].

²³ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 65-66.

²⁴ “The first thing in common is that every letter has a description of the Messiah taken from the description of the Glorified Son of Man found in chapter one.”—Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 47. “Each feature thus emphasized has an appropriate connection with the nature of the church, as if the manifestation of Christ were specially designed for that church. To the careless assembly at Ephesus He is the inspector who walks among the lampstands; to the oppressed flock of Smyrna threatened by persecution He is the risen Lord whom death could not destroy; to the lax church at Pergamum He appears with the sharp two-edged sword of judgment. Each feature of the portrait is made significant for the addresses.”—Tenney, Interpreting Revelation, 123.

²⁵ J. Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1958), 151.

²⁶ Taken primarily from Rev. 1:12-18+.

²⁷ “Gibbon (Decline and Fall, c. lxiv.), . . . writes like one who almost believed that the threatenings and promises of God did fulfill themselves in history: ‘In the loss of Ephesus the Christians deplored the fall of the first Angel, the extinction of the first candlestick, of the Revelations; the desolation is complete; and the temple of Diana or the church of Mary will equally elude the search of the curious traveller. The circus and three stately theatres of Laodicea are now peopled with wolves and foxes; Sardis is reduced to a miserable village; the God of Mahomet, without a rival or a son, is invoked in the mosques of Thyatira and Pergamus, and the populousness of Smyrna is supported by the foreign trade of the Franks and Armenians. Philadelphia alone has been saved by prophecy, or courage. . . . Among the Greek colonies and Churches of Asia, Philadelphia is still erect—a column in a scene of ruins,—a pleasing example that the paths of honour and safety may sometimes be the same.’ ”—Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 187-188.

²⁸ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 158.

²⁹ Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 152.

³⁰ [Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 71] and [Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 152].

³¹ “This city, whose name means ‘parchment,’ was where parchment was first manufactured.”—Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 177.

³² Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 152.

³³ “If we take it as a compound of θυγατης [thygatēs] and τειρω [teirō] , we get the idea of feminine oppression. The false prophets who first enticed the members of this church into apostasy were women.”—Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 71.

³⁴ “[Some] have derived it from the Hebrew, and have assigned it the signification of remnant, or an escaped few.”—Ibid.

³⁵ Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 152.

³⁶ Ibid.

³⁷ Jerome Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1992), Rev. 3:1.

³⁸ “They affirm that we have in them, besides counsels to the Churches named in each, a prophetic outline of seven successive periods of the Church’s history; dividing, as they do, into these seven portions the whole time intervening between Christ’s Ascension and his return in glory.”—Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 224. “The notion itself undoubtedly dates back to a period anterior to the Reformation. The Fratres Spirituales, or more rigid Franciscans, who refused the mitigations of the strictness of St. Francis’ rule, in which the majority of his followers allowed themselves, and who on this account separated themselves from them, and from the Church which sanctioned such relaxations, are the first among whom this scheme of interpretation assumed any prominence.”—Ibid., 227.

³⁹ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 48-49.

⁴⁰ Ibid., 49.

⁴¹ Ibid., 49, 58, 60.

⁴² [Ibid., 50-90] A fatal weakness of this view, in our opinion, is the variation in the results of different expositors. For example, see LaHaye. “Chart of Church Age View”—Tim LaHaye, Revelation Unveiled (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1999), 24. Even Fruchtenbaum admits a reduction in his emphasis on the interpretation of the letters to the seven churches as historical periods: [Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, xxxi].

⁴³ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, 73-86.

⁴⁴ Ibid.

⁴⁵ “300 to 800 A.D.”—Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 153.

⁴⁶ “800 to 1517.”—Ibid.

⁴⁷ “There is no . . . accurate correspondence . . . the interpreters of the historico-prophetical school, besides their controversy with those who deny in toto what they affirm, have also an intestine strife among themselves. Each one has his own solution of the enigma, his own distribution of the several epochs; or, if this is too much to affirm, there is, at any rate, nothing approaching to a general consensus among them.”—Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 234. “Schaff, in speaking of the periods of church history, notes, ‘In regard to the number and length of periods there is, indeed, no unanimity.’ He then goes on to observe that if any general agreement exists, it is in respect to a threefold division into ancient (A.D. 1-590), medieval (A.D. 590-1517) and modern (A.D. 1517-1880) periods. If a further breakdown is desired, Schaff proposes a division of each of the three into three subdivisions, resulting in nine, not seven periods of church history.”—Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 510.

⁴⁸ “One has to force the specific problems of each congregation into a certain period of church history. And those issues do not fit as easily as one may wish. Church history is far more complex.”—Couch, “Ecclesiology in the Book of Revelation,” 127.

⁴⁹ “If the churches were genuinely prophetic of the course of church history rather than representative in every age, those who hold to the imminent return of Christ would have been quickly disillusioned once they realized this.”—Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, 24.

⁵⁰ “We ask, what slightest hint or intimation does the Spirit of God give that we have here to do with the great successive acts and epochs of the kingdom of God in the course of its gradual evolution here upon earth? Where are the finger-posts pointing the way? What is there, for instance, of chronological succession? Does not every thing, on the contrary, mark simultaneity, not succession? The seven candlesticks are seen at the same instant; the seven Churches named in the same breath.”—Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 233. “It will be good always to remember, that there is a temptation to make Scripture mean more than in the intention of the holy Ghost it does mean, as well as a temptation to make it mean less; and that we are bound by equally solemn obligations not to thrust on it something of ours, as not to subtract from it any thing of its own (Rev. 22:18-19+); the interpretation in excess proving often nearly, or quite, as mischievous as that in defect.”—Ibid., 221.

⁵¹ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 237.

⁵² Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 505-515.

3.2 - Revelation 2

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Having been commissioned by Christ to write “the things which you have seen, and the things which are, and the things which will take place after this” (Rev. 1:19+), John now records “the things which are”—Jesus’ assessment of the condition of the Seven Churches of Asia at the time John wrote. This subject will occupy Revelation 2+ and 3+ until John is called up to heaven at the beginning of Revelation 4+ in order to witness and record “the things which will take place after this.”

The evaluation, exhortation, and promises which Jesus gives to each of the seven churches provide important insights into the conditions of the early church. The seven letters to the churches also challenge us today to examine our own lives to see which attributes of the seven churches, whether good and bad, are evident in our own lives?

the angel

See the discussion concerning the identity of the angel at Revelation 1:20.

the church of Ephesus

See Seven Churches of Asia.

At the time of John’s writing, Ephesus was an important seaport city of the Roman province of Asia. Today, the site is stranded several miles from the sea on the edge of a swampy alluvial plain and the former harbor is marked by a reed-bed.¹ Ephesus was famous for its Temple of Artemis (Diana in Latin), 425-feet long by 220-feet wide with each of its 120 columns donated by a king, one of the seven wonders of the world (Acts 19).²

Temple of Artemis at Ephesus

Temple of Artemis at Ephesus³

The presence of the temple of Artemis (Diana) added to the commercial importance of Ephesus, for two reasons. First, the temple was regarded as sacrosanct throughout the Mediterranean world and thus became the primary banking institution of Asia Minor. Second, pilgrims swelled the population and contributed substantially to Ephesian business, especially during the festivals of Artemis (March/April). So prominent was the city that during the early Christian period the population of Ephesus probably exceeded a quarter million.⁴

The important place which Artemis held in the city, both religiously and commercially, can be seen by the riot which ensued in reaction to Paul’s ministry (Acts 19:24-41). One of the months of the calendar was named after Artemis and a yearly celebration was held in her honor.⁵ The ancient temple of the great goddess identified with Artemis stood less than a mile outside the walls of the city.⁶ Ephesus also participated in the imperial cult where temples were built to Claudius, Hadrian, and Severus.⁷ Magic was a thriving art at Ephesus. Scripture records the value of books burned by those who practiced magic as “fifty thousand pieces of silver” (Acts 19:19).⁸

Ephesus also had a reputation as a seat of learning. Paul is recorded as having taught at one such established school, the School of Tyrannus (Acts 19:9). Ephesus was the scene for Justin’s Dialogue with Trypho.⁹

Ephesus was probably listed as the first city of the seven to receive the letter from John due to its proximity to Patmos (see Seven Churches of Asia map) and its key location on major overland routes:

Ephesus lay at the intersection of two ancient major overland routes: the coastal road that ran north through Smyrna and Pergamum to Troas (near ancient Troy); and the western route to Colossae, Hierapolis, Laodicea, and regions of Phrygia and beyond. Ephesus can also be viewed as the starting-point of a type of postal route . . . running north to Pergamum and southwest through Sardis to Laodicea.¹⁰

Although Paul ministered extensively at Ephesus: “The first arrival of the gospel in Ephesus is unrecorded. According to Acts 2:9 Jews resident in Asia were present in Jerusalem on the day of Pentecost. And we are told of ‘disciples’ in Ephesus before Paul’s arrival, though they are represented as imperfectly instructed [Acts 19:1ff; Acts 18:24ff].”¹¹

Paul first visited Ephesus on his second missionary journey (Acts 18:19-28) and on his third missionary journey taught there for a period of almost three years (Acts 20:31). Paul wrote his first letter to the Corinthian church from there.¹² It was at Ephesus that Apollos, a disciple of John the Baptist, was instructed by Aquila and Priscilla (Acts 18:24-26). When returning from his third missionary journey to Jerusalem, Paul passed by Ephesus, but stopped in Miletus. From there, he sent for and met with the elders of the church at Ephesus (Acts 20:17). The church at Ephesus had plural eldership well in advance of John’s writing this letter (which adds to the difficulties attending the identification of the angel of the church—see commentary on Revelation 1:20). Paul asked Timothy to remain in Ephesus in his absence (1Ti. 1:3) and wrote his epistle to the Ephesian church in A.D. 60-62 (after his third missionary journey, A.D. 53-57) which was delivered by Tychicus (Eph. 6:21).

Tradition holds that the John left Jerusalem prior to its destruction and in about A.D. 66 relocated to Ephesus which was his main place of ministry during the closing years of his life. If Mary were still alive, she would have undoubtedly traveled with him (John 19:27).

About 5 km (3 mi) from Ephesus was constructed the Basilica of St. John. John is supposed to be buried there. But Meinardus asks which John, since according to Eusebius (HE iii.3) Papias, the famed second-century bishop of Hierapolis, “asserts there were also two tombs in Ephesus, and that both are called John’s even to this day.” This church erected to the memory of John is not to be confused with the Church of the Virgin Mary in which the Council of Ephesus was held in A.D. 431, when Nestorius was condemned in the Theotokos issue. . . . The stones and pillars [of the Temple of Artemis] were used in the construction of both the great Basilica of St. Sophia at Constantinople and the early Church of St. John at Ephesus. . . . Although Ephesus lies in ruins today, the railway station nearby is called Ayasoluk, a corruption of Gk hagios Theologos, “the holy theologian,” a well-known reference in Eastern Christendom to the beloved Evangelist.¹³

holds the seven stars in His right hand

The titles which Jesus assumes in each letter are primarily derived from Revelation 1:12-18+ and are tailored to the message which attends each letter. Here, The Ephesian church has lost its first love (Rev. 2:4+). Jesus reminds them that it is He Who is the protector of the stars—they are held in His right hand, secure and in a position of favor (John 10:27-30). He has not left them, but they have left Him (Deu. 31:6, 8; Jos. 1:5; Mat. 28:20; Heb. 13:5). See commentary on Revelation 1:16.

walks in the midst

He is the One in the midst of the churches and will always be with them (Mat. 28:20), even if they have forsaken a close relationship with Him (Rev. 2:4+). See commentary on Revelation 1:13.

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I know

Perfect tense, οἶδα [oida] , “I have known.” His knowledge of their past works results in the commendations and exhortations which presently follow.¹⁴ Christ is omniscient. See commentary on Revelation 1:14.

labor and patience

The Ephesian church had worked hard and born a consistent load of service.

The Christian life, though full of joy, is also attended by much labor and hardship (2Cor. 11:27). Continual labor requires continual patience. Believers are to persevere and not grow weary (Isa. 40:31; Gal. 6:9; 2Th. 3:13; Heb. 12:3). Those who die in the Tribulation are said to obtain rest from their labors and their works follow them (Rev. 14:13+).

cannot bear

The Ephesian church did not bear those who were evil. This must refer to the Scriptural application of church discipline to protect the gathering from those who were not truly of them (Mat. 18:17; 1Cor. 5:5; 1Ti. 6:3-5):

The sphere in which the Angel of Ephesus had the chief opportunity of manifesting this holy intolerance of evil-doers was, no doubt, that of Church-discipline, separating off from fellowship with the faithful those who named the name of Christ, yet would not depart from iniquity (2Ti. 2:19).¹⁵

A letter written by Ignatius (A.D. 98-117) mentions this commendable characteristic of the Ephesian church:

But I have learned that certain people . . . have passed your way with evil doctrine, but you did not allow them to sow it among you. You covered up your ears in order to avoid receiving the things being sown by them—Ignatius, The Letter of Ignatius to the Ephesians¹⁶

tested those

The Ephesian church was diligent in evaluating those who ministered in their midst.

All things are to be tested by the measure of God’s Word (Isa. 8:20) and the fruit which is produced (Mat. 7:16). This is especially true of those things which are claimed to be of the Spirit of God, but are not (1Th. 5:2; 1Ti. 4:1; 1Jn. 4:1; Rev. 2:20+). The most serious threats to the Christian assembly come from within (Acts 20:29-31; 1Ti. 1:3-4).

Peter warned of false teachers who would pattern themselves after the false prophets of the OT:

But there were also false prophets among the people, even as there will be false teachers among you, who will secretly bring in destructive heresies, even denying the Lord who bought them, and bring on themselves swift destruction. And many will follow their destructive ways, because of whom the way of truth will be blasphemed. By covetousness they will exploit you with deceptive words; for a long time their judgment has not been idle, and their destruction does not slumber. (2Pe. 2:1)

When the church accepts these false teachers, and fails to confront their error, then “the way of truth will be blasphemed.” A key attribute of such teachers is their deception—appearing to be what they are not. They are all the more effective in their convincing zeal since they themselves are deceived (2Ti. 3:13).

It is a lamentable fact in our time that the Church seems unwilling to test its own. Application of the guidelines set forth by the NT writers is seen as judgmental or quenching the Spirit. Yet it was the Spirit Himself who inspired the writers who urge us through the pages of Scripture to proactively guard doctrine! The NT makes plain how essential this testing is to the health of the assemblies. Shouldn’t we expect that Satan will concentrate his greatest efforts at the very ‘ground zero’ of God’s work upon the earth—within the local Christian assembly? We cannot say that we have not been warned: “test the spirits, whether they are of God” (1Jn. 4:1)!

say they are apostles

These were not apostles in the sense of having seen the risen Christ (Acts 1:21-22; 1Cor. 9:1) since John alone survived at the time of writing.¹⁷

Paul had previously warned the Ephesian church about the need to watch for false teachers:

For I know this, that after my departure savage wolves will come in among you, not sparing the flock. Also from among yourselves men will rise up, speaking perverse things, to draw away the disciples after themselves. Therefore watch, and remember that for three years I did not cease to warn everyone night and day with tears. (Acts 20:29-31)

Paul mentioned such false apostles when writing to the church at Corinth and was not hesitant to cut off their “ministry”:

But what I do, I will also continue to do, that I may cut off the opportunity from those who desire an opportunity to be regarded just as we are in the things of which they boast. For such are false apostles, deceitful workers, transforming themselves into apostles of Christ. And no wonder! For Satan himself transforms himself into an angel of light. Therefore it is no great thing if his ministers also transform themselves into ministers of righteousness, whose end will be according to their works. (2Cor. 11:12-15)

A key attribute of those who are not what they appear to be is their self proclamation. In the church of Thyatira, it was Jezebel who called herself a prophetess (Rev. 2:20+). Paul says that they transform themselves, patterning their deceit after Satan who transforms himself into an angel of light. This transformation would be entirely effective if the church did not have the Word of God and gifts of spiritual discernment to expose such imposters (1Cor. 12:10). Spiritual discernment is necessary because the natural mind is ineffective in the spiritual realm where the seduction takes place (Mat. 24:24; Mark 13:22; 2Th. 2:9-11; 1Ti. 4:1). The power of seduction by demonic spirits may be assessed by noting how easily deceiving spirits convince the kings of the earth to participate in the height of folly: going to war against God (Rev. 16:13-14+)!

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persevered

The Ephesians had in common their perseverance (ὑπομονὴν [hypomonēn] ) with John’s patience (Rev. 1:9+), the trait of faithfully waiting while “abiding under” or bearing a heavy load. Patience and perseverance are qualities which attend selflessness, for they seek things other than self (Rom. 2:7). Perseverance is produced by tribulation (Rom. 5:3). What God has revealed afore time helps us remain patient under conditions we might not otherwise tolerate because we have hope (Rom. 15:4).

have labored

The Ephesian church had dutifully labored to produce fruit (Tit. 3:8, 14). These labors were evidence of the reality of their faith (Jas. 2:17-26). The Ephesian church had a clean bill of health from an external perspective.

My name’s sake

Jesus predicted that the Ephesians and all believers would be reviled, hated, and persecuted for His name’s sake (Mat. 5:11; 10:22). It is extremely important that we take care that our persecution is for His name’s sake rather than for our name’s sake. How often do we abuse His name to defend insensitivity or rudeness on our part? When the world hates or persecutes us, is it truly because of His name? Are there times when we deserve the treatment which we have justly earned, but rationalize it by incorrectly attributing it to our position in Christ?

Anything done for His name’s sake must be done with His character. Since we are called by His name (Acts 15:17; Jas. 2:7), when our actions contravene the Word of God, we profane His name (Lev. 19:12; 20:3; 22:2, 32; Pr. 30:9; Isa. 48:11; 52:5; Jer. 34:16; Eze. 20:9, 14, 22, 30; 36:21-23; 39:7).

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Nevertheless

Despite the good works and patience, there is something lacking in the Ephesian church. How sobering it is to hear the Lord say “nevertheless” after a word of commendation!

left your first love

“Left” is ἀφῆκες [aphēkes] meaning “to send away. . . . to bid going away or depart. . . . of a husband divorcing his wife,”¹⁸ to “give up, abandon . . . Rev. 2:4+.”¹⁹ “Note, the word is ‘leave,’ not ‘lose.’ To love lies in the power of the will, otherwise it would not be commanded. . . . This is the beginning of that decline which ends in Laodicea.”²⁰

The Ephesian church had fallen prey to the same fate as Israel before them (Jer. 2:1-9):

Moreover the word of the LORD came to me, saying, “Go and cry in the hearing of Jerusalem, saying, ‘Thus says the LORD: “I remember you, the kindness of your youth, the love of your betrothal, when you went after Me in the wilderness, in a land not sown. Israel was holiness to the LORD, the firstfruits of His increase. All that devour him will offend; disaster will come upon them,” says the LORD.’ ”

God reminds Israel of “the love of her betrothal,” when they sought after Him in the wilderness. Although the nation lacked many things in the wilderness, they had a zeal and hunger for the Lord. This is analogous to the zeal and hunger we had for God when He first calls us from the “wilderness” of the world. At that time, nothing else was as important as our relationship with Him!

Hear the word of the LORD, O house of Jacob and all the families of the house of Israel. Thus says the LORD: “What injustice have your fathers found in Me, that they have gone far from Me, have followed idols, and have become idolaters? Neither did they say, ‘Where is the LORD, Who brought us up out of the land of Egypt, Who led us through the wilderness, through a land of deserts and pits, through a land of drought and the shadow of death, through a land that no one crossed and where no one dwelt?’ ”

God relates the next stage in Israel’s flagging relationship with Him. They have “gone far from” Him and have begun to follow idols. They have forgotten the wonders He did when they were rescued from a desperate situation and now other things have begun to eclipse the importance of intimacy with God. God specifically mentions Israel’s having “followed idols”—the nation is turning its attention elsewhere.

“I brought you into a bountiful country, to eat its fruit and its goodness. But when you entered, you defiled My land and made My heritage an abomination. The priests did not say, ‘Where is the LORD?’ And those who handle the law did not know Me; the rulers also transgressed against Me; the prophets prophesied by Baal, and walked after things that do not profit. Therefore I will yet bring charges against you,” says the LORD, “And against your children’s children I will bring charges.”

The nation has now drifted so far apart from God that “those who handle the law did not know Me.” This is a very serious state of affairs! The very people who should know God and accurately represent Him, no longer “know Me.” How similar this sounds to the sobering words of Jesus:

Many will say to Me in that Day, ‘Lord, Lord, have we not prophesied in Your name, cast out demons in Your name, and done many wonders in Your name?’ And then I will declare to them, ‘I never knew you; depart from Me, you who practice lawlessness!’ (Mat. 7:22-23) [emphasis added]

If Jesus never knew them then they could not have truly known Him. Yet they are actively ministering in His name—attributing their activities to His character! The disturbing reality is that it is possible to think one is actively “serving God,” but without a true relationship with Him. Even in the case where we begin following after Him, time and circumstances often turn our hearts aside. When Solomon grew old, “his wives turned his heart after other gods; and his heart was not loyal to the LORD his God, as was the heart of his father David” (1K. 11:4).

Our priority must ever be relationship over service (works). This is the essential message of the incident involving Mary and her sister Martha related by Luke. Martha’s priority was serving whereas “Mary . . . sat at Jesus’ feet and heard His word” (Luke 10:39). Martha was so focused on serving that she missed a golden opportunity to listen to her Lord. Jesus summarized the actions of the two sisters: “Martha, Martha, you are worried and troubled about many things. But one thing is needed, and Mary has chosen that good part, which will not be taken away from her” (Luke 10:41-42).

Time spent sitting at the Master’s feet will never be taken away from us. Although some fret that such time reduces our ability to serve, the result is actually the opposite. Our devotion, motivation, and understanding of God are deepened causing an increase in the fruit of God’s ministry through us. Our ministry and service must be grounded in and out of our love for Him (Heb. 6:10-12). We are “priests to His God,” our primary focus is God-ward, only then man-ward. Instead of waning, our love for Him is to be continually increasing (Php. 1:9).

The Ephesian church had lost its focus. They had taken their eyes off of Jesus and were now focusing on their works done for His name. This is the essence of idolatry.

The condition of the Ephesian church at the time of John appears considerably different to that when Paul wrote his epistle. “See the Ephesians’ first love, Eph. 1:15. This epistle was written under Domitian, when thirty years had elapsed since Paul had written his Epistle to them.”²¹ This is evidence for a late date for the writing of the book of Revelation.

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Remember

Remembering is the first in a three-step process. All three steps (remember, repent, and do the first works) are in the imperative tense: remember! . . . repent! . . . do! The Ephesians were commanded to go back in their minds to an earlier time when their motivation and fellowship with Christ had been different.

An important function of festivals, signs, and altars is to help men remember the earlier works of God and the dedications they made (Gen. 9:15-16; Num. 15:39-40; Deu. 16:13; Jos. 22:10, 27-28).

repent

If the Ephesian church were to repent and return to their first love, they would find that God is also once again closer to them (Zec. 1:3).

Properly speaking, metanoein is “to know after” as pronoein is “to know before”; metanoia is “afterknowledge” . . . The next step that metanoia signifies is the change of mind that results from this afterknowledge. Thus Tertullian wrote: “In the Greek language the word for repentance is not derived from the admission of a fault but from a change of mind.” . . . Last of all metanoia signifies a resulting change of conduct. . . . Only in Scripture and in the works of those who were dependent on Scripture does metanoia predominantly refer to a change of mind, to taking a wiser view of the past, to “the soul’s perception of the wicked things it has done.”²²

Repentance includes a recognition of wrong-doing together with a decision to move in a different direction: “Repent therefore and be converted, that your sins may be blotted out, so that times of refreshing may come from the presence of the Lord” (Acts 3:19).

from where you have fallen

Their current estate is said to be lower than before. As they drifted apart from God in their relationship, their spiritual state also declined. have fallen is in the perfect tense—the fall had already taken place, but Jesus is concerned with their present spiritual condition.

do the first works

The Ephesian church was not lacking in works, but the motivation for the works had changed and was now adversely affecting the results. “Not the quantity, but the quality, of . . . works was now other and worse than once it had been.”²³ How often has this been the case in Christian history when works of mercy, intended to exhibit the character of Christ and to point people to the solution of their ultimate need, suffer a gradual reduction in their zeal and focus on Christ. The result is that the Christian organization becomes just one more social institution doing “good works,” but failing to engage the culture with the priority of salvation.

The solution is found in retracing our steps back to where we went astray and calling upon the Lord as we did at the first. After straying in Egypt, Abraham returned to “the place where his tent had been at the beginning, between Bethel and Ai, to the place of the altar which he had made there at first. And there Abraham called on the name of the Lord” (Gen. 13:3-4).

But recall the former days in which, after you were illuminated, you endured a great struggle with sufferings: partly while you were made a spectacle both by reproaches and tribulations, and partly while you became companions of those who were so treated; for you had compassion on me in my chains, and joyfully accepted the plundering of your goods, knowing that you have a better and an enduring possession for yourselves in heaven. Therefore do not cast away your confidence, which has great reward. (Heb. 10:32-35) [emphasis added]

Instantly, let us say, this is not a call to “Christian service” or “renewed activity.” Ephesus had toil, patience, intolerance toward evil, patience in suffering,—everything. But the “first works” are the goings forth of affection to Christ, freely, devotedly, as in our first love.²⁴

I will come

The futuristic present, ἔρχομαι [erchomai] is in the present tense: “I am coming.” His impending arrival is imminent!²⁵

remove

Κινήσω [Kinēsō] (from which we get the word kinetic) can also mean to “shake,” “move,” “provoke,” “stir.” This may be indicating not only that the lampstand will be removed, but that it will be disturbed in such a way as to disperse its membership elsewhere to form new churches (Mat. 10:23; Acts 8:4). “The seat of the Church has been changed, but the Church itself survives.”²⁶ Even if a church remained physically present at Ephesus, if its membership failed to return to their first love, then the essential Christian testimony of the church would be curtailed. “Without genuine Christians remaining, it is impossible for a church to produce light.”²⁷

Those with illumination bear greater responsibility for bearing fruit. When we fail to bear fruit, God raises up others in our stead (Mat. 21:43; Mark 12:9; Luke 20:16). This would be the destiny of the Ephesian church if it did not repent.

Gibbon (Decline and Fall, c. lxiv.), . . . writes like one who almost believed that the threatenings and promises of God did fulfill themselves in history: In the loss of Ephesus the Christians deplored the fall of the first Angel, the extinction of the first candlestick, of the Revelations; the desolation is complete; and the temple of Diana or the church of Mary will equally elude the search of the curious traveller. The circus and three stately theatres of Laodicea are now peopled with wolves and foxes; Sardis is reduced to a miserable village; the God of Mahomet, without a rival or a son, is invoked in the mosques of Thyatira and Pergamus, and the populousness of Smyrna is supported by the foreign trade of the Franks and Armenians. Philadelphia alone has been saved by prophecy, or courage. . . . Among the Greek colonies and Churches of Asia, Philadelphia is still erect—a column in a scene of ruins,—a pleasing example that the paths of honour and safety may sometimes be the same.²⁸

The lampstand at Ephesus was indeed removed. “I have before me a picture of the Ephesus of today—a ruined archway, a Moslem dwelling, and a forbidding castle, ’midst desolate hills. No lampstand for Christ where once Paul labored three years, night and day with tears!”²⁹

3.2.6 - Revelation 2:6 Open Bible at Rev. 2:6 Listen to Rev. 2:6

hate the deeds

The Ephesian church had left their first love, but had not left their former hatred for evil. Their hatred for evil was the diametric opposite of the tolerance of the church in Pergamum toward the teachings and deeds of the Nicolaitans (Rev. 2:14-15+).³⁰

God hates the deeds and the doctrine (Rev. 2:13+). God hates evil ways (Pr. 8:13), abominable activities (Jer. 44:4), a false oath (Zec. 8:17), and insincere offering (Jer. 44:4; Amos 5:21). Believers are to have no fellowship with such unfruitful works and are to expose them (Eph. 5:11; 2Jn. 1:9).

Nicolaitans

See Nicolaitans.

you hate . . . I also hate

Both verbs are in the present tense—both the Ephesian church and Jesus are in ongoing opposition to the works of the Nicolaitans.

3.2.7 - Revelation 2:7 Open Bible at Rev. 2:7 Listen to Rev. 2:7

He who has an ear

“Every man ‘hath an ear’ naturally, but he alone will be able to hear spiritually to whom God has given ‘the hearing ear’; whose ‘ear God hath wakened’ and ‘opened.’ ”³¹

let him hear

Each letter closes with this imperative command which is very similar to Jesus’ invitations in the synoptic gospels (Mat. 11:15; 13:9, 43; Mark 4:9, 23; Luke 8:8; 14:15).³² It is Christ’s desire that “those who hear the words of this prophecy” (Rev. 1:3+) not only hear the subject matter, but understand its significance. This phrase recognizes the reality that those whose hearts are not open to Christ may hear (or read) the words, but will not understand the message: “The natural man does not receive the things of the Spirit of God, for they are foolishness to him; nor can he know them, because they are spiritually discerned” (1Cor. 2:14). See Hiding or Revealing?.

If we desire that God would reveal more to us, we must first respond in obedience to that which has already been revealed. If we fail to respond to what He has already revealed, then we stand to lose what we already understand (Mark 4:24-25; Luke 8:18). Thus is the dilemma of the lukewarm Christian who believes he sees and hears, but has become blind and deaf (Rev. 2:16-17+).

[The seven letters] are also accompanied with a seven times repeated entreaty and command to hear what is said in them. And yet there is not another portion of Scripture, of equal extent and conspicuity, to which so little attention has been paid.³³

what the Spirit says

Christ had been speaking but now it is the Spirit who speaks - a declaration of Christ’s deity and a testimony to the inspiration of Scripture. When Jesus promised to send another helper (παρακλητον [paraklēton] ), the Spirit of Truth, He said, “I will not leave you orphans; I will come to you.” [emphasis added] (John 14:18). It is the Spirit of Christ, the Holy Spirit, Who initiates prophecy (1Pe. 1:11). He is the source of all spiritual revelation and illumination (John 14:17; 15:26; 16:13).

to the churches

Each letter is given for the benefit of all seven churches. The book of Revelation is given to: (1) John; (2) each individual church; (3) all seven churches; (4) all churches of all time; (5) all believers in every age (Rev. 2:7+, 11+, 17+, 29+; 3:6+, 13+, 22+; 13:9+). See Seven Churches of Asia.

him who overcomes

The appearance of this phrase is an indication of John’s apostolic authorship. “It is characteristic of John, occurring once in the Gospel, six times in the First Epistle, sixteen times in the book of Revelation, and elsewhere only Luke 11:22; Rom. 3:4; 12:21.”³⁴ See Authorship. See Who is the Overcomer?

tree of life

The tree of life originally stood in the Garden of Eden (Gen. 2:9). By partaking of its fruit, man had eternal life. But through the Fall, man lost access to the tree (Gen. 3:22-24).

The tree of life is a common motif for righteousness and wisdom in Scripture (Ps. 1:3; Pr. 3:18; 11:30; 13:12; 15:4) for it is by righteousness and wisdom that life is lived to the full. For this reason, the Jews referred to the Word of God as the “tree of life”. “[Torah scrolls are] written on parchment, sewn together, rolled onto wooden rollers called eytz chayeem (tree of life), and read regularly in the synagogue.”³⁵

During the present age, while man is barred from the tree of life, God has provided another tree of life: the cross of Jesus Christ. Those who place their trust in His atoning work upon the cross have eternal life (John 3:14-16).³⁶ Even though every man has been bitten by the Serpent (Gen. 3:15), by merely looking upon this tree in faith, he will be healed (Num. 21:9).

In the eternal state, believers will once again obtain full access to the tree of life (Rev. 22:2+, 14+). The promise made to the overcomer is an essential element of salvation. In the eternal state, man will still be dependent upon God for access to the tree of life (Rev. 22:2+) because independence from God is sin.

Paradise of God

Significantly, the church which had lost its first love was given the promise of access to a tree which was in the midst of the garden wherein God and Adam used to have sweet fellowship (Gen. 3:8). This is the very essence of the first love which the Ephesians had left.

Paradise “Παράδεισος [Paradeisos] was originally a Persian word, denoting an enclosed garden, especially a royal park.”³⁷ “Among the Persians a grand enclosure or preserve, hunting ground, park, shady and well watered, in which wild animals, were kept for the hunt; it was enclosed by walls and furnished with towers for the hunters.”³⁸ Although Paradise was initially associated with the Garden of God (Gen. 2:8; 13:10; Isa. 51:3; Eze. 28:13; 31:5), the meaning of the term has changed with time: “We may thus trace παράδεισος [paradeisos] passing through a series of meanings, each one higher than the last; from any garden of delight, which is its first meaning, it comes to be predominantly applied to the Garden of Eden; then to the resting-place of separate souls in joy and felicity; and lastly, to the very heaven itself.”³⁹ “What was originally a garden of delight has taken on the connotation of the new heavens and the new earth.”⁴⁰

Prior to the cross, paradise was a compartment within Hades (Luke 16:22-23). At His crucifixion, Jesus told the repentant thief, “today you will be with Me in Paradise” (Luke 23:43). The location of paradise after the victory of Jesus on the cross moved to heaven, for Paul was “caught up into Paradise” [emphasis added] where he heard inexpressible words (2Cor. 12:4). Essentially, the term describes the abode of righteous men upon death:

It is a term describing the abode of the righteous ones, no matter where that above may be at any point in time.... from Adam until the Ascension of Jesus, Paradise was in Abraham’s Bosom. From the Ascension of Jesus until the end of the Millennium, Paradise is in Heaven. Then, after the Millennium and for all eternity, Paradise will be in the New Jerusalem on the new earth.⁴¹

3.2.8 - Revelation 2:8 Open Bible at Rev. 2:8 Listen to Rev. 2:8

the angel

See the discussion concerning the identity of the angel at Revelation 1:20.

Trench suggests that Polycarp may have been “the angel of the church in Smyrna”:

Knowing as we do that at a period only a little later than this, Polycarp was bishop there, a very interesting question presents itself to us, namely, whether he might not have been bishop now; whether he may not be the Angel of whom this epistle is addrest [sic]. There is much to make this probable. . . . It is true indeed that we have thus to assume an episcopate of his, which lasted for more than seventy years; for the “good confession” of Polycarp did not take place till the year 168, while the Apocalypse was probably written in 96. . . . As early as AD 108 Ignatius . . . found Polycarp the bishop . . . of the Church of Smyrna . . . We have only to extend his episcopate twelve years a parte ante, and he will have been Angel of Smyrna when this Epistle was addrest [sic] to that Church. Is there any great unlikelihood in this? His reply to the Roman Governor who tempted him to save his life by denying his Lord, is well known . . . that he could not thus renounce a Lord whom for eighty and six years he had served . . . [These eighty-six years] represent no doubt the years since his conversion. Counting back eighty-six years from the year 168, being that of his martyrdom, we have AD 82 as the year when he was first in Christ. This will give us fourteen years as the period which will have elapsed from his conversion to that when this present Epistle was written, during which time he may very well have attained the post of chiefest honour and toil and peril in the Church of Smyrna. Tertullian indeed distinctly tells us that he was consecrated bishop of Smyrna by St. John . . . and Irenaeus, who affirms that he had himself in his youth often talked with Polycarp, declares the same⁴²

the church of Smyrna

See Seven Churches of Asia.

Temple of Athena in Old Smyrna

Temple of Athena in Old Smyrna⁴³

Like Ephesus at the time of John, Smyrna was a coastal city which commanded the trade of the Levant.⁴⁴ It was noted as a center of learning, especially in science and medicine and claimed to be the birthplace of Homer.⁴⁵ Polycarp presided here as bishop.⁴⁶ Smyrna is represented today by Izmir, the third city of Turkey and the largest in Asia Minor until overtaken by the recent growth of Ankara.⁴⁷

Many writers of that time referred to it as the loveliest city of Asia. Smyrna had a magnificent natural situation and setting at the end of a long, protected inlet of the Mediterranean which gave it a natural harbor well sheltered from the elements. The harbor was compact and easily defended in time of war by simply drawing a chain across its entrance. The city itself began at the harbor and covered the undulating ground between the harbor and the Pagos, a hill covered by temples and public buildings. These noble buildings encircled this hill, and the locals proudly called these the crown of Smyrna (see Rev. 2:10+).⁴⁸

The meaning of the name Smyrna, myrrh or bitter, “Smyrna means ‘bitter,’ certainly an appropriate description for the lot of Christians who lived there.”⁴⁹ is associated with death:

In the New Testament the word σμύπˊα [smypa] occurs only twice (Mat. 2:11 and John 19:39) and a derivative form once (Mark 15:23). Commentators note the enormous quantity of myrrh and aloes brought by Nicodemus for the burial of Jesus. Use of these spices evidently accorded with normal Jewish practice (cf. John 11:44), except that their quantity in this case represented a costly act of devotion to Jesus, resembling that of Mary (John 12:2-11), Jesus there applied the lesson of her gift to his forthcoming burial (John 12:7; cf. Mark 14:8; Mat. 26:12).⁵⁰

So much has been idly written upon names, not a little most idly on the names of these seven Churches, and the mystical meanings which they contain, that one shrinks from any seeming fellowship in such foolish and unprofitable fancies; and yet it is difficult not to remember here that σμύρνα [smyrna] , the name of this suffering Church which should give out its sweetness in persecution and in death, is a subform of μύῤῥα [myrhra] . . . [which] . . . served for embalming the dead (John 19:39) . . ., went up as incense before the Lord (Ex. 30:23), was one of the perfumes of the bridegroom (Ps. 45:8), and of the bride (Sos. 3:6)⁵¹

Significantly, this is the church of tribulation and martyrdom. Ignatius, in his Epistle to the Smyrnaeans recognized the ongoing zeal of the church at Smyrna: “I observed that you are established in an unshakable faith, having been nailed, as it were, to the cross of the Lord Jesus Christ in both body and spirit and firmly established in love by the blood of Christ.”⁵²

This is one of only two churches (Philadelphia being the other) for which Christ gives no word of criticism.

the First and the Last

Jesus emphasizes His eternality, especially in relation to eternal life because this is the church which is to suffer martyrdom and to which He holds out the promise of the “crown of life” (Rev. 2:10+). See commentary on Revelation 1:11 and Revelation 1:17.

who was dead, and came to life

Literally, “became dead.”⁵³ Jesus reiterates His victory over death. It was of paramount importance that the saints at Smyrna understand their possession of eternal life for they would be asked to “be faithful until death” (Rev. 2:10+). Although the devil could destroy the body, he could do no more (Mat. 10:28; Luke 12:4). See commentary on Revelation 1:18.

3.2.9 - Revelation 2:9 Open Bible at Rev. 2:9 Listen to Rev. 2:9

I know

See commentary on Revelation 2:2.

tribulation and poverty

The connection between tribulation and poverty is found in the likelihood that their goods were plundered due to persecution for their faith (Heb. 10:34). How contrary is the condition of the church at Smyrna from that of the church in Laodicea which was lacking persecution and abounding in goods (Rev. 3:17+). Yet, the Smyrnaean church received no word of condemnation while the Laodicean church received no word of commendation!

poverty

“Greek has two words for poor: penia means having nothing superfluous, ptocheia means abject poverty, destitution. [This verse] uses the latter.”⁵⁴

you are rich

The church at Smyrna could not be accurately judged by external measures. As Trench observes: “there are both poor rich-men and rich poor-men in his sight.”⁵⁵ The riches of the church at Smyrna were laid up in heaven (Mat. 6:20; 19:21; Luke 12:21; Jas. 2:5). “There is one who makes himself rich, yet has nothing; And one who makes himself poor, yet has great riches” (Pr. 13:7).

Material goods have no ultimate value, but will all be destroyed. Knowledge of this reality should bring a shift in priorities towards spiritual things which are truly lasting (2Pe. 3:10-11). The church at Laodicea had great material prosperity, but Christ said they were “wretched, miserable, poor, blind, and naked” (Rev. 3:17+).

who say they are Jews but are not

This church of martyrdom faced its most intense opposition from those who at one time were closest to God.“Three sources of antagonism to Christians emerge in these seven messages, Jewish (here), pagan (Rev. 2:13+), and heretical (Rev. 2:24+).”⁵⁶

That these “Jews” are the natural seed of Abraham can be seen by the description of their assembly place as a synagogue⁵⁷ and by the analogy of Scripture (Rom. 2:28-29; 9:6; Php. 3:2-3). These were the unbelieving Jews of Smyrna, who had physical circumcision, but lacked the circumcision of the heart:

For he is not a Jew who is one outwardly, nor is circumcision that which is outward in the flesh; but he is a Jew who is one inwardly; and circumcision is that of the heart, in the Spirit, not in the letter; whose praise is not from men but from God. (Rom. 2:28-29)

Such Jews relied upon their physical decent from Abraham, but denied him as father by their actions. John the Baptist warned the Pharisees and Sadducees, “and do not think to say to yourselves, “We have Abraham as our father.” For I say to you that God is able to raise up children to Abraham from these stones” (Mat. 3:9).

They answered and said to Him, “Abraham is our father.” Jesus said to them, “If you were Abraham’s children, you would do the works of Abraham. But now you seek to kill Me, a Man who has told you the truth which I heard from God. Abraham did not do this. You do the deeds of your father.” Then they said to Him, “We were not born of fornication; we have one Father—God.” (John 8:39-41)

Paul noted that only a subset of the Jews were “the Israel of God” (Gal. 6:16). This believing remnant within Israel were the true Jews:⁵⁸

But it is not that the word of God has taken no effect. For they are not all Israel who are of Israel, nor are they all children because they are the seed of Abraham; but, “In Isaac your seed shall be called.” That is, those who are the children of the flesh, these are not the children of God; but the children of the promise are counted as the seed. (Rom. 9:6-8)

He warned the Philippian church to beware of the “mutilation” (a euphemism for the physically circumcised unbelieving Jews, Gal. 5:12):

Beware of dogs, beware of evil workers, beware of the mutilation! For we are the circumcision, who worship God in the Spirit, rejoice in Christ Jesus, and have no confidence in the flesh, though I also might have confidence in the flesh. If anyone else thinks he may have confidence in the flesh, I more so: (Php. 3:2-4)

The unbelieving Jews were the major threat to the early church (Acts 13:50; 14:2, 5, 19; 17:5). This threat was compounded because Christians initially enjoyed protection from Rome by being considered a sect within Judaism. Since Judaism enjoyed protection as a recognized religion by Rome, so long as Christianity was seen as a sect within Judaism, persecution was minimal. But the fundamental rift between Judaism and Christianity eventually brought persecution, not only by the Jews, but also from Rome.

synagogue of Satan

The local synagogue in Smyrna opposed the Christian assembly, as did the synagogue in Philadelphia (Rev. 3:9+).⁵⁹

The gathering of Christians at Smyrna is “church” ἐκκλησίαις [ekklēsiais] , whereas the gathering of these blasphemers is “synagogue” συναγωγὴ [synagōgē] . The difference in words is significant making it unlikely that Jesus is describing some other group of Christians who hold faulty doctrine concerning their Jewishness. Some interpreters take this verse as describing Christian groups who hold to Replacement Theology. While we are opposed to Replacement Theology, such an interpretation appears to us to be a subversion of this text to serve the ends of the interpreter rather than accurate exegesis.⁶⁰ Jesus tells the Philadelphian church that members of the synagogue of Satan “say they are Jews and are not” (Rev. 3:9+). They undoubtedly were Jews in the national sense—physical offspring of Abraham—but lacked faith in Messiah Jesus.

Persecution by the Synagogue was something that Jesus had promised (Mat. 23:34; Mark 13:9; Luke 21:12; John 16:12) and Paul had experienced (Acts 9:20-23; 13:45-50; 14:2; 17:5-10; 18:6, 28; 19:9; 22:22).“[This] shocking statement affirmed that those Jews who hated and rejected Jesus Christ were just as much Satan’s followers as pagan idol worshipers (cf. John 8:44).”⁶¹ Persecution by the unbelieving Jews was heightened by the belief that they alone had the true understanding of God:

The measure of their former nearness to God was the measure of their present distance from Him. In the height to which they were lifted up was involved the depth to which, if they did not continue at that height, they must inevitably fall; and this, true for them, is true also for all⁶²

This persecution by Judaism was especially troubling because it meant the loss of the protection Christianity initially enjoyed while considered a sect within Judaism:

The letters in Revelation suggest that Jewish Christians were tempted to escape persecution by seeking some form of identification with Jewish synagogues, which were exempted from emperor worship, and that Gentile Christians were tempted to compromise with trade guild cults and even the emperor cult in order to escape persecution. Such a situation is more likely to have been present toward the end of the first century rather than earlier.⁶³

According to Roman law, religions were considered illegal outside their country of origin, . . . The only exception to this law was Judaism, the practice of which was allowed throughout the Empire. Christians were probably considered a sect of Judaism until 70 A.D., though they likely would not have been completely disassociated from Judaism in the minds of pagans in the years following 70 A.D. After that date, Judaism made formal attempts to dissociate itself from Christianity.⁶⁴

Judaism had a special privilege that the Romans allowed only them, freedom from worshiping the Roman gods and participating in the Greco-Roman cults. Christianity was considered part of Judaism at least through the Jewish War (A.D. 66-70) and also benefited from this privilege. However, Judaism tried more and more to separate itself from Christianity and get the Roman Empire to recognize that Christianity was not exempt. . . . the Romans imposed on Jews [the Judean tax] that allowed the Jews freedom from participation in the imperial cult. Christians refused to pay this tax; thus the Jews denounced Christians as not being true Judeans and as being troublemakers.⁶⁵

The intensity of the hatred of the Smyrnaean Jews for Christians was illustrated in the burning of Polycarp some years later: “[The martyrdom of Polycarp] was in the year 165, but the attitude of the Asian Jew towards Christianity had been determined at least seventy years before.”⁶⁶ “The most striking instance [of persecution by Jews] actually relates to Smyrna: the Jews gathered fuel on the Sabbath for the burning of Polycarp (Mart. Pion. 4; Cadoux, pp. 378-79).”⁶⁷ “These things happened with such swiftness, quicker than words can tell, the crowd swiftly collecting wood and kindling from the workshops and baths, the Jews being especially eager to assist in this, as is their custom.”⁶⁸

Although it seems best to understand the text as describing unbelieving Jews (true physical offspring of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob), some have noted the trend among cults (e.g., Jehovah’s Witnesses, British Israel) of claiming to be “Jews,” “One common element among cults is to claim to be the ‘real’ Jews by declaring themselves to be the 144,000 Jews or the ten lost Tribes of Israel.”⁶⁹

If the Jews had recognized their Messiah, what is here described as a synagogue of Satan could have been described as the “church of the living God.”

3.2.10 - Revelation 2:10 Open Bible at Rev. 2:10 Listen to Rev. 2:10

you are about to suffer

The Smyrnaeans were about to enter a time of testing. God often warns his servants prior to a time of trial (Eze. 2:3-7; Mat. 10:16-31; Luke 9:23-24; John 16:1-4; Acts 9:16). This gives the saints His perspective and great hope knowing that He recognizes what they are going through and yet it remains within His sovereign will and purpose to leave them there (Luke 22:31-32; Rom. 8:28).

the devil is about to throw

The devil is called διάβολος [diabolos] , a compound of δια [dia] (“against”) and βαλλω [ballō] (“to throw”). He is the accuser of the brethren (Rev. 12:10+) who “throws against” them his accusations (Job 1:6; Zec. 3:1-2).

Oppression often comes by way of people, but Scripture identifies the motivating powers behind the scene (Eph. 6:12). The early church understood this fact:

There is nothing more remarkable in the records which have come down to us of the early persecutions, and in this point they singularly illustrate the Scripture before us, than the sense which the confessors and martyrs, and those who afterwards narrate their sufferings and their triumphs, entertain and utter, that these great fights of affliction through which they were called to pass, were the immediate work of the devil, and no mere result of the offended passions, prejudices, or interests of men. The enemies of flesh and blood, as mere tools and instruments, are nearly lost sight of by them in a constant reference to satan as the invisible but real author of all.⁷⁰

When members of the church at Smyrna found themselves in prison, they were to understand that it was spiritual powers which had placed them there. This would make it easier to bear the Tribulation and especially to pray for those who persecuted them (Mat. 5:44).

that you may be tested

The knowledge that their tribulation was within the plan and design of God would provide immeasurable comfort.

God makes use of evil for His own purposes: He allowed a lying spirit to go forth (1K. 22:22; 2Chr. 18:21); He allows Satan to test His saints (Job 1:12; 2:6; Luke 22:31; 2Cor. 12:7; Rev. 20:8+); and wayward believers to be chastened by evil (1Cor. 5:5; 1Ti. 1:20). God even uses demons in judgment (Rev. 9:15+; 16:14+). God allowed Satan to test Jesus in order to illustrate His sinless impeccability (Mat. 4:1).

God sifting and winnowing the man to separate his chaff from his wheat, the devil sifting and winnowing him in the hope that nothing else but chaff will be found in him (Luke 22:31).⁷¹

Scripture is full of God’s testing of men. He already knows what is in a man, but does the man? Usually not. Testing makes it self-evident (Gen. 22:1; Ex. 15:25; 16:4; 20:20; Deu. 8:2, 16; 13:3; Jdg. 2:22; 3:1, 4; 2Chr. 32:31; Job 23:10; Ps. 11:4-5; 105:19; Isa. 48:10; Jer. 12:3; 20:12; Luke 4:1; 22:31; Jas. 1:12; Rev. 2:10+).

ten days

The briefness of this period may be intended as a motivation for endurance (Isa. 26:20; Ps. 30:5; Mat. 24:22; 2Cor. 4:17; 1Pe. 1:6)⁷² . Hemer suggests the phrase betrays the language of the arena where the Smyrnaean saints might meet their supreme test.⁷³

Some have seen the days as allusions to ten historical periods of persecution:

[To] those who interpret here [an] allusion to the ten persecutions which the Church is often said to have passed through, during the three hundred years of its conflict with heathen Rome . . . it has been objected that this enumeration of exactly ten persecutions is altogether arbitrary; that, if we include in our list only those which had some right to be called general, as extending over the whole Roman empire, the persecutions would not be so many; if all those which reached any one city or province, they would be many more.⁷⁴

It seems best to take this time period as representing ten literal days: “The ten days are literal and refer to an unknown persecution within a definite period of time during the generation to which this message was addressed,”⁷⁵ “In the book of Revelation, time zones, be they days, months, or years, are always quite literal, and it is best to take these ten days as being the same.”⁷⁶ For a survey of different views regarding the meaning of the ten days see [Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 168-170].

until death

How sobering to receive a personal message from Jesus requesting we remain faithful to the point of death! He Who knows all things is asking these at Smyrna to prepare for the ultimate witness!

The phrase speaks of intensity rather than chronology. “It needs hardly be observed that this ‘unto death’ is an intensive, not an extensive, term. Christ does not mean, ‘to thy life’s end,’ contemplating life under the aspect of time; but ‘to the sharpest and worst which the enemy can inflict upon thee, even to death itself.’ ”⁷⁸

At a later date, Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, proved faithful “until death”:

We learn from that precious document, the Epistle of the Church of Smyrna recording the martyrdom of Polycarp, that Jews [those of the synagogue of Satan] joined with heathens in crying out in the amphitheatre that the Christian bishop should be cast to the lions; and when there was a difficulty about this, that he should be burned alive; which being granted, the Jews, as was their wont . . . were forwardest in bringing logs for the pile; they, too, doing all that lay in their power to hinder the remains of the martyr from being delivered to his followers for burial.⁷⁹

The death of His saints throughout history stands as the ultimate witness to the belief in eternal life provided to those who have believed upon His name (Rev. 12:11+).

crown of life

They were to understand that death would be merely a transition for them. An exit from this world and an entry into His presence where all suffering is behind.“The thought then is that the time of interim suffering is likely to terminate in actual death, not the mere threat of it, but that death for the Christian is the prelude to life.”⁸⁰

The crown of life represents eternal life, and as here, is found in association with steadfast continuance in the faith (Jas. 1:12):

But in accordance with your hardness and your impenitent heart you are treasuring up for yourself wrath in the day of wrath and revelation of the righteous judgment of God, who “will render to each one according to his deeds”: eternal life to those who by patient continuance in doing good seek for glory, honor, and immortality; but to those who are self-seeking and do not obey the truth, but obey unrighteousness—indignation and wrath. (Rom 2:5-8). [emphasis added]

The church at Smyrna was told to be faithful to receive the crown, for temptation and weariness are ever near along the Christian path (Rev. 3:11+). See Crowns.

3.2.11 - Revelation 2:11 Open Bible at Rev. 2:11 Listen to Rev. 2:11

let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches

See commentary on Revelation 2:7.

He who overcomes

See Who is the Overcomer?

shall not

The double-negative οὐ μὴ [ou mē] emphasizing the impossibility of being hurt by the second death. “It is the strongest negative assertion about the future of which the Greek language is capable.”⁸¹

second death

Although members of the church would experience martyrdom (the first death), they would be assured of avoiding the dreaded second death—the Lake of Fire. See Births, Deaths, and Resurrections. It is by way of the second birth, being “born again,” that a person moves from the category of the second resurrection to the first resurrection. Over those, “the second death has no power” (Rev. 20:6+). The promise to the overcomer is given to all those who come to faith in Jesus Christ—they need not fear the second death, being cast into the Lake of Fire (Rev. 20:14+). No believer ever finds his way to the second death. “But the cowardly, unbelieving, abominable, murderers, sexually immoral, sorcerers, idolaters, and all liars shall have their part in the lake which burns with fire and brimstone, which is the second death” (Rev. 21:8+).

3.2.12 - Revelation 2:12 Open Bible at Rev. 2:12 Listen to Rev. 2:12

the angel

See the discussion concerning the identity of the angel at Revelation 1:20.

the church of Pergamos

See Seven Churches of Asia.

Temple of Dionysus in Pergamum

Temple of Dionysus in Pergamum⁸²

Pergamos, now Bergamo, the ancient metropolis of Mysia, and the residence of the Attalian kings, is situated on the river Ciacus, about sixty miles north of Smyrna, in long. 27 degrees East lat. 39 degrees 11 minutes North. It still retains some measure of its ancient importance; containing a population of about 15,000 souls, and having nine or ten mosques, two churches, and one synagogue.⁸³

Pergamos served as the capital of Alexander’s successor, Lysimachus and was bequeathed to Rome by Attalus III. At one time “it had a vast library of 200,000 volumes, which was moved by Antony to Egypt and presented to Cleopatra.”⁸⁴

Pergamum was a university city, famous for its library of 200,000 parchment scrolls, second only in size to the library of Alexandria in Egypt. Indeed, parchment was invented in Pergamum, for when its king decided to establish a library and enticed Alexandria’s librarian to head up his library, the Egyptian king banned the export of papyrus to Pergamum. This forced Pergamum’s scholars to find an alternate writing material, and they invented parchment. Parchment lasts much better than papyrus, so this invention played a big part in preserving the Bible for us.⁸⁵

It used to be common to credit Eumenes II, king of Pergamum shortly after 200 B.C., with the invention of parchment. Eumenes was building up his library to rival the great library of King Ptolemy in Alexandria. The king of Egypt moved to cut off the supply of papyrus to Pergamum, and in response Eumenes was forced to develop “parchment.” This story is true if taken in the sense that Eumenes was the first to make use of parchment or leather; for long before the second century, animal skins for writing were unquestionably in use. In Egypt, for example, mention is made of leather documents as far back as 2500 B.C. . . . So Eumenes was by no means the first to use animal skins for writing, although he may have developed and perfected a better process for treating the skins. Whatever the case, Pergaumum and parchment are indisputably connected, the word “parchment” being derived from the Greek term pergamene.⁸⁶

The fame of Pergamum rested chiefly on its religious preeminence. A tetrad of local deities, Zeus Soter, Athena Nicephoros, Dionysius, Kathegemon, Asklepios Soter, presided over the city; the temple of Athena almost crowned the acropolis, and beneath it, on the slope of the hill and visible from the agora, stood a great al fresco altar of the Pergamene Zeus. Still more celebrated was the Pergamene cult of Asklepios, to whose temple there was attached a school of medicine which attracted sufferers from all quarters. . . . What Artemis was to Ephesus, such was Asklepios to Pergamum.⁸⁷

Asklepios was the deity of medicine: “Aesculapius (whence our word ‘scalpel’) being worshiped, commonly under the sign of a coiled snake on a pole (note Numbers 21:8-9).”⁸⁸

the sharp two-edged sword

The significance in Christ’s title can be seen in the doctrinal errors of the Balaamites (Rev. 2:14+) and Nicolaitans (Rev. 2:15+) which are being promoted by some in the church at Pergamum. These doctrinal errors are judged by the teachings found in the Word of God. “It is the first negative introduction of Christ because the Pergamum church faced imminent judgment.”⁸⁹ See commentary on Revelation 1:16.

3.2.13 - Revelation 2:13 Open Bible at Rev. 2:13 Listen to Rev. 2:13

I know

See commentary on Revelation 2:2.

where Satan’s throne is

In Pergamum., two saviors competed with the One True Savior. Asklepios, associated with the serpent, was said to be savior because of his healing power.⁹⁰ Zeus was also considered a savior. Some believe this reference to Satan’s throne goes beyond a general recognition of the pagan religious practices which flourished at Pergamum and denotes the throne-like altar of Zeus Soter, so dominant as to typify Satanic heathendom.⁹¹ The obsessive serpent-motif of its sculptures and the title ‘Sotre’ [savior], like a blasphemous parody of its Christian use would alike give point to this identification.⁹² “The most splendid monument of Pergamum was the ‘altar of Zeus,’ 12 m (40 ft) high, that once crowned its acropolis and was later reconstructed in East Berlin. . . . This lofty pagan shrine could have been the ‘Satan’s throne.’ ”⁹³

It is also possible the phrase Satan’s throne may principally be in recognition of the place of Pergamum in relation to emperor worship:

Most commentators see the principal or only background in the position of Pergamum as the centre of emperor worship. This was the present threat to the church, and the reminder that Christ has the ‘sharp two-edged ῤομφαία [romphaia] ’ is then set against the proconsul’s ius gladii. It was on this ground that the Christian faced the actual threat of Roman execution. . . . It is well known that Domitian required to be addressed as dominus et deus [“Lord and God”].⁹⁴

Inscriptions proclaim the dignity of the city as the first in Asia to erect a temple to Augustus; and as it was the first, so it continued to be the chief Asian set of the emperor-cult.⁹⁵

The major threat to Christians in Pergamum came from its role as a center of emperor worship in Asia, a function that went with it being the capital city. Caesar worship required each citizen, once a year, to offer a pinch of incense to Caesar on his altar and profess him as Lord. The citizen was then given a certificate valid for one year which allowed him to worship whatever god or gods he preferred with impunity.⁹⁶

Satan’s throne may also denote the activities of the secret mystery religions at Pergamum:

Alexander Hislop, in his famous book Two Babylons, gave much documentation to show that Pergamos had inherited the religious mantle of ancient Babylon when Babylon fell in the days of Belshazzar. The priests, who had kept the secrets of the ancient mystery religious centered at Babylon ever since the days of Nimrod, were forced to migrate at that time, transferring what amounted to the headquarters of Satan’s religious system away from Babylon north and west to Pergamos.⁹⁷

Antipas

A faithful saint, unknown to history, but not missed in the records of Christ. Precious is the death of His saints (Ps. 116:15)! His name means either like the Father⁹⁸ or against all.⁹⁹ Nothing reliable is known of him, although “according to tradition he was burned to death in a bronze bull. Little else is know of him, but his testimony must have been dramatic and the knowledge of his sacrifice widespread.”¹⁰⁰ It is likely that Antipas died for refusing to worship the emperor. “Antipas, the city’s Christian martyr, was the victim of Rome, because only the imperial cultus had the power of capital punishment.”¹⁰¹ He had been faithful until death and had earned the crown of life (Rev. 2:10+).

3.2.14 - Revelation 2:14 Open Bible at Rev. 2:14 Listen to Rev. 2:14

Balaam

What a mix of zeal and error at this church! Antipas had stood firm in faith to the point of death, yet others within the same fellowship were promoting unscriptural teaching.

A number of commentators understand the conjunction which begins Revelation 1:15 as an indication of an emphatic comparison made between Balaam and the Nicolaitans.¹⁰² It is thought that the doctrine of the Nicolaitans may have promoted licentiousness, in common with that of Balaam. Both are treated in our discussion of the Nicolaitans.

The teaching of Balaam was encouragement of corruption by intermarriage resulting in fornication and idolatry. No doubt in the city of Pergamum intermarriage with the pagan world was a real problem. Because civil and religious life were so intertwined, for believers to accept social engagements probably meant some involvement with paganism.¹⁰³

stumbling block

Σκάνδαλον [Skandalon] can be used to describe a trap, more specifically the trigger of the trap upon which the bait is laid.¹⁰⁴ In the case of Balaam, the bait which brought about the downfall of Israel was the desire of the men for sexual relations with the women of Moab. And so we come upon the tragic pattern of temptation, brought about both by Satan and our flesh. That which God has ordained for His purposes is twisted in unnatural ways to become the means of our downfall. Sexual relations, designed as the means of procreation within the confines of marriage (1Cor. 7:2; Heb. 13:4), becomes the lure leading to fornication and adultery.

This warping aspect of ungodly desire is in view when Paul writes to the believer’s in Rome telling them to “reckon yourselves dead indeed to sin” (Rom. 6:10), for they had “died with Christ” (Rom. 6:8). The believer is to be dead to sin: dead things do not respond to stimulus. It is by stimulus of our ungodly desires that Satan and our flesh achieve their most damaging results. Satan is a master at providing what we desire, be it status, wealth, or a host of other wants so long as he is successful at getting us to compromise and participate in an ungodly activity.

Jesus did not succumb to the tempter because there was nothing within the desire of Jesus that was outside of the will of the Father (John 14:30). Therefore, Satan lacked a “handle” by which he could manipulate the Son of God (Mat. 4:3). Jesus warns us not to be the instrument by which bait is placed (Mat. 18:7). Even our Christian liberty can become a stumbling block for others (1Cor. 8:9).

things sacrificed to idols

Εἰδωλόθυτα [Eidōlothyta] “refers to sacrificial meat, part of which was burned on the altar, part was eaten at a solemn meal in the temple, and part was sold in the market for home use.”¹⁰⁵ This message was mainly to Gentile converts at Pergamum since Judaism prohibited this practice (Num. 25:2; Ps. 106:28; Dan. 1:8). The church at Pergamum was integrated into the culture, rather than being set apart.

[Christians] were expected to pay their “dues” to trade guilds by attending annual dinners held in honor of the guilds’ patron deities. Homage to the emperor as divine was included along with worship of such local deities.¹⁰⁶

The dietary restrictions imposed upon Gentiles by the Jerusalem Council (Acts 15:20, 15:29) were out of concern for retaining Gentile fellowship with Jewish believers. Paul allows such meat sacrificed to idols to be eaten (1Cor. 8:7; 10:18-33), but only when it does not cause offense to brothers. Here the issue was one of compromising the witness of the church within the pagan culture and partaking of pagan practices which were associated with such banquets. These dinners included the eating of meat sacrificed to idols as well as licentious behavior. See Worldly Churches.

to commit sexual immorality

Πορνεῦσαι [Porneusai] : “To give one’s self to unlawful sexual intercourse.”¹⁰⁷ This may have referred either to physical relations connected with the pagan feasts or be a description of the idolatry practiced by the church at Pergamum which participated in pagan ritual.

3.2.15 - Revelation 2:15 Open Bible at Rev. 2:15 Listen to Rev. 2:15

thus you also have

The phrase thus . . . also have indicates “a similarity between the teaching of Balaam and the Nicolaitans.”¹⁰⁸

The problem for the church at Pergamum was not that Nicolaitans existed in the city, but that they were within the church. We are to separate from those who call themselves believers, but deny Christ by their actions (1Cor. 5:11).

Nicolaitans

See Nicolaitans.

3.2.16 - Revelation 2:16 Open Bible at Rev. 2:16 Listen to Rev. 2:16

repent

An imperative command: repent!

I will come to you quickly

A futuristic use of the present tense, ἔρχομαι [erchomai] , I am coming. If the saints at Pergamum do not repent, His arrival is imminent! He is already on His way! Here it seems best to understand quickly as denoting a spiritual coming in judgment upon the Nicolaitans. No mention of such a sect extends beyond the early church. “This ‘coming,’ like that of Revelation 2:5+, is not our Lord’s second advent, but His entering personally and that quickly, upon their affairs judicially.”¹⁰⁹

sword of my mouth

If Trench is correct in correlating the Nicolaitans with the doctrine of Balaam, then this may be an allusion to Num. 31:8 (cf. Jos. 13:22; Num. 22:31).¹¹⁰ The church at Pergamum had not been upholding sound biblical teaching. The teaching of the Nicolaitans did not measure up to the “Sword of the Spirit,” the Word of God (Eph. 6:17) and would be defeated. See commentary on Revelation 1:16.

3.2.17 - Revelation 2:17 Open Bible at Rev. 2:17 Listen to Rev. 2:17

let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches

See commentary on Revelation 2:7.

overcomes

See Who is the Overcomer?

hidden manna

The manna is set in direct contrast to the things sacrificed to idols. The church was eating earthly pagan food, but the overcomer is promised heavenly food from above.

When Israel was in the wilderness, God supernaturally provided manna for their food. Manna was something like white coriander seed and tasted like wafers made of honey (Ex. 16:31; Num. 11:7). The manna was provided for a period of forty years (Ex. 16:35) until Israel crossed the Jordan (Jos. 5:12). Manna provided life in a barren wilderness and is even called “angel’s food” (Ps. 78:23-25).

In an intentional comparison between Himself and the feeding of Israel in the wilderness, Jesus fed the multitude (John 6:1-14). Afterwards, Jesus taught the significance of the event, which was not found in the miracle itself, but in what it signified:

“Our fathers ate the manna in the desert; as it is written, ‘He gave them bread from heaven to eat.’ ” Then Jesus said to them, “Most assuredly, I say to you, Moses did not give you the bread from heaven, but My Father gives you the true bread from heaven. For the bread of God is He who comes down from heaven and gives life to the world.” Then they said to Him, “Lord, give us this bread always.” And Jesus said to them, “I am the bread of life. He who comes to Me shall never hunger, and he who believes in Me shall never thirst.” (John 6:31-35)

Jesus is the true manna which gives eternal life. The manna in the wilderness sustained the Israelites for a time, but they still died in the wilderness:

“I am the bread of life. Your fathers ate the manna in the wilderness, and are dead. This is the bread which comes down from heaven, that one may eat of it and not die. I am the living bread which came down from heaven. If anyone eats of this bread, he will live forever; and the bread that I shall give is My flesh, which I shall give for the life of the world.” (John 6:48-51)

The overcomer has faith in Christ and is a partaker of His flesh given on our behalf. Thus he has eternal life:

“As the living Father sent Me, and I live because of the Father, so he who feeds on Me will live because of Me. This is the bread which came down from heaven—not as your fathers ate the manna, and are dead. He who eats this bread will live forever.” (John 6:57-58)

This manna is said to be hidden. “There can, I think, be no doubt that allusion is here to the manna which at God’s express command Moses caused to be laid up before the Lord in the Sanctuary (Ex. 16:32-34; cf. Heb. 9:4). This manna, as being thus laid up in the Holy Place, obtained the name of ‘hidden.’ ”¹¹¹

The allusion is ultimately traceable to Ex. 16:32-34, where the Lord commanded a sample of manna to be preserved as a memorial for future generations. Tradition was quick to explain its subsequent disappearance. It was taken to have been originally kept in the ark of the covenant (cf. Heb. 9:4), and on the destruction of Solomon’s temple Jeremiah, according to 2 Macc. 2:4-7, was warned to take the tabernacle, the ark and its contents to Sinai and there hide them underground. There they would remain until the coming of the Messiah, when Jeremiah would reappear and deposit them in the new Messianic temple in Jerusalem. A variant in 2 Baruch 6:7-10, ascribing their concealment to an angel, is almost contemporary with the Revelation. neither of these passages mentions manna, but its inclusion in this tradition is inferred from Heb. 9:4 and explicit in the Rabbinic sources (so Yoma 52b).¹¹²

Christ Himself may be considered hidden manna, being no longer visible since His ascension:

Life eternal commences on this side of the grave, and not first on the other; and here in the wilderness Christ is the bread from heaven, the bread of God, the true manna, of which those that eat shall never die (John 6:31-33, 48-51). Nay, more than this; since his Ascension he is in some sort a “hidden manna” for them now.¹¹³

The fact that the manna is described as “hidden,” points to the mystery of eternal life, a mystery that is only perceived through faith. The hidden (or secret) manna seems to be the bread of life which is a secret from all who have not experienced the saving grace of Jesus Christ.¹¹⁴

Eating the manna may also be an allusion to participation in the marriage supper of the Lamb (Rev. 19:9+).¹¹⁵ Bullinger sees a literal fulfillment in the nourishment of Israel in the future wilderness (Rev. 12:14+).¹¹⁶

From the perspective of the saints at Pergamum, the hidden manna was a reminder of God’s provision in spite of deprivation. “The person leaving the state church might be deprived of his job and welfare. But in spite of what he may be deprived of, God will provide his sustenance.”¹¹⁷

white stone

In understanding the white stone, we meet with a tendency of many interpreters to derive an understanding of scriptural imagery from pagan cultural practices.¹¹⁸ See Searching for Meaning in all the Wrong Places.

A number of alternative interpretations have been offered for the meaning of the white stone.

Token of Innocence - A white pebble was placed in a ballot box by a Greek judge pronouncing a sentence of acquittal (a black pebble indicating condemnation). Stone is ψῆφον [psēphon] : “The word means (lit.) pebble, but has a secondary meaning of ‘vote,’ for the same word is used in Acts 26:10.”¹¹⁹ “There are many opinions on what the white stone represents, but when we note that Acts 26:10 uses the same Greek word for ‘vote,’ then we can advance a strong case that the white stone may well represent a vote of innocence. It then depicts the believer’s new character and symbolically denotes the purity which flows from the cleansing from sin that takes place at conversion.”¹²⁰ “This white stone is absolution from the guilt of sin, alluding to the ancient custom of giving a white stone to those acquitted on trial and a black stone to those condemned.”¹²¹

Token of Privilege - A tessera (also called ψῆφος [psēphos] ) was given at Olympic games to the victor with subsequent attendant social privileges. Allusion has been seen to yet another kind of tessera, one supposedly given to a gladiator at his discharge from the arena, exempting him from the obligation to risk his life again there. Many such tokens survive. They take the form of elongated rectangular tablets of bone bearing the name of a man, the letters ‘SP’, and the day and year, often incised in sequence on the four faces.¹²²

Token of Initiation - A token of initiation into the cult of Asklepios. “Roman examples were sometimes dated on the first of January, a day said to have been a festival of Asklepios. None of the known specimens is from Pergamum, but the importance of the Asklepios cult there . . . lends a strong circumstantial appeal to the theory.”¹²³

Good Omen - Reflecting the practice of a person who placed a white or black pebble for each happy or unhappy day into an urn. At his death, the colors were totaled to rate the happiness of his life.

High Priest’s Headdress - “One explanation links the white stone with the platelet of gold that graced the high priest’s headdress (Ex. 28:36-37). The words inscribed on it were ‘Holiness to the Lord.’ According to this interpretation the overcomer will wear a headdress with a precious stone, on which shall be engraved the new name which belongs to the new Lord of the new kingdom, a name equivalent in value to that of Jehovah under the Old Testament, which no one but the high priest knew how to utter.”¹²⁴

High Priest’s Breastplate - “Another explanation from Jewish customs is that the imagery of the white stone originated with the twelve stones in the high priest’s breastplate. The names of each of the twelve tribes in Israel were inscribed on the stones. One difficulty with this view is that the stones in the breastplate were not white (Ex. 28:17-21). Another problem is that while the priest’s breastplate had twelve stones, Revelation 2:17+ mentions only one stone.”¹²⁵

Urim and Thummim - Trench supposes the white stone may be a diamond, the same stone which is the Urim and Thummim.¹²⁶ “The stone is white or ‘bright,’ the Greek term λευκό [leuko] can refer either to the color white (traditional here) or to an object that is bright or shining, either from itself or from an outside source of illumination.”¹²⁷ “The word Urim means ‘light,’ answering to the color white. None but the high priest knew the name written upon it, probably the incommunicable name of God, ‘Jehovah.’ The high priest consulted it in some divinely appointed way to get direction from God when needful. The ‘new name’ is Christ’s (compare Rev. 3:12+, ‘I will write upon him My new name’): some new revelation of Himself which shall hereafter be imparted to His people, and which they alone are capable of receiving. The connection with the ‘hidden manna’ will thus be clear, as none save the high priest had access to the ‘manna hidden’ in the sanctuary.”¹²⁸ “A third explanation for the white stone is based on the Urim and Thummim in the high priest’s breastplate. The Urim and Thummim may have been stones, with names meaning ‘lights’ and ‘perfections,’ related to the revelation of God’s will (Ex. 28:30; Num. 27:21; Deu. 33:8; 1S. 28:6). This suggestion seems possible for several reasons. (a) The promised stone in Revelation 2:17+ could be white in the sense that it will have a whitish glisten. If Urim means lights, then it too could have had a whitish appearance. (b) Any engraving on the Urim was known only to the priest. This corresponds with the name written on the promised stone known only by the person who receives it. (c) Since the hidden manna Christ promised in the same verse is analogous to the Old Testament manna, the white stone could also be analogous to an Old Testament stone. It appears then that if Christ intended His audience to see an analogy between His white stone and the Urim, His reward would be experiencing God’s will fully.”¹²⁹ “The white stone presumably is a sparkling diamond, perhaps answering to the Urim (‘lights’) also worn in Aaron’s breastplate (Leviticus 8:8). . . . [This was ] were worn by the high priest when he would enter into the holy place into the presence of the Lord. He alone could then have access to the ark of the covenant wherein reposed the hidden manna.”¹³⁰

Stone Tablets of the Law - “A fourth explanation in Jewish custom for the white stone connects it with the stones on which God inscribed His moral will (i.e., the Ten Commandments). Rosscup, who suggests this view, points out that this connection ‘could be directly relevant . . . to sins at Pergamum committed against God’s moral standard (Rev. 2:14-23+). As the overcomer received and honored the Word disclosing God’s Person and will, Christ assures [him] that he is to receive the ultimate disclosure of God’s Person and will. His symbol for this is the “white stone.” ’ This view is also possible for several reasons. (a) It is consistent in seeing both the manna and the stone as imageries from the same era in Israel’s history. (b) It fits with other rewards in Revelation 2+ which also reach back to the Old Testament (e.g., the tree of life [Rev. 2:7+], from Genesis 2 and 3; the crown of life, not the second death [Rev. 2:10-11+], going back also to Genesis 2 and 3; the rod of authority and the morning star [Rev. 2:26-28+], from Psalm 2 and Numbers 24). (c) The idea of what ‘God had written’ (Rev. 2:17+) is also emphasized with regard to the stones of the Law (Ex. 32:15-16). (d) The Lord made His name prominent and repeated it in writing on the stones of the Law, as in Exodus 20. (e) This view also suits the context of Revelation 2+. Standing against the sin-darkening environment, the overcomer honors the value of God’s moral law associated with His will (Rev. 2:14-15+; cf. Rev. 2:20-23+). So Christ will honor him with the ultimate enjoyment that relates to knowing and doing God’s will.”¹³¹

We believe it is inappropriate to base the interpretation of symbols within the book of Revelation upon pagan, non-Jewish cultural practices. The Bible is an inspired Jewish book (Rom. 3:2; 9:4), so we should not expect to find our answers in practices or beliefs which are considered blasphemous by God. When we apply the Golden Rule of Interpretation, we compare Scripture with Scripture to gain an understanding of the text. If this premise is true, and we believe it is, then it rules out all but the last four views as being contenders for understanding the white stone.

Of the last four views, we believe the last two views are most likely connected with this passage.

The white stone does not stand alone in our text for on the stone there will be a new name written. Observe several characteristics concerning this passage: (1) the gift given is a stone; (2) the stone is white; (3) the stone is written upon; (4) the writing conveys a name. We believe these factors connect the stone with the Stone Tablets of the Law given to Moses and upon which was recorded God’s moral law, the Ten Commandments (Ex. 20:1-17; 24:12; 34:2, 29). Throughout Scripture, names convey the character of the one bearing the name. It is no coincidence that when God met with Moses for the second time to write the tablets of the law, He proclaimed His character (Ex. 34:6-7). The record of the law written on stone is a reflection of God’s character.

As for the white aspect of the stone, we note the command given to Joshua when the law was renewed prior to crossing the Jordan:

And it shall be, on the day when you cross over the Jordan to the land which the LORD your God is giving you, that you shall set up for yourselves large stones, and whitewash them with lime. You shall write on them all the words of this law, when you have crossed over, that you may enter the land which the LORD your God is giving you, ‘a land flowing with milk and honey,’ just as the LORD God of your fathers promised you. Therefore it shall be, when you have crossed over the Jordan, that on Mount Ebal you shall set up these stones, which I command you today, and you shall whitewash them with lime. And there you shall build an altar to the LORD your God, an altar of stones; you shall not use an iron tool on them. You shall build with whole stones the altar of the LORD your God, and offer burnt offerings on it to the LORD your God. You shall offer peace offerings, and shall eat there, and rejoice before the LORD your God. And you shall write very plainly on the stones all the words of this law. (Deu. 27:2-8) [emphasis added]

This command was later fulfilled by Joshua (Jos. 8:32). The written law upon the tablets of stone was a picture of how one day God would write the law upon tablets of flesh:

You are our epistle written in our hearts, known and read by all men; clearly you are an epistle of Christ, ministered by us, written not with ink but by the Spirit of the living God, not on tablets of stone but on tablets of flesh, that is, of the heart. (2Cor. 2:2)

The white stone may be a memorial to the law in that it records a new name which expresses the character of God to which the believer is being conformed (Rom. 8:29; 1Cor. 15:49; 2Cor. 3:18; Php. 3:21; Col. 3:10).

There is a textual variant at Revelation 15:6+ which mentions a white stone, but is generally thought to be a transcriptional error. See commentary on Revelation 15:6.

new name written

There are two possibilities concerning this new name. Either it is a new name given to the overcomer or it is the new name of God given to the overcomer in the church at Philadelphia (Rev. 3:12+).

This may indicate one or more of three main ideas. First, the name might be a new name Christ will give to each believer. It will be appropriately different for each overcomer and no one except the one who receives it will know the name. Second, the name might be the same for all believers. It will be known to all victors (all believers) just as the things of God are known (in different degree) to all believers (1Jn. 2:20, 27; 1Cor. 2:15-16). This view also fits with the Lord’s promises in Isaiah that He will give to His people—all of them in common—a “new name” (Isa. 62:2; cf. 56:5; 65:15). Third, the name might be that of God the Father or of Christ Himself, a common heritage for all overcomers. In favor of this view is the parallel passage in Revelation 3:12+, which says the name Christ will give is God’s own name. (Further support is in Revelation 14:1+ and 22:4+, which refer to God’s name on the foreheads of the 144,000 and all believers in the New Jerusalem.) This name could be a name of God that He deems appropriate for His own as an expression of the fact that they belong to Him (cf. Isa. 56:5; 62:2; 65:15). Also, as already noted, the white stone may allude to the stones of the Law on which God wrote His name (Ex. 20).¹³²

The name is new: “Gr. kainos, new in quality, use, application, or character, as opposed to being new in time; see Mat. 9:17 where contrasting terms occur together, kainos being second, applied to wineskins which were not brand new (as was the wine), but simply not having been used before, unused. See the use of kainos at John 13:34.”¹³³

Isaiah described how God would give a name to those who follow after Him—even to those who were not Jews:

Even to them I will give in My house and within My walls a place and a name better than that of sons and daughters; I will give them an everlasting name that shall not be cut off. Also the sons of the foreigner who join themselves to the LORD, to serve Him, and to love the name of the LORD, to be His servants-everyone who keeps from defiling the Sabbath, and holds fast My covenant—even them I will bring to My holy mountain, and make them joyful in My house of prayer. Their burnt offerings and their sacrifices Will be accepted on My altar; for My house shall be called a house of prayer for all nations. The Lord GOD, who gathers the outcasts of Israel, says, yet I will gather to him Others besides those who are gathered to him. (Isa. 56:5-8)

Whether the name is that of God or a new name given the believer, it describes the new character and inheritance of the believer (2Cor. 5:17; Eph. 4:24) who has been adopted into the family of God. “The new name is the name of adoption: adopted persons took the name of the family into which they were adopted.”¹³⁴

no one knows except him

The name is secret—known only to the one who receives the stone. Full disclosure of the things of God is reserved for those who share intimacy with Him, who know Him and are known by Him. This pattern is seen in the great revelation given to those who had an especially close relationship with God such as Moses, Daniel, and John (Ps. 25:14; Mat. 11:27). God spoke to Moses “face to face, as a man speaks to his friend” (Ex. 33:11). Daniel was “greatly beloved” of God (Dan. 9:23; 10:11, 19). John was the disciple “whom Jesus loved” (John 13:23; 20:2; 21:7, 20).

The name is unknown, as is Jesus’ new name (Rev. 3:12+; Rev. 19:12+). This recalls the mysterious, but unrevealed name attending the Angel of the Lord and Son of God throughout Scripture. The name is hinted at, but never revealed: when Jacob wrestled with the Angel and was named Israel (Gen. 32:29); when the Angel announced the birth of Samson to his parents (Jdg. 13:6, 18); in the question concerning the Son of God (Pr. 30:4); and in God’s new name to be written on the overcomer (Rev. 3:12+).

Him may refer to the category of all overcomers—that the new name of God is only known to believers. If it refers to the individual, then it would seem to imply that a different name is revealed to each overcomer.¹³⁵ If the latter, then the name may be that given to the individual overcomer, or perhaps a different name revealing one of the many facets of God’s character is given to each.

receives it

The one who knows the name is the one who receives the stone. “It refers not to the name, but to the stone (containing the name).”¹³⁶

3.2.18 - Revelation 2:18 Open Bible at Rev. 2:18 Listen to Rev. 2:18

the angel

See the discussion concerning the identity of the angel at Revelation 1:20.

church in Thyatira

See Seven Churches of Asia.

Thyatira means “sacrifice of labor; odor of affliction.”¹³⁷

Excavations at Thyatira

Excavations at Thyatira¹³⁸

Thyatira is very rarely mentioned in ancient literature, and its site is covered by the modern town of Akhisar, which betrays few outward signs of its past and whose presence has prevented excavation. . . . Thyatira is first know to us as a Seleucid colony, whose foundation is ascribed to Seleucus Nicator at the time of his war with Lysimachus. . . . The increasing abundance of later inscriptions suggests that Thyatira, still of limited importance at the time of the Revelation, reached a peak of prosperity in the second and third centuries. The words of Rev. 2:19+ were addressed to a growing church in a growing city.¹³⁹

The most outstanding feature in Thyatiran life was probably the institution of trade-guilds. . . . At Thyatira there were guilds of bakers, potters, workers in brass, tanners, leather-cutters, workers in wool and flax, clothiers, dyers; the workers in wool and the dyers were probably the most numerous, for the manufacture and dyeing of woollen goods was a Lydian speciality, in which Thyatira excelled.¹⁴⁰

Not surprisingly, religion played no major role in Thyatira’s way of life, for it was not a major center of Caesar worship or Greek worship; its local god was Tyrimnus, a horse mounted god, armed with a battle-ax and a club. The only notable thing about Thyatira religiously was that it was home to the oracle Sambethe, an oracle presided over by a female fortune teller.¹⁴¹

This church may have been established from Paul’s ministry to Lydia (Acts 16:14). “At the riverside at Philippa Lydia, a seller of purple of Thyatira became the first recorded Christian convert in Macedonia (Acts 16:14).”¹⁴²

Thyatira was famous for a purple or crimson dye manufactured from the madder root, which was a cheap rival for the expensive Phoenician murex dye made from a particular marine shellfish. Acts 16:14 attests to this specialty, for the Philippian convert, Lydia, was a seller of purple fabrics who hailed from Thyatira (she was 300 miles from her home city).¹⁴³

Son of God

Frequent allusions to Psalm 2 in the letter to Thyatira underscore both the judgment of Jezebel and her children (Rev. 2:22-23+) and the promises made to the overcomer who is given “power over the nations” (Rev. 2:26+).(See Rev. 2:18+ cf. Ps. 2:9; Rev. 2:26+ cf. Ps. 2:8; Rev. 2:27+ cf. Ps. 2:9.¹⁴⁴ ) This is the first instance in the letters to the seven churches where the self-identification of Christ is in the form of a title rather than a descriptive attribute.¹⁴⁵

eyes like a flame of fire

The church at Thyatira had been allowing Jezebel to promote her unscriptural teaching in their midst (Rev. 2:20+), but not the slightest detail had escaped the eyes of the Master. As discussed in Revelation 1:14, the eyes like a flame of fire indicate His omniscience and omnipresence. He is well aware of what is happening within the church at Thyatira, especially those things he opposes (Rev. 2:20+).

feet like fine brass

Fine brass is translated from a word of unknown derivation (only occurring here and in Revelation 1:15+) which probably denotes bright shining metal or perhaps its purity or hardness. See commentary on Revelation 1:15.

The imagery of both eyes and feet is that of impending judgment upon Jezebel and her children (Rev. 2:22-23+). The judgment will serve as a witness of His omniscience: “All the churches shall know that I am He who searches the minds and hearts” (Rev. 2:23+).

3.2.19 - Revelation 2:19 Open Bible at Rev. 2:19 Listen to Rev. 2:19

I know

See commentary on Revelation 2:2.

your works, love, service, faith, ... your patience

The ministry (“service,” διακονίαν [diakonian] ) of the saints at Thyatira evidenced the fruit of the Spirit (Gal. 5:22). Their faith was real and made evident by their works (Tit. 3:8, 14; Jas. 2:22). The grammar implies that love, service, faith, and patience may be an elaboration of their works and that their love and faith are evidenced by their service and patience. ¹⁴⁶

the last are more than the first

“This highly commendable state of affairs was the opposite of what had happened in Ephesus (cf. Rev. 2:5+; cf. Mat; 12:45; 2Pe. 2:10).”¹⁴⁷

3.2.20 - Revelation 2:20 Open Bible at Rev. 2:20 Listen to Rev. 2:20

Nevertheless

The works done at Thyatira did not stand on their own for good works are necessary, but not sufficient in Christian service. The world is full of organizations which focus on beneficent works to fellow man. This cannot be the measure of acceptability to God because many of these organizations embrace beliefs and practices which are directly opposed to God’s Word (e.g., Shriners, Masons). Therefore, works alone say nothing about an organization’s relationship with God. It is the sharing of the Gospel of Jesus Christ that makes service Christian.

you allow

In contrast to the church in Ephesus which could not bear false apostles and hated the Nicolaitans, the church at Thyatira tolerated a false prophetess, Jezebel.

We ourselves do not need to actively teach or promote error to come under Christ’s corrective judgment. All we need do is tolerate those in our midst who do so. The failure to confront those teaching error in our midst is a fundamental error of the modern church and reflects a generation of church-goers more likely to quote Matthew 7:1 than John 3:16.

that woman Jezebel

See Jezebel.

The MT indicates that Jezebel may have been the wife of the angel of the church.¹⁴⁸

calls herself a prophetess

Scripture recognizes numerous women who fulfilled the role of prophetess: Miriam, sister of Aaron (Ex. 15:20); Deborah (Jdg. 4:4); Huldah (2K. 22:14); Noadiah (Ne. 6:14);¹⁴⁹ Isaiah’s wife (Isa. 8:3);¹⁵⁰ Anna (Luke 2:36); the daughters of Philip the evangelist (Acts 21:9).¹⁵¹ But nowhere does it record a true prophetess that is self-proclaimed.

Jezebel may have been a prophetess of sorts, but her prophetic powers were not from God. “Employing her intellectual faculties in the service of Satan, and not of God; but claiming inspiration, and probably possessing it, wielding spiritual powers, only they were such as reached her from beneath, not such as descended on her from above.”¹⁵² The Thyatiran church was making the serious mistake of attributing her spiritual powers to God. Unlike the Ephesian church (Rev. 2:2+), they had failed to “test the spirits” (1Jn. 4:1).

Perhaps the most telltale aspect of those who are not truly hearing from God is their incessant self-proclamation.¹⁵³ This is often evidence of pride and an inability to produce the genuine gift of the Spirit which they claim. God’s Word indicates a different pattern for those who would serve Him in humility: “Let another man praise you, and not your own mouth; A stranger, and not your own lips” (Pr. 27:2), “For not he who commends himself is approved, but whom the Lord commends” (2Cor. 10:18).

This problem was not unique to the church at Thyatira, for Ezekiel’s day experienced it:

Likewise, son of man, set your face against the daughters of your people, who prophesy out of their own heart; prophesy against them, and say, ‘Thus says the Lord GOD: “Woe to the women who sew magic charms on their sleeves and make veils for the heads of people of every height to hunt souls! Will you hunt the souls of My people, and keep yourselves alive? And will you profane Me among My people for handfuls of barley and for pieces of bread, killing people who should not die, and keeping people alive who should not live, by your lying to My people who listen to lies?” ’Therefore thus says the Lord GOD: “Behold, I am against your magic charms by which you hunt souls there like birds. I will tear them from your arms, and let the souls go, the souls you hunt like birds. I will also tear off your veils and deliver My people out of your hand, and they shall no longer be as prey in your hand. Then you shall know that I am the LORD. Because with lies you have made the heart of the righteous sad, whom I have not made sad; and you have strengthened the hands of the wicked, so that he does not turn from his wicked way to save his life. Therefore you shall no longer envision futility nor practice divination; for I will deliver My people out of your hand, and you shall know that I am the LORD.” ’ (Eze. 13:17-23) [emphasis added]

How similar this sounds to the modern church which has no shortage of self-proclaimed “prophetesses” who frequent various conferences, peddling their ministries as being inspired by the Holy Spirit while teaching concepts which contradict God’s Word.

to teach

“In her own eyes, Jezebel’s alleged special revelations from God qualified her as an authoritative teacher in the church. Some others agreed and she became a recognized leader.”¹⁵⁴ Scripture indicates that although women can have great wisdom (Pr. 31:26) and work alongside men instructing other believers (Acts 18:26), in the assembly they are not to occupy teaching roles over men (1Cor. 14:34; 1Ti. 2:12). The reason for this prohibition is not cultural, but reflects God’s created order (1Ti. 2:13) and recognizes differences between men and women (1Ti. 2:14). The teaching role of women is primarily to be instructing other women (Tit. 2:3-4) and children (2Ti. 1:5, 3:15).

The sin, apparently involving the majority of the Thyatira church’s members, was twofold. First, they violated the biblical teaching that women are not to be teachers or preachers in the church (1Ti. 2:12). That led them to tolerate the woman Jezebel, who calls herself a prophetess. They compounded their error of permitting her to teach by allowing her to teach error.¹⁵⁵

In our own day, this Scriptural restriction on the teaching role of women has been twisted by the feminist agenda which distorts the Scriptures using techniques not unlike that of “Christian homosexuals” who deny the plain meaning of the text. As a result, the Christian church is reaping the whirlwind with self-proclaimed prophetesses as well as female “bishops” and pastors usurping roles which God has ordained strictly for men. If a woman believes “God is calling her to be a pastor,” she should think again! God does not contravene His own word.

seduce

is πλανᾳ῀ [plana] meaning “To cause to stray, to lead astray, lead aside from the right way.”¹⁵⁶ Most often, it denotes deception, which by its very nature leads astray. Our ability to be led correlates with the strength we give to our desires. Jezebel’s seduction was much like that of the Balaamites in the church at Pergamum (Rev. 2:14+). See the discussion of stumbling block at Revelation 2:14.

eat things sacrificed to idols

Jezebel led the church at Thyatira into the same error as the Balaamites in the church at Pergamum:

Satan seems to have used commerce to undercut the church in Thyatira, for unless one was a member of a trade guild, one had little hope of commercial prosperity; indeed, one’s commercial existence was in jeopardy. Two characteristics of these guilds were incompatible with Christianity: first, they held banquets, often in a temple, and these banquets would begin and end with a formal sacrifice to the gods, so the meat eaten at these affairs was meat offered to idols (Acts 15:29). Second, these functions were, as would be expected, occasions of drunken revelry and slack morality.¹⁵⁷

Pagan worship was associated with trade guilds in that each guild had its guarding god. Guilds for wool workers, linen workers, manufacturers of outer garments, dyers, leather workers, tanners, potters, bakers, slave dealers, and bronze smiths were known. Membership in a guild was compulsory if one wanted to hold a position. . . . Guild members were expected to attend the guild festivals and to eat food, part of which had been offered to the tutelary deity and which was acknowledged as being on the table as a gift from god. At the end of the feast grossly immoral activities would commence.¹⁵⁸

See Worldly Churches. See commentary on Revelation 2:14.

3.2.21 - Revelation 2:21 Open Bible at Rev. 2:21 Listen to Rev. 2:21

I gave her time

Herein is the evidence of God’s grace which is so often turned against Him. Those who complain that a perfect and loving God would not allow such evil in the world need to stop and consider that if He were to step into history at the very next instant to remove all evil, they themselves would be guaranteed a place in the Lake of Fire (Rev. 20:15+)! Peter explains that the delay of God in judging evil is motivated by His longsuffering and that none should perish. “The Lord is not slack concerning His promise, as some count slackness, but is longsuffering toward us, not willing that any should perish but that all should come to repentance” (2Pe. 3:9).

repent

God gave Jezebel time to recognize her error and to change her conduct accordingly, to repent: It is always God’s desire that men and women would repent and avoid judgment (Eze. 18:30-32; 33:11-15). Concerning the word repent, see commentary on Revelation 2:5.

she did not repent

Jezebel had been given time to recognize her wickedness and repent, but she would not. Here is introduced the pattern of the enemies of God throughout this book. Even in the face of clear evidence of God’s disapproval, those who have set their hearts against Him refuse to repent (Rev. 9:20-21+; 16:9-11+).

We often assume lack of repentance indicates a lack of understanding or the knowledge of evil. Yet Scripture indicates repentance has less to do with the head and more to do with the heart which is hardened toward God (Ex. 7:13, 23; 8:15, 19, 32; 9:34; Rom 2:5).

3.2.22 - Revelation 2:22 Open Bible at Rev. 2:22 Listen to Rev. 2:22

I will cast

A futurist use of the present tense, βαλλω [ballō] , the judgment is imminent as if it had already begun.

sickbed

Although κλίνην [klinēn] may refer to a bed occupied by a sick person (Mat. 9:2; Mark 7:30; Luke 5:18; Acts 5:15), it may also refer to a couch used for other purposes (Mark 4:21; Luke 8:16; 17:34). Here, the reference to eating things sacrificed to idols would seem to imply a dining couch. The root from which it is derived, κλινω [klinō] , has the meaning “to cause to lean, make to slope or slant”¹⁵⁹ from which we get our word incline. This bed may refer to a couch on which Jezebel and those who followed her teaching would recline during the pagan feasts.¹⁶⁰ “Ramsay . . . strongly maintained here a reference to the dining-couch of the guild-feasts. It seems likely enough that there are allusions which escape us here through our ignorance of the inner life of the guilds, but the primary meaning is probably ‘sick-bed’.”¹⁶¹

Her bed of whoredom will be changed into a bed of anguish.¹⁶²

those who commit adultery

The adultery here referred to may have been literal—in connection with the licentious aspects of the guild feasts—or spiritual.

Τοὺς μοιχεύοντας [Tous moicheuontas] , “those who commit adultery,” “A Hebrew idiom, the word is used of those who at a woman’s solicitation are drawn away to idolatry, i.e. to the eating of things sacrificed to idols”¹⁶³ (Eze. 16:37-41). The activity of Jezebel is a type representing the Harlot of Revelation 17+: “With whom the kings of the earth committed fornication, and the inhabitants of the earth were made drunk with the wine of her fornication” (Rev. 17:2+).

great tribulation

This exact phrase appears both in Matthew’s gospel and later in this book (Mat. 24:21; Rev. 2:22+; 7:14+). Although in the context of the letter to Thyatira, it seems best to understand the phrase in its non-technical sense as denoting a personal time of great trouble for the unrepentant prophetess,¹⁶⁴ there are also reasons to take the phrase in its technical sense:

Since the encouragement to the faithful in Rev. 2:25-26+ refers to His second advent, the case for a technical eschatological meaning . . . is still stronger. In consideration that the main body of the Apocalypse (Revelation 4+-19+) includes a detailed description of this future period, it is exegetically sound to conclude that the threat to the followers of Jezebel is that of being thrust into this period of unparalleled misery.¹⁶⁵

Even if the Tribulation relates specifically to the woman Jezebel in the church at Thyatira, it does not preclude understanding the passage as a type denoting the fate of the apostate church. The apostate church of the last days, which does not participate in the Rapture, remains on earth to enter the Great Tribulation.¹⁶⁶ See Jacob’s Trouble and the Great Tribulation.

unless they repent

She was already given time and did not repent (Rev. 2:21+). Now God gives one last chance before bringing judgment. Such is the mercy and grace of God. “The very time during which ungodly men are heaping up for themselves greater wrath against the day of wrath, was a time lent them for repentance (Rom. 2:4; 2Pe. 3:9), if only they would have understood the object and the meaning of it.”¹⁶⁷

their deeds

MT and NU texts have εργων αὐτῆς [ergōn autēs] (“deeds of her”) whereas TR has ἐργων αὐτων [ergōn autōn] (“deeds of them”).

3.2.23 - Revelation 2:23 Open Bible at Rev. 2:23 Listen to Rev. 2:23

will kill her children with death

A futuristic use of the present tense: “I am killing”. An indication of imminency of the judgment.“Kill with death is a Hebraism for slay with most sure and awful death; so ‘dying thou shalt die’ (Gen. 2:17).”¹⁶⁸

Jezebel’s children are probably those who follow her spiritual teaching. “The children of Jezebel possibly included actual illegitimate children of her promiscuity, but the term more definitely refers to her converts. As Timothy was a ‘son’ of Paul (1 Timothy 1:2) ‘in the faith,’ so Jezebel had won many to her hedonistic brand of pseudo-Christianity.”¹⁶⁹ God will cut them off as were Ahab and Jezebel’s children by Jehu (2K. 10:6-7).

shall know

Middle voice, γνώσονται [gnōsontai] : “the churches themselves shall know.”

The judgment of God often serves two purposes: to chasten or eliminate the one being judged; and to serve as warning to others who might otherwise follow a similar path (Deu. 17:13; 19:20; 21:21). The one who led the children of Israel to worship other gods was to be stoned so “all Israel shall hear and fear, and not again do such wickedness as this among you” (Deu. 13:11). When judgment fell upon Ananias and Sapphira, “great fear came upon all the church and upon all who heard these things” (Acts 5:11).

minds and hearts

Νεφροὺς καὶ καρδίας [Nephrous kai kardias] , kidneys and hearts, but translated minds and hearts.¹⁷⁰ Here is the explanation of Christ’s selection of title in the letter to Thyatira: “the Son of God, who has eyes like a flame” (Rev. 2:18+). Nothing escapes his gaze. See commentary on Revelation 1:14.

God alone searches the minds and hearts, for we ourselves cannot. The condition of our fallen mind and deceitful heart make it an impossible task. “The heart is deceitful above all things, and desperately wicked; who can know it? I, the LORD, search the heart, I test the mind, even to give every man according to his ways, according to the fruit of his doings” (Jer. 17:9-10).

Christ knows the heart of men. “Now when He was in Jerusalem at the Passover, during the feast, many believed in His name when they saw the signs which He did. But Jesus did not commit Himself to them, because He knew all men, and had no need that anyone should testify of man, for He knew what was in man” (John 2:23-25).

according to your works

The fellowship in Thyatira, consisting both of believers and unbelievers, would be judged according to their works. The threat of being judged according to our works should send a shiver up the spine of all who are acquainted with their own depravity as a member of Adam’s race. Yet multitudes are unaware of how far short their works fall when measured against the requirements of a perfect and Holy God. Rather than recognizing their desperate need of the righteousness of Christ, they continue forward trusting in their own righteousness (Luke 10:29; 18:9; John 9:41; Rom. 10:3) unaware that before God it “is as filthy rags” (Isa. 64:6).

Eventually, God will grant them what they desire—the opportunity to stand before Him and be judged according to their works:

And I saw the dead, small and great, standing before God, and books were opened. And another book was opened, which is the Book of Life. And the dead were judged according to their works, by the things which were written in the books. (Rev. 20:12+)

At the resurrection of the unsaved dead, the dead are judged according to their works as recorded in “the books.” These books will reveal their lack of perfection. Then, another book, the “Book of Life” will be consulted to verify that they have not availed themselves of the blood of Christ to obtain the righteousness provided by God (Rom. 3:5, 21-26; 10:3; 2Cor. 5:21; Php. 3:9; Jas. 1:20). Lacking both perfection and a relationship with the Perfect One, they will find their destiny in the Lake of Fire (Rev. 20:15+).

Believers too will be judged for their works. But the judgment they face is infinitely different than that of the nonbeliever for it is a judgment for rewards. Even if the believer is devoid of works, he himself escapes the wrath of Almighty God (1Cor. 3:13-15), for his righteousness is provided by God Himself (Jer. 23:6).¹⁷¹

Biblical faith is to bring forth the fruit of the Spirit and the works thereof which are an indication of true faith:

It is indeed one of the gravest mischiefs which Rome has bequeathed to us, that in a reaction and protest, itself absolutely necessary, against the false emphasis which she puts on works, unduly thrusting them in to share with Christ’s merits in our justification, we often fear to place upon them the true; being as they are, to speak with St. Bernard, the “via regni” [way of royalty], however little the “causa regnandi” [cause of royalty].¹⁷²

3.2.24 - Revelation 2:24 Open Bible at Rev. 2:24 Listen to Rev. 2:24

to you . . . and to the rest

You is plural (ὑμῖν [hymin] ). The question then becomes if you refers to the members of the Thyatiran church (and not just the angel), then who are the rest? The MT and NU do not have the conjunction “and” (καὶ [kai] ), and read to you, the rest. The TR kai could possibly be translated by “even,” that is to you . . . even the rest. In either case, it appears that you and the rest denote the same group of individuals: the members of the church at Thyatira beside the angel. Christ’s words which have been primarily addressed to the angel (Rev. 2:18+, see commentary on Revelation 1:20), are now explicitly broadened to the entire fellowship.

depths of Satan

Two explanations of ‘the deep things of Satan’ are widely held: (1) that the phrase is an ironical retort to the claims of Jezebel’s followers to esoteric knowledge of ‘the deep things of God’; (2) that the opposition actually boasted of a knowledge of ‘the deep things of Satan’, saying that the spiritual man should experience all evil to demonstrate his superiority over it.¹⁷³

He ventures into Satan’s strongholds to demonstrate the powerlessness of the enemy over him, or else to learn the real nature of sin in this firsthand way.¹⁷⁴

Some may have felt that they could attend trade guild festivities honoring patron gods or acknowledge Caesar as god if called to, since close association with idolatry would enable a Christian to “know the deep things of Satan” (Rev. 2:24+) and his inner council. Such knowledge purportedly would allow Christians to know the satanic opponents’ deceptive methods so well that they could all the better defeat Satan in the future.¹⁷⁵

A trademark of all mystery religious and secret societies is the teaching that true knowledge lies below the surface, only attainable by the initiate. By mysterious activities, they purport to know “the deep things of God” (1Cor. 2:10). These “deep mysteries” stand in stark contrast to the simple gospel of Jesus Christ which is hidden from those who purport to be wise, but revealed to babes (Ps. 8:2; Mat. 11:25; Luke 10:21; 2Cor. 11:3).

The Magians from Babylon continually spoke of their “deep things,” their “inner knowledge,” just as the Theosophists, Christian Scientists, Spiritualists, and “Unity” devotees do today (simply ancient Gnosticism revived!). The Lord sees through all the enemy’s delusions and “mysteries”; they are not “deep” to Him. . . . It is no sign of spirituality to be familiar with Satanic psychic or demonic “depths.”¹⁷⁶

They taught, as we know, that it was a small thing for a man to despise pleasure and to show himself superior to it, while at the same time he fled from it. The true, the glorious victory was, to remain superior to it even while tasting it to the full; to give the body to all the lusts of the flesh, and yet with all this to maintain the spirit in a region of its own, uninjured by them; and thus, as it were, to fight against pleasure with the arms of pleasure itself; to mock and defy Satan even in his own kingdom and domain.¹⁷⁷

The fatal error of such cultish systems is overconfidence in the ability of man and a woeful underestimate of the appetite of the flesh and the schemes of the devil. Weaving webs of sophistry, the resulting philosophy often exchanges truth for error:

The veneration of the serpent was but the logical development of a theory, the germ of which is common to many of the Gnostic sects. Proceeding on the assumption that the creator of the world is to be regarded as an evil power, a thing in hostility to the supreme God, it follows as a natural consequence that the fall of man through disobedience to the command of his maker must be regarded, not as a transgression against the will of the supreme God, but as an emancipation from the authority of an evil being. The serpent, therefore, who tempted mankind to sin, is no longer their destroyer but their benefactor. He is the symbol of intellect, by whose means the first human pair were raised to the knowledge of the existence of higher beings than their creator. This conception, consistently carried out, would have resulted in a direct inversion of the whole teaching of Scripture; in calling evil good and good evil; in converting Satan into God and God into Satan.¹⁷⁸

Scripture makes plain we are not called to focus on the darkness, but to focus on the light (Php. 4:8). Paul warned the Colossians against such worldly philosophy which stands opposed to the simplicity which is in Christ:

Beware lest anyone cheat you through philosophy and empty deceit, according to the tradition of men, according to the basic principles of the world, and not according to Christ. For in Him dwells all the fullness of the Godhead bodily; and you are complete in Him, who is the head of all principality and power. (Col. 2:8-10) [emphasis added]

The pattern of those who purport to plumb the depths of Satan is one of bondage, not liberty. “Promising liberty to others, being themselves servants of corruption.”¹⁷⁹

3.2.25 - Revelation 2:25 Open Bible at Rev. 2:25 Listen to Rev. 2:25

hold fast

An aorist imperative, κρατήσατε [kratēsate] , “you all hold fast!”¹⁸⁰ Similar instructions are given to the Philadelphian church (Rev. 3:11+).

The church at Thyatira was to actively hold onto the good things they had until the coming of Christ (Rev. 2:19+). They must be held fast in the face of active opposition by the flesh, the devil, and enemies of the church. This is the theme throughout Scripture for those who seek after God.

I have chosen the way of truth; Your judgments I have laid before me. I cling to Your testimonies; O LORD, do not put me to shame! I will run the course of Your commandments, for You shall enlarge my heart. Teach me, O LORD, the way of Your statutes, and I shall keep it to the end. Give me understanding, and I shall keep Your law; indeed, I shall observe it with my whole heart. Make me walk in the path of Your commandments, for I delight in it. (Ps. 119:30-35) [emphasis added]

The Christian life is like a greased pole that we are either actively climbing up or passively sliding down. There is no opportunity to remain stationary.

until I come

The imminent coming of Jesus is an important theme throughout this book (Rev. 1:7+. 22:7+, 20+). That this coming is not a spiritual coming can be seen by the context. The promises of the next few verses are for “he who overcomes until the end” (Rev. 2:26+) and include being given authority at the commencement of the millennial reign (Rev. 20:4+). See Imminency. See Theme.

3.2.26 - Revelation 2:26 Open Bible at Rev. 2:26 Listen to Rev. 2:26

he who overcomes

See Who is the Overcomer?

keeps my works

Jesus spoke of the need for endurance, especially as lawlessness would abound and the love of many grew cold (Mat. 24:12-13). There are many distractions which can undermine fruitful and consistent development in the Christian life. In the parable of the four soils, Jesus explained that the devil is partly to blame, but that some lacking any root will fall away due to temptation. Still others have their potential works choked by the cares, riches, and pleasures of life. But those who have a noble and good heart hear the word and bear fruit with patience (Luke 8:11-15).

Keeping His works requires abiding (μενω [menō] ) in His word (John 8:31-32). To abide is to “live, dwell, lodge . . . [and is used] of someone who does not leave the realm or sphere in which he finds himself”¹⁸¹ . Thus, we are to be immersed and live in His Word. Otherwise we will not be His disciples and whatever we keep won’t be His works.

until the end

For the believer, the end arrives when either we step through the doorway from this life into the presence of God (2Cor. 5:8) or we remain alive until the coming of the Lord (John 14:3; 1Th. 4:15).

power over the nations

This power can only be given to the overcomer by One who has such power (Gen. 49:10; Ps. 2; Eze. 21:27).¹⁸²

power is εξουσίαν [exousian] : “The power exercised by rulers or others in high position by virtue of their office.”¹⁸³ This authority is not innately the overcomer’s, but is granted to him by virtue of his identity with Christ, for it is Christ who is destined to “rule all nations with a rod of iron” (Rev. 12:5+; 19:15+). The overcomer will “reign with Him a thousand years” (Rev. 20:6+).

3.2.27 - Revelation 2:27 Open Bible at Rev. 2:27 Listen to Rev. 2:27

he shall rule them

This promise is closely related to that given to the Laodicean overcomer: “I will grant to sit with Me on My throne as I also overcame and sat down with My Father on His throne.” See commentary on Revelation 3:21. See commentary on Revelation 1:6. See commentary on Revelation 20:6.

This power will be given, He shall rule. It is yet future, at the time of the millennial reign of Christ on earth (Mat. 25:21-23; Luke 19:17-19; Rev. 20:4-6+). Of particular interest concerning the timing of this power being granted to the overcomer is the parable Jesus told “because they thought the kingdom of God would appear immediately.” In this parable, the nobleman who goes to a far country to receive a kingdom is Jesus returning to the right hand of the Father. The kingdom is received just prior to His Second Coming (Luke 19:15), after the little horn is defeated and “the time came for the saints to possess the kingdom” (Dan. 7:22-27). The servants who remain faithful in His absence, like the overcomers at Thyatira, are given authority over cities (Luke 19:11-19). At the end of the Millennial Kingdom when Christ has put down the last of His foes (Rev. 20:9-10+), He will then deliver the kingdom to God the Father (1Cor. 15:24-28). The reign of the overcomer extends beyond the Millennial Kingdom into the eternal state (Rev. 22:5+).

rod of iron

Unlike other scepters, this scepter is of iron indicating His divine prerogative to rule and the impossibility of disobedience. This is a “breaking scepter” (Rev. 12:5+; 19:15+). “The Lord is at Your right hand; He shall execute kings in the day of His wrath. He shall judge among the nations, He shall fill the places with dead bodies, He shall execute the heads of many countries” (Ps. 110:5-6).

dashed to pieces

See Trouble Ahead.

The allusion here is to Psalm 2. The dashing will take place when Jesus’ rule is extended to the ends of the earth—at His return to establish the Millennial Kingdom (Rev. 20:4-6+).¹⁸⁴

Ask of Me, and I will give You the nations for Your inheritance, and the ends of the earth for Your possession. You shall break them with a rod of iron; You shall dash them to pieces like a potter’s vessel. (Ps 2:8-9)

The Hebrew word for “Thou shalt break,” and that for “Thou shalt rule,” only differ in their vowels; their consonants are identical; at the same time the parallelism of the latter half of the verse, “Thou shalt dash them in pieces like a potter’s vessel,” leaves no doubt that “Thou shalt break” was the intention of the Psalmist.¹⁸⁵

Christ shall rule them with a sceptre of iron to make them capable of being ruled with a scepter of gold; severity first, that grace may come after.¹⁸⁶

During the millennial reign, the saints are destined to execute vengeance on the nations and judge according to the written judgment of God (Ps. 149:5-9).

like potter’s vessels

“The allusion . . . is apt in view of the known existence of a guild of potters in Thyatira.”¹⁸⁷ The clay of the potter was originally intended to be formed and fashioned according to the purpose of the potter (Isa. 29:16; 64:8; Jer. 18:1-11). Since the clay refuses to serve its intended purpose, it is the right of the potter to dash it to pieces (Isa. 41:25; 45:9; Dan. 2:35, 43-44).

received from My Father

God cares as much or more about the means as the ends. Many Christians would do well to remember this when seeking the miraculous from questionable sources. The Son would only receive the kingdom from the Father, not from Satan (Luke 4:5-8).

There is a divine chain of authority: Father to Son to believer. The Son has authority because He is under authority and likewise the believer. This authority is forfeited when the chain is broken. The centurion, in explaining his authority said that he, like Jesus, was also under authority (Luke 22:29). All things have been given to Jesus by the Father (Mat. 11:27). Jesus can bestow a kingdom because His Father bestowed one upon Him (Luke 22:29).

3.2.28 - Revelation 2:28 Open Bible at Rev. 2:28 Listen to Rev. 2:28

morning star

Christ Himself is said to be the morning star (Rev. 22:16+).¹⁸⁸ What is the purpose of the morning star, but to serve as an indicator of the approaching dawn? Those who see the morning star are encouraged by the fact that the long night is almost over and soon the sun will shine in its brilliance dispelling all traces of darkness.

The current period, between the ascension of Christ and His Second Coming, is the “night.”

I wait for the LORD, my soul waits, and in His word I do hope. My soul waits for the Lord more than those who watch for the morning-Yes, more than those who watch for the morning. (Ps. 130:5-6)

And so we have the prophetic word confirmed, which you do well to heed as a light that shines in a dark place, until the day dawns and the morning star rises in your hearts (2Pe. 1:19)

Isaiah 24 sets forth the Day of the Lord and the awful destruction and judgment which attend it. (See Trouble Ahead.) In the middle of the passage, Isaiah mentions the “dawn.” “Therefore glorify the LORD in the dawning light, the name of the LORD God of Israel in the coastlands of the sea” (Isa. 24:15).

Yet, the destruction which attends the Day of the Lord is itself an indicator that the long night is nearly over and that the sun will soon rise:

“For behold, the day is coming, burning like an oven, and all the proud, yes, all who do wickedly will be stubble. And the day which is coming shall burn them up,” says the LORD of hosts, “That will leave them neither root nor branch. But to you who fear My name the Sun of Righteousness shall arise with healing in His wings; and you shall go out and grow fat like stall-fed calves.” (Mal. 4:1-2)

Psalm 46 indicates a time of great upheaval upon the earth, at which God intervenes to rescue Jerusalem “at the break of dawn” (see Zec. 12). His intervention is followed by a time of universal peace (Isa. 2:4; 9:5, 7; 14:7; Hos. 2:18; Zec. 9:10):

God is our refuge and strength, a very present help in trouble. Therefore we will not fear, Even though the earth be removed, and though the mountains be carried into the midst of the sea; Though its waters roar and be troubled, though the mountains shake with its swelling. Selah There is a river whose streams shall make glad the city of God, the holy place of the tabernacle of the Most High. God is in the midst of her, she shall not be moved; God shall help her, just at the break of dawn. The nations raged, the kingdoms were moved; He uttered His voice, the earth melted. The LORD of hosts is with us; the God of Jacob is our refuge. Selah. Come, behold the works of the LORD, Who has made desolations in the earth. He makes wars cease to the end of the earth; He breaks the bow and cuts the spear in two; He burns the chariot in the fire. Be still, and know that I am God; I will be exalted among the nations, I will be exalted in the earth! The LORD of hosts is with us; the God of Jacob is our refuge. Selah (Ps. 46:1-11) [emphasis added]

When the Millennial Kingdom arrives, it will be a glorious day upon the earth during which the sun shall shine:

Arise, shine; for your light has come! And the glory of the LORD is risen upon you. For behold, the darkness shall cover the earth, and deep darkness the people; but the LORD will arise over you, and His glory will be seen upon you. The Gentiles shall come to your light, and kings to the brightness of your rising. (Isa. 60:1-3)

You in this passage is the earthly Jerusalem which will be the center of Christ’s reign during the thousand years (Rev. 20:4-6+).¹⁸⁹

The morning star rises prior to the dawn:

The “morning star” comes before “the day” dawns; the “sun” shines during “the day”; Jesus is both. As the morning star, He is seen by few: as the sun, He is seen by all. Those who watch not merely for the sun, but for the morning star, properly heed the cautions and injunctions relating to the posture of watching.¹⁹⁰

We have in the “Morning Star” an implied reference to the first stage of the Advent, the thief-like coming for the saints, and to obtain it indicates that we are worthy of the better resurrection, or (if living) of the translation. The mention of this in such a connection is also exceedingly significant of the exaltation of the saints to coheirship with the Christ when the morning breaks.¹⁹¹

Christ has just mentioned a scepter and now mentions a star, both elements of the prophecy of Balaam (Num. 24:17). In Balaam’s prophecy, the star is seen first followed by the scepter. This accords with the view that the morning star will rise prior to the reign of Messiah on the earth.

Assuredly, I say to you, this generation will by no means pass away till all things take place. Heaven and earth will pass away, but My words will by no means pass away. But take heed to yourselves, lest your hearts be weighed down with carousing, drunkenness, and cares of this life, and that Day come on you unexpectedly. For it will come as a snare on all those who dwell on the face of the whole earth. Watch therefore, and pray always that you may be counted worthy to escape all these things that will come to pass, and to stand before the Son of Man. (Luke 21:32-36)

The morning star given to the overcomer in Thyatira may be the promise of a visitation prior to the dawn—participation in the Rapture of the church by all true believers and thus avoiding the last part of the night, the Great Tribulation, immediately before the dawn of the Millennial Kingdom. “Perhaps it also refers again to His second coming—this time in its very first aspect, when He comes to catch up into His presence those who believe on Him (1 Thessalonians 4:16-17).”¹⁹² See Rapture.

At the very least it denotes the blessing of the continual expectancy of His coming:

Into the heart of the faithful believer comes that wondrous expectancy of His coming , which John elsewhere describes as having our “hope set on him” (1 John 3:3). This is the experience of the believer who awakes out of sleep (Romans 13:11), who by the grace of God hears His voice when He says, “Awake, thou that sleepest, and arise from among the dead (ones), and Christ shall shine upon thee” (Ephesians 5:13). . . . so these spiritually awakened or aroused find Christ’s coming arising as the day-star in their hearts (2 Peter 1:19).¹⁹³

3.2.29 - Revelation 2:29 Open Bible at Rev. 2:29 Listen to Rev. 2:29

let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches

See commentary on Revelation 2:7.

Notes

¹ Colin J. Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1989), 35.

² Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 1-7 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1992), 129.

³ Copyright © 2003 www.BiblePlaces.com. This image appears by special permission and may not be duplicated for use in derivative works.

⁴ G. L. Borchert, “Ephesus,” in Geoffrey W. Bromiley, ed., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979, 1915), 115.

⁵ “In the Ephesian calendar the month of the spring equinox was named after Artemis . . . and during that month the city celebrated a yearly festival in honour of the goddess.”—Henry Barclay Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1998, 1906), lvii.

⁶ Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 35.

⁷ Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977), 86.

⁸ “Acts 19:19 hints that the church in Ephesus was very large indeed, for 50,000 pieces of silver represents 50,000 days’ wages, which, at a daily wage of $100, was equivalent to $5,000,000. Now, if each person burned an average of $250 worth of books on magic, that value would represent 20,000 people; and even if every second person in the church was involved in magic this would require a church of, very conservatively, 40,000 members. (Do four-member Christian families on average own $1,000 worth of Christian books?) This, too, is simply an estimate of the size of the Ephesian church before three years of Paul’s ministry was completed (Acts 20:31—church history claims an Ephesian church of 100,000 members in John Chrysostom’s day).”—Monty S. Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John (Dallas, TX: 3E Ministries, 1987).

⁹ “[Ephesus had a] reputation as a seat of learning. . . . according to Eusebius Ephesus is the scene of Justin’s Dialogue with Trypho.”—Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John, lvi.

¹⁰ Borchert, “Ephesus,” 115.

¹¹ Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 39.

¹² J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 56.

¹³ Borchert, “Ephesus,” 116-117.

¹⁴ “[The perfect tense] describes an event that, completed in the past . . . has results existing in the present time (i.e., in relation to the time of the speaker). ... the perfect tense is used for ‘indicating not the past action as such but the present state of affairs resulting from the past action.’ ”—Daniel B. Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics - Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House and Galaxie Software, 1999, 2002), 572.

¹⁵ Richard Chenevix Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1861), 72.

¹⁶ J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, The Apostolic Fathers, 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1989), 89.

¹⁷ “A wider group of authoritative apostles existed [then those which had seen the Lord]. James the Just, Barnabas, Paul, Silas, Andronicus, and Junias were also apostles (Acts 14:14; Rom. 16:7; 1Cor. 15:7; Gal. 1:18; 1Th. 2:6).”—Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 137.

¹⁸ James Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Ontario: Woodside Bible Fellowship, 1996), G863.

¹⁹ Frederick William Danker and Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000).

²⁰ William R. Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1994,c1935), 38-39.

²¹ A. R. Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” in Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997, 1877), Rev. 2:4.

²² Richard Chenevix Trench, Synonyms of the New Testament (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1989), 270-272.

²³ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 80.

²⁴ Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter, 39-40.

²⁵ “The present tense may be used to describe a future event, . . . it typically adds the connotations of immediacy and certainty.”—Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics - Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament, 535.

²⁶ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 2:5.

²⁷ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 147.

²⁸ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 187-188.

²⁹ Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter, 40.

³⁰ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 147.

³¹ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 2:7.

³² A. T. Robertson, Robertson’s Word Pictures in Six Volumes (Escondido, CA: Ephesians Four Group, 2003).

³³ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 67.

³⁴ M. R. Vincent, Vincent’s Word Studies (Escondido, CA: Ephesians Four Group, 2002), Rev. 2:7.

³⁵ Israel My Glory, May/June 2001, 23.

³⁶ “It is suggested that the phrase ‘tree of life’ may have carried the connotation of the cross of Christ to the original readers of Rev. 2:7+.”—Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 55.

³⁷ Ibid., 50.

³⁸ Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, G3857.

³⁹ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 95.

⁴⁰ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 153.

⁴¹ Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 755-756.

⁴² Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 97-98.

⁴³ Copyright © 2003 www.BiblePlaces.com. This image appears by special permission and may not be duplicated for use in derivative works.

⁴⁴ “The countries bordering on the eastern Mediterranean Sea from Turkey to Egypt.”—American Heritage Online Dictionary, Ver. 3.0A, 3rd ed. (Houghton Mifflin, 1993), s.v. “Levant.”

⁴⁵ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 159.

⁴⁶ “[Polycarp] may have been a young man in the church which first received the present letter. He evidently came much under its influence.”—Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 65.

⁴⁷ Ibid., 60.

⁴⁸ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 2:8.

⁴⁹ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 158.

⁵⁰ Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 64.

⁵¹ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 111-112.

⁵² Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, 110.

⁵³ Vincent, Vincent’s Word Studies.

⁵⁴ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 2:9.

⁵⁵ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 100.

⁵⁶ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 164-165.

⁵⁷ The term συναγωγὴ [synagōgē] is used only once for a Christian place of assembly. (Jas. 2:2).

⁵⁸ For more on the believing remnant, see 1K. 19:18; 2K. 19:4, 30; 21:14; 25:22; Isa. 1:9; 6:13; 7:3; 10:20-22; 28:5; 37:4, 31-32; 46:3; 59:21; 65:8; Jer. 5:10, 18; 23:3; 50:20; Eze. 5:3; 6:8-10; 9:8; 9:11; 11:13; Joel 2:32; Zec. 11:10; Mic. 2:12; 7:18; Zec. 13:8-9; Rom. 9:6, 27; Rom. 11:5, 17, 25.

⁵⁹ “Has Christ a Church, then Satan has his ‘synagogue’ (Rev. 2:9+).”—Arthur Walkington Pink, The Antichrist (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1999, 1923), s.v. “The Antichrist will be the Son of Satan.” See Master Imitator.

⁶⁰ “This method of identifying Jews is hard-pressed to produce any exegetical support either within the Apocalypse or in the rest of the NT. Besides this, if they had called themselves Jews in this mystical sense, why would they be named as the principle source of calumny against the church? . . . It is inexplicable why a person who was not a physical descendant of Abraham would claim to be so and then turn to persecuting fellow-Christians without recanting this claim. The context demands that the offenders be of the physical descent of Abraham.”—Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 165.

⁶¹ John MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1999), 71.

⁶² Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 102.

⁶³ Gregory K. Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1999), 13.

⁶⁴ Ibid., 30-31.

⁶⁵ Grant R. Osborne, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2002), 11.

⁶⁶ Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John, lxxxix.

⁶⁷ Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 67.

⁶⁸ Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, 140.

⁶⁹ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 64.

⁷⁰ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 104.

⁷¹ Ibid., 105.

⁷² Ibid.

⁷³ “We have thus at least the attestation of this form of expression at Smyrna. . . . there is reason to think that John’s words may have recalled to the Christian the language of the arena. An appearance at some great festival there might well await those who were ‘faithful unto death’.”—Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 69.

⁷⁴ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 107.

⁷⁵ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 170.

⁷⁶ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 53-54.

⁷⁷ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 168-170.

⁷⁸ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 108.

⁷⁹ Ibid., s.v. “Martyrdom of Polycarp.”

⁸⁰ Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 71.

⁸¹ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 174.

⁸² Copyright © 2003 www.BiblePlaces.com. This image appears by special permission and may not be duplicated for use in derivative works.

⁸³ Jerome Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1992), Rev. 2:12.

⁸⁴ Merrill K. Unger, R. Harrison, Frederic F Vos, and Cyril J. Barber, The New Unger’s Bible Dictionary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1988), s.v. “Pergamum.”

⁸⁵ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 2:12.

⁸⁶ Neil R. Lightfoot, How We Got the Bible, 3nd ed. (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2003), 18-19.

⁸⁷ Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John, lviii-lix,lxiii.

⁸⁸ Henry Morris, The Revelation Record (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1983), 57.

⁸⁹ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, 83.

⁹⁰ “Asklepios . . . was also designated ‘Soter’, and was closely identified with the serpent. Though he had celebrated shrines elsewhere he was preeminently the Pergameus deus [God of Pergamus].”—Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 85.

⁹¹ “The designation of Pergamum as the place where ‘Satan’s throne’ is (Rev. 2:13+) probably refers to Pergamum’s being the official Asian center for the imperial cult.”—R. North, “Pergamum,” in Geoffrey W. Bromiley, ed., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979, 1915), 3:768.

⁹² Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 85.

⁹³ North, “Pergamum,” 3:768.

⁹⁴ Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 85-86.

⁹⁵ Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John, lix.

⁹⁶ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 2:13.

⁹⁷ Morris, The Revelation Record, 57.

⁹⁸ “Probably short for Ἀντίπατρος [Antipatros] , ‘like the Father.’ ”—Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature.

⁹⁹ “Antipas. i.e. against all.”—Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, Rev. 2:13.

¹⁰⁰ Mal Couch, “Ecclesiology in the Book of Revelation,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 138.

¹⁰¹ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 184.

¹⁰² “What is the point of the emphatic comparison (ου῝τως . . . καὶ σύ . . . ὁμοίως [houtōs . . . kai sy . . . homoiōs] ) between Balaam and the Nicolaitans?”—Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 88.

¹⁰³ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 56.

¹⁰⁴ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 118.

¹⁰⁵ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature.

¹⁰⁶ Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, 30.

¹⁰⁷ Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, G4203.

¹⁰⁸ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 2:15.

¹⁰⁹ Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter, 51.

¹¹⁰ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia.

¹¹¹ Ibid., 124.

¹¹² Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 94-95.

¹¹³ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 125.

¹¹⁴ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 2:17.

¹¹⁵ “Eating the ‘hidden manna’ is but another way of picturing what can also be represented as the joyous boon of feasting at the Messianic banquet (cf. Rev. 19:9+).”—James E. Rosscup, “The Overcomer of the Apocalypse,” in Grace Theological Journal, vol. 3 no. 1 (Grace Seminary, Spring 1982), 279.

¹¹⁶ E. W. Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1984, 1935), 91.

¹¹⁷ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 56.

¹¹⁸ Interpreters frequently look to pagan sources when they mistakenly believe Scripture offers no clues: “The ‘white stone’ (Rev. 2:17+) has no precedent in the Old Testament.”—Merrill C. Tenney, Interpreting Revelation (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1957), 190.

¹¹⁹ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 2:17.

¹²⁰ Ibid.

¹²¹ Matthew Henry, Matthew Henry’s Commentary on the Whole Bible : Complete and Unabridged in One Volume (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1996, c1991), Rev. 2:17.

¹²² Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 99.

¹²³ Ibid., 100.

¹²⁴ Daniel Wong, “The Hidden Manna and the White Stone,” in Bibliotheca Sacra, vol. 155 no. 617 (Dallas, TX: Dallas Theological Seminary, January-March 1998), 351.

¹²⁵ Ibid.

¹²⁶ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 132.

¹²⁷ New Electronic Translation : NET Bible, electronic edition (Dallas, TX: Biblical Studies Press, 1998), Rev. 2:17.

¹²⁸ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 2:17.

¹²⁹ Wong, “The Hidden Manna and the White Stone,” 352.

¹³⁰ Morris, The Revelation Record, 59.

¹³¹ Wong, “The Hidden Manna and the White Stone,” 353.

¹³² Ibid.

¹³³ Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, 2Jn. 1:5.

¹³⁴ Henry, Matthew Henry’s Commentary on the Whole Bible : Complete and Unabridged in One Volume, Rev. 2:17.

¹³⁵ “Clearly the new name is the recipient’s own name, a new one, reflecting his status as belonging to Christ. This is verified in its being a secret name given to the man himself.”—Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 202.

¹³⁶ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, Rev. 2:17.

¹³⁷ Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, Rev. 2:18.

¹³⁸ Copyright © 2003 www.BiblePlaces.com. This image appears by special permission and may not be duplicated for use in derivative works.

¹³⁹ Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 106-107.

¹⁴⁰ Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John, lix-lx.

¹⁴¹ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 2:18.

¹⁴² Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 109.

¹⁴³ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 2:18.

¹⁴⁴ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia.

¹⁴⁵ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, 186.

¹⁴⁶ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 211.

¹⁴⁷ Ibid., 213.

¹⁴⁸ “The textual question may be summarily treated. Two uncial manuscripts (A and 046 == Q, of the 10th century) and many cursives and versions insert σοῦ [sou] [your] after τὴν γυναῖκα [tēn gynaika] [the woman/wife]. The decisive weight of textual authority however appears against this (א, C, etc.), and the addition is readily explained by dittography.”—Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 117.

¹⁴⁹ Noadiah opposed Nehemiah in his work of reconstruction.

¹⁵⁰ “Isaiah’s wife was called a prophetess because the son to whom she gave birth was prophetic of the Assyrian conquest.”—John MacArthur, The MacArthur Study Bible (Nashville, TN: Word Publishing, 1997), Isa. 8:3.

¹⁵¹ Although the daughters are not called prophetesses, they are said to prophesy.

¹⁵² Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 140.

¹⁵³ “Now to do this was to take the place of the Spirit, who indeed spake ‘not from Himself,’ but ‘what He heard’ from the Lord in glory.”—Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter, 54.

¹⁵⁴ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 215.

¹⁵⁵ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, 100.

¹⁵⁶ Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, G4105.

¹⁵⁷ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 2:20.

¹⁵⁸ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 207-208.

¹⁵⁹ Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, and Henry Stuart Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon. With a revised supplement, 1996., With a revised supplement, 1996 (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1996).

¹⁶⁰ The word may refer to dining or a dining couch: “Dining Eze. 23:41; Mark 4:21; 7:30; Luke 8:16; 17:34; dining couch Mark 7:4.”—Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 436.

¹⁶¹ Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 121.

¹⁶² Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter, 57.

¹⁶³ Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, G3431.

¹⁶⁴ A technical phrase has the same or similar meaning regardless of context. The meaning of a non-technical phrase varies with context.

¹⁶⁵ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 221.

¹⁶⁶ “This means that unlike the true Church, the Roman Catholic Church will go into the Great Tribulation and will play a role during that time.”—Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 60.

¹⁶⁷ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 141.

¹⁶⁸ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 2:23.

¹⁶⁹ Morris, The Revelation Record, 62.

¹⁷⁰ “The only things left in the body cavity by the Egyptian embalmers.”—Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, s.v. “nephras.”

¹⁷¹ If the life of a professing believer is truly devoid of all good works, then Scripture indicates the profession is suspect (Jas. 2:14-26).

¹⁷² Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 144.

¹⁷³ Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 122.

¹⁷⁴ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 228.

¹⁷⁵ Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, 32.

¹⁷⁶ Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter, 59.

¹⁷⁷ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 145.

¹⁷⁸ Vincent, Vincent’s Word Studies, Rev. 2:24.

¹⁷⁹ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 145.

¹⁸⁰ Here is an example of a verb in an aorist tense which implies continuous action.

¹⁸¹ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, s.v. “meno.”

¹⁸² Rabbinic interpretation associated the title Shiloh with the Messiah: a midrash takes “Shiloh” to refer to “King Messiah” (Genesis R. 98.13), the Babylonian Talmud lists “Shi’loh” as one of the names of the Messiah (Sanhedrin 98b), and Medieval Jewish Biblical expositor Rashi makes the following comment: “Shiloh - i.e. King Messiah whose is the Kingdom.” Note that Eze. 21:25-27 was given to Zedekiah, the last king of the Davidic dynasty. Shiloh means “to he whose it is” or “to he who it belongs” or “he whose right it is” or “to whom kingship belongs” (Midrash Rabbah 98).

¹⁸³ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, s.v. “exousian.”

¹⁸⁴ “It would appear that this section is eschatological in nature and looks 1) to the Millennium when all nations and peoples will acknowledge Christ as king and 2) to Jerusalem as His royal capital (cf. Eze. 28:25, 26; Joel 3:9-17; Mic. 5:4-15).”—MacArthur, The MacArthur Study Bible, Ps. 149:6-9.

¹⁸⁵ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 148.

¹⁸⁶ Ibid., 149.

¹⁸⁷ Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 125.

¹⁸⁸ Elsewhere, Satan is called הֵילֵל בֵן־שָׁחַר [hêlēl ḇēn–šāḥar] , “shining one [or Lucifer], son of the morning,” (Isa. 14:12).

¹⁸⁹ Those who take this passage as describing the New Jerusalem have difficulty explaining this verse: “Whereas you have been forsaken and hated, so that no one went through you, I will make you an eternal excellence, a joy of many generations” (Isa. 60:15). When was the New Jerusalem forsaken and hated? See also Isa. 62.

¹⁹⁰ George H. N. Peters, The Theocratic Kingdom (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1978, 1884), 2:317.

¹⁹¹ Ibid., 2:418.

¹⁹² Morris, The Revelation Record, 63.

¹⁹³ Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter, 61.

3.4 - Revelation 4

3.4.1 - Revelation 4:1 Open Bible at Rev. 4:1 Listen to Rev. 4:1

Having completed the letters to the Seven Churches of Asia, John is called up to the throne room in heaven where he is given a vision of God the Father on His throne.

After these things

The phrase is μετὰ ταῦτα [meta tauta] and indicates a transition from “the things which are” (Rev. 1:19+), the letters written to the Seven Churches of Asia in chapters 2 and 3. John enters upon the second of the two major time periods into which this revelation is divided: “the things which will take place after this”. See Structural Outline.

a door standing open

Standing open is ἠνεῳγμενη [ēneōgmenē] , perfect tense: “a door already having been opened.” The door was opened prior to John seeing it and now stood ajar. In Revelation 3:8+ Jesus set an open door before the Philadelphian church. This door is not for evangelism, but provides passage for John to heaven to be shown the events recorded hereafter.

There are numerous parallels between this passage and the vision recorded by Ezekiel. Ezekiel did not mention a door, but said “the heavens were opened and I saw visions of God” (Eze. 1:1). The “heavens were opened” at Jesus’ baptism (Mat. 3:16; Luke 3:21), the stoning of Steven (Acts 7:56), Peter’s vision of the unclean animals (Acts 10:11), and at the Second Coming of Christ (Rev. 19:11+).

the first voice which I heard was like a trumpet speaking with me saying

This is probably better translated as: “The first voice I had heard speaking to me like a trumpet said.”¹ This is the voice John heard at the first, on the Lord’s day, which sounded like a trumpet (Rev. 1:10+).² See commentary on Revelation 1:10.

Come up here

Having written the letters to the churches, John is called “to Heaven that he might look down upon all that should follow from the point of view of Heaven itself. . . . Any true understanding of the course of world events must be based on Heaven’s perspective of those events. Further it may be said that here is a typical teaching in the very act of John’s translation to Heaven for the vision that is to follow. . . . all believers will be caught up to Heaven before the judgment is actually poured out upon the earth.”³ Yet many commentators are averse to seeing any possible connection between the experience of John recorded here and the Rapture of the church:

There is no convincing reason why the seer’s being “in the Spirit” and being called into heaven typifies the rapture of the church any more than his being taken into the wilderness to view Babylon indicates that the church is there in exile. The phrase relates to the experience of the seer, and not necessarily to that of the church.⁴

This phrase is taken by many to prove the pretribulation Rapture of the church. This text, however, cannot prove anything about the Rapture, for to apply this to the Rapture one must take John to be a type of the church, the call to “come up hither” a type of the shout-command at the Rapture, and the third heaven as the destination of believers at the Rapture, all of which are tenuous connections at best. One cannot base a doctrine on a type, and proof of the timing of the Rapture must rest upon the direct statements of Scripture elsewhere. There is no need to search the Apocalypse for a direct mention of the pretribulation Rapture of the church, when the doctrine is clearly stated elsewhere.⁵

Many Premillennialists see the Rapture of the Church in this verse, but this requires somewhat of an allegorical interpretation. Following The Golden Rule of Interpretation, this verse merely contains an invitation for John to come to Heaven in vision (Rev. 4:2+) in order that God can show him the things which must come to pass hereafter.⁶

We concur with Smith that this text cannot prove anything about the Rapture and that the pretribulational timing of the Rapture rests upon other passages and Biblical teaching, but we cannot agree with Tenney that this passage has not even a typological relationship to the Rapture. Nor do we agree with Fruchtenbaum that recognizing typology here is akin to allegory. Are we “allegorizing” when we understand the serpent on the pole in Numbers 21 as a type pointing to the cross? By this measure, Jesus would have to be said to be an allegorical interpreter (John 3:14-16).

As Smith even recognizes, there are significant parallels between this verse in its setting and the Rapture:

Like John, the saints will hear a verbal command at the Rapture (1Th. 4:16).

Like John, the destination of those raptured is heaven (John 14:1-3; 1Th. 4:17).

Like John, those raptured are in Christ—members of the Church which was created on the Day of Pentecost (1Cor. 12:13).

John hears a voice as a trumpet. The raptured saints hear a voice and a trumpet (1Cor. 15:52; 1Th. 4:16).

The command John hears, “Come up here!”, also attends the resurrection of the two witnesses (Rev. 11:12+).

The context also emphasizes the transition between “the things which are” and the “things which will take place after these [things]” (Rev. 1:19+). John has just finished writing the seven letters to seven churches dictated by Jesus. These letters are full of the church. Yet the word church (εκκλησία [ekklēsia] ) in the last verse of chapter three is the final appearance of the word until Revelation 22:16+—long after “the things which must take place” introduced here. Surely the similarities between this passage and aspects of the Rapture coupled with the dramatic transition which attends the introduction of this chapter are more than pure coincidence!

We find it puzzling why believers are content to recognize subtle typology concerning Christ found in Abraham’s offering of Isaac (Gen. 22) or the serpent on the pole in the wilderness (Num. 21), yet are unwilling to allow for seeing typological hints concerning the Rapture in other passages such as this? If Boaz, Ruth, and Naomi are understood to represent Jesus, the Church, and Israel in the book of Ruth, why is it considered out-of-bounds to notice similar parallels between this verse and what is taught elsewhere concerning the Rapture of the Church, especially given its context? We believe this bias against understanding typology of the Rapture in this verse wrong-headed and believe that the Holy Spirit intended to support here what is explicitly taught elsewhere. See Rapture.

I will show you

This is the primary purpose of the Revelation being given John (Rev. 1:1+, 19+; 22:6+). The scenes in the book of Revelation often follow a pattern where a heavenly setting is described followed by an earthly setting:

Each Vision “in heaven” is preparatory to the Vision afterwards seen “on earth”; and what is seen “on earth” is the carrying out of the Vision previously seen “in heaven.” The one is mutually explanatory of the other. The heavenly Vision explains what is going to take place upon the earth; and the utterances in each heavenly Vision set forth the special object of the earthly events which are to follow. The former Vision of each pair, is therefore, the key to the latter.⁷

As with all of history, it is critical that the interpreter of events transpiring upon the earth has access to the perspective of God. For without His perspective, all is chaos and disarray. All the more so at the end of history when events upon the earth become extremely chaotic and destructive—seemingly without purpose or plan. Yet as is shown John and conveyed to us, the events are carefully orchestrated and initiated by God Himself as He finally moves His hand to take back that which was lost in the Garden and legally regained at the cross. It is from this heavenly perspective that the great events of judgment in the pages to come must be understood. To those saints living during the time of the end, John’s revelation—wherever a copy might be procured—will be of inestimable value!

things which must take place after this

The things to come are sure for they must take place. God’s prophetic word cannot be broken (John 10:35). This is why the sword extends from the mouth of Jesus—the will of God, once having been spoken forth, is unstoppable (Rev. 1:16+; 19:15+). After this is perhaps better translated after these [things]. It is the same phrase which begins the verse: μετὰ ταῦτα [meta tauta] . This verse follows “the things which are” and Jesus is now introducing the next major topic—the things which are yet future to John’s time.

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I was in the Spirit

Once again, John was “in the Spirit,” as he was at the beginning of his vision (Rev. 1:10+). Ezekiel described his similar experience as the hand of the Lord being upon him (Eze. 1:3; 3:14). Later, he records: “the Spirit lifted me up between earth and heaven, and brought me in visions of God to Jerusalem” (Eze. 8:3). In subsequent visions, the Spirit took Ezekiel to Chaldea (Eze. 11:24) and to the valley of dry bones (Eze. 37:1). Paul was caught up to the third heaven in a similar experience, although he does not mention the Spirit’s involvement (2Cor. 12:1-2). Being “in the Spirit” refers not only to spiritual or physical transport to a new location or vantage point, but to a unique empowerment by the Spirit to receive special revelatory communication from God (Eze. 2:2; 3:12-14; Gal. 1:16; 2:2; Eph. 3:3). Although the text does not explicitly say so, John was probably transported to heaven. The command was for him to “come up here.” The Spirit transports John to the wilderness (Rev. 17:2+) and a great and high mountain (Rev. 21:10+) later in the book.

One sat on the throne

Prior to being given great revelation, prophets are often exposed to the glory of God. Earlier, John saw the glorified Jesus. Now he will be shown the throne room in heaven. Isaiah had a similar vision of God on His throne (Isa. 6:1). This is where Jesus is presented to the “Ancient of Days” to receive His kingdom (Dan. 7:9-14). In Ezekiel’s vision, “on the likeness of a throne was a likeness with the appearance of a man” (Eze. 1:26). Isaiah also saw Him: “I saw the Lord sitting on a throne, high and lifted up, and the train of His robe filled the temple” (Isa. 6:1b).

See commentary on Revelation 1:12.

The One sitting is God the Father, not Christ, for Christ comes to the One on the throne to receive the scroll with the seven seals (Rev. 5:1-7+). This is the One whose wrath, along with that of the Lamb, is poured out upon the earth dwellers (Rev. 6:16-17+) and to Whom, along with the Lamb, salvation belongs (Rev. 7:10+).

He is sitting on the throne which emphasizes His ultimate rule and control of all that transpires in the book (Rev. 4:5+, 9+, 10+; 5:1+, 6+, 7+, 13+; 6:16+. 7:10+, 15+; 16:17+; 19:4+; 20:11-15+; 21:5+). Even the final manifestation of evil is dependent upon permission being granted from the Father (Rev. 3:21+; 6:4+; 7:2+; 13:7+, 14+, 15+). God is completely sovereign over the affairs of history, yet those who participate in sin are fully responsible moral agents (Acts 2:22-23). God’s throne is prominent throughout the book and indicates His ultimate role as judge (Rev. 20:11+).⁸

Hundreds of years before John, Ezekiel saw the same One seated on His chariot throne:

And above the firmament over their heads was the likeness of a throne, in appearance like a sapphire stone; on the likeness of the throne was a likeness with the appearance of a man high above it. Also from the appearance of His waist and upward I saw, as it were, the color of amber with the appearance of fire all around within it; and from the appearance of His waist and downward I saw, as it were, the appearance of fire with brightness all around. Like the appearance of a rainbow in a cloud on a rainy day, so was the appearance of the brightness all around it. This was the appearance of the likeness of the glory of the LORD. So when I saw it, I fell on my face, and I heard a voice of One speaking. (Eze. 1:26-28)

Ezekiel was overcome by what he saw. Here, no mention is made of John collapsing under the vision of God’s glory as occurs so frequently elsewhere (Isa. 6:5; Eze. 1:28; 3:23; Dan. 10:8; Mat. 17:6; Mark 9:6; Acts 9:4; Rev. 1:17+). Perhaps this is because John had already been strengthened by Christ following his collapse at the earlier revelation of the risen Christ (Rev. 1:17+).

What John sees is not some immaterial spiritual revelation, but a real material place:

Heaven is a material place. John saw a throne. If the objection is that he was in the Spirit and that it might be a spiritual throne, we would answer that the body of Jesus Christ was raised from the dead and that our Lord said, “Handle me, and see; for a spirit hath not flesh and bones, as ye see me have” (Luke 24:39); and it was that body which ascended into Heaven. There must be a material Heaven or there was no ascension, and if there was no ascension, there was no resurrection, and if there was no resurrection, there is no salvation.⁹

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like a jasper

Jasper describes the light of, foundation, and walls of the holy Jerusalem (Rev. 21:11+, 18-20+). It was the last of the twelve stones representing the twelve tribes of Israel which were mounted in the breastplate of the high priest (Ex. 28:20; 39:13). When Satan was in the Garden of God, his covering included precious stones like jasper (Eze. 28:13-14). “Modern ignorance of ancient terminology makes precise identification of the stones quite tentative (Morris). Probably the equation of iaspidi (‘jasper stone’) to the modern jasper which is dull and opaque (Alford) is wrong because the modern stone is hardly considered costly as the text implies.”¹⁰ “From Rev. 21:11+, where it is called most precious, which the jasper was not, Ebrard infers it was a diamond.”¹¹

like a sardius stone

“The sardius, better known in our day as the carnelian, is red. Hengstenberg quotes ancient authorities who call it ‘blood-colored’ and takes it to describe the righteous wrath of God, the color of the fire of divine anger.”¹² This stone is also mentioned as part of Satan’s covering in the Garden of God (Eze. 28:13). It is the sixth foundation stone of the holy Jerusalem (Rev. 21:19+) and the first of the twelve stones representing the twelve tribes of Israel in the breastplate of the high priest (Ex. 28:17; 39:10). The inclusion of both the first stone, sardius, and last stone, jasper from the breastplate denote the idea of all Israel, first and last, beginning and end, or alpha and omega (Rev. 1:8+, 17+; 2:8+).

The jasper and the sardine stone are the first and last of these twelve stones [representing the tribes of Israel]. The jasper represented Reuben, the first of the tribes, since Reuben was the firstborn of Jacob. The sardine stone represented Benjamin, the youngest of the twelve sons of Jacob. In other words, the two stones represented the first and the last and therefore may be regarded as including all the other stones in between, that is, the whole of the covenanted people.¹³

Most see the references to precious stones here (and in Eze. 28) as a description of brilliant colored lights which radiate from God and His throne (Eze. 1:26-28): “We need not find symbolism in each element of the vision; it is enough to allow the archetypical imagery to create the impression of transcendent glory.”¹⁴

a rainbow around the throne

The brilliant light emanating from the throne resembled a rainbow of emerald hues. The rainbow was given as a sign following Noah’s flood to remind God of His covenant never again to destroy all flesh with a flood (Gen. 9:13-16; Isa. 54:9-10). Ezekiel saw this same rainbow as the brightness around the throne (Eze. 1:28). The world that was previously perished in the flood. In the chapters to follow, the judgment will be by fire (2Pe. 3:5-7).

As the rainbow was first reflected on the waters of the world’s ruin, and continues to be seen only when a cloud is brought over the earth, so another deluge, namely, of fire, shall precede the new heavens and earth: the Lord, as here, on His throne, whence (Rev. 4:5+) proceed “lightnings and thunderings,” shall issue the commission to rid the earth of its oppressors.¹⁵

The rainbow is around the throne implying a full circle like a halo.¹⁶ A rainbow adorns the head of the mighty angel whose cry precedes the seven thunders (Rev. 10:1-3+).

like an emerald

The color of the third stone of the high priest’s breastplate (Ex. 28:17; 39:10) and also associated with Satan’s covering in the Garden of God (Eze. 28:13). The stone of the fourth foundation of the holy Jerusalem (Rev. 21:19+).¹⁷

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around about

Multitudes surround God’s throne (1K. 22:19; Rev. 5:11+; 7:11+), but in concentric positions. Those closest to God appear to occupy positions of special service, blessing, and favor. The elders occupy a position of prominence near the throne along with the four living creatures (Rev. 4:6-9+). The Lamb is also in their midst (Rev. 5:6+).

on the thrones

These elders appear to co-reign with the Father in some lesser capacity. This brings to mind the promises made to the apostles wherein they will rule over the twelve tribes in the regeneration (Mat. 19:28) and the promises made in the previous chapters to the overcomer (Rev. 2:26-27+; 3:21+ cf. Rev. 20:4+, 6+). Nowhere in Scripture do we see mention of elect angels occupying thrones.¹⁸ Later, during the Millennial Kingdom, we find humans which sit upon thrones (Rev. 20:4+).

Daniel’s vision of the Ancient of Days mentions “thrones” which “were put in place” prior to a court being seated (Dan. 7:9-19). The court’s judgment results in the destruction of the beast and the removal of the dominion of the other beasts (Dan. 7:12). This is the “judgment . . . made in favor of the saints of the Most High” when “the time came for the saints to possess the kingdom” (Dan. 7:22). The saints will be given into the hands of the beast for “a time and times and half a time” (Dan. 7:25; 9:27; 12:7; 11:2; 11:3, 13:5)¹⁹ but the court shall be seated and “take away his dominion, to consume and destroy it forever” (Dan. 7:26). The only other mention of thrones (plural) in this book are those occupied by saints who take part in the first resurrection and rule and reign during the Millennium (Rev. 20:4+). These elders comprise the court which will be seated and rule against the beast bringing about his eventual overthrow and ushering in the Millennial Kingdom (Rev. 19+, 20+). Paul revealed that saints would be entrusted with the judgment of such weighty matters. “Do you not know that the saints will judge the world? . . . Do you not know that we shall judge angels?” (1Cor. 6:2-3).

St. John with the Twenty-Four Elders

St. John with the Twenty-Four Elders²⁰

twenty-four elders

The twenty-four elders repeatedly worship the Father (see commentary on Revelation 4:10). One of the elders comforts John explaining that Jesus has prevailed to loose the seven-sealed scroll (Rev. 5:5+). Later, an elder explains to John the identity of those coming out of the Great Tribulation (Rev. 7:13-14+). The 144,000 with the Father’s name on their foreheads sing a new song before these elders and the living creatures (Rev. 14:3+). A wide range of opinions attends the identification of these elders. “There are at least thirteen different views of their identity, ranging from the twenty-four ruling stars (or judges) in the heavens to the simple figure of wholeness and fullness.”²¹

Attempts to identify the elders have fallen into two broad categories, one saying that they are men and the other that they are angels. Each category has three variations, the former one saying that the men are either representatives of Israel, representatives of the church, or representatives of both. The latter category sees the angels as representatives either of the OT priestly order or of the faithful of all ages, or as a special class or college of angels.²²

Whether to understand the elders as human or angelic beings turns on several factors:

Can the term “elder” describe an angel?²³

Do angels wear crowns, symbols of reward not found in association with angels elsewhere?

Do elect angels sit on thrones, although never mentioned elsewhere?

Is the textual variant at Revelation 5:9+, which explicitly includes the elders among the redeemed, the preferred reading?

The elders are πρεσβυτέρους [presbyterous] , presbyters. Frequently translated ‘elders’ (67 times in the KJV). The term is never used of angelic beings:

Nowhere else in Scripture is the term [elder] used to describe celestial or angelic beings. This term is used of humans in positions of authority either in the synagogue or church.²⁴

Presbuteroi (elders) is never used in Scripture to refer to angels, but always to men. It is used to speak of older men in general, and the rulers of both Israel and the church. There is no indisputable use of presbuteroi outside of Revelation to refer to angels. (Some believe that “elders” in Isaiah 24:23 refers to angels, but it could as well refer to humans.) Further, “elder” would be an inappropriate term to describe angels, who do not age.²⁵

The number of the elders, twenty four is seen by some as symbolizing the twelve tribes of Israel (written on the gates of the New Jerusalem, Rev. 21:12+) and the twelve apostles of the Lamb (written on the twelve foundations of the city, Rev. 21:14+). Thus, they suggest twelve of the elders represent OT saints and the other twelve NT saints.

That these twenty-four represent the heads of the twelve tribes of Israel and the twelve apostles is abundantly confirmed in Scripture. When we come to the description of the new Jerusalem, we find twelve messengers at the gates and on the gates the names of the twelve tribes of the children of Israel, while the names of the twelve apostles are on the foundations of the city (Rev. 21:12-14+). Our Lord promised the disciples that they should sit upon twelve thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel (Mat. 19:28; Luke 22:30). So it is that believers of all ages are seen here.²⁶

Yet the Lord said the apostles would judge the twelve tribes “in the regeneration, when the Son of Man sits on the throne of His glory” (Mat. 19:28). This does not take place until His Second Coming when the Millennial Kingdom is established (Mat. 25:31; Rev. 20:4+). This scene in heaven precedes that time by at least seven years for the Lamb has not yet taken the scroll from the Father to loose the first of its seven seals (Rev. 5+). So it is not clear that OT saints are pictured here. The time at which this vision occurs within the sequence of events shown John implies that the elders are already in heaven prior to the events of The 70th Week of Daniel. We believe that passages such as Daniel 12:1-2 imply that OT saints are not resurrected until after this time of Jacob’s Trouble—prior to the Millennial Kingdom (Rev. 20:4+). To be sure, the souls of OT saints are in paradise (heaven at this time), but it seems unlikely that they would have received rewards (i.e., crowns) or rule on thrones prior to the resurrection attending the Millennial Kingdom.²⁷

Others note the parallel with the twenty four divisions which David and Zadok made of the sons of Aaron for their priestly service (1Chr. 24:1-5). Rather than twelve OT saints and twelve NT saints, the number twenty four could merely represent the priestly role of the NT saints:

The figure 24 is probably taken from 1 Chronicles 24, where David divided the Tribe of Levi into 24 courses to represent the whole. Since the Church is a kingdom of priests, these 24 elders represent the Church as a whole. This actually provides [another] clue to the fact that the 24 elders represent the Church and not angels.²⁸

The events of the Tribulation period which follows argue against their identification with Israel:

Some believe the elders represent Israel. But while individual Jews have been and will continue to be redeemed throughout history, at the time of this vision the nation as a whole had not yet been redeemed. Their national judgment and salvation (Rom. 11:26) comes during the Tribulation (chaps. 6-19), largely as a result of the evangelistic efforts of the 144,000 (introduced in chap. 7). When the twenty-four elders are first introduced, those events are yet to take place.²⁹

Various lines of evidence suggest they represent the redeemed of the present church age.³⁰

The biblical description seems to point to believers of this present church age. They are already in heaven (Rev. 4+-5+) before the opening of the seal judgments (Rev. 6+). They are sitting on thrones before God (Rev. 4:4+). Angels never sit in the presence of God. However, Christ promised church-age believers that they would sit with Him on His throne (Rev. 3:21+). God positionally has made all believers today sit together in the heavenly places in Christ (Eph. 2:6). The elders are clothed in white robes (Rev. 4:4+). Church-age believers are promised such pure clothing (Rev. 3:5+, 18+; 19:7-8+). The elders have crowns of gold on their heads (Rev. 4:4+). . . . Believers in the churches are promised such crowns (Rev. 2:10+; 3:11+). In the Epistles, believers are also promised crowns for spiritual accomplishments (1Cor. 9:25; 1Th. 2:19; 2Ti. 4:8; Jas. 1:12; 1Pe. 5:4). Holy angels do not wear crowns, but believers can and will wear them. . . . The elders are set in contrast to angels (Rev. 5:11+). The term presbuteros (elder) is never used of angels in the Bible. The word denotes maturity and growth. Holy angels could not be designated with this term because they were all created at the same time. . . . The more plausible explanation of the twenty-four elders is that they represent the redeemed of this present church age.³¹

Among the well-known commentators who regard these elders as representative of the Church are Alford, Barnes, Benson, Binney, Carpenter, Clarke, Clemance, Book, Crafer, Crosby, Dusterdieck, Fausset, Girdlestone, Godet, Gray, Henry, [Hengstenberg], Holden, Kiyper, Milligan, Plummer, Roberson, Scott, Sheppard, Simcox, Slight, Smith, Swete, Weidner.³²

If these represent saints of the church age,³³ then we have another piece of evidence in favor of a pretribulational rapture: “Here then is yet another proof that the Church shall not pass through the Tribulation, for we find these singers in Heaven before the beginning of the judgments.”³⁴

As John beholds certain subjects of redemption, robed, and crowned, and enthroned, as priests and kings in heaven, we here have (let it be noted) positive demonstration, that, at the time to which this vision relates, a resurrection and a translation have already taken place. . . .They occupy these thrones, while yet the closed book, which brings forth the seals and trumpets, lies untouched in the hand of Him that sits upon the throne. They see it there, and they vote the Lamb worthy to open it. They behold Him taking it up, and fall down and worship as He holds it. They are in their places when heaven receives the accession of the multitude which come “out of the great tribulation” (Rev. 7:11-14+). They have their own distinct positions when the still later company of the hundred and forty-four thousand gather round the Lamb on Mount Sion. And they are spectators of the judgment of great Babylon, and sing Alleluia in glory as they see her fall (Rev. 19:4+).³⁵

Elders will also rule with Christ from Jerusalem in the Millennial Kingdom (Isa. 24:23).

clothed in white robes

The elders are clothed in white which speaks of a covering for sin provided by Christ’s atonement on behalf of the saints. See commentary on Revelation 3:4 and Revelation 3:5.

There is some question as to whether the elders include themselves among the redeemed mentioned in Revelation 5:9+ as textual variants attend the text. The TR and MT texts indicate the elders are redeemed whereas the NU text does not. See commentary on Revelation 5:9.

crowns of gold

Crowns is στεφάνους [stephanous] . The crowns may indicate that the elders are among those who have been made “kings and priests” (or “a kingdom of priests”, NU text) as is promised the overcomers (Rev. 2:10+; 3:11+). See commentary on Revelation 1:6. They were awarded these crowns, yet they repeatedly cast them before the Father’s throne in recognition of the superiority and source of their blessing (Rev. 4:10+).³⁶ “When all earthly crowns and thrones have perished, the redeemed ones of Christ will be at the beginning of their reign. How small then will appear the great majesties of earth, and how insignificant the power they have to bestow!”³⁷

In Scripture, angelic beings are never promised nor found wearing crowns. Yet some suggest the elders to be angels. Crowns (other than those worn by God) are typically associated with rewards attending judgment. The judgment of angels would likely take place after this scene in heaven because: (1) the saints participate in their judgment—presumably after having been glorified (1Cor. 6:3); and 2) significant events attending the angelic realm have yet to transpire before they can be judged. “If this passage is regarded as chronologically before the time of the tribulation which succeeding chapters unfold, it would seem to eliminate the angels, as at this point they have not been judged and rewarded since their judgment seems to come later.”³⁸ This assumes the angelic judgment by the saints is for both reward and punishment. If these crowns are not associated with reward, or the angelic judgment is only for punishment from which the elect angels are exempt, then the plausibility of the elders being angels encounters fewer difficulties.

See Crowns.

3.4.5 - Revelation 4:5 Open Bible at Rev. 4:5 Listen to Rev. 4:5

lightnings, thunderings, and voices

These portend the magnificence and glory of the Father and bring reverent fear to those who experience them, as when God revealed Himself to the children of Israel at Mount Sinai (Ex. 19:16-18; Heb. 12:18-21) and to Ezekiel (Eze. 1:13). In this book, thunder attends moments of great significance and impending judgment (Rev. 8:5+; 10:3+; 11:19+; 16:17-18+; 19:6+ cf. Ex. 9:23-34; 1S. 2:10; 7:10; 1S. 12:17-18; 2S. 22:14; Ps. 18:13; 104:7). “This is the faint rumbling of the judgment that shall come forth against mankind out of Christ, against the empire of Satan, and the farthest worlds of the universe. Now there is a premonition of judgment, but soon worlds shall perish.”³⁹ “These demonstrate that the throne is one of judgment, and that wrath is about to proceed from it.”⁴⁰

The voices may be those of the “seven thunders” whose utterance John is told not to record (Rev. 10:3-4+). “ ‘The thunderings express God’s threats against the ungodly: there are voices in the thunders (Rev. 10:3+), that is, not only does He threaten generally, but also predicts special judgments’ [Grotius].”⁴¹

seven lamps

These lamps are said to be the seven Spirits of God which are burning before the throne. See commentary on Revelation 1:4. These are not the “seven lampstands” which are the churches (Rev. 1:12+, 20+), but represent the Holy Spirit Who is the source of light (illumination) and Who empowers the seven lampstands. Their continual burning is an indication of judgment (Mat. 3:11) and zeal (Acts 2:3), for nothing escapes the penetrating witness of the Holy Spirit (Gen. 15:17; Rev. 3:1+; 5:6+). The lamps are associated with lightnings and thunderings and are burning as an indication of the time of judgment which follows.

“For behold, the day is coming, burning like an oven, and all the proud, yes, all who do wickedly will be stubble. And the day which is coming shall burn them up,” says the LORD of hosts, “That will leave them neither root nor branch.” (Mal. 4:1)

See Trouble Ahead.

3.4.6 - Revelation 4:6 Open Bible at Rev. 4:6 Listen to Rev. 4:6

sea of glass, like crystal

Those who achieve victory over the beast (by not loving their lives to the death, Rev. 12:11+) are seen standing on this sea of glass before the throne. There, it is said to be “mingled with fire” possibly indicating the brilliance of light radiating from the crystal-like structure (Rev. 15:2+).

Moses, the sons of Aaron, and the elders of Israel saw something similar when they met with God on Mount Sinai:

Then Moses went up, also Aaron, Nadab, and Abihu, and seventy of the elders of Israel, and they saw the God of Israel. And there was under His feet as it were a paved work of sapphire stone, and it was like the very heavens in its clarity. (Ex. 24:9-10)

This sea may also symbolize the “river of life” which flows from the temple during the Millennium (Eze. 47:1-9) and proceeds from the throne in the eternal state (Rev. 22:1+), where there is no more sea (Rev. 21:1+). Both are said to be like crystal.⁴² Corresponding to the bronze laver in the tabernacle and Solomon’s Temple (Ex. 38:8; 1K. 7:23), the sea pictures the washing away of uncleanness by Christ’s atonement. This sea of glass is under the throne, but was seen above from Ezekiel’s perspective below the chariot throne (Eze. 1:22-26).⁴³

Thank God the laver [in heaven] will be turned to crystal. The day will come when one of the saints will ever need confession. . . . I shall never have to go to the Heavenly Father again to tell Him I have sinned. . . The laver is of crystal only because I and all the saints of all the ages will have been made like into the Lord Jesus Christ. There will be no more sin. This is one of the reasons why it will be Heaven.⁴⁴

See commentary on Revelation 15:2.

around the throne

These creatures are around the throne, whereas in Ezekiel’s vision the similar creatures are in the midst of the cloud of fire (Eze. 1:5).

four living creatures

There are four creatures indicating the universal character of their representation (see the symbolic meaning of four). They are Living creatures, ζῷα [zōa] : “to denote beings that are not human and yet not really animals of the usual kind . . . Of the four peculiar beings at God’s throne, whose description Rev. 4:6-9+ reminds us of the ζῷα [zōa] in Eze. 1:5ff, the cherubim. See also Rev. 5:6+, 8+, 11+, 14+; 6:1+, 3+, 5-7+; 7:11+; 14:3+; 15:7+; 19:4+.”⁴⁵ Ezekiel also sees four living creatures, τεσσάρων ζῳιων [tessarōn zōiōn] (Eze. 1:5-22; 3:13; 10:1-20). Ezekiel’s creatures have close similarity to these:

They attend the throne.

They are winged.

Aspects of their character represent a lion, an ox (or calf), a man, and an eagle.

But there are also significant differences:

Ezekiel’s creatures had four wings whereas these have six.

Ezekiel’s creatures each had all four faces of a man, a lion, an ox, and an eagle whereas these each have one of the characteristics.⁴⁶

No mention is made of Ezekiel’s creatures themselves having eyes—although the wheels they attend are full of eyes. These creatures themselves are full of eyes.

Similarity does not make identity and we must conclude that these living creatures, while probably cherubim, are different in identity to Ezekiel’s cherubim (Eze. 10:20). Since Isaiah’s seraphs had six wings, perhaps these creatures are of that order (Isa. 6:2, 6).

It appears that these creatures attend God’s stationary throne whereas Ezekiel’s cherubim attend God’s chariot throne which transports the manifestation of His glory (Ps. 18:10; Eze. 10:19-20; 11:22). We first meet with cherubim in their service of God guarding the way to the tree of life after the expulsion of Adam and Eve from the Garden (Gen. 3:24).⁴⁷

Satan was created as one of these cherubim serving at God’s throne until he fell (Eze. 28:14). “Here are the living ones, in every way his equals, yes, infinitely his superiors, since they have access to all of the power of God. These are not with him in his rebellion. They are ready to carry into effect the orders of divine judgment.”⁴⁸

These living creatures call John’s attention to the effects of the Lamb’s loosening of the first four seals whereupon the four horsemen of the Apocalypse ride forth (Rev. 6:1-7+). One of the four living creatures gives the final seven bowls of God’s wrath to the seven angels who will pour forth the seven plagues.

After the Flood, the Teraphim (probably a corruption of the Cherubim) were made in imitation of them and became objects of worship [Gen. 31:19, 34-35; Jdg. 17:5; 18:14, 17-18, 20; 1S. 15:23; 19:13, 16; 2K. 23:24; Eze. 21:21; Hos. 3:4; Zec. 10:2]. The remembrance of them was carried away by the scattered nations (Gen. 10), and probably the Assyrian sculptures are traditional corruptions of the Cherubim, for they consisted of a man with an eagle’s head; a lion or a winged bull with a human head.⁴⁹

The cherubim attend God’s throne. The writer of Hebrews informs us that the things in the earthly sanctuary were a model of the ultimate reality in heaven above (Heb. 9:24). In the earthly Tabernacle and Temple, we find these living creatures portrayed at each end of the Ark of the Covenant and on the veil separating the holy place (Ex. 26:31; 36:35). Their images attended God’s glory which was said to “dwell between the cherubim” above the mercy seat (Ex. 25:22; Num. 7:89; 1S. 4:4; 2S. 6:2; 1K. 7:29; 2K. 19:15; 1Chr. 13:6; 2Chr. 5:7; 6:41; Ps. 80:1; 99:1; Isa. 37:16; Eze. 41:18). See The Abiding Presence of God, A Heavenly Pattern.

lion . . . calf . . . man . . . eagle

The symbolism conveyed by these faces is the subject of much discussion.

The interpretations of the symbols of the four living creatures are, of course, numerous and varied. Some of them are: the four Evangelists or Gospels; the four elements; the four cardinal virtues; the four faculties or powers of the human soul; the Lord in the fourfold great events of redemption; the four patriarchal churches; the four great apostles, the doctors of the Church; the four principal angels, etc.⁵⁰

As we discuss elsewhere, the interpretation of symbols can often lead in unbiblical directions, especially to the degree that non-biblical sources provide the source for their interpretation. When other passages within Scripture are taken into consideration, it seems the likeness of these four creatures reflect the four primary roles of Messiah Jesus revealed in the four gospels:

King (Matthew)

Servant (Mark)

Man (Luke)

God (John)

Evidence in support of this view is presented in our discussion of the Four Gospels.

3.4.7 - Revelation 4:7 Open Bible at Rev. 4:7 Listen to Rev. 4:7

The simile of the first two and the last are like animals (lion, calf, flying eagle). The description of the third centers on its face being like that of a man. Nothing is said concerning the likeness of the remainder of its body.

3.4.8 - Revelation 4:8 Open Bible at Rev. 4:8 Listen to Rev. 4:8

having six wings

The cherubim Ezekiel saw had four wings (Eze. 1:11-12) whereas these creatures have six wings like the seraphim which Isaiah saw attending the throne (Isa. 6:2, 6). “In Isa. 6:2 we read, ‘Each had six wings: with twain he covered his face (in reverence, as not presuming to lift up his face to God), with twain he covered his feet (in humility, as not worthy to stand in God’s holy presence), and with twain he did fly [in obedient readiness to do instantly God’s command].’ ”⁵¹

full of eyes

Eyes indicate great intelligence (Eze. 1:18; 10:12; Dan. 7:8, 20; Rev. 1:14+; 2:18+; 5:6+; 19:12+). These creatures are near the apex of God’s created order (Eze. 28:12-15).⁵²

around and within

“John’s object is to show that the six wings in each did not interfere with that which he had before declared, namely, that they were ‘full of eyes before and behind.’ The eyes were round the outside of each wing, and up the inside of each when half expanded, and of the part of body in that inward recess.”⁵³ “Being so full of eyes positioned in this manner, they are able to move their wings without ever disrupting their vision.”⁵⁴

Holy, holy, holy

Isaiah’s seraphim made a similar pronouncement concerning God’s uniqueness (Isa. 6:3). Praises of God’s holiness are said to “enthrone” Him (Ps. 22:3). “Who is like You, O LORD, among the gods? Who is like You, glorious in holiness, fearful in praises, doing wonders?” (Ex. 15:11). Worship of God is a major theme of this book as He brings about the redemption of creation in the culmination of history. See Worship of God.Three denotes completeness or may reflect the Trinity. See Three: Life, Resurrection, Completeness, the Trinity.

Almighty

παντοκράτωρ [pantokratōr] , see commentary on Revelation 1:8.

Who was and is and is to come

ὁ ἦν καὶ ὁ ω῍ν καὶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος [ho ēn kai ho ōn kai ho erchomenos] , the same phrase as is found in Revelation 1:4+, 8+, but with the 1st and 2nd titles reversed. Comprised of a verb and two participles: “The he was and the who is and the coming one”. This unusual grammatical construction is discussed in the commentary on Revelation 1:4.

3.4.9 - Revelation 4:9 Open Bible at Rev. 4:9 Listen to Rev. 4:9

Whenever the living creatures give glory

This is a repetitive event as evidenced by the future tense: δώσουσιν [dōsousin] , they shall give.

who lives forever and ever

See commentary on Revelation 1:4.

3.4.10 - Revelation 4:10 Open Bible at Rev. 4:10 Listen to Rev. 4:10

the twenty-four elders fall down

Their action is tied to the doxology given by the living creatures. Whenever the creatures shall give glory, the elders shall themselves fall down: πεσοῦνται [pesountai] , future tense middle voice. This is repetitive and voluntary worship (Rev. 4:10+; 5:8-10+, 14+; 11:16+; 19:4+). They “worship at His footstool” for “He is holy” (Ps. 99:5).

Him who lives forever

The one living into the ages of the ages. This is God the Father seated on His throne. How similar His identity is with that of Jesus: the Living One, and dead I became and behold living I am into the ages of the ages (Rev. 1:18+). See commentary on Revelation 1:18. His eternal existence is coupled with His role as Creator (see next verse) because He alone is without previous cause. He is the unique “uncaused cause” which has always existed and from which all else was brought forth. If God were not eternal, then all eternity would have been nothingness because no agent would have preexisted creation to bring it forth. “This is the strongest possible expression for an unending eternity. We make special mention of it because later we shall see that the same phrase is used of the duration of the punishment of Satan, his captains and those of earth who have followed him.”⁵⁵

cast their crowns

They recognized the supreme worthiness of the One on the throne. Their own crowns are entirely dependent upon His grace and bestowal. “What are these crowns? . . . they are the symbols of reward. They are the prizes, which have come from God’s heart of grace, given unto those who, at the best, were unprofitable servants. When we shall see the worship of the mighty cherubim, we shall realize therefore, that no crown belongs to us rightfully and we shall cast them down before the presence of Him who lives forever.”⁵⁶

See Crowns.

3.4.11 - Revelation 4:11 Open Bible at Rev. 4:11 Listen to Rev. 4:11

worthy to receive glory and honor and power

λαβεῖν [labein] , present tense: to be continually receiving. Both the Father and the Son are worthy to receive glory and honor and power (Rev. 5:12+). See Worship of God.

You created all things

If there could have been any doubt about Who is seated on the throne, here it is removed. He alone is creator, all else is creature. He alone is independent, all else is dependent upon Him. Recognition of this distinction is the foundation of all right worship, for worship of any other is directing to that which is dependent what is only for the Originator (Rev. 22:8-9+). All worship directed elsewhere is idolatry.

Scripture reveals that all three persons of the Trinity participated in creation:

The Father (Gen. 1:1-31; Isa. 40:21-28; Isa. 43:1, 7; Isa. 45:12, 18; 48:13; 51:13; Acts 14:15; 17:24).

The Spirit (Gen. 1:2; Job 26:13; 33:4; Ps. 104:30; Isa. 42:5).

The Son (John 1:3; Eph. 3:9; Col. 1:16; Heb. 1:3; Rev. 3:14+).

by Your will they exist and were created

His role as Creator underwrites all worship of Him, for He alone is Creator and all else is creature and therefore, entirely dependent upon His will for continued existence (Heb. 1:3). “In Him all things consist” (Col. 1:17) “For of Him and through Him and to Him are all things, to whom be glory forever. Amen” (Rom. 11:36).

TR and MT have εισι [eisi] , exist. NU has ἦσαν [ēsan] , existed. The past tense emphasizes the creative act. The present tense emphasizes their ongoing existence by His will.

Were created, ἔκτισας [ektisas] , the aorist tense typically denotes past time. God finished creation and then rested (Gen. 2:2-3; Ex. 20:11; 31:17). “When the NT refers to creation... it always refers to a past, completed event—an immediate work of God, not a still-occurring process of evolution.”⁵⁷ Even if it were somehow possible for complex life forms to arise by chance,⁵⁸ the notion is precluded by Scripture. Creation is not an ongoing process.⁵⁹

Here we need to alert the reader of the danger of allowing the chapter break between chapters 4 and 5 to destroy the flow of the text. There is an intimate connection between the words of the cherubim and elders concerning creation and the events of the next chapter where the Lamb takes the seven-sealed scroll. For here the subject is creation and there it will be redemption. Not redemption positionally which was accomplished at the cross, but experientially. Not just redemption of saved men, but of the entire created order (Rom. 8:18-22) which has been subject to Satan since the fall (Mat. 4:8; Luke 4:6; John 12:31; 14:30; 16:11; 2Cor. 4:4; 1Jn. 5:19; Rev. 13:1+; 13:7+).

Thus, creation is the subject of the first great utterance of the Zōa and the Elders. Their words announce the blessed fact that the judgments which are about to take place, have for their great object the removal of the curse [Gen. 3:14-19], and of all unholiness from the earth; and the ending of creation’s groaning and travail.⁶⁰

Notes

¹ New Electronic Translation : NET Bible, electronic edition (Dallas, TX: Biblical Studies Press, 1998), Rev. 4:1.

² Many red-letter Bibles seem unwilling to identify the voice as being that of Jesus for they render the words of this voice in black but the words of the voice speaking in Revelation 1:10-11+ in red. An exception is the KJ2000 Bible, http://life-equals-jesus.org/Couric/KJ2Khome.html, available from http://www.spiritandtruth.org/download/tools/index.htm.

³ Donald Grey Barnhouse, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1971), 88.

⁴ Merrill C. Tenney, Interpreting Revelation (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1957), 141.

⁵ Jerome Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1992), Rev. 4:1.

⁶ Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 165.

⁷ E. W. Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1984, 1935), 211.

⁸ God’s throne appears in Rev. 1:4+; 3:21+; 4:2-6+, 9-10+; 5:1+, 6-7+, 11+, 13+; 6:16+; 7:9-11+, 15+, 17+; 8:3+; 12:5+; 13:2+; 14:3+, 5+; 16:10+, 17+; 19:4-5+; 20:11+; 21:5+; 22:1+, 3+.

⁹ Barnhouse, Revelation, 89.

¹⁰ Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 1-7 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1992), 342.

¹¹ A. R. Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” in Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997, 1877), Rev. 4:2.

¹² Barnhouse, Revelation, 90.

¹³ John F. Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1966), 104.

¹⁴ Alan F. Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), Rev. 4:3.

¹⁵ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 4:3.

¹⁶ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 343.

¹⁷ Mounce observes: “Ex. 28:17-21 lists the twelve stones, each inscribed and representing a tribe in Israel. Note that the jasper and the carnelian (sardius) are the last and the first (Benjamin and Reuben; cf. Gen. 49:3-27). On this basis the emerald (no. 4) would stand for the tribe of Judah.”—Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977), 134. But in the list of stones given by Exodus 28:17, the emerald is listed as the third stone—the last in the first row of three—and would represent the tribe of Levi, not Judah.

¹⁸ “Nowhere in Scripture do angels sit on thrones, nor are they pictured ruling or reigning. Their role is to serve as ‘ministering spirits, sent out to render service for the sake of those who will inherit salvation’ (Heb. 1:14; cf. Mat. 18:10).”—John MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1999), Rev. 4:4.

¹⁹ Daniel 11:3 probably denotes the first half of the 7-year period. The remaining 3.5 years are the time of the beast’s dominion.

²⁰ Albrecht Durer (1471 - 1528). Image courtesy of the Connecticut College Wetmore Print Collection.

²¹ Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, Rev. 4:4.

²² Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 344.

²³ In support of identifying the elders with angels, [Ibid., 345] notes the Septuagint rendering of ‘elders’ in Isa. 24:23 refers to a heavenly assembly. But the context of the passage is the Messianic Kingdom in which resurrected humans are known to function in leadership roles.

²⁴ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 167.

²⁵ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 4:5.

²⁶ Barnhouse, Revelation, 91.

²⁷ “The entire scriptural doctrine concerning the state of the dead, forbids the idea that disembodied souls are already crowned and enthroned, although at rest in the bosom of God. . . . The coronation time, is the resurrection time; and no one can be crowned until he is either resurrected if dead, or translated if living.”—J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 104. The OT saints are not in Christ in the sense of having been baptized into His body (1Cor. 12:13) and are not part of the Church which was formed on the Day of Pentecost. “Even though Israel is redeemed by the blood of Christ, Israel never experienced the baptism of the Holy Spirit which placed them ‘in Christ,’ so this phrase can only describe those saints of the present age who are thus related to Christ.”—J. Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1958), 407. Therefore the OT saints are not raised at the Rapture of the church when the dead in Christ arise (1Th. 4:16), but at a later time—prior to the Millennial Kingdom in which Israel will play a key role (Mat. 19:28). “Resurrection is viewed as a terminating event and Israel’s resurrection could not come until her program were terminated.”—Ibid., 410.

²⁸ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 167.

²⁹ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 4:5.

³⁰ For the view that they are heavenly beings, see [Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, 217-220] and [Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 344-348]. For an extended discussion of the identity of the elders, see [Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 207-208, 253-258].

³¹ Robert G. Gromacki, “Twenty Four Elders of Revelation,” in Mal Couch, ed., Dictionary of Premillennial Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1996), 377-378.

³² Alva J. McClain, The Greatness Of The Kingdom (Winona Lake, IN: BMH Books, 1959), 469.

³³ “Identification of the twenty-four elders should not be dogmatically held, but such evidence as there is seems to point to the conclusion that they may represent the church as the Body of Christ.”—Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ, 107.

³⁴ Barnhouse, Revelation, 91.

³⁵ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 104.

³⁶ Fruchtenbaum sees their wearing crowns as an indication that the events of these two chapters follow the bema seat judgment of believers’ works. “The fact that these 24 elders are wearing these stephanos crowns also shows that the events described in chapters four and five occur after the Judgment Seat of Messiah but before the Marriage of the Lamb.”—Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 167.

³⁷ Barnhouse, Revelation, 92.

³⁸ Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ, 106.

³⁹ Barnhouse, Revelation, 92.

⁴⁰ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 102.

⁴¹ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 4:5.

⁴² Passages related to the river of life: Ex. 17:6; Ps. 36:8-9; 46:4; Sos. 4:15; Isa. 12:2; 44:3; 55:1; Jer. 2:13; 17:13; Eze. 47:1, 8-9; Joel 3:18; Zec. 13:1; 14:8; John 4:10; 7:37-38; 19:28; 1Cor. 10:4; Rev. 7:17+; 21:6+; 22:1-2+, 6+; 17+.

⁴³ “Contrast the turbid ‘many waters’ on which the harlot ‘sitteth’ (Rev. 17:1+, 15+).”—Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 4:6.

⁴⁴ Barnhouse, Revelation, 94.

⁴⁵ Frederick William Danker and Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 341.

⁴⁶ Only one of the creatures is said to have a face like a man. The other creatures are simply said to have a likeness to a lion, ox, and eagle, respectively. We should not be dogmatic about whether it was their faces which bore the likenesses in all four creatures.

⁴⁷ Cherubim are mentioned in Gen. 3:24; Ex. 25:18-20, 22; 26:1, 31; 36:8, 35; 37:7-9; Num. 7:89; 1S. 4:4; 2S. 6:2; 22:11; 1K. 6:23-29, 32, 35; 7:29, 36; 8:6-7; 2K. 19:15; 1Chr. 13:6; 28:18; 2Chr. 3:7, 10-14; 5:7-8; Ezra 2:59; Ne. 7:61; Ps. 18:10; 80:1; 99:1; Isa. 37:16; Eze. 9:3; 10:1-9, 14-20; 11:22; 28:14, 16; 41:18, 20, 25; Heb. 9:5.

⁴⁸ Barnhouse, Revelation, 97.

⁴⁹ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, 225.

⁵⁰ M. R. Vincent, Vincent’s Word Studies (Escondido, CA: Ephesians Four Group, 2002), Rev. 4:8.

⁵¹ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 4:8.

⁵² Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, Rev. 4:8.

⁵³ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 4:8.

⁵⁴ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 361.

⁵⁵ Barnhouse, Revelation, 98.

⁵⁶ Ibid.

⁵⁷ John MacArthur, “Creation: Believe it or Not,” in Richard L. Mayhue, ed., The Master’s Seminary Journal, vol. 13 no. 1 (Sun Valley, CA: The Master’s Seminary, Spring 2002), 15.

⁵⁸ All objective science shows that the generation of complexity requires intelligence. Design requires a designer.

⁵⁹ “were created—by Thy definite act of creation at a definite time.”—Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 4:11.

⁶⁰ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, 231.

2.14 - Literary Structure Listen to Literary Structure

All interpreters who come to the Scriptures are faced with attempting to grasp the literary structure of the text. It doesn’t take the new believer very long to discover that passages which one had always assumed were strictly sequential are found, upon further investigation, to be presented in a nonsequential fashion suitable to the purposes of the writer. This becomes most evident by studying a parallel gospel which presents each gospel writer’s material in parallel columns.¹

Some of the same issues arise when we come to the book of Revelation. How is the presentation of John to be understood? Are the seals, trumpets, and bowls sequential? Or do similarities between some of them imply the different passages are describing different details concerning the same event (repetition or recapitulation)? This process is complicated by the wide variety of conclusions interpreters reach concerning the literary structure of the book. Depending upon what elements of the book are seen as most determinative in outlining the material, different results are obtained.

A blessing and curse of John’s Apocalypse are the many commentators who have attempted to interpret the book. This is especially true of the many outlines proposed for its literary structure. The diverse proposals are a maze of interpretative confusion.²

This rather complete lack of consensus about the structure of Revelation should caution the reader about accepting any one approach as definitive.³

Although there are many different views concerning the structure of the book of Revelation, two primary views have been recognized: the sequential view and the simultaneous or recapitulation view. Most other views are a variation on one of these. “The basic structural question is whether John intended his readers to understand the visions recorded in his work in a straightforward chronological sense or whether some form of recapitulation is involved.”⁴

The structure of the Apocalypse is determined, in part, by one’s understanding of whether the three septet [sets of seven] judgments are sequential or simultaneous. The sequential view understands the seals, trumpets, and bowls as successive judgments that proceed out of each other. The simultaneous view sees a recapitulation of the septets in which the judgements are parallel to each other. Each recapitulation reviews previous events and adds further details.⁵

A fundamental issue in discerning the plan of the book of Revelation is how to explain the numerous parallel passages and repetitions within it. The book itself suggests that the number seven is an ordering principle by presenting seven messages, seven seals, seven trumpets, and seven bowls. The parallels between the trumpets and bowls are especially close and seem repetitious. Some commentators have explained the repetition as the result of the use of sources. Others have seen the repetition as part of the author’s literary design. The literary design has been seen as describing a linear sequence of events within history, including the past, present, and future. Another theory is that the same historical and eschatological events are described several times from different points of view.⁶

Other ways of dividing and organizing the book are also possible. For example, making a primary division based upon different visions,⁷ emphasizing the contrast between scenes in heaven versus their results on earth,⁸ or some other literary artifact such as spiritual transitions. Tenney calls attention to the fourfold literary structure marked by transitions where John “was transported in consciousness to a new scene of action where spiritual realities and future events were disclosed to him.”⁹

In the Spirit

Section Topic | Transition Verse | Phrase | Location
Prologue: Christ Communicating | Rev. 1:1+ | - | -
Christ in the Church | Rev. 1:9-10+ | “I was in the Spirit on the Lord’s Day” | “on the island that is called Patmos”
Christ in the Cosmos | Rev. 4:1-2+ | “Immediately I was in the Spirit” | “up here” (heaven)
Christ in Conquest | Rev. 17:3+ | “So he carried me away in the Spirit” | “into the wilderness”
Christ in Consummation | Rev. 21:10+ | “And he carried me away in the Spirit” | “to a great and high mountain”
Epilogue: Christ Challenging | Rev. 22:6+ | - | -

2.14.1 - Recapitulation of Events

The author of the earliest surviving commentary, Victorinus of Pettau, subscribed to the recapitulation view.¹⁰ This view emphasizes similarities between elements of the three series of symbols (seals, trumpets, bowls) and understands the similarities as an indication of identity. Although there are many variations on this scheme, the following diagram illustrates the general idea. The passages describing the trumpet judgments are seen as depicting additional details concerning the earlier seal judgments. Similarly, the passages describing the bowl judgments are understood as elaborating on the previous trumpet judgments. See [Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, 128] for a more elaborate example.

Recapitulation of Events

Often, a similar event (e.g., an earthquake) found in association with two judgments leads to their association.

Alford, following Isaac Williams, draws attention to the parallel connection between the Apocalypse and Christ’s discourse on the Mount of Olives, recorded in Mat. 24:4-28. The seals plainly bring us down to the second coming of Christ, just as the trumpets also do (compare Rev. 6:12-17+; 8:1+, and Rev. 11:15+), and as the vials also do (Rev. 16:17+): all three run parallel, and end in the same point. Certain “catchwords” (as Wordsworth calls them) connect the three series of symbols together. They do not succeed one to the other in historical and chronological sequence, but move side by side, the subsequent series filling up in detail the same picture which the preceding series had drawn in outline. . . . the earthquake that ensues on the opening of the sixth seal is one of the catchwords, that is, a link connecting chronologically this sixth seal with the sixth trumpet (Rev. 9:13+; 11:13+): compare also the seventh vial, Rev. 16:17+, 18+. The concomitants of the opening of the sixth seal, it is plain, in no full and exhaustive sense apply to any event, save the terrors which shall overwhelm the ungodly just before the coming of the Judge. . . . the loosing of the four winds by the four angels standing on the four corners of the earth, under the sixth seal, answers to the loosing of the four angels at the Euphrates, under the sixth trumpet.¹²

Other times it is a similarity in pattern which leads interpreters in this direction:

The strongest argument for the recapitulation view is the observation of repeated combined scenes of consummative judgment and salvation found at the conclusions of various sections throughout the book. The pattern of these scenes is always the same, consisting of a depiction of judgment followed by a portrayal of salvation; cf. respectively Rev. 6:12-17+ and 7:9-17+; 11:18+a and 11:18+b; 14:14-20+ and 15:2-4+; 16:17-21+, including 17:1+-18:24+, which functions as an intensified judicial conclusion of the whole book, and 19:1-10+; 20:7-15+ and 21:2-8+, including the following section of 21:9+-22:5+, which serves as an intensified salvific conclusion to the entire book.¹³

Even similarity of phrase has been seen as indicating recapitulation:

A third phrase which recurs four times, and which may serve as a division point is “thunders, voices, lightnings, and an earthquake [Rev. 4:5+; 8:5+; 11:19+; 16:18+].” . . . The last three mark respectively the conclusions of the judgments of the seals, the trumpets, and the bowls, and have consequently been interpreted by some to indicate that their judgments are concurrent, or at least continuous. Does the repetition of the phrase mean that the same reaction takes place three times, or that there are three types of judgments of increasing intensity converging at the same point?¹⁴

The main weakness of the recapitulation view is that it emphasizes similarity between passages over distinct differences which remain. But, similarity does not equal identity. Those who believe that details are intentionally revealed in the text for the reader to notice are unlikely to embrace the recapitulation view because it glosses over these differences.

2.14.2 - Sequential Events

The sequential view understands the general flow of the book and especially the series of seal, trumpet, and bowl judgments as following a chronological sequence. Similarities between different chronological judgments are understood as part of God’s design, but not necessitating identity because differences in the text make plain that identity is not involved. In the most widely-held sequential view, the events attending the seven bowls are subsumed within the seventh trumpet and the events of the seven trumpets are subsumed within the seventh seal.

Sequential Events

We can understand this development by a simple illustration. We have all seen firework displays in which giant rockets are shot into the air exploding into a great ball of fire. This, as it falls toward the earth, bursts into a great number of balls of fire of various colors which, as they fall further toward the earth, burst again into smaller balls of various colors. So it is with the judgments of God. At first we see nothing but a sealed scroll. As the seals are removed each one appears to be a judgment and we would expect that when we come to the last seal, it would be the last judgment. But, instead, the last seal discloses seven angels, each with trumpets. These, in turn, are various judgments, and the seventh trumpet, in turn, reveals not another single judgment, but seven vials of the wrath of God. In both instances there is a series of seven with the last disclosing seven more. In addition to this structure there is a parenthesis between the sixth and the seventh in all three series.¹⁵

The more literal one’s interpretation, the more one will tend to follow the sequential view. The more one emphasizes literary genre and symbolism and moves further afield from the Golden Rule of Interpretation, the more likely the recapitulation structure or other literary structure will find appeal.

While the sequential view holds the basic flow of the book to be chronological, it does not preclude recapitulation in some of the related visionary scenes which are not strongly anchored within the sequence.¹⁶ The reasons given for the sequential view include:

There are five principal arguments for the basic futurist perspective. (1) It is argued that Rev. 1:19+ divides the whole book into three temporal parts . . . (2) Rev. 4:1b+ (“I will show you what must happen after these things”) affirms . . . that the visions of wrath in the remainder of the book are to occur after the events of the church age . . . (3) It is assumed that the order of the visions generally represents the order of future events . . . (4) If the order of the seals, trumpets, and bowls does not portray historical events in the order of their historical occurrence, and if the trumpets and the bowls are not subsumed within the seals, then . . . the trumpets and the bowls are separated from the introductory throne vision of Rev. 4:1+-5:14+, from which the seals and the rest of the visions in the book seem to naturally flow. (5) The increasing intensity of the judgments throughout the book is another argument.¹⁷

Each set of judgments is more intense and destructive than the previous ones. The second trumpet destroys one-third of seas while the second bowl turns all of the seas into blood (Rev. 8:8-9+; 16:3+). . . . Although there are many similarities between the septets, the differences are more crucial and determinative. The seals generally differ in content from the trumpet and bowl plagues. There is no parallel alignment between the first, fifth, and seventh judgments of the septets. . . . The two Greek phrases καὶ εἶδον [kai eidon] and μετὰ ταῦτα [meta tauta] indicate a sequential movement . . . a chronological movement . . . The seven seals are followed by the seven trumpets, and the seven bowls follow the seven trumpets . . . The bowls evidence a sequential pattern as they are called “the last, because in them the wrath of God is finished” (Rev. 15:1+). . . . The seventh trumpet is linked to the seven bowls. The 144,000 people are an example of an event under a trumpet judgment following a seal judgment. One hundred and forty-four thousand people are protectively sealed on their foreheads after the sixth seal and before the release of the plague by the four angels (Rev. 7:1-8+). The fifth trumpet brings a demonic plague on humankind and torments “only the men who do not have the seal of God on their foreheads” - the sixth seal precedes the demonic plague of the fifth trumpet.¹⁸

When the seventh seal is opened (Rev. 8:1-5+), no immediate events as such follow on earth—except for the earthquake—as in the first six seals, unless the opening of the seventh seal includes among its events the blowing of the seven trumpets of judgment (Rev. 8:6+-11:15+). This appears to be precisely the case. . . . The seventh trumpet likewise is not immediately followed by any specific events on earth (Rev. 11:15+ff.), except for an earthquake and a hailstorm (Rev. 11:19+). However, just before the seventh trumpet is sounded, we read, “The second woe has passed; the third woe is coming soon” (Rev. 11:14+). When the seven angels prepare to pour out “the seven last plagues,” symbolized by the bowls, we read that with these bowls “God’s wrath is completed” (Rev. 15:1+, 7+). Thus it seems reasonable to identify the content of the seventh trumpet with the seven bowls of judgment (Rev. 16+-19+).¹⁹

Another reason why the bowl judgments cannot represent a recapitulation of the previous trumpet or seal judgments is found in the difference in access to the heavenly Temple during the period of the judgments. Due to the great significance of the final bowl judgments, the heavenly Temple is closed for their duration (Rev. 15:8+). Yet in the midst of the seal and trumpet judgments, the Temple is not sealed (Rev. 7:15+; 11:19+; 14:15+, 17+; 15:6+). This indicates that the bowl judgments (Rev. 16+) cannot be merely descriptive of further detail related to the corresponding trumpet or seal judgments, but are unique in themselves and must occur at an entirely different period of time which follows upon the opening of the seals and sounding of the trumpets. See commentary on Revelation 15:8 and Revelation 16:17.

One of the frequently-heard criticisms of the sequential view is that it lacks sensitivity to the literary form or apocalyptic genre of the book.²⁰

As the reader recognizes by now, the single largest factor which divides interpreters of the book is how literal one takes its contents. Whenever literary genre, apocalyptic similarities, and devotional qualities are elevated in importance over a literal interpretation, the result will most likely be non-futurist and embrace significant recapitulation.

By adopting a recapitulation view, it can be argued that one of the key values of the book of Revelation is forfeited, its guidance in organizing related passages:

The value of the book of Revelation is not that it provides a lot of new information, but rather that it takes the scattered Old Testament prophecies and puts them in chronological order so that the sequence of events may be determined. . . . This is the reason for so many references to the Old Testament.²¹

Perhaps one of the simplest sequential organizations offered is that of Morris.²²

Sequential Chronology

Chapters | Description | Duration
Rev. 1+-3+ | Church Age | Unknown Duration
Rev. 4+-19+ | Period of Judgment | Seven Years
Rev. 20+ | Kingdom Age | One Thousand Years
Rev. 21+-22+ | Eternal Age | Endless Years

2.14.3 - Structural Outline

It is our conviction that the events of the book are mainly sequential and flow naturally from the threefold division given by John in Revelation 1:19+. We will follow an outline derived from the work of McLean.²³

I. Prologue: Things Which You Have Seen (Rev. 1:1-20+)

II. Letters to the Seven Churches: Things Which Are (Rev. 2:1+-3:22+)

III. Future Revealed: Things Which Shall Take Place After These Things (Rev. 4:1+-22:5+)

A. God’s Wrath/Great Tribulation (Rev. 4:1+-19:21+)

1. Introduction to the Seven Seal Judgments (Rev. 4:1+-5:14+)

a) Throne of God in heaven (Rev. 4:1-11+)

b) The Scroll of the Lamb (Rev. 5:1-14+)

2. The Six Seal Judgments (Rev. 6:1+-7:17+)

a) First Seal: White horse (Rev. 6:1-2+)

b) Second Seal: Red horse (Rev. 6:3-4+)

c) Third Seal: Black horse (Rev. 6:5-6+)

d) Fourth Seal: Ashen horse (Rev. 6:7-8+)

e) Fifth Seal: Martyrs under the altar (Rev. 6:9-11+)

f) Sixth Seal: Great day of God’s wrath (Rev. 6:12-17+)

g) Narrative Preview: Redeemed of God (Rev. 7:1-17+)

(1) Sealing of the 144,000 (Rev. 7:1-8+)

(2) Martyrs from the great Tribulation (Rev. 7:9-17+)

3. The Seventh Seal: Seven Trumpets (Rev. 8:1+-18:24+)

a) Breaking Seventh Seal: introduction to the Seven Trumpets (Rev. 8:1-6+)

b) First Trumpet: one-third of the earth destroyed (Rev. 8:7+)

c) Second Trumpet: one-third of the sea destroyed (Rev. 8:8-9+)

d) Third Trumpet: one-third of the water destroyed (Rev. 8:10-11+)

e) Fourth Trumpet: one-third of the celestial destroyed (Rev. 8:12+)

f) Introduction to the Three Woes (Rev. 8:13+)

(1) Fifth Trumpet: First Woe, men tormented (Rev. 9:1-12+)

(2) Sixth Trumpet: Second Woe, one-third of mankind killed (Rev. 9:13+-11:14+)

(3) Seventh Trumpet: Third Woe, the Seven Bowls (Rev. 11:15+-18:24+)

(a) Seventh Trumpet, proclamation of God’s kingdom (Rev. 11:15-19+)

(b) Narrative Synopsis (Rev. 12:1+-14:13+)

i) A Woman, Male child, Satan in conflict (Rev. 12:1-6+)

ii) Angelic war in heaven (Rev. 12:7-12+)

iii) War on earth (Rev. 12:13-17+)

iv) Beast out of the sea (Rev. 13:1-10+)

v) Beast out of the earth (Rev. 13:11-18+)

vi) Narrative Preview (Rev. 14:1-13+)

(c) Introduction to the Seven Bowls (Rev. 14:14+-15:8+)

i) Son of Man with a sickle (Rev. 14:14-16+)

ii) Wine press of God’s wrath (Rev. 14:17-20+)

iii) Seven angels of the Seven plagues (Rev. 15:1+)

iv) Worship of God and the Lamb (Rev. 15:2-4+)

v) Seven angels receive the Bowls (Rev. 15:5-8+)

(d) Seven Bowl Judgments (Rev. 16:1+-18:24+)

i) First Bowl: malignant sores (Rev. 16:1-2+)

ii) Second Bowl: sea destroyed (Rev. 16:3+)

iii) Third Bowl: rivers destroyed (Rev. 16:4-7+)

iv) Fourth Bowl: scorching heat (Rev. 16:8-9+)

v) Fifth Bowl: darkness (Rev. 16:10-11+)

vi) Sixth Bowl: preparation for war (Rev. 16:12-16+)

vii) Seventh Bowl: worldwide destruction (Rev. 16:17-21+)

viii) Narrative Synopsis (Rev. 17:1+-18:24+)

[a] Description and Destruction of the Harlot (Rev. 17:1-18+)

[b] Condemnation and Destruction of Babylon (Rev. 18:1-24+)

4. The Advent of Jesus Christ (Rev. 19:2-21+)

a) Introduction and praise of the advent (Rev. 19:1-10+)

b) Parousia of Jesus Christ (Rev. 19:11-16+)

c) Judgment of the beast, false prophet, and people (Rev. 19:17-21+)

B. Millennial Kingdom (Rev. 20:1-10+)

1. Satan is bound in the abyss (Rev. 20:1-3+)

2. Saints resurrected (Rev. 20:4-6+)

3. Final judgment of Satan (Rev. 20:7-10+)

C. Great White Throne Judgment (Rev. 20:11-15+)

D. The New Jerusalem (Rev. 21:1+-22:5+)

IV. Epilogue (Rev. 22:6-21+)

Notes

¹ See [A. T. Robertson, A Harmony of the Gospels (New York, NY: Harper Collins Publishers, 1950)] and [Robert L. Thomas, A Harmony of the Gospels (San Francisco, CA: Harper Collins Publishers, 1978)].

² Gregory K. Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1999), 108.

³ Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977), 46.

⁴ Ibid., 45.

⁵ John A. McLean, “Structure of the Book of Revelation,” in Mal Couch, ed., Dictionary of Premillennial Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1996), 373.

⁶ Adela Yarbro Collins, “Book of Revelation,” in David Noel Freeman, ed., The Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York, NY: Doubleday, 1996, c1992), 5:696.

⁷ “The seven visions are as follows: (1) Seven churches (Rev. 1:9+-3:22+); (2) Seven seals (Rev. 4:1+-8:1+); (3) Seven trumpets (Rev. 8:2+-11:19+); (4) Seven symbolic figures (Rev. 12:1+-14:20+); (5) Seven bowls (Rev. 15:1+-16:21+); (6) Seven judgments (Rev. 17:1+-19:10+); (7) Seven triumphs (Rev. 19:11+-22:5+).”—Edward Hindson, Revelation: Unlocking the Future (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), 5.

⁸ “When God has described a scene as taking place ‘in Heaven’, and caused Heavenly voices to give the key to what is to follow in another scene which immediately takes place ‘on earth’; and this is done seven consecutive times; is it not strange that writers on the Apocalypse should overlook this exceedingly simple arrangement.”—E. W. Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1984, 1935), 117.

⁹ Merrill C. Tenney, Interpreting Revelation (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1957), 32-33.

¹⁰ “This position was taken by Victorinus of Pettau, the author of the oldest surviving commentary (d. ca. 304).”—Collins, “Book of Revelation,” 5:696.

¹¹ Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, 128.

¹² A. R. Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” in Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997, 1877), Rev. 1:1.

¹³ Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, 121.

¹⁴ Tenney, Interpreting Revelation, 34.

¹⁵ Donald Grey Barnhouse, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1971), 155.

¹⁶ “This article argues for the successive view of the septet judgements, that is, the trumpets sequentially follow the seals, and the bowls sequentially follow the trumpets. The successive structure does not negate a recapitulation of other visionary scenes that preview eschatological events to come (Rev. 7:9-17+; 14:8-13+).”—McLean, “Structure of the Book of Revelation,” 373.

¹⁷ Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, 118-120.

¹⁸ McLean, “Structure of the Book of Revelation,” 374.

¹⁹ Alan F. Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 71.

²⁰ “The main objection is that it interprets Revelation without sufficient sensitivity to its literary form, giving a straightforward, literal reading of the book, rather than using a figurative approach, which would be more appropriate to the book’s symbolic genre.”—Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, 161.

²¹ Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 10-11.

²² Henry Morris, The Revelation Record (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1983), 28.

²³ McLean, “Structure of the Book of Revelation,” 376-377.

3.17 - Revelation 17

3.17.1 - Revelation 17:1 Open Bible at Rev. 17:1 Listen to Rev. 17:1

In the previous chapter, John is shown the seven angels having the seven last plagues—the seven bowl judgments. He sees the seven bowls poured forth, including the last bowl wherein a voice from the Temple declares “It is done!” The effects of the previous chapter, at the pouring forth of all the bowls, include all aspects of God’s wrath being poured out on the earth reaching to the beginning of the Millennial Kingdom (Rev. 20:4+). All of these events are future to the time of John’s writing.

Now, one of the angels of the previous chapter shows John a perspective which precedes the events he saw in the previous chapter. This includes additional information concerning the destruction of Babylon and the final consummation of the wrath that John saw prophetically poured forth. Beginning with Revelation 17+ and continuing through Revelation 20:3+, John is shown additional detail concerning aspects of the bowl judgments and their recipients. This includes the destruction of Babylon (Rev. 17:16-18+, 18:1-24+, 19:1-3+), the Beast and his armies (Rev. 19:11-21+), and the binding of Satan (Rev. 20:1-3+).

one of the seven angels who had the seven bowls

This is one of the seven angels which John saw earlier as a “great and marvelous” sign (Rev. 15:1+) which were given “seven golden bowls of the wrath of God” (Rev. 15:7+). These bowls were poured out in the previous chapter. Since this angel shows John the woman, Babylon (Rev. 17:18+), perhaps this is the angel who poured out the seventh bowl during which Babylon was destroyed (Rev. 16:17-19+).

Come, I will show you

The same phrase is used later, probably by the same angel, when John is shown the Lamb’s wife: “Come, I will show you the bride, the Lamb’s wife” (Rev. 21:9+). The Great Harlot of this chapter is to be contrasted with both the Lamb’s wife and the woman of Revelation 12+. See A Virgin and a Harlot and Babylon and the New Jerusalem.

the judgment

The Great Harlot is associated with Babylon (Rev. 17:5+, 18+; 18:21+ ; 19:2+ ). The prophets foretold the judgment which would come against Babylon. Both Isaiah and Jeremiah devote major passages to this topic which are essential background to an understanding of this chapter (Isa. 13, 14, 47; Jer. 50, 51). As we have seen before, prophecies in the OT often contain a mix of near-term and far-future predictions. In the case of the prophesied destruction of Babylon, the near-term aspects were fulfilled in the capture of Babylon by Cyrus (Dan. 5:30-31), but the city of Babylon has never been destroyed as predicted by the far-future aspects of Isaiah’s and Jeremiah’s prophecies. See The Destruction of Babylon. She is to be judged because she has corrupted the earth with her fornication and shed the blood of God’s servants (Rev. 17:6+; 19:2+).

the great harlot

She is “great” in the sense of having a dominant role in spiritual idolatry throughout history. In her is found the origin of all other “daughter harlots” (Rev. 17:5+), for she predated them and begot (influenced) them. Her harlotry speaks of her abominable practices and spiritual idolatry. See The Great Harlot.

who sits on many waters

The description of the woman shown John includes many aspects which are similar to that of Babylon at the time of Isaiah and Jeremiah. Jeremiah says concerning Babylon: “O you who dwell by many waters, abundant in treasures, your end has come” (Jer. 51:13a). Yet there are also differences. During the time of Jeremiah, Babylon resided by numerous waters:“Babylon was surrounded by the Euphrates, which divided to form many islands, and a large lake was nearby.”¹ “Nebuchadrezzar’s Babylon was the largest city in the world, covering 2,500 acres (1,000 hectares). The Euphrates, which has since shifted its course, flowed through it, the older part of the city being on the east bank.”²

The Great Harlot now sits on (ἐπὶ [epi] ) many waters which are “peoples, multitudes, nations, and tongues” (Rev. 17:15+). This speaks of both her influence and support, no longer restricted to the plain of Shinar (Gen. 10:10; 11:2; Dan. 1:2; Zec. 5:11), but now extending throughout the world. The Great Harlot seen by John influences a much wider realm than Babylon of Old. Her influence was scattered worldwide with the introduction of languages in the judgment of Babel (Gen. 11:9). The waters upon which she sits are the waters from which the first Beast arose (Rev. 13:1+).

3.17.2 - Revelation 17:2 Open Bible at Rev. 17:2 Listen to Rev. 17:2

with whom the kings of the earth committed fornication

The kings of the earth committed fornication with the Harlot both because of the allure of her harlotries, but also because she “reigns over the kings of the earth.” Throughout history, she has wielded powerful influence over various rulers of nations beyond Babylon. Fornication is ἐπόρνευσαν [eporneusan] , meaning to prostitute, practice prostitution or sexual immorality generally, but also used figuratively to denote the practice of idolatry (Hos. 9:1; Jer. 3:6; Eze. 23:19; 1Chr. 5:25).³

To prostitute something is to take that which has a proper use and to turn it into an improper use. A prostitute takes sex, which has a proper use, and perverts it with an improper use, turning it into something illicit, causing fornication. In this case, the harlot represents “religion,” which has a proper use (Jas. 1:26-27), but here has been prostituted for improper use. Rather than serving, it rules. The false use of religion causes spiritual fornication. The word fornication is used both of physical unfaithfulness and also of spiritual unfaithfulness, as in Hosea 1-2; Jeremiah 2:20; 3:1-9; Ezekiel 16:15-41; 23:5-44, etc. It is with this woman that the kings of the earth commit fornication (Rev. 17:2+), showing this to be a unity of religion and state.⁴

This aspect of the Harlot is identical with that of the city Babylon: “She has made all nations drink of the wine of the wrath of her fornication” (Rev. 14:8+); Those who fornicated with her were also deceived by her sorcery (Rev. 18:23+). Some believe she differs from Babylon itself, but we believe the Scriptural evidence points in the direction of identity. The woman is “that great city which reigns over the kings of the earth” (Rev. 17:18+)—Babylon. See One or Two Babylons?

Like Tyre of Isaiah’s day, the Harlot has both commercial and spiritual aspects which are opposed to God: “And it shall be, at the end of seventy years, that the LORD will visit Tyre. She will return to her hire, and commit fornication with all the kingdoms of the world on the face of the earth” (Isa. 23:17).

and the inhabitants of the earth

As went the leaders, so went the people. Not only kings, but an entire global populace was influenced by her. Although she influenced the inhabitants throughout history, it is the earth dwellers of the time of the end which are her final drinking partners. See Earth Dwellers.

made drunk with the wine of her fornication

They were made drunk from the wine she served up (Rev. 14:8+). Because neither she nor the inhabitants of the earth chose to respond to the light which all men are given concerning God (Rom. 1:18-21), God used her rebellion to make all the nations commit even further to their errant path. “Babylon was a golden cup in the LORD’S hand, That made all the earth drunk. The nations drank her wine; Therefore the nations are deranged” (Jer. 51:7). In the same way that the three unclean spirits go forth to draw the kings of the earth to God’s supper (Rev. 16:13-14+ cf. Rev. 19:17+), so too Babylon was a golden cup in the LORD’s hand. It was her who first made them drunk, but in their consistent rejection of God and their drunken stupor they returned for more which God allowed her to continue serving up.

3.17.3 - Revelation 17:3 Open Bible at Rev. 17:3 Listen to Rev. 17:3

So he carried me away in the Spirit into the wilderness

It was the Holy Spirit Who carried John while the angel accompanied him. In the same way that John was transported to heaven to see the vision of the throne (Rev. 4:2+), so now he is transported to the wilderness, the vantage point for viewing the Harlot. See commentary on Revelation 4:2. His previous vision of the Beast rising from the sea was seen while he stood on the sand of the sea (Rev. 13:1+). Later, John will be carried away “in the Spirit to a great and high mountain” where he is shown the New Jerusalem (Rev. 21:10+).

I saw a woman

John sees this woman in the wilderness, whereas he saw the woman of Revelation 12+ as a great sign in heaven. The woman is The Great Harlot which the angel was to show John (Rev. 17:1+). Later, she is specifically identified: “And the woman whom you saw is that great city which reigns over the kings of the earth” (Rev. 17:18+). In this case, “great city,” is Babylon (Rev. 14:8+; 18:10+, 16+, 18-21+; 19:21+).

sitting on a scarlet beast

Scarlet is κόκκινον [kokkinon] : “Scarlet cloth, dyed with κόκκος [kokkos] , a scarlet ‘berry,’ actually the female of a scale insect that clings to oak leaves, dried and crushed to prepare a red dye.”⁵ The beast is scarlet, because it is closely related to the fiery red dragon which empowers it (Rev. 12:3+ cf. Rev. 13:2+). Her sitting on the beast may speak less of influence and more of support. “The Woman seated on the Beast does not signify that she will rule over him, but intimates that he will support her.”⁶

Because the Beast represents a series of kings and kingdoms stretching through history, there is a tendency among many expositors to take the Harlot as an exclusively religious figure. The fact that she is seen riding upon the Beast is thought to necessitate her identification as exclusively religious, but not political:

The fact that the woman is riding the beast and is not the beast itself signifies that she represents ecclesiastical power as distinct from the beast which is political power. Her position, that of riding the beast, indicates on the one hand that she is supported by the political power of the beast, and on the other that she is in a dominant role and at least outwardly controls and directs the beast.⁷

While we do not deny the significant religious role assigned to the Harlot, taking her to be an ecclesiastical system contradicts what Scripture records—that she is a city (Rev. 17:18+; 18:21+-19:2+). There is no reason why she must be an ecclesiastical system when Scripture says she is a city. Moreover, she is also associated with wealth and excess (Rev. 17:4+)—these may speak equally of both politics and religion.

The Beast represents the historic development of kingdoms empowered by the dragon (Rev. 12:3+; 13:1+) and its ultimate manifestation at the time of the end. The Harlot is the city Babylon in all its aspects—combining commercial, political, and religious influence. She has ridden the beast throughout history.

full of names of blasphemy

The Beast which arose from the sea had a blasphemous name (Rev. 13:1+; names, MT and NU texts). The blasphemous names reflect the blasphemous mouth which speaks great things against God (Rev. 13:5+). See commentary on Revelation 13:5.

having seven heads and ten horns

The Great Harlot rides upon the same Beast which arose from the sea (Rev. 13:1+) which also had seven heads and ten horns (Rev. 13:1+). These same heads and horns were seen upon the great red dragon who empowers the Beast (Rev. 12:3+). The seven heads are seven mountains and seven kings (Rev. 17:9-10+). The ten horns are ten kings (Rev. 17:12+ cf. Dan. 7:7, 20, 24). See commentary on Revelation 12:3 and Revelation 13:1. In order to understand what this chapter reveals concerning the Beast, the seven heads, and its ten horns, see Beasts, Heads, and Horns.

A Woman Rides the Beast

A Woman Rides the Beast⁸

3.17.4 - Revelation 17:4 Open Bible at Rev. 17:4 Listen to Rev. 17:4

arrayed in purple and scarlet

Her purple and scarlet clothing is called “fine linen” (Rev. 18:12+). Fine is βύσσινον [byssinon] , which is used of “fine linen goods”⁹ and speaks of her external finery and wealth (Est. 8:15; Lam. 4:5; Luke 7:25; 16:19). Her attire reflects her commercialism: “Merchandise of gold and silver, and precious stones and pearls, fine linen and purple, silk and scarlet” (Rev. 18:12+, 16+). Purple and scarlet were also the colors of royal vestment (Jdg. 8:26; Est. 1:6; Mat. 27:28). The scarlet may reflect her identification with the Beast who carries her, who is also scarlet. The color of her garments contrast with the fine white linen of the overcomers, the saints (Rev. 3:5+, 18+; 19:8+, 14+).

Those who attempt to make the Harlot Jerusalem note the similarities between aspects of the harlot and what is said concerning apostate Israel and her leaders:

Gentry points out that the color and adornment of the harlot in Revelation 17:4+ reflects the Jewish priestly colors of scarlet, purple, and gold (Ex. 28:33). These same colors were also found in the tapestry of the temple. Beale notes that the combination of the words in the Greek that describe the harlot’s garb is identical to the LXX description of the Jewish high priest’s garments. According to Beagley, the outward beauty of the cup and its inward impurity is reminiscent of Christ’s denunciation of the Pharisees in Matthew 23:35. In addition, the woman’s title of harlot written across her forehead in Revelation 17:5+ is a direct reference to Jeremiah 3:3 where God told apostate Judah that she had a harlot’s forehead.¹⁰

While such parallels are interesting, it is important to note that the Harlot is closely identified with Babylon and there are many reasons we can be certain that Babylon cannot be Jerusalem. See Babylon is Jerusalem?

adorned with gold and precious stones and pearls

The woman not only practices spiritual harlotry (idolatry), she is also consumed with materialism and wealth.

In the measure that she glorified herself and lived luxuriously, in the same measure give her torment and sorrow; for she says in her heart, ‘I sit as queen, and am no widow, and will not see sorrow.’ Therefore her plagues will come in one day-death and mourning and famine. And she will be utterly burned with fire, for strong is the Lord God who judges her. (Rev. 18:7-8+)

She shares this characteristic with the Beast she rides who disregards all gods, exalts himself above them, and in their place shall honor another god with gold, silver, and precious stones (Dan. 11:38). The Harlot wears identical attire as the city. “That great city that was clothed in fine linen, purple, and scarlet, and adorned with gold and precious stones and pearls” (Rev. 18:16+). This indicates that the Harlot and the city are one and the same (Rev. 17:18+). See One or Two Babylons?

a golden cup

This is the cup which she herself drinks and wherein she has mixed what she proffers to the nations (Jer. 51:7; Rev. 14:8+; 18:6+). Like the Pharisees of Jesus’ day, the outside of the cup is lustrous and beautiful, but inside it is “full of extortion and self-indulgence” (Mat. 23:25-26).

full of abominations

Abominations is βδελυγμάτων [bdelygmatōn] : “Anything that must not be brought before God because it arouses his wrath.”¹¹ “Anything connected with idolatry.”¹² God warned Israel through Moses:

When you come into the land which the LORD your God is giving you, you shall not learn to follow the abominations of those nations. There shall not be found among you anyone who makes his son or his daughter pass through the fire, or one who practices witchcraft, or a soothsayer, or one who interprets omens, or a sorcerer, or one who conjures spells, or a medium, or a spiritist, or one who calls up the dead. For all who do these things are an abomination to the LORD, and because of these abominations the LORD your God drives them out from before you. (Deu. 18:9-12)

She is the mother of harlots and of abominations of the earth (Rev. 17:5+). Thus, she birthed the abominations which are found in the cup which she serves. From this, we know that the woman is not just a figure of the time of the end, but has her roots stretching back to early history. Thus, both the Harlot and the Seven Heads on the Beast which she rides stretch back to early history. See Five Fallen Kings. See Babylon of Old.

Those who confuse the Harlot with Jerusalem fail to consider important aspects of the OT record which preclude such an identity:

The abominations which Israel practiced were learned from the surrounding nations (1K. 14:24) “When you come into the land which the LORD your God is giving you, you shall not learn to follow the abominations of those nations” (Deu. 18:9 cf. 1K. 14:24; 2K. 16:3; 21:2; 2Chr. 28:3; 33:2; 36:14; Eze. 20:7-8). Thus, neither Israel nor Jerusalem can be the mother of these practices.

The city of Jerusalem is first mentioned in the book of Joshua (Jos. 10:1).¹³ As a city associated with harlotry and abomination, Jerusalem lacks the necessary significance in early history necessary to fulfill all of what is said of the Harlot.

The Great Harlot is associated with Babylon, not Jerusalem. See Babylon is Jerusalem?.

The cup is full indicating her readiness for God’s judgment.

and the filthiness of her fornication

Filthiness is ἀκάθαρτα [akatharta] , meaning that which is “impure, unclean.”¹⁴ Her fornication results in defilement, for she is unclean. This describes that which is morally indecent as well as ritually not acceptable.¹⁵ In the previous chapter, the same term described the “three unclean (ἀκάθαρτα [akatharta] ) spirits” (Rev. 16:13+). Her idolatrous practices and abominations led to impurity and defiled the land: “The land which you are entering to possess is an unclean land, with the uncleanness of the peoples of the lands, with their abominations which have filled it from one end to another with their impurity” (Ezra 9:11b). Her own fornication was promoted to foreign nations across the globe (Rev. 14:8+). The MT text has the fornication of the earth.

3.17.5 - Revelation 17:5 Open Bible at Rev. 17:5 Listen to Rev. 17:5

on her forehead

Like the sealed of Israel (Rev. 7:3+; 14:1+) and the Beast worshipers (Rev. 13:16+), the woman is also identified on her forehead. She has a harlot’s forehead and refuses to be ashamed (Jer. 3:3). The label on her forehead as the mother of harlots is to be contrasted with the engraved golden plate on the turban of the high priest which read, “HOLINESS TO THE LORD” (Ex. 28:36-37). He is set apart to God, she is set against God. See A Virgin and a Harlot and Babylon and the New Jerusalem.

a name was written

Was written is γεγραμμένον [gegrammenon] , perfect tense participle, having been written. The name was written in the past and she remains so labeled.

MYSTERY

Mystery is μυστήριον [mystērion] , indicating something unknowable by man unless and until revealed by God. The antidote for mystery is not investigation or discovery, but revelation. See commentary on Revelation 1:20. The mystery relates to her identity and relationship to the seven-headed beast with ten horns (Rev. 17:7+). Fortunately, the angel provides additional information to reveal aspects of her mystery (Rev. 17:7+). It is unfortunate that “MYSTERY” appears in capitals as if it is a part of her title:

We believe that the English translators have misled many by printing (on their own authority) the word ‘mystery’ in large capital letters, thus making it appear that this was a part of ‘the woman’s name.’ This we are assured is a mistake. That the ‘mystery’ is connected with the ‘Woman’ herself and not with her ‘name’ is clear from Rev. 17:7+, where the angel says unto John, ‘I will tell thee the mystery of the Woman, and of the Beast which carrieth her.’¹⁶

A better translation would be, “And on her forehead a name was written, a mystery, ‘BABYLON THE GREAT, THE MOTHER OF HARLOTS AND OF THE ABOMINATIONS OF THE EARTH’ ” (Rev. 17:5+, NASB95). Her true title lacks the term “MYSTERY,” but is merely “Babylon the great” (Rev. 18:2+). The incorporation of “MYSTERY” as her title has led many to identify two Babylons, one commercial and one spiritual. Yet aspects of the Harlot and the city Babylon are virtually identical—both involving a merger of both spiritual and commercial. See Mystery Babylon?

BABYLON

The woman is not said merely to be Babylon, but there is a mystery connected with her identification as such. She is not Mystery Babylon, but Babylon. However, aspects of who she is are unknown until God reveals them. Here, John is shown that the Harlot is to be identified with Babylon. See Babylon and the Harlot.

mother of harlots and of the abominations of the earth

She corrupted the earth with her fornication (Rev. 19:2+) and was the source of harlots and abominations, not one of the recipients. Her daughters were polluted by her: “But come here, you sons of the sorceress, you offspring of the adulterer and the harlot!” (Isa. 57:3). Once again we see the impossibility of taking the Harlot to be Jerusalem. Speaking of the harlotry of Jerusalem, Ezekiel relates:

Thus says the LORD God to Jerusalem, . . . “Indeed everyone who quotes proverbs will use this proverb against you: ‘Like mother, like daughter!’ You are your mother’s daughter, loathing husband and children; and you are the sister of your sisters, who loathed their husbands and children; your mother was a Hittite and your father an Amorite.’ ” (Eze. 16:3, 44-45) [emphasis added]

Jerusalem is said to have the Hittites as a mother and the Amorites as a father. She herself is a daughter. Since Israel did not even exist as a nation until the time of Jacob, it is obvious that she cannot be the mother or originator of harlots and of the abominations of the earth. This dubious distinction must go to an older empire: Babylon in the sense of its origination under Nimrod as Babel (Gen. 10:8-10). See Babylon is Jerusalem? See Babylon of Old.

Neither does the ever-popular interpretation of the Harlot as Roman Catholicism meet the description of this verse:

The name was the name, not of a woman, but of a city, “that great city,” even Babylon. But it signified not merely the material city as such, but the vast system of idolatry connected with it. That is why the explanation of the secret sign follows “the mother of the harlots and of the abominations of the earth.” Not merely of Rome, or even Babylon (as a city), but “of the earth” : i.e., the mother, or fountain head of all the systems of idolatry which have since flooded “the earth” from that one great source; and of which Romanism is only a part. This is the secret or “mystery of iniquity” referred to in 2 Thessalonians 2:7. Babylon was the fountain-head of all idolatry.¹⁷

To say that [the Harlot] is either Rome or the Roman Catholic Church is to grossly underestimate the agelong global impact of this great mystery. Babylon the Great. Babylon is the mother of all harlots and abominations of the earth. From her have come ancient paganism, Chinese Confucianism, Asian Buddhism, Indian Hinduism, Shamanism, Taoism, Shintoism, animism, astrology, witchcraft, spiritism, Sikhism, and all the world’s vast complex of “gods many, and lords many” (1 Corinthians 8:5). Of more direct concern in twentieth-century America is the direct descent of modern scientism and evolutionary humanism from this ancient mother of harlots. As noted before, modern evolutionism is in no way scientific, being contradicted by all true facts of science, but is merely a revival of ancient Greek (and ultimately Babylonian) evolutionary pantheism.¹⁸

See The Great Harlot

3.17.6 - Revelation 17:6 Open Bible at Rev. 17:6 Listen to Rev. 17:6

drunk

Drunk is μεθύουσαν [methyousan] , present tense participle. The woman was drunk while John saw her.

with the blood of the saints and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus

When Babylon is destroyed, the holy apostles and prophets are said to have been avenged (Rev. 18:19+). Thus, the Harlot is not some other entity, but is to be identified with the city. See Mystery Babylon?. This also explains the close association between the Harlot and the Beast upon which she rides. For the Beast is given authority to overcome the saints (Rev. 13:7+), and his image commands that those who refuse to worship the image be put to death (Rev. 13:15+). Since the woman sits upon peoples, multitudes, nations, and tongues, all the world at the time of the end participates in the destruction of the godly. The earth dwellers are given blood to drink because “they have shed the blood of saints and prophets” (Rev. 16:6+).

Throughout the book of Revelation, John is shown numerous martyrs of Jesus. Antipas in the church of Pergamos was a faithful martyr (Rev. 2:13+). At the opening of the fifth seal, John sees “the souls of those who had been slain for the word of God and for the testimony which they held” (Rev. 6:9+). God’s two witnesses, empowered to prophesy, are martyred as a witness (Rev. 11:7+). John sees those who had overcome the Beast and his mark—probably martyrs—standing on the sea of glass (Rev. 15:2+ cf. Rev. 12:11+). At the initiation of the Millennial Kingdom, John sees “the souls of those who had been beheaded for their witness to Jesus and for the word of God, who had not worshiped the beast or his image, and had not received his mark on their foreheads or on their hands” (Rev. 20:4+). Her blood-guiltiness extends throughout history, for “in her was found the blood of prophets and saints, and of all who were slain on the earth” (Rev. 18:24+). See #20 - Saints.

Being drunk with blood would be particularly offensive to John who, being a Jew, had a keen appreciation for the prohibition against eating blood (Gen. 9:4; Lev. 3:17; 7:26; 17:10-13).¹⁹

when I saw her, I marveled with great amazement

At the end of Daniel’s vision of the four beasts and the Son of Man, his thoughts greatly troubled him (Dan. 7:28). Subsequent to Daniel’s vision concerning Antiochus Epiphanes IV, and aspects of the time of the end, he fainted and was sick for days and continued to be astonished by the vision (Dan. 8:27). John is similarly affected by the magnitude of what he is being shown: her support by the hideous beast, her great wealth, her extreme sinfulness, and her scope both historically and geographically.

3.17.7 - Revelation 17:7 Open Bible at Rev. 17:7 Listen to Rev. 17:7

I will tell you the mystery of the woman and of the beast

The angel provides revelation concerning aspects of the woman (Rev. 17:15-18+) and the beast with the seven heads and ten horns (Rev. 17:8-14+, 16-17+). The remainder of the chapter is devoted to these two topics.

carries her

Carries is βαστάζοντος [bastazontos] , indicating that the beast supports or bears her, used “of animals used for riding,”²⁰ but also used figuratively: “Of anything burdensome or difficult bear, endure, put up with (Mat. 20:12).”²¹ Although the Beast carries her for a season, ultimately he and his ten kings turn upon her and consume her (Rev. 17:16-17+) bringing about God’s judgment upon her. Perhaps her ride upon the Beast is eventually seen to be too burdensome so he throws her off. She may ultimately prove to be a liability and a competition in his eventual bid for all attention and worship (2Th. 2:4).

seven heads and ten horns

See commentary on Revelation 17:3.

3.17.8 - Revelation 17:8 Open Bible at Rev. 17:8 Listen to Rev. 17:8

The beast that you saw

In the explanation which follows, it is important to remember that the Beast is both a king and a kingdom. This characteristic is evident from a study of various passages concerning the Beast, for example: “I watched then because of the sound of the pompous words which the horn [an individual] was speaking; I watched till the beast [the fourth terrible kingdom] was slain, and its body destroyed and given to the burning flame” (Dan. 7:11). See commentary on Revelation 13:1. See The Beast. See #16 - Beast.

was and is not and will ascend . . . go to perdition

This is an important verse because it gives us information concerning the four phases of the life of The Beast who eventually rules the seventh head at the time of the end:

was - His original political appearance and rise (Dan. 9:26-27).

is not - His death by a mortal wound (Zec. 11:17?; Rev. 13:3+).

will ascend - His miraculous recovery (Rev. 13:3+).

to perdition - His destruction at the hands of Christ at the Second Coming (Dan. 7:11; 11:45; Rev. 19:19+).

At his ascent, he overthrows the two witnesses (Rev. 11:7+). His victory over them and his miraculous restoration result in his global worship (Rev. 13:3-4+). This occurs at the midpoint of The 70th Week of Daniel. See Events of the 70th Week of Daniel. See The Timing of His Ascent.

out of the bottomless pit

Bottomless pit is ἀβύσσου [abyssou] , the abyss, a compartment deep within the earth which serves as a holding place for demons. See commentary on Revelation 9:1. His ascent from the abyss is yet future to the time of John’s vision and denotes his revival from the dead and possibly his demonic possession (cf. Luke 22:3; John 13:27). See Supernatural Origin? When the Beast ascends out of the abyss, he will overcome the two witnesses (Rev. 11:7+). The destruction of these two powerful prophets together with his return from the dead will seal his worship by the earth dwellers. This probably occurs at the midpoint of The 70th Week of Daniel when he proclaims himself as God. See Events of the 70th Week of Daniel.

Roughly speaking the mortal stage [before his deadly wound] would fill the first half of the last of “the seventy weeks” (i.e., the first 3 1/2 years of Dan. 9:27); and the superhuman stage [after his revival and ascent from the abyss] would occupy the last half. But there is nothing to show us what length of time will run between his rise and his assassination. Neither can we say exactly how long the time will be between his death-stroke and his reappearance.²²

See commentary on Revelation 11:7. See commentary on Revelation 13:3.

go to perdition

Perdition is ἀπώλειαν [apōleian] : “destruction . . . annihilation . . . ruin . . . of eternal destruction as punishment for the wicked (Mat. 7:13).”²³ The Antichrist is said to be “the son of perdition (ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας [ho huios tēs apōleias] )” (2Th. 2:3). His title reflects his final destiny: “into destruction (εἰς ἀπώλειαν [eis apōleian] )” (Rev. 17:11+). His destruction follows upon his origin, death, and revival. See commentary on Revelation 17:11. In Daniel’s vision of the four beasts and the little horn, the fourth beast “was slain, and its body destroyed and given to the burning flame” (Dan. 7:11). “He shall come to his end, and no one will help him” (Dan. 11:45b). He is destroyed (cast into the Lake of Fire, but not annihilated) at the Second Coming of Christ (Rev. 19:20+). Because his destiny is destruction, he is “the son of perdition” (2Th. 2:3).

Both the Beast and the False Prophet are denied judgment at the Great White Throne (Rev. 20:11-15+). Unlike other nonbelievers who die (or are killed, Rev. 19:21+) and subsequently resurrected to stand judgment before being cast into the Lake of Fire, these two are “cast alive into the lake of fire burning with brimstone” (Rev. 19:20+). Their destruction is unique in that they are the first inhabitants of the Lake of Fire—spending one thousand years there before being joined by Satan (Rev. 20:10+). Thus, the “antitrinity” are the first to suffer in hell. The rest of the ungodly dead are in Hades until their time of judgment (Rev. 20:12-13+).

those who dwell on the earth will marvel

Will marvel is θαυμασθήσονται [thaumasthēsontai] , future passive indicative, they will be marvelling. This is the same Beast which John saw earlier which “all the world marveled and followed” (Rev. 13:4+). There, he was shown the future rise of Antichrist. Now, the angel shows him his place of origin (from the abyss) and his relationship to the woman. Those who marvel are the Earth Dwellers. They marvel over his recovery from his deadly wound (Rev. 13:3+, 14+; Rev. 17:11+). See commentary on Revelation 13:3.

whose names are not written in the Book of Life

names are not written is οῦ γέγραπται τὸ ὄνομα [ou gegraptai to onoma] , perfect tense passive verb, not it has been written, the name. The text is not saying that their names are not presently found in the book, as if they were at one time but were later blotted out. In the foreknowledge and election of God, their names were never recorded there (Rev. 13:8+). Since their names have not been written in the Book of Life, they are guaranteed eventually to be cast into the Lake of Fire because “anyone not found written in the Book of Life was cast into the lake of fire” (Rev. 20:12+). Only those who are written in the Lamb’s Book of Life find entry into the New Jerusalem (Rev. 21:27+). See Book of Life. See Beast Worshipers are Unique.

Previously, John wrote that their names had not been written in the Book of Life of the Lamb (Rev. 13:8+). Here, the same book is referred to as simply the Book of Life. See commentary on Revelation 13:8.

from the foundation of the world

From the foundation (καταβολῆς [katabolēs] , throwing down) of the world, their names have been absent from the book. In the foreknowledge and election of God, it was known that the Beast worshipers would reject God. Even before their death, they are irredeemable once they worship the Beast and take his mark (Rev. 14:9-11+). See From the Foundation of the World.

when they see

βλεπόντων [blepontōn] , present tense participle, while presently seeing. They will marvel at the time they see the beast. His appearance results in their response. This speaks of his deadly wound which was healed which causes the earth dwellers to worship him (Rev. 13:3+). It is the miraculous death and recovery of a person witnessed by people who have seen both the wounding and the healing, not the ages-long restoration of a historical kingdom or country such as Rome. The wounding and miraculous recovery of the Beast is a part of the deceptive testing during this unique hour of testing which is to come upon the world (Rev. 3:10+). Their response is to believe the deception (2Th. 2:11-12) which results in their worship of the beast (Rev. 13:4+) and in their taking his mark which seals their doom (Rev. 14:9-11+). The deception is not the miraculous revival, but the falsehood which it points to. See commentary on Revelation 13:13.

that was, and is not, and yet is

Τι ἦν, και οὐκ ἔστι, καὶπερ ἔστιν [Ti ēn, kai ouk esti, kaiper estin] , who he was, and not he is, and although he is (TR text).Ὅτι ἦν καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν καὶ παρέσται [Hoti ēn kai ouk estin kai parestai] , that he was and not he is, and he will be present (MT, NU text).

This phrase describes the initial appearance, death, and subsequent ascent of the Beast from the abyss (Rev. 11:7+). The point of reference for the phrases was, is not, and yet is, is the period in which the earth dwellers live—all of which is yet future to John. Thus, the fact that the Beast was should not be taken as an indication that the Beast had already walked the planet and perished prior to John’s day.

The phrase found here alludes to the similar phrase which describes Jesus’ eternal nature and true victory over death: “I am He who lives, and was dead, and behold, I am alive forevermore” (Rev. 1:18+). In his return from the dead, the Beast, as Antichrist, mimics the true Christ who forever achieved victory over death. See Master Imitator. See Supernatural Origin? See commentary on Revelation 1:18. Some believe John’s statement reflects his inclusion of a myth which developed some time after the death of the Roman emperor Nero that he would return from the dead. This is extremely unlikely. See Revival Myth.

3.17.9 - Revelation 17:9 Open Bible at Rev. 17:9 Listen to Rev. 17:9

Here is the mind which has wisdom

As was the case for calculating the number of the Beast (Rev. 13:18+), wisdom is required to understand the next portion of the mystery revealed by the angel.

the seven heads are seven mountains

As Woods observes, if the seven mountains are to be taken as the seven hills of Rome, then it is difficult to see why special wisdom is said to be required in order to understand the revelation provided by the angel:

It seems odd that the seven hills should be equated with the well-known topography of Rome because Revelation 17+: indicates that the identification of the hills calls for special wisdom. Why should such a well-known geographical locale to John’s first century audience require special theological and symbolic insight for proper identification?²⁴

As we shall see in the next verse, the seven heads are seven kings. Here they are said to be seven mountains. The relationship between kings and mountains is well-established in Scripture—mountains represent the power of kingdoms and their individual kings (Jer. 51:25; Dan. 2:35; Zec. 4:7). These seven mountains, together with the eighth (Rev. 17:11+), will eventually be destroyed by the stone which is Christ, the Messianic King (Rev. 20:4+). His kingdom is destined to become “a great mountain” and fill the whole earth (Dan. 2:35).

This symbolic understanding of the seven mountains seems buttressed by the fact that the harlot sits on or beside seven mountains (Rev. 17:9+) just as she sits on or beside the many waters (Rev. 17:1+). Since the waters are symbolic of peoples, multitudes, nations, and tongues (Rev. 17:15+), consistency seems to dictate that the seven mountains are symbolic as well.²⁵

See #4 - Seven Heads/Kings.

on which the woman sits

That which she sits upon supports her and she controls it. It is difficult to know which side of this symbiotic relationship is more important, although Scripture seems to indicate her corrupting influence is what God especially opposes. Some interpret her sitting as denoting her location. That she is located upon seven hills which are then said to be the hills of Rome. But this is not the predominant meaning of her sitting which speaks more of support and control than locale:

The reference to the seven mountains (Rev. 17:9+) which are seven heads (Rev. 17:8+) actually belong to the beast (Rev. 17:3+, 7+; 13:1+) and not the woman named Babylon. Thus, these seven heads or mountains really have nothing to do with the entity Babylon at all. It is possible to argue that the woman is still associated with the seven hills because she is sitting on them. However, it is better to see this as referring to the woman’s control rather than her location. The other references to the woman sitting also refer to her control. Revelation 17:1+ portrays the woman sitting on many waters. Revelation 17:15+ explains that the waters represent peoples, multitudes, nations, and tongues. Thus, Revelation 17:1+, 15+ show the harlot’s control over the entire world. Furthermore, Revelation 17:3+ depicts the woman as sitting on the beast, which again indicates control rather than location. Thus, if the harlot’s sitting indicates control rather than location twice in Revelation 17+, then consistency would seem to dictate that the harlot sitting on the seven hills in Revelation 17:9+ would also indicate control rather than location.²⁶

See Babylon is Rome?.

3.17.10 - Revelation 17:10 Open Bible at Rev. 17:10 Listen to Rev. 17:10

There are also seven kings

This phrase should read “And they are seven kings” (NASB95). The KJV and NKJV translations are misleading here. The KJV begins the verse with, “And there are seven kings.” The NKJV says, “There are also seven kings.” All the Greek texts, although differing in word order, include the following words, Καὶ βασιλεῖς εἰσιν ἑπτά [Kai basileis eisin hepta] , and kings they are seven.²⁷ The words “there” and “also” in the KJV and NKJV translations are questionable. The first is inaccurate: εἰσιν [eisin] is 3rd-person plural of ειμι [eimi] , I am, which should be rendered, they are. The second: also, is not the best rendering of καὶ [kai] here in that it implies the seven kings are an additional subject. These translations give the incorrect impression that the kings are different from the heads and mountains upon which the woman sits. When describing the ten horns a few verses later, a similar phrase occurs: δέκα βασιλεῖς εἰσιν [deka basileis eisin] : “ten kings they are” (Rev. 17:12+). There, the KJV and NKJV translate the phrase correctly, without substituting there for they as is done here.

We need not conjecture upon the significance of the seven mountains for the angel has pierced this aspect of the mystery for us:

This at once disposes of the popular interpretation which regards these seven mountains as referring to the seven hills on which the city of Rome was built. The Holy Spirit expressly tells us that the seven mountains are (represent) seven kings.²⁸

The punctuation of the AV. in this verse is very faulty. Verse 9 should end with the word “wisdom,” and the remainder of the verse should form part of the tenth verse. The explanation of the angel would not then have been cut in two, and interpreted separately as is commonly the case; and the “seven mountains” would not have been treated independently of the clause which goes on to further explain what they signify. The “seven mountains” are, according to this, “seven kings.” It does not say that “there are seven kings” over and above, and beside the “seven mountains;” but that the “seven mountains are (i.e., represent) seven kings.” . . . These mountains, then, are no mere heaps of earth or rocks, but “kings.” . . . For interpreters to take these literally as “mountains,” in the midst of a context which the same interpreters take to be symbolic; and in the face of the interpretation actually given by the angel that “they are seven kings,” is to play fast and loose with the word of prophecy.²⁹

Rather than identifying these seven kings (which are seven heads) with seven historic kingdoms, some aspire to find fulfillment of John’s vision in the events of first-century Rome. Most frequently, preterist interpreters attempt to pick kings in such a way that Nero can be said to fulfill the predictions concerning The Beast. In doing so, they overlook inconsistencies in counting kings:

To be sure there have been many attempts to fit the date of Revelation . . . into the emperor lists of the first century. . . . But immediately there are admitted problems. Where do we begin—with Julius Caesar or Caesar Augustus? Are we to exclude Galba, Otho, and Vitellius who had short, rival reigns? If so, how can they be excluded except on a completely arbitrary basis? A careful examination of the historic materials yields no satisfactory solution. If Revelation were written under Nero, there would be too few emperors; if under Domitian, too many. The original readers would have had no more information on these emperor successions than we do, and possibly even less. How many Americans can immediately name the last seven presidents? Furthermore, how could the eighth emperor who is identified as the beast also be one of the seven (Rev. 17:11+)?³⁰

For a more in-depth discussion of the problems of correlating these kings with early Rome, see Beale.³¹

five have fallen

Fallen is ἔπεσαν [epesan] ,“The word is always used of violent death, when speaking of individuals, or violence when referring to kingdoms. Jdg. 3:25. 5:27. 2S. 1:19, 25. Isa. 21:9. Jer. 50:15. 51:8. Eze. 29:5. 30:6.”³² The angel is no longer discussing the Beast (who was, is, and is to come) and is now describing the seven heads which are seven mountains and seven kings. Most futurist interpreters take these to be five world empires of greatest significance to Israel in the plan of God. These are five which fell before the time of John. See #5 - Five Fallen Kings.

Johnson complains of the seemingly arbitrary nature of the futurist identification of kingdoms:

Seiss (followed recently by Ladd and Walvoord) has suggested an interpretation that takes the five-one-one to refer to successive world kingdoms that have oppressed the people of God: Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Persia, Greece (five fallen), Rome (one is), and a future world kingdom. While this solves some of the emperor succession problems and fits nicely, it too must admit arbitrary omissions, such as the devastating persecution of the people of God under the Seleucids of Syria, especially Antiochus IV, Epiphanes.³³

However, it is not the futurist who is arbitrarily neglecting the Seleucids, but the night vision of Daniel (Dan. 7) which guides the identification of these kingdoms. Daniel’s four beasts are widely held to be Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, and Rome. Since the initial stage of the fourth beast, Rome, is already underway (“one is,” see below) at the time of John, this provides identification of the previous three: Babylon, Medo-Persia, and Greece. It is apparent that the Seleucid empire—an outgrowth of the disintegration of the Greek empire under Alexander, is largely subsumed into the third leopard beast. Although it is probably recognized in the four heads on the leopard beast (Dan. 7:6) and the four notable horns on the he-goat in another of Daniel’s visions (Dan. 8:8), it is not given the same prominence as the other kingdoms. This is not an arbitrary decision by the futurist, but the plan and purpose of the Holy Spirit Who provided Daniel with the visions. Since only three of Daniel’s four kingdoms have fallen by the time of John, another two kingdoms must be found to form a total of five. The only arbitrariness attributable to the futurist is in the identification of these previous two kingdoms: whether they be Egypt and Assyria or extend further back to include Babel.

It is our view that the historic scope of the seven-headed beast ridden by the Harlot and her identification with Babylon points in the direction of Babel as the first kingdom. But there is still the problem of knowing whether to include Egypt or Assyria as the second. If the issue is to be decided by volume of passages pertaining to either kingdom, it would seem that Egypt would garner the most votes resulting in the five fallen kingdoms of: Babel, Egypt, Babylon, Medo-Persia, and Greece.

one is

Although five kings (mountains representing their kingdoms) have fallen by the time of John, one is currently reigning. This would seem most naturally to be Rome—the initial stage of Daniel’s terrible beast.Preterists who desire to find fulfillment in Nero attempt to make him the king which “is,” but they can only do so by ignoring inconsistencies in the line up of “kings”:

[Gentry’s] conclusion that Nero is the sixth or “the one [who] is” also faces serious obstacles. The greatest obstacle is his need to begin counting “kings” with Julius Caesar. He tries to defend this by citing several ancient sources, but the fact is that Rome was a Republic, ruled by the First Triumvirate, in the days of Julius Caesar and became a Principate under Augustus and the emperors that followed him. Neither does Gentry attempt to explain the thirteen-year gap between Julius Caesar’s death and the beginning of Augustus’ reign. They were not consecutive rulers as he makes them out to be.³⁴

and the other has not yet come

This is the kingdom which follows upon Rome in John’s day. Here we enter upon a conundrum with at least two aspects:

Daniel’s Night Vision - The fall of Rome after John’s day did not fulfill the prediction of the rapid and dramatic destruction of the terrible beast which Daniel saw in his night vision (Dan. 7). Nor did its fall usher in the Messianic Kingdom as the vision predicted. Therefore, the fall of Rome after John’s time does not fulfill aspects of Daniel’s night vision which remain yet future.

Nebuchadnezzar’s Dream - The fall of Rome after John’s day is depicted by the image of Nebuchadnezzar’s dream concerning the “feet and toes, partly of potter’s clay and partly of iron” (Dan. 2:41) which speak of a period of division and lack of cohesiveness prior to the Messianic Kingdom (Dan. 2:44). The break up of Rome and subsequent history of the westernized nations has more similarity to Nebuchadnezzar’s dream.

This forces the interpreter to the conclusion that the Roman empire at the time of John constituted the first phase of a two-phase participation in the prophecies of the time of the end. This same two-stage division can be seen in the key passage concerning the 70 weeks of Daniel (Dan. 9:24-27). In that passage, Messiah is cut off after the 69th week and prior to the 70th week. He is cut off when Rome is in power. It is also said that after the 69th week and before the 70th week “the people of the prince who is to come shall destroy the city and the sanctuary” (Dan. 9:26). This we know to be fulfilled in the A.D. 70 destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple by Rome. Thus, Gabriel leaves hanging a yet future “prince” associated with Rome who follows upon the destruction of the city in A.D. 70—and who, by means of a covenant, initiates the final week (Dan. 9:27).

Scripture records two phases to Roman participation in the prophecies concerning the end. In its first phase, historic Rome existed in the era of the crucifixion, the destruction of the Temple, and John’s writing from Patmos. But now the angel tells John of its second, future phase which “has not yet come.” This is the phase represented by the ten horns of Daniel’s night vision (Dan. 7:7, 20) and the ten toes of the image of Nebuchadnezzar’s dream (Dan. 2:42). See Nebuchadnezzar’s Dream and Daniel’s Vision. See #12 - Terrible Beast.

and when he comes, he must continue a short time

Grammatically, “he” refers to the seventh head-mountain-king which represents the seventh kingdom. The reign of the last kingdom is said to be relatively short. A few verses later, we are told that the ten horns, all on the last head , “receive authority for one hour as kings with the beast” (Rev. 17:12+ cf. Dan. 7:24). So the primary reference is to the duration of the last kingdom prior to the rise of the beast who’s rise eventually eclipses the seventh kingdom.

The seventh kingdom is connected with the “beast that was” who is counted as an eighth king, but also said to be “of the seven”—he is the historic culmination of all the previous heads and his political origin is out of the seventh kingdom. We also know that his reign will be short-lived.

The angel tells John that the Beast to arise in the future (Rev. 13:1+) will have a relatively short (and terrible) reign. He is prominent for only a very short time on the stage of world history—for at least seven years. He becomes prominent sometime before The 70th Week of Daniel so that he is a key participant in the covenant with Israel which initiates the final seven years. Thereafter, he only rules for another seven years during which only the last half he prevails over the saints (Rev. 13:5+). In historical terms, this is indeed a “short time.” Unlike the initial phase of Rome, when his reign ends it will usher in the Messianic Kingdom on earth. See Events of the 70th Week of Daniel.

3.17.11 - Revelation 17:11 Open Bible at Rev. 17:11 Listen to Rev. 17:11

The beast that was, and is not, is himself also the eighth

Now the angel is speaking of the individual who will be the ruler of the kingdom yet to come. This phrase refers to the period of the reign of the Beast following his revival from his deadly wound. If his revival occurs near the midpoint of The 70th Week of Daniel, then this would refer to the last half of the week, the three and one-half years during which he is given authority: “he was given authority to continue for forty-two months” (Rev. 13:5+). This period is one of great turmoil since the Beast receives his power, throne, and authority from the dragon (Rev. 13:2+) and the dragon has great wrath “because he knows that he has a short time” (Rev. 12:12+). See Prophetic Year. See Events of the 70th Week of Daniel. See commentary on Revelation 17:8.

He is an eighth kingdom in the sense that the seventh kingdom originally arrives as a global empire which shall “devour the whole earth.” Out of this seventh kingdom “ten horns . . . shall arise” (Dan. 7:23-24). The Beast himself “shall rise after them” (Dan. 7:25). After his revival, the ten horns give their authority to the Beast (Rev. 17:12-13+) and he reigns supreme and uncontested (Rev. 13:3+). In the final form of Gentile dominion, the self-rule of the Beast, he is an eighth king, but only hinted at as an eighth head here.³⁵

If we look upon the Roman dictator as being the seventh, he becomes the eighth, the Antichrist at the time of the Satanic incarnation, and thereby becomes an eighth, who is thus out of the seven, since Satan is the cause of all of the others.³⁶

In his mortal stage he is the seventh head; but in his superhuman stage he is the eighth king.³⁷

See #16 - Beast.

he is of the seven

He is “of the seven” in that his origin, both as a head and a horn (see below) is from among the other heads and horns: “He is an eighth contemporary king ruling over the other seven kings who have submitted to his authority. Yet he is of the seven, for he is the seventh head of the chronological ruling governments. The term “seven” refers to the heads, while the term ‘eight’ refers to the horns.”³⁸ “And though he is ‘an eighth’ king, there are not really eight, but only seven, for the seventh and the eighth are the same personage; therefore, it is said that the eighth is ‘of the seven.’ ”³⁹ See #13 - Seventh King.

is going to perdition

See commentary on Revelation 17:8.

3.17.12 - Revelation 17:12 Open Bible at Rev. 17:12 Listen to Rev. 17:12

the ten horns which you saw are ten kings

These are the same ten horns which Daniel saw in his night vision (Dan. 7:7-8, 20, 24). The ten horns correspond to the ten toes of Nebuchadnezzar’s image (Dan. 2:40-43). See Nebuchadnezzar’s Dream and Daniel’s Vision.

who have received no kingdom as yet

These ten horns are all on the seventh head which corresponds to the final historic stage of the terrible beast which Daniel saw (Dan. 7:7, 19-20). Like the ten toes of Nebuchadnezzar’s image, which extend forth from the feet during the final kingdom, these horns from the seventh head do not arise until the time of the end. An angel gave Daniel the same interpretation: “The ten horns are ten kings who shall arise from this [terrible beastly] kingdom” (Dan. 7:24).

they receive authority for one hour as kings with the beast

The association between the ten horns and the seventh head is made explicit. Unlike the kingdom of God which cannot be shaken (Heb. 12:28), the ten kings will only have authority for a short period of time, and then only to direct it toward the Beast when he rises in ultimate prominence. The Beast rises up as an eleventh horn (Dan. 7:20) and eventually overthrows three horns leaving eight horns, seven plus himself.

The phrase one hour indicates a historically short period of time. The Tribulation period (lasting seven years) is called “the hour of trial which shall come upon the whole world” (Rev. 3:10+). When Babylon is destroyed, her judgment comes in “one hour” (Rev. 18:10+, 17+, 19+). The phrase differs in meaning from “the hour” which indicates the time when a pending action has finally come (Rev. 14:7+, 15+).

3.17.13 - Revelation 17:13 Open Bible at Rev. 17:13 Listen to Rev. 17:13

These are of one mind, and they give their power and authority to the beast.

In the time of the end, amidst much turmoil and political upheaval, such unity of thought and purpose would be unexpected if it were not for their ultimate control by God. “For God has put it into their hearts to fulfill His purpose, to be of one mind, and to give their kingdom to the beast, until the words of God are fulfilled” (Rev. 17:17+). They give their power and authority to the beast so that he can become “all in all,” being the sole focus both in political and religious realms. Because the Beast accepted the offer from Satan which Jesus refused (Luke 4:6), he is given ultimate authority above all else on earth—even claiming to be God (2Th. 2:4). For this to occur requires that all other authorities submit to his rule. Although all ten give their power and authority to the beast, for some unspecified reason the Beast eventually destroys three of the ten horns (Dan. 7:20).

3.17.14 - Revelation 17:14 Open Bible at Rev. 17:14 Listen to Rev. 17:14

these will make war

Πολεμήσουσιν [Polemēsousin] , which indicates a protracted engagement rather than a single battle. The same word is translated, somewhat misleadingly, as “battle” in Revelation 16:14+. See commentary on Revelation 16:14.

with the Lamb

This is not speaking of the ages-long opposition between the spiritual forces of darkness and the spiritual forces of the Lamb (although such ongoing opposition is a fact of Scripture), but speaks of the final physical conflict of the armies of the world as they attempt to thwart the installation of Messiah upon the throne of David in His Millennial Reign.The Beast, his kings, and kings from all around the word (Rev. 16:14+) will eventually gather to war against God at the Campaign of Armageddon. See commentary on Revelation 16:16. See commentary on Revelation 19:20. The Lamb which they fight with is Jesus Christ, the “Lamb as though it had been slain” which took the scroll from the right hand of God before initiating the first seven judgments by opening the seven seals (Rev. 5:6-7+). They war against the Lamb in a doomed attempt to forestall His taking back that which is rightfully His, as documented by the scroll. See commentary on Revelation 5:1.

In the previous chapter, the war was described with reference to God the Father: “The battle of that great day of God Almighty.” Here, we are told they will make war with the Lamb. Later, the same conflict will be described as a gathering to “make war against Him who sat on the horse and against His army” (Rev. 19:19+). The text provides another indication of the deity of Christ and the essential identity of the Lamb and the Father.

the Lamb will overcome them

He shall overcome is νικήσει [nikēsei] : the Lamb is The Overcomer. From the perspective of earth, the Beast is the overcomer (Rev. 6:2+). But he only overcomes while he is temporarily given authority to do so (Rev. 13:7+). Ultimately, it is the Lamb Who is the true overcomer (John 16:33; 1Jn. 4:4; Rev. 3:21+). See Who is the Overcomer?

In a vision of Daniel which many believe is not entirely fulfilled in the events of Antiochus Epiphanes IV, Daniel sees a fierce king who “shall even rise against the Prince of princes; but he shall be broken without human means” (Dan. 8:25). If the Prince of princes refers to the Lamb, then Daniel’s vision prophesied this same conflict.⁴⁰

The kings participate in the ultimate fulfillment of Psalm 2: “The kings of the earth set themselves, and the rulers take counsel together, against the LORD and against His Anointed [Messiah = Christ], saying, ‘Let us break Their bonds in pieces and cast away Their cords from us.’ ” (Ps. 2:2-3).

At that time, the long wait of the Son at the right hand of the Father will come to an end:

The LORD said to my Lord, “Sit at My right hand, till I make Your enemies Your footstool.” The LORD shall send the rod of Your strength out of Zion. Rule in the midst of Your enemies! Your people shall be volunteers in the day of Your power; in the beauties of holiness, from the womb of the morning, You have the dew of Your youth. The LORD has sworn and will not relent, “You are a priest forever according to the order of Melchizedek.” The Lord is at Your right hand; He shall execute kings in the day of His wrath. He shall judge among the nations, He shall fill the places with dead bodies, He shall execute the heads of many countries. He shall drink of the brook by the wayside; therefore He shall lift up the head. (Ps. 110:1-7) [emphasis added]

Isaiah spoke of this time:

Behold, the LORD makes the earth empty and makes it waste . . . The earth mourns and fades away . . . Therefore the inhabitants of the earth are burned and few men are left. . . . And the foundations of the earth are shaken. . . . The earth shall reel to and fro like a drunkard, and shall totter like a hut; . . . It shall come to pass in that day that the LORD will punish on high the host of exalted ones, and on the earth the kings of the earth. They will be gathered together, as prisoners are gathered in the pit, and will be shut up in the prison; after many days they will be punished. (Isa. 24:1-23)

The context is The Day of the Lord where conditions are so extreme that relatively few are left alive. The kings who rebelled (Psalm 2) will be gathered together and shut up in the prison and then punished—possibly a reference to their entry into Hades after being killed by the Lamb (Rev. 19:21+) followed by their ultimate punishment upon being subsequently cast into the Lake of Fire (Rev. 20:15+).

for He is Lord of lords and King of kings

He will overcome them because He is Lord over all other lords. He is “the ruler over the kings of the earth” (Rev. 1:5+), even though at present most kings do not recognize His rule. At His Second Coming, His legal status as King of kings and the factual reality of earthly rule will be united for His kingdom will then be on earth where He physically rules over lords.

The Lamb is given a title which is uniquely that of the Father in the OT. “For the LORD your God is God of gods and Lord of lords, the great God, mighty and awesome, who shows no partiality nor takes a bribe” (Deu. 10:7). Ascribing the title Lord of lords to the Lamb is no small matter . . . unless He is God! And indeed He is. Paul describes Jesus in similar divine terms: “the blessed and only Potentate, the King of kings and Lord of lords, who alone has immortality, dwelling in unapproachable light, whom no man has seen or can see” (1Ti. 6:15-16). See commentary on Revelation 1:18.

those who are with Him

Although all the saints are with Christ in the sense of their spiritual unity and membership in His Kingdom, the reference here is primarily to those who are with Him at the time of His Second Coming. In the same way that the angels accompanied the Father in His descent upon Mount Sinai (Deu. 33:2), so too shall Jesus bring “the armies in heaven” with Him (Rev. 19:14+, 19+):

Now Enoch, the seventh from Adam, prophesied about these men [the dreamers who reject authority] also, saying, “Behold, the Lord comes with ten thousands of His saints, to execute judgment on all.” (Jude. 1:14-15a) [emphasis added]

Proclaim this among the nations: “Prepare for war! Wake up the mighty men, let all the men of war draw near, let them come up. Beat your plowshares into swords and your pruning hooks into spears; let the weak say, ‘I am strong.’ ” Assemble and come, all you nations, and gather together all around. Cause Your mighty ones to go down there, O LORD. Let the nations be wakened, and come up to the Valley of Jehoshaphat; for there I will sit to judge all the surrounding nations. Put in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe. Come, go down; for the winepress is full, the vats overflow-For their wickedness is great. Multitudes, multitudes in the valley of decision! For the day of the LORD is near in the valley of decision. (Joel 3:9-14) [emphasis added]

And in that day His feet will stand on the Mount of Olives, which faces Jerusalem on the east. And the Mount of Olives shall be split in two, from east to west, making a very large valley; half of the mountain shall move toward the north and half of it toward the south. Then you shall flee through My mountain valley, for the mountain valley shall reach to Azal. Yes, you shall flee as you fled from the earthquake in the days of Uzziah king of Judah. Thus the LORD my God will come, And all the saints with You. (Zec. 14:4-5) [emphasis added]

The saints (ἁγίαις [hagiais] ) which attend Jesus’ return are “holy ones.” They are set apart for the service of God. This term is used of both the faithful (e.g., Ps. 16:3; 34:9 ; Acts 9:13) and angels (e.g., Dan. 8:13). We know from other passages that angels will come with Him:

For the Son of Man will come in the glory of His Father with His angels, and then He will reward each according to His works. (Mat. 16:27) [emphasis added]

When the Son of Man comes in His glory, and all the holy angels with Him, then He will sit on the throne of His glory. (Mat. 25:31) [emphasis added]

Since it is a righteous thing with God to repay with tribulation those who trouble you, and to give you who are troubled rest with us when the Lord Jesus is revealed from heaven with His mighty angels, in flaming fire taking vengeance on those who do not know God, and on those who do not obey the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ. (2Th. 1:6-8) [emphasis added]

are called, chosen, and faithful

Called is κλητοὶ [klētoi] , chosen is ἐκλεκτοὶ [eklektoi] . The same terms are used when Jesus says, “Many are called (κλητοί [klētoi] , but few are chosen (ἐκλεκτοί [eklektoi] ” (Mat. 20:16; 22:14). Peter uses the same terms when writing to predominantly Jewish believers. “But you are a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, His own special people, that you may proclaim the praises of Him who called you out of darkness into His marvelous light” [emphasis added] (1Pe. 2:9 cf. 1Pe. 1:1).

The angels which did not follow Satan in his rebellion (Rev. 12:4+) are also said to be “chosen”: “The elect angels” is τῶν ἐκλεκτῶν ἀγγελων [tōn eklektōn angelōn] . But being called speaks of a time prior to having come to the faith—something the elect angels do not experience for they have never been lost, but remained continually faithful. Calling is unique to those saints who at one time were not saints, that is, human beings rather than angels (Rom. 1:6; Rom. 8:28-30; 2Ti. 2:9).⁴¹ “These epithets called, chosen, and faithful, can only strictly apply to saints [not angels].”⁴² Those who are both called and chosen are “His own elect who cry out day and night to Him” (Luke 18:7). They did not choose Him, but He chose them (John 15:16). This speaks of human beings, not just angels, who will return with Christ at His Second Coming. They do not remain in heaven, but return to participate in the Millennial Kingdom which follows (Rev. 20:4-6+). They are said to be faithful because they are human beings, born among those who were fallen, but who then exercised faith to salvation.

At the time of Christ’s Second Coming, there are three categories of believers in heaven:

Pre-Church Saints - Believers who died prior to the formation of the Church on the Day of Pentecost. Since the Spirit did not begin baptizing believers into the body of Christ until then (John 7:38-39; Acts 2; 1Cor. 12:13), they were never part of the body of Christ. At death, their souls and spirits entered paradise in Abraham’s bosom (Luke 16:22) until they ascended when paradise relocated to heaven following the crucifixion (Luke 23:43).

Church Saints - Believers who lived after the giving of the Spirit on the Day of Pentecost (John 7:38-39; Acts 2) and were baptized into the body of Christ by the Holy Spirit (1Cor. 12:13). The spirit and soul of those who died prior to the Rapture ascended to heaven at death (2Cor. 5:6; Php. 1:23) Being in Christ, they were physically resurrected (or translated if alive) at the Rapture of the Church prior to the Tribulation (John 14:1-3; 1Th. 4:13-18).

Post-Church Saints - Believers who come to faith after the Rapture of the Church—the removal of the body of Christ. They died a natural death or were martyred (Rev. 2:10+, 13+; 12:11+; 15:2+) and their spirit and soul ascended to heaven at death (2Cor. 5:6; Php. 1:23; Rev. 7:14+).

Only one of these three categories of saints is resurrected prior to the Second Coming: the Church Saints—those who were baptized by the Holy Spirit into the Church: the body of Christ in His absence. When Christ returns at the Second Coming, His spiritual body (the Church) returns with Him. During the Second Coming, Christ’s army will include both angels (Joel 3:11; Mat. 25:31) and Church saints (Col. 3:4).

Saints who have not yet been resurrected seem unlikely to participate in the Second Coming (Rev. 19:14+). They receive their resurrected bodies after the Second Coming, prior to the Millennial Kingdom (Dan. 12:2; Rev. 20:4+). See commentary on Revelation 20:4.

3.17.15 - Revelation 17:15 Open Bible at Rev. 17:15 Listen to Rev. 17:15

The waters which you saw, where the harlot sits

Having described the mystery of the beast with the seven heads and ten horns, the angel now tells John the mystery of the woman (Rev. 17:7+). Earlier, the angel identified the woman as “the great harlot who sits on many waters” (Rev. 17:1+). See commentary on Revelation 17:1. See The Great Harlot. These same waters form the sea out of which the first Beast arose (Rev. 13:1+). See commentary on Revelation 13:1.

are peoples, multitudes, nations, and tongues

The common fourfold designation within the book of Revelation denoting a worldwide population (Rev. 7:9+). In some instances, tribes or kings appears for multitudes (Rev. 5:9+; 10:11+; 11:9+; 14:6+). See Four: the Entire World, the Earth. These are the peoples, nations, tongues, and kings about which John was told he must prophesy (Rev. 10:11+). He is now fulfilling that assignment.

Although the woman is said to be a “city” (Rev. 17:18+), her influence—and possibly her support—is global in scope. Her influence was scattered worldwide with the introduction of languages in the judgment of Babel when all mankind dispersed from a central location having already imbibed of her corrupting wine (Gen. 11:9). We believe she spans both geography and history, for the Beast with seven heads is empowered by the dragon (Rev. 13:1+ cf. Rev. 12:3+) who is Satan and assumed dominion over the world as early as the Fall of Adam and Eve (Mat. 4:8; Luke 4:6; John 12:31; 14:30; 2Cor. 4:4; 1Jn. 5:19). If the seven heads represent seven world kingdoms of special significance in the plan of God, then the woman’s global influence extends from the earliest of those empires through the time of the Second Coming of Christ and the establishment of the Millennial Kingdom. See #4 - Seven Heads/Kings. See Babylon of Old.

3.17.16 - Revelation 17:16 Open Bible at Rev. 17:16 Listen to Rev. 17:16

the ten horns which you saw on the beast

The TR stands alone in having the ten horns on the beast. Both MT and NU texts say “the ten horns which you saw and (καὶ [kai] ) the beast.” [emphasis added]

hate the harlot

Many expositors seem to downplay or overlook the angel’s identification of The Great Harlot with the city of Babylon (Rev. 17:18+) and interpret her as denoting a separate ecclesiastical system. Thus, they see two separate destructions set forth in chapters 17 and 18. This destruction they relate to the Harlot, whereas the destruction in the next chapter they relate to the literal city: “These graphic words clearly portray the downfall of the apostate world church of the future.”⁴³ We disagree with interpretations which divide the unity of the larger passage at the chapter boundary. The Harlot is said to be a city (Rev. 17:18+) and the city is said to be the Harlot (Rev. 18:21+-19:2+). She is the object of destruction both here and in the next chapter. See Mystery Babylon?

Because the city Babylon involves both spiritual and commercial aspects (both aspects are seen in Revelation 17+ and Revelation 18+), there is no reason to separate the Harlot from the city as an independent ecclesiastical system of the end. The motivation of the Beast to destroy the city could simply be to throw off her control (or the need to support her) which has become burdensome. Or, it could involve his belief that her idolatrous system ultimately provides an unwanted alternative to his own global worship (2Th. 2:4; Rev. 13:15+). However, it is important to recognize that Scripture does not give the specific reason why the kings hate her and destroy her. It could just as easily be commercial, political, or religious. Scripture doesn’t say. In any event, she experiences what Jeremiah described long before: regardless of her ornaments and attraction, her lovers eventually despise her and seek her life (Jer. 4:30).

Fruchtenbaum believes the Beast is the king of Babylon who is away at war and reacts with alarm to the news of her destruction (Jer. 50:43; 51:31-32).⁴⁴ If the king of Babylon is the Beast and he reacts with alarm to the destruction of his capital, how could it be said that the Beast (along with the ten kings) hates the city and participates in its destruction? There are several possible solutions to this puzzle:⁴⁵

The TR text is correct and the Beast is not to be included among those who hate the Harlot and come against her. Perhaps the ten kings, although allied with the Beast for a season, eventually betray him and attack the seat of his throne during an opportune moment when he is distracted elsewhere.⁴⁶

The Beast may not be the king of Babylon at the time of its destruction. “He shall plant the tents of his palace between the seas and the glorious holy mountain” (Dan. 11:45a). Perhaps he relocates his seat of authority to the Holy Land to be near his image in the Temple (Mat. 24:15; 2Th. 2:4; Rev. 13:14-15+) after which he and his kings turn against Babylon.

The Harlot is a separate entity from the city of Babylon. The Harlot is destroyed by the Beast and his kings, but the city is destroyed by God directly. Although this view is held by many, it minimizes or overlooks passages which identify the Harlot as the city (e.g., Rev. 17:18+).⁴⁷

See One or Two Babylons?

We believe a separate ecclesiastical system is neither called for nor explicitly warranted from a simple reading of both Revelation 17+ and 18+ which relates a single city with both commercial and spiritual aspects opposed to God. See An End-Time Religious System?

make her ... eat her ... burn her

The repetition of the pronoun “her” provides emphasis. Her destruction is determined, violent, and comprehensive.

make her desolate

Desolate is ἠρημωμένην [ērēmōmenēn] , used “of a kingdom be brought to ruin, become desolate, be desolated (Mat. 12:25).”⁴⁸ At its destruction, Babylon comes “to nothing (ἠρημώθη [ērēmōthē] )” (Rev. 18:17+), for “in one hour she is made desolate ἠρημώθη [ērēmōthē] )” (Rev. 18:19+).

and naked

Originally clothed in expensive finery (Rev. 17:4+), she will be stripped of her commercial splendor: “Alas, alas, that great city that was clothed in fine linen, purple, and scarlet, and adorned with gold and precious stones and pearls! For in one hour such great riches came to nothing.” (Rev. 18:16-17a+). In her destruction and the stripping of her riches, onlookers will recognize her nakedness (cf. Eze. 16:37-39; 23:29).

eat her flesh

They shall eat is φάγονται [phagontai] : “Figuratively . . . consume, destroy as if by rust or fire (Heb. 10:27).”⁴⁹ Similar phrases describe the intended harm of an enemy (Ps. 27:1-3; Jer. 51:35; Mic. 3:1-3) or the conquest of a kingdom (Dan. 7:5). The destruction of Babylon’s flesh will fulfill the desire of the inhabitants of Zion:“ ‘Let the violence done to me and my flesh be upon Babylon,’ the inhabitant of Zion will say” (Jer. 51:35).

burn her with fire

They shall burn her is κατακαύσουσιν [katakausousin] , to “destroy by fire, burn (up), consume by fire,”⁵⁰ used of “being burned at the stake as a martyr.”⁵¹ Used to describe the burning of the third of the earth with its trees and grass (Rev. 8:7+). This provides further evidence of the identity of the woman as Babylon (Rev. 17:18+), for what is said of the Harlot is said of Babylon. Babylon is to be “utterly burned with fire” (Rev. 18:8+). The “smoke of her burning” is visible from a great distance (Rev. 18:17-18+).

Thus says the Lord of hosts: “The broad walls of Babylon shall be utterly broken, and her high gates shall be burned with fire; the people will labor in vain, and the nations, because of the fire; and they shall be weary.” (Jer. 51:58)

Although Babylon fell to Persia in 539 B.C., it was never destroyed as predicted by Scripture. See The Destruction of Babylon.

3.17.17 - Revelation 17:17 Open Bible at Rev. 17:17 Listen to Rev. 17:17

For God has put it into their hearts to fulfill His purpose

God’s sovereign control of the affairs of history is a constant theme behind the events of the book of Revelation. Everything that transpires occurs by His sovereign permission. From the riding forth of the first horsemen who was given a crown, to rising of the Beast from the sea who is given authority to continue forty-two months (Rev. 13:5+) and who was previously restrained (2Th. 2:6-8), God is ultimately in full control. God turns the hearts of kings according to His purposes—whether they know Him or not (Deu. 2:30; Ezra 7:27; Ps. 105:25; Pr. 21:1; Isa. 10:5-7; 14:27; 66:4; Acts 4:28). God determined that Pharaoh would not heed Moses so that Egypt might be judged (Ex. 7:4). He named and brought forth Cyrus to rebuild Jerusalem, although Cyrus did not know Him (Isa. 44:26-45:4; 46:11). It was God who gave Nebuchadnezzar his kingdom and power, although for much of his reign, Nebuchadnezzar did not know God (Dan. 2:37).

Remember the former things of old, for I am God, and there is no other; I am God, and there is none like Me, declaring the end from the beginning, and from ancient times things that are not yet done, saying, ‘My counsel shall stand, and I will do all My pleasure,’ Calling a bird of prey from the east, the man who executes My counsel, from a far country. Indeed I have spoken it; I will also bring it to pass. I have purposed it; I will also do it. (Isa. 46:9-11)

The tension between divine sovereignty and human responsibility runs throughout Scripture and is impossible to escape. Emphasizing either one at the expense of the other results in a distortion of Scripture. Although it was God’s “determined purpose and foreknowledge” to deliver Jesus to the cross, those who crucified Him are fully responsible for their “lawless hands” (Acts 2:23-24 cf. Rom. 9:19-22; Jas. 1:13-17). “But behold, the hand of My betrayer is with Me on the table. And truly the Son of Man goes as it has been determined, but woe to that man by whom He is betrayed!” (Luke 22:21-22) See commentary on Revelation 6:2. See commentary on Revelation 16:14.

until the words of God are fulfilled

Fulfilled is τελεσθήσονται [telesthēsontai] , they shall be completed. The word includes more than just the idea of fulfillment, but also bringing to an end, finishing, completing.⁵²

For as the rain comes down, and the snow from heaven, and do not return there, but water the earth, and make it bring forth and bud, that it may give seed to the sower and bread to the eater, so shall My word be that goes forth from My mouth; it shall not return to Me void, but it shall accomplish what I please, and it shall prosper in the thing for which I sent it. (Isa. 55:10-11)

His word is already settled in heaven (Ps. 119:89), but has yet to work out on the earth below. Scripture cannot be broken (John 10:35) because God stands ever ready to perform His word (Jer. 1:12).

The words of God in relation to the Beast, the ten horns, and the Harlot, will be fulfilled when the “mystery of God would be finished” in the judgments associated with the sounding of the seventh trumpet (Rev. 10:7+). When the seven bowls of God’s wrath are completed, “It is done!” (Rev. 16:17+). The next several chapters provide additional detail concerning the fulfillment of God’s words which eventually result in the return of the King and the establishment of the Millennial Kingdom (Rev. 20:4+).

3.17.18 - Revelation 17:18 Open Bible at Rev. 17:18 Listen to Rev. 17:18

that great city

Although this phrase is also used of Jerusalem (Rev. 11:8+) and of the heavenly Jerusalem (Rev. 21:10+), here it is to be identified with Babylon (Rev. 14:8+; 17:18+; 18:10+, 16+, 18+, 21+). This is evident from numerous close parallels between what is said of the Harlot in this chapter and the city Babylon in the next chapter. The primary piece of evidence that “the great city,” in this instance, is to be taken to describe Babylon is the earlier name which was seen written upon the Harlot and clearly associates her with Babylon (Rev. 17:5+).

Some argue for identifying the phrase “that great city” here with Jerusalem:

One of the stronger arguments used by Jerusalem proponents involves the identification of the phrase “the great city” as used in Revelation 17:18+. Jerusalem advocates contend that the only way to properly identify this city is to observe how the phrase “the great city” appears earlier in Revelation. There are only two references to “the great city” prior to Revelation 17:18+. These references include Revelation 11:8+ and Revelation 16:19+. Jerusalem advocates believe that both are unmistakable references to Jerusalem. Thus, Revelation 17:18+ must refer to Jerusalem as well.⁵³

But such an identification ignores extensive and close ties between the woman and the city of Babylon. When one considers that chapter divisions are not part of the original inspired text and takes chapters 17 and 18 as one unified passage, the similarities between the woman and the city are compelling. Add to this the fact that Jerusalem is destined to be restored (Isa. 62) and serve as the capital of the Millennial Kingdom, whereas Babylon is never to be inhabited again, and the idea that the phrase “that great city” describes Jerusalem is untenable. See Babylon is Jerusalem?.

The Great Harlot is identified as the “great city” Babylon much as the Lamb’s wife is identified as the “holy Jerusalem”:

The Chaste Woman of the Apocalypse is also indissolubly united to a city. In Rev. 21:9+ we read that one of the seven angels said to John, ‘Come hither, I will show thee the bride, the Lamb’s Wife.’ And immediately following we read, ‘And he carried me away in the spirit to a great and high mountain, and showed me that great city, the holy Jerusalem, descending out of heaven from God.’⁵⁴

reigns over the kings

Βασιλείαν ἐπὶ Βασιλέων [Basileian epi Basileōn] . She exercises royal power or rule over the kings. Again, we see the impossibility of assigning Jerusalem as the Harlot. How can Jerusalem, of all cities the most trampled and occupied, with the least political influence and material resources, be said to have historically reigned over the kings of the earth? Others suggest Rome as a candidate for “the great city.” Although we recognize the unmatched influence over kings of the earth that Rome has had in more recent history, she provides neither the necessary historic scope nor proper fulfillment for the many OT passages which speak literally to Babylon. As old as we may consider Rome to be, she is a relative upstart on the stage of Biblical history which spans back to the tower of Babel (Gen. 10, 11). Rome is merely one of Babylon’s most prominent daughters. See Babylon is Rome?.

Some may object that it is difficult to see how literal Babylon could be considered as reigning over the kings of the earth when she is so insignificant in our time. Yet, as we have seen, the woman is identified with a specific historical city of prominence in the past, and we believe will be of prominence again in the future. Between her initial rebellion as Babel and her final flowering of godless humanism as the rebuilt Babylon, the site of her former splendour lies largely forgotten. But her influence, as the mother of harlotry and abomination, is as active today upon the peoples, multitudes, nations, and tongues as ever. Her humanism, idolatry, and fornication are alive and well, having been disseminated among the kingdoms of the earth. We believe a time is coming when “Wickedness!” will be carried back to the place of its original manifestation after the flood “to build a house for it in the land of Shinar; when it is ready, the basket will be set there on its base” (Zec. 5:11). See Back to Shinar.

3.17.18.1 - Babylon and the New Jerusalem

Two of the women who play key roles in the Book of Revelation are cities: Babylon and the New Jerusalem. This is no accident as one is the city of man whereas the other is the city of God.

City of Man vs. City of God

Babylon | New Jerusalem
Built by Man (Gen. 10:10; 11:4; Rev. 17:18+; 18:23+). | Built by God (Ps. 46:4; Ps. 87:3; Isa. 60:14; Gal. 4:26; Heb. 11:10; 12:22; 13:14; Rev. 3:12+; 21:2+, 10+).
Shown by Angel with Bowl (Rev. 17:1+). | Shown by Angel with Bowl (Rev. 21:9+).
Seen from wilderness (Rev. 17:3+). | Seen from high mountain (Rev. 21:10+).
Great City (Rev. 17:1+). | Great City (Rev. 21:10+)⁵⁵ .
Fornicator (Rev. 17:2+). | Holy (Rev. 21:2+, 10+).
A harlot (Rev. 17:1+). | A bride, wife (Rev. 21:2+, 9+).
Adorned with precious stones (Rev. 17:4+). | Adorned with precious stones (Rev. 21:18-20+).
Adorned with pearls (Rev. 17:4+). | Adorned with pearls (Rev. 21:21+).
Clothed with purple and scarlet (Rev. 17:4+; 18:16+). | Clothed with light (Rev. 21:11+, 18+, 23-24+).
Believer’s blood in her (Rev. 17:6+; 18:24+; 19:2+). | Believers in her (Rev. 3:12+; 14:2+; 21:24+, 27+).
Demons in her (Rev. 18:2+). | Saints in her (Rev. 3:12+; 14:2+; 21:24+, 27+).
Foundation has names of blasphemy (Rev. 17:3+). | Foundation has names of apostles (Rev. 21:14+).
Contains abominations (Rev. 17:4+; 18:2+). | Contains no abomination (Rev. 21:27+).
King’s fornicate with (Rev. 17:2+; 18:3+). | King’s honor (Rev. 18:3+).
Destroyed (Rev. 14:8+; 16:19+; 17:16+; 18:17+, 19+). | Eternal (Heb. 13:14; Rev. 22:5+).

Notes

¹ Merrill F. Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), Jer. 51:13.

² Britannica CD 99 Multimedia Edition, s.v. “Babylon.”

³ Frederick William Danker and Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 693.

⁴ Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 236-237.

⁵ Timothy Friberg, Barbara Friberg, and Neva F. Miller, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2000), 233.

⁶ Arthur Walkington Pink, The Antichrist (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1999, 1923), s.v. “Antichrist and Babylon.”

⁷ John F. Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1966), Rev. 17:3-4.

⁸ Albrecht Durer (1471 - 1528). Image courtesy of the Connecticut College Wetmore Print Collection.

⁹ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 94.

¹⁰ Andy Woods, What is the Identity of Babylon In Revelation 17-18?.

¹¹ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 137.

¹² Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 89.

¹³ Although some point to mention of Melchizedek as king of Salem.

¹⁴ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 29.

¹⁵ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 39.

¹⁶ Pink, The Antichrist, s.v. “Antichrist and Babylon.”

¹⁷ E. W. Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1984, 1935), Rev. 17:5.

¹⁸ Henry Morris, The Revelation Record (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1983), Rev. 17:5.

¹⁹ Regarding Mat. 23:24, the Pharisees would force themselves to vomit if they accidentally swallowed a gnat which was seen as a violation of the prohibition against eating blood.

²⁰ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 137.

²¹ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 89.

²² Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 17:12.

²³ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 103.

²⁴ Woods, What is the Identity of Babylon In Revelation 17-18?.

²⁵ Ibid.

²⁶ Ibid.

²⁷ The NU text associates this phrase with the end of the previous verse.

²⁸ Pink, The Antichrist, s.v. “Antichrist and Babylon.”

²⁹ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 17:10.

³⁰ Alan F. Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), Rev. 17:10.

³¹ Gregory K. Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1999), 21-24.

³² Jerome Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1992), Rev. 17:10.

³³ Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, Rev. 17:10.

³⁴ Robert L. Thomas, “Theonomy and the Dating of Revelation,” in Richard L. Mayhue, ed., The Master’s Seminary Journal, vol. 5 (Sun Valley, CA: The Master’s Seminary, 1994), 194-195.

³⁵ Fruchtenbaum sees mention of his eighth as pertaining to his relationship among the horns: “In what way is he an eighth? . . . The ten horns represent the ten kingdoms that come out of the One World Government [Dan. 7:23]. . . . These ten kings are contemporary and rule together. But as was seen from Daniel seven, when the Antichrist begins to take control, he uproots three of the ten horns. He kills three of the ten kings, leaving seven for the remainder of the Tribulation period. The Antichrist is contemporary with these seven, making him an eighth.”—Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 43. While he is indeed an eighth horn, the context of Revelation 17:11+ is discussing heads which are mountains which are kings. The ten horns do not yet enter the context until the next verse.

³⁶ Donald Grey Barnhouse, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1971), 330.

³⁷ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 17:8.

³⁸ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 43.

³⁹ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 17:11.

⁴⁰ “It may be concluded that this difficult passage apparently goes beyond that which is historically fulfilled in Antiochus Epiphanes to foreshadow a future personage often identified as the world ruler of the end time. . . . He indeed will be ‘broken without hand’ at the time of the second advent of Jesus Christ.”—John F. Walvoord, Daniel: The Key to Prophetic Revelation (Chicago, IL: Moody Bible Institute, 1971), Dan. 8:26.

⁴¹ Concerning the choosing or election of believers: Ps. 65:4; Eze. 3:17; Mat. 24:24, 31; Mark 13:20; Luke 18:7; John 1:13; 6:37, 44, 65; 13:18; 15:16, 19; 17:2-11, 24; Acts 13:48; Rom. 1:7; 8:28-31, 33; Rom. 9:15-16, 23; 10:20; 11:5, 7; 1Cor. 1:2, 21, 26, 30; Eph. 1:4; 4:1; 1Th. 1:4; 2Th. 2:13; 1Ti. 6:12; 2Ti. 1:9; 2Ti. 2:10; Tit. 1:1; Heb. 9:15; 1Pe. 1:2; 2:9; 5:13; 2Pe. 1:3; Jude 1:1; Rev. 17:14+.

⁴² Walter Scott, Exposition of The Revelation (London, England: Pickering & Inglis, n.d.), Rev. 17:14.

⁴³ Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ, Rev. 17:16.

⁴⁴ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 327.

⁴⁵ Bullinger suggests an additional solution: the city is burned by the ten kings in a preliminary judgment which is followed later by the final judgment by God. [Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 18:3]

⁴⁶ Two weaknesses of this view are: (1) The TR text stands alone in having the ten horns on (instead of and) the beast in Revelation 17:16+; (2) The ten kings are found in alliance with the Beast against the Lamb at the Second Coming of Christ (Rev. 17:14+). The second weakness could possibly be explained as the unified response of all the kings of the earth, regardless of political intrigue, when faced with their ultimate enemy: Christ.

⁴⁷ “The distinction between the two chapters is that between two systems or networks that have the same geographical headquarters. In chapter 17 it is a religious system that operates independently of and in opposition to the true God, but in chapter 18 it is an economic system that does the same. . . . The two chapters tell how two aspects of the city’s function will come to a dramatic end and how this will affect other world entities at the time. Whether they fall simultaneously or consecutively is yet to be determined, but they both will mark the internal deterioration of the beast’s empire prior to the defeat of his political structure by the returning warrior-king (Rev. 19:11-21+).”—Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 8-22 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1995), Rev. 18:1.

⁴⁸ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 172.

⁴⁹ Ibid., 174.

⁵⁰ Ibid., 218.

⁵¹ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 411.

⁵² Ibid., 810.

⁵³ Woods, What is the Identity of Babylon In Revelation 17-18?.

⁵⁴ Pink, The Antichrist, s.v. “Antichrist and Babylon.”

⁵⁵ Great is in the TR, but not the NU or MT text.

3.18 - Revelation 18

3.18.1 - Revelation 18:1 Open Bible at Rev. 18:1 Listen to Rev. 18:1

In the previous chapter, John was shown The Great Harlot who sits on many waters (Rev. 17:1+). She was identified as Babylon the Great (Rev. 17:5+) and that great city which reigns over the kings of the earth (Rev. 17:18+). The angel describes her relationship to the Beast with seven heads and ten horns upon which she rides. John is told that the Beast and the horns will hate her and be used of God to destroy her (Rev. 17:16+).

Having identified her relationship with the Beast and declared her impending demise, now John is shown her dramatic overthrow and complete destruction. The suddenness and completeness of her destruction is illustrated by the threefold lamentation of those who profited from her commercial luxury: kings of the earth (Rev. 18:9-10+), merchants of the earth (Rev. 18:11-17+), and seafarers (Rev. 18:17-19+). In contrast to their wailing over the loss of the city, heaven rejoices (Rev. 18:20+).

The Kings of the earth make this lament. The Merchants make it (Rev. 18:16+) : and the Mariners make it (Rev. 18:19+). In the first, the verbs introducing it are in the Future tense (Rev. 18:9+): in the second, in the Present (Rev. 18:11+), and in the third, the Past tense (Rev. 18:17+). It is as though a moving scene is passing before the eyes, while the interpreting angel explains it.¹

The destruction of Babylon described in this chapter bears much in common with the predicted destruction of Tyre in Ezekiel’s day (Eze. 26-28). Both cities are called harlots and known for their commercial splendor, shipping, and ungodly influence upon the surrounding nations. At their destruction, merchants who benefited from commercial contact with the city are grieved. The destruction of Tyre which Ezekiel predicted was initiated by Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon (the city destroyed in this chapter) and completed by Alexander the Great in 332 B.C.² An important commonality between the two cites is the empowerment of their respective kings by Satan (Isa. 14:4, 12; Eze. 28:2, 13-14; Rev. 13:2+).

It is important to grasp the essential unity between Revelation 17+ and 18+. Many interpreters are quick to identify the Harlot as a separate entity from the city while overlooking the many indications that a single Babylon is in view:

The last verse of chapter 17 closed it by giving the interpretation of the woman as being “that great city.” Though the woman is the first thing mentioned in that chapter, yet her interpretation is left till the end, so that the mention of the city may lead on to the account of its destruction, which is the subject of chapter 18.³

Chapter 18 contains the description of the previously announced “judgment” of the prostitute (Rev. 17:1+). It is important not to separate this chapter from the portrayal of the prostitute in chapter 17+, for there is no warrant for making the prostitute in chapter 17+ different from the city in chapter 18+ (cf. Rev. 17:18+).⁴

See One or Two Babylons?

After these things

Μετα ταῦτα [Meta tauta] , the frequently-encountered phrase which separates sections of John’s revelation. In a similar way that John was shown the bowls of wrath (Rev. 15+) prior to their pouring forth (Rev. 16+), he was shown the impending destruction of the Harlot Babylon in the previous chapter (Rev. 17+) prior to her actual destruction here (Rev. 18+).

another angel coming down from heaven

A different angel than the one who showed John the great harlot who is about to be judged (Rev. 17:1+). He comes on a mission from heaven, much like the mighty angel who came down from heaven with the little book and who stood on the sea and on the land to declare God’s intention to retake dominion of the earth (Rev. 10:1+).“Interpreters seem as anxious to make this, and other of the angels, to be the Lord Jesus, as they are to make all else to be the church. There is no occasion to go beyond the simple understanding of the words. This is no ordinary angel; for he was invested with great power and glory.”⁵ See commentary on Revelation 10:1.

the earth was illuminated with his glory

The glory of the mighty angel was so great that it shone down upon the earth. His brightness is an indication of his authority and high rank (Luke 2:9; Acts 12:7). It is a reflection of the glory of God Who appointed him to this task (Hab. 3:3-4; Rev. 21:23+). When the angel descends, the earth is full of moral darkness. The illumination of the earth by his glory presages the destruction of darkness and the introduction of light which will be the overthrow of Babylon and the introduction of the Millennial Kingdom (Isa. 60:1-3).

3.18.2 - Revelation 18:2 Open Bible at Rev. 18:2 Listen to Rev. 18:2

he cried mightily with a loud voice

The angel serves as a divine herald, announcing that which is about to take place. He signals that an event of great importance is about to transpire (Rev. 5:2+; 10:3+; 14:15+).

Babylon the great is fallen, is fallen

The word order is reversed in the Greek to emphasis her fall: It is fallen, it is fallen, Babylon the great. The time has finally arrived for the predicted destruction of Babylon to find fulfillment. Although aspects of Isaiah’s and Jeremiah’s prophecies concerning her destruction relate to the overthrow of Babylon by Persia in 539 B.C., her catastrophic and permanent destruction had not occurred until now. See Babylon’s Predicted Destruction.

Perhaps this is the same angel which flew forth earlier to declare Babylon’s destruction (Rev. 14:8+ cf. Isa. 21:9). Like the declaration of that angel, is fallen is ἔπεσεν [epesen] , prophetic aorist tense. The city’s fall is so certain and imminent it is described as if it has already been accomplished. See commentary on Revelation 14:8. Her destruction takes place as a result of the pouring forth of the seventh bowl of God’s wrath (Rev. 16:19+).

The city and the Harlot are given the same title: “Babylon the Great” (Rev. 17:4+). The Harlot is not some separate entity, but the city itself (Rev. 17:18+). See One or Two Babylons? She is called great because of her power and commercial splendor, but also because she thought herself to be great. She was built on pride (Isa. 13:19; Jer. 50:29; Dan. 4:30).

has become a dwelling place of demons, a prison for every foul spirit, and a cage for every unclean and hated bird

Has become is ἐγένετο [egeneto] , aorist tense. The angel describes her condition after her fall.⁶ Although foul spirits no doubt frequented Babylon prior to her destruction, this speaks of the incarceration of demons in prison as a result of the judgment.⁷ Dwelling place is κατοικητήριον [katoikētērion] , used to describe the corporate church as a dwelling place of God, a holy temple (Eph. 2:22). It indicates a place where residents settle down with the idea of a protracted residence.⁸ Foul and unclean are ἀκαθάρτου [akathartou] , meaning unclean—matching the character of the filthiness of the fornication of the Harlot (Rev. 17:2+) and the three unclean spirits which gathered the kings of the earth to the Campaign of Armageddon (Rev. 16:13+). Concerning foul spirit, see commentary on Revelation 16:13.

Certain birds were considered unclean according to the Mosaic Law (Lev. 11:13-19). In Scripture, birds—and especially unclean birds—often denote evil (Isa. 13:21; Zec. 5:9; Mat. 13:4, 19).

Prison and cage are φυλακὴ [phylakē] : “The place of guarding, prison. . . . The fallen city of Babylon becomes a φυλακὴ [phylakē] haunt for all kinds of unclean spirits and birds.”⁹ The same term describes the prison which Satan is released from at the end of the Millennial Kingdom (Rev. 20:7+). During the thousand years that Satan is bound in the abyss, he is unable to escape from his location. Thus, this speaks of a place of involuntary confinement, not merely a “haunt, den, [or] refuge.”¹⁰

In various passages concerning the ultimate destruction of Babylon, she is said to become a devastated wilderness (Isa. 13:21-22; 14:23; Jer. 50:39; 51:37). These passages make mention of various animals of the wilderness as an indication that she will remain uninhabited. Now, John is told at her destruction Babylon has become a dwelling place of demons, a prison for every foul [unclean] spirit. The declaration of the angel makes explicit that which was only hinted at in the OT use of certain terms describing the animals attending her destruction:

Therefore the wild desert beasts shall dwell there with the jackals, and the ostriches shall dwell in it. It shall be inhabited no more forever, nor shall it be dwelt in from generation to generation. (Jer. 50:39 cf. Jer. 51:37) [emphasis added]

Wild desert beasts (Jer. 50:39) is צִיִּים [ṣîyîm] : “A wild desert creature . . . specific identification is not known . . . some of these contexts may be a desert demon . . . a supernatural class of being that haunts the desert (Ps. 74:14).”¹¹

But wild beasts of the desert will lie there, and their houses will be full of owls; ostriches will dwell there, and wild goats will caper there. The hyenas will howl in their citadels, and jackals in their pleasant palaces. Her time is near to come, and her days will not be prolonged. (Isa. 13:21-22 cf. Isa. 14:23) [emphasis added]

Wild goats (Isa. 13:21) is שְׂעִירִים [śeʿîrîm] : “Satyr, may refer to a demon possessed goat like the swine of Gadara (Mat. 8:30-32).”¹² “Satyr, i.e., a spirit being that inhabits desolate areas (Isa. 13:21; 34:14).”¹³

The Hebrew word sāʿîr primarily meant a he-goat. In lower Egypt the goat was worshipped with abominable rites. The word is rendered “satyr” in two passages, Isaiah 13:21 and 34:14 (R.V. margin “hegoat”). In both places the Septuagint translates it daimonia, demons, and this gives the true indication of the evil spirits which inspired the particular worship carried on by the idolaters: “the things which the Gentiles sacrifice, they sacrifice to demons and not to God” (1Cor. 10:20). The word is translated “devils” (that is, demons) in KJV Leviticus 17:7 “they shall no more offer their sacrifices unto devils, after whom they have gone a whoring” . . . that is, to the evil spirits.¹⁴

It appears that both Babylon and Edom (Isa. 34:8-17) will be dwelling places for demons during the Millennial Kingdom:¹⁵

It is obvious that the animal inhabitants, as we know them, mentioned in Isa. 13:20-22 and Jer. 50:39-40, cannot live in a place of continual burning pitch and brimstone and so there cannot be literal animals. . . . This place of continual burning and smoke will be a place of confinement for many demons during the Kingdom period. . . . In fact, the Hebrew word translated wild goats refers to demons in goat form.¹⁶

Hated is μεμισημένου [memisēmenou] , a perfect tense passive participle, while having been hated. These demon spirits were hated in the past, but will now be confined to the region of Babylon. Thus, in the same way that Satan is bound so he is unable to interfere with the Millennial Kingdom, his fallen angels will also be incarcerated during the thousand-year reign of Messiah on earth.

Some Greek manuscripts include, and every unclean beast.¹⁷

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For all nations have drunk

The conjunction for, ὅτι [hoti] , indicates that the reason for her destruction is that which follows—her pollution of the global populace. Her pollution spans all aspects of culture: political, commercial, and religious. The first kingdom on earth was Babel under Nimrod. At that time, all people on earth spoke one language. With the introduction of languages, the people dispersed from Babel to form all the nations of the earth. In their dispersal, they carried forth the abominable practices of Babel. Since that time, all nations have been drinking her potion. See Babylon of Old. See commentary on Revelation 14:8.

the wine of the wrath of her fornication

Fornication is ἐπόρνευσαν [eporneusan] , which is related to πόρνης [pornēs] : harlot. The Harlot served the kings and inhabitants of the earth “wine of her fornication” (Rev. 17:2+). She made “all nations drink of the wine of the wrath of her fornication” (Rev. 14:8+). See commentary on Revelation 14:8.

the kings of the earth have committed fornication with her

The same was said of the Harlot (Rev. 17:2+). Her influence spans the full breadth and height of culture. The kings of the earth are singled out because of their great responsibility and influence over those they rule. She knew that by polluting the leaders, her influence over the people would be greatest. The city polluted the political realm.

the merchants of the earth

Merchants is ἔμποροι [emporoi] : “One who travels about for trading . . . wholesale dealer in contrast to a retailer.”¹⁸ The word emphasizes those who travel in merchandizing and is also used of a passenger on shipboard.¹⁹ It is derived from πορος [poros] , a journey.

The merchants are “the great men of the earth” (Rev. 18:23+), powerful magnates who use their great wealth to influence the affairs of the world to further their own power and interests. The city polluted the commercial realm. Throughout history, the boundary between kings and powerful merchants has been blurred. In our own day, perhaps more than in previous eras, wealthy heads of powerful multinational corporations may have greater influence over the affairs of the world than their publicly elected national counterparts (Isa. 23:8). While kings wield political power, merchants wield great financial power. With rare exception, world leadership has generally been immersed in a tangled web of political, religious, and commercial interests which are impossible to isolate from one another.

Such international magnates and financiers constitute, more often than not, the power behind the throne. Kings and presidents often attain and keep their authority by sufferance of those who finance their undertakings. In turn, these great men of the earth receive land grants and trade monopolies and tax loopholes and innumerable other favors from those whom they establish in political power, all to enrich themselves still further.²⁰

It has become an axiom that “corporations have no souls,” and upon this all great moneyed corporations act, though the men who constitute them will find out a different doctrine when they come to the day of judgment. And when it comes to these great and ever magnifying commercial compacts and interests, there is not a law of God or man which is not compelled to yield if found in the way. . . . If the question were ever pressed in these circles, What is truth? it would be hooted and laughed to scorn. The cry would be, “What have we to do with that? Let every one quietly enjoy his own opinions.” . . . Church is nothing, State is nothing, creed is nothing, Bible is nothing, Sunday is nothing, religious scruples are nothing, conscience is nothing, everything is practically nothing, except as it can be turned or used to the one great end of accumulation and wealth.²¹

have become rich

“Not only is Babylon to become the world political capital, it is also to become the world economic capital. This fact is portrayed in the vision of Zechariah 5:5-11.”²² See Back to Shinar. As with the city of Tyre, the merchants played a key role in her global influence because it was through the distribution of her merchandise that her affluence and power grew:

In their wailing for you they will take up a lamentation, and lament for you: ‘What city is like Tyre, destroyed in the midst of the sea?’ When your wares went out by sea, you satisfied many people; you enriched the kings of the earth with your many luxury goods and your merchandise. But you are broken by the seas in the depths of the waters; your merchandise and the entire company will fall in your midst. (Eze. 27:32-34)

the abundance of her luxury

Abundance is δυνάμεως [dynameōs] , literally strengths of her luxury. Luxury is στρήνους [strēnous] , which indicates a luxurious and sensuous way of life characterized by headstrong pride. She has a harlot’s forehead and refuses to be ashamed (Jer. 3:3 cf. Rev. 17:5+).

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Come out of her my people

In the rebellion of Israel against the authority of Moses, Moses and Aaron were told by God to “separate yourselves from among this congregation, that I may consume them in a moment” (Num. 16:21). The congregation of Israel was commanded to separate from the tents of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram before the earth opened up to swallow their families (Num. 16:26-34). Like Lot and his family who fled Sodom prior to its destruction (Gen. 19:12-15), the saints of the Tribulation period are urged to flee the city so as to avoid her physical judgment.

Go forth from Babylon! Flee from the Chaldeans! With a voice of singing, declare, proclaim this, utter it to the end of the earth; say, “The LORD has redeemed His servant Jacob!” (Isa. 48:20)

Move from the midst of Babylon, go out of the land of the Chaldeans; and be like the rams before the flocks. (Jer. 50:8)

Flee from the midst of Babylon, and every one save his life! Do not be cut off in her iniquity, for this is the time of the LORD’S vengeance; He shall recompense her. (Jer. 51:6)

We would have healed Babylon, but she is not healed. Forsake her, and let us go everyone to his own country; for her judgment reaches to heaven and is lifted up to the skies. (Jer. 51:9)

My people, go out of the midst of her! And let everyone deliver himself from the fierce anger of the LORD. (Jer. 51:45)

You who have escaped the sword, get away! Do not stand still! Remember the LORD afar off, and let Jerusalem come to your mind. (Jer. 51:50)

“Up, up! Flee from the land of the north,” says the Lord; “for I have spread you abroad like the four winds of heaven,” says the Lord. “Up, Zion! Escape, you who dwell with the daughter of Babylon.” (Zec. 2:6-7)²³

If the call to God’s people to come out of Babylon immediately precedes the time of destruction under the seventh bowl (Rev. 16:19+), then the requirement to take the mark of the Beast for commercial participation has already been imposed (cf. Rev. 16:2+). Since it is impossible to take the mark and be among the elect of God (Rev. 14:9-11+; 17:8+), those saints which are in Babylon at this time are “underground.” They will be unable to obtain support except by the black market and must remain in hiding because they lack the mark (Rev. 13:15+).²⁴

If the warning occurs before the pouring forth of the first bowl (Rev. 16:2+), then the mark of the Beast may not have been instituted yet and the saints in the city have probably been drawn there to participate in the city’s commercial prosperity. Like Lot at the gates of Sodom, they unwisely linger and dabble in their ungodly surroundings.

This should not be interpreted as a general command for believers to physically separate from all who practice sin:

I wrote to you in my epistle not to keep company with sexually immoral people. Yet I certainly did not mean with the sexually immoral people of this world, or with the covetous, or extortioners, or idolaters, since then you would need to go out of the world. But now I have written to you not to keep company with anyone named a brother, who is sexually immoral, or covetous, or an idolater, or a reviler, or a drunkard, or an extortioner—not even to eat with such a person. (1Cor. 5:9-11)

This verse is readily abused in the hands of legalistic shepherds who use it as a tool to manipulate their flock in an attempt to control every aspect of their lives. This illustrates one of the dangers of taking passages out of context and spiritualizing their meaning. This verse concerns the Tribulation period and the physical destruction of the literal city of Babylon. It does not concern a legalistic separation of the believer today from all forms of commercial involvement.

While these words have a real application to the believer to come forth to Jesus outside the spiritual Babylon—ecclesiasticism, Nicolaitanism and the false promises of “mystery” Babylon in its various forms; yet the particular interpretation of the words is not to the saints, who will have been raptured before this call goes forth. The call to “come forth” from this great commercial Sodom of the last days—rebuilt Babylon, is evidently issued to those individuals living in or doing business in that capital of the Antichrist in the last days.²⁵

lest you share in her sins

Lest you share is συγκοινωνήσητε [synkoinōnēsēte] , lest you all take part in or take a sympathetic interest in.²⁶ The same term is used when Paul writes to the Ephesian church not to have fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness (Eph. 5:11) and when he commends the Philippian church because they shared in his distress (Php. 4:14). It is a compound word combining the concepts of fellowship and together with.

The saints are not to isolate themselves from the world (1Cor. 5:9-11). For how else can evangelization take place? Yet, while being in the world, they are not to be of the world—joining themselves with those who practice lawlessness:

Do not be unequally yoked together with unbelievers. For what fellowship has righteousness with lawlessness? And what communion has light with darkness? And what accord has Christ with Belial? Or what part has a believer with an unbeliever? And what agreement has the temple of God with idols? For you are the temple of the living God. As God has said: “I will dwell in them and walk among them. I will be their God, and they shall be My people.” (2Cor. 6:14-16)

The saints who are in Babylon at the time of the end are at great risk of taking part in or having sympathetic interest in her sins.²⁷

lest you receive of her plagues

The plagues she is to receive are primarily her burning and destruction as related in this chapter.

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her sins have reached to heaven

Although each and every evil deed of history is known to God, there comes a time where the number and magnitude of sins reaches a point where God is forced, by His righteous character, to intervene. When this occurs, sin is said to gain His attention in a special way. The voice of Abel’s blood cried out to God from the ground (Gen. 4:10). The outcry against Sodom and Gomorrah reached up to God (Gen. 18:20-21; 19:13). Nineveh’s wickedness came up before the LORD (Jonah 1:2). Particularly heinous acts are said to reach up to heaven (2Chr. 28:9). As guilt compounds, it is said to grow up to the heavens (Ezra 9:6).

In the establishment of Babel, the people had attempted to make themselves a name by constructing a tower which reached to heaven (Gen. 11:4). Instead, they had been dispersed. Now they have built a new tower reaching to heaven—a tower of sin. As her sin is so great it reaches to heaven, so is her judgment: “We would have healed Babylon, but she is not healed. Forsake her, and let us go everyone to his own country; for her judgment reaches to heaven and is lifted up to the skies” (Jer. 51:9).

God has remembered her iniquities

Not that God could forget a single one of her iniquities, but that He now considers the sum total of their weight and the need to respond in righteous judgment. As the iniquity of the Amorites finally reached its full height (Gen. 15:16), the guilt of Babylon now requires God’s intervention in order to be true to His righteous character. “And great Babylon was remembered before God, to give her the cup of the wine of the fierceness of His wrath” (Rev. 16:19+). Babylon had thought her wickedness would not be taken into account: “You have said, ‘No one sees me’ ” (Isa. 47:10).

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Render to her just as she rendered to you

Render is ἀπόδοτε [apodote] , plural imperative, you all give back to her! Who is this command given to?

According to Rev. 17:16-17+, it is the false Christ and his allies who will destroy Babylon in compliance with the overarching purpose of God. Further confirmation of this conclusion surfaces in noting that the result of the judgment is the same in both chapters: the burning of the city (Rev. 17:16+; 18:8+, 9+, 18+). . . . God puts into the hearts of these enemies to do what they do, so it appears wisest to connect the city’s burning in chapter 18+ with that in chapter 17+.²⁸

The NU text and several MT manuscripts omit to you. The unnamed recipients of what she rendered is probably the whole earth. This is supported by the realization that she has rendered to her enemies throughout history (Rev. 18:24+). See commentary on Revelation 17:16.

She rendered, is αὐτὴ ἀπέδωκεν [autē apedōken] , she, she gave out. The addition of the pronoun in addition to the implicit pronoun found in the verb form emphasizes her bad behavior. Her judgment is based on the law of retribution, not undertaken by the saints, but by God. “O daughter of Babylon, who are to be destroyed, happy the one who repays you as you have served us!” (Ps. 137:8). “Take vengeance on her. As she has done, so do to her” (Jer. 50:15b). “Repay her according to her work; according to all she has done, do to her” (Jer. 50:29b). “As Babylon has caused the slain of Israel to fall, so at Babylon the slain of all the earth shall fall” (Jer. 51:49).

repay her double according to her works

Under the Law of Moses, restitution of thievery involved interest of 100%—the thief was required to pay double what was stolen (Ex. 22:4). Even Jerusalem received double for all her sins from the LORD’s hand in judgment (Isa. 61:7; Jer. 16:18). When Jeremiah prayed for judgment of his enemies, he asked God to “bring on them the day of doom, and destroy them with double destruction!” (Jer. 17:18).

Jeremiah calls Babylon, מְרָתַיִם [merāṯayim] , meaning double rebellion (Jer. 50:21):

This word, which is formed by the prophet in a manner analogous to Mizraim, and perhaps also Aram Naharaim, means “double rebellion,” or “double obstinacy.” It comes from the root מָרָה [mārâ] , “to be rebellious” against Jahveh and His commandments.²⁹

in the cup which she has mixed, mix double for her

Having served her cup to the nations, she will now drink from her own cup and suffer derangement at her own hand. “Your wisdom and your knowledge have warped you . . . You are wearied in the multitude of your counsels; let now the astrologers, the stargazers, and the monthly prognosticators stand up and save you from what shall come upon you” [emphasis added] (Isa. 47:10-12). See commentary on Revelation 14:10. See commentary on Revelation 17:4.

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she glorified herself and lived luxuriously

She boasted in her own glory, saying “I shall be a lady forever” (Isa. 47:7) and “I am and there is no one else besides me” (Isa. 47:8, 10). God calls her “O most haughty one!” (Jer. 50:31). Her pride was also the sin of Nineveh (Zep. 2:15). She lived luxuriously is ἐστρηνίασεν [estrēniasen] , she luxuriated, lived sensually. The term has been used of bulls running wild³⁰ and includes the idea of revelry.³¹ “Having thrown off any semblance of self-control or self-restraint, sinners will indulge in a wild materialistic orgy. Like those in ancient Babylon, they will be partying when their city is destroyed (cf. Dan. 5:1-30).”³² Her excess contributed to her delusion of independence from God (Ps. 73:3; Luke 9:25). She mistook her abundance as an indication of blessing (Jer. 44:17-18).

Throughout history the petty kingdoms and empires built by proud, arrogant, God-rejecting rebels have come and gone. The spirit of humanism first expressed at Babel has permeated human history ever since. Unshakably optimistic despite centuries of war, slaughter, injustice, and cruelty, people still seek a utopia, to be brought about by humanity’s upward scientific progress. Having taken control (so they think) of their own destiny through science, sinners have no use for God and haughtily replace Him as self-styled gods devoted to their own sovereignty.³³

I sit as queen

Sit is κάθημαι [kathēmai] , present tense, I am presently seated as queen. She believes she is queen because she reigns over the kings of the earth (Rev. 17:18+). She sits on the Beast with seven heads and ten horns (Rev. 17:3+).

Come down and sit in the dust, O virgin daughter of Babylon; sit on the ground without a throne, O daughter of the Chaldeans! For you shall no more be called tender and delicate. Take the millstones and grind meal. Remove your veil, take off the skirt, uncover the thigh, pass through the rivers. Your nakedness shall be uncovered, yes, your shame will be seen; I will take vengeance, and I will not arbitrate with a man. As for our Redeemer, the LORD of hosts is His name, The Holy One of Israel. Sit in silence, and go into darkness, O daughter of the Chaldeans; for you shall no longer be called The Lady of Kingdoms. (Isa. 47:1-5)

am no widow and will not see sorrow

Her haughty boastfulness is so great that she believes herself to be immune from God’s judgment. Not is the double negative, οὐ μὴ [ou mē] , the strongest negation possible. She is absolutely convinced she will not see sorrow for her ways. She believes she is secure:

Therefore hear this now, you who are given to pleasures, who dwell securely, who say in your heart, ‘I am, and there is no one else beside me; I shall not sit as a widow, nor shall I know the loss of children’; but these two things shall come to you in a moment, in one day: the loss of children, and widowhood. (Isa. 47:8-9a)

The loss of her children may refer to the judgment of her daughter harlots (Rev. 17:5+) when the cities of the nations fall as part of the seventh bowl judgment under which she herself is destroyed (Rev. 16:19+).

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her plagues will come in one day

When her judgment finally comes, it will be swift and decisive (Isa. 47:9, 11; Rev. 18:9+, 10+, 17+, 19+). See Babylon’s Predicted Destruction.

The suddenness and completeness of Babylon’s judgment and disappearance from the face of the earth is the one prominent feature of this prophecy: and it effectually proves that it has not yet taken place. For Jehovah’s prophecies are far too accurate and particular for this suddenness and completeness to be fulfilled by the gradual decay of old Babylon, the site and ruins and remains of which are still to be seen in the land of Shinar.³⁴

“She shall be burned with fire” (ἐν πυρὶ κατακαυθήσεταὶ [en pyri katakauthēsetai] ) corresponds closely to the κατακαύσουσιν ἐν πυρί [katakausousin en pyri] of Rev. 17:16+ and must be the same destruction.³⁵

she will be utterly burned with fire

Like Sodom and Gomorrah, Babylon will be destroyed by fire (Isa. 13:19-20; 47:14; Jer. 50:40; 51:58; Rev. 18:9+). Her burning is complete and final: “Her smoke rises up forever and ever!” (Rev. 19:3+).The Beast and the ten kings of the end will assist in her destruction (Rev. 17:16+). See The Destruction of Babylon.

for strong is the Lord God who judges her

Thus says the LORD of hosts: “The children of Israel were oppressed, along with the children of Judah; all who took them captive have held them fast; they have refused to let them go. Their Redeemer is strong; the LORD of hosts is His name. He will thoroughly plead their case, that He may give rest to the land, and disquiet the inhabitants of Babylon.” (Jer. 50:33-34) [emphasis added]

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the kings of the earth who committed fornication and lived luxuriously with her will weep and lament

Will lament is κόψονται [kopsontai] , they themselves will beat their breasts in anguish and mourning.

Interpreters who take The Great Harlot as being different from the city Babylon take the destruction of the city described here as a separate destruction from that of the Harlot in the previous chapter (Rev. 17:16+). They understand the remorse of the kings of the earth described here as denoting the kings who give their authority to the Beast:

These are the seven kings who have co-reigned with the Antichrist and submitted their authority to the Antichrist, the king of Babylon. Whatever power or authority they held, was held by the grace of Babylon. Seeing their authority waning with Babylon’s destruction, they will lament the swiftness of the judgment. They will be able to see the smoke of Babylon afar off, for they will see it from the Valley of Jezreel in Israel.³⁶

We believe the distinction between The Great Harlot and the city to be arbitrary and that the text identifies the Harlot as the city. See One or Two Babylons?. Since Scripture records that the city will be hated and made desolate by the Beast and his kings (Rev. 17:16-18+), the kings who bemoan her destruction are not those allied with the beast, but other kings of the earth which Scripture mentions at the time of the end (Rev. 16:12-14+; 17:2+; 18:3+, 7+; 19:18-19+).³⁷

We have before noted that “the ten kings” are never seen apart from the Beast; and “the kings of the earth” are never seen apart from Babylon. It is the former who hate and burn Babylon; it is the latter who weep and wail over her. In both chapters (Rev. 17+ and 18+) the city is called “Babylon the great.” God and man both so call her. This great city cannot be separated from her own corrupt religion. They must be connected together, just as chapters 17+ and 18+ are connected; and yet distinguished as they are there distinguished.³⁸

See commentary on Revelation 17:16.

when they see the smoke of her burning

Since they will weep and lament at the time of her destruction, these are kings which exist at the time of the end (see above). Her destruction is permanent: “Her smoke rises up forever and ever!” (Rev. 19:3+ cf. Isa. 34:10; Jer. 51:32).

3.18.10 - Revelation 18:10 Open Bible at Rev. 18:10 Listen to Rev. 18:10

standing at a distance

Her burning will be visible by her kings, merchants, and shipmasters who stand off at a distance (Rev. 18:10+, 15+, 17+).

Alas, alas

“The English word ‘alas’ only partly conveys the feeling in the Greek ouai, the very sound of which bespeaks grief and terror. It is the same word translated ‘woe’ elsewhere (as in Revelation 8:13+).”³⁹ Her luxurious wealth and position as a center of trade had made them rich, but now it was all gone (Rev. 18:16+, 19+). Their lamentation reflects their sorrow over the loss of their own self-interests rather than the city itself.

that great city Babylon, that mighty city!

The depth of her destruction is magnified by the height which she appeared to have attained prior to her fall. See commentary on Revelation 18:2.

For in one hour your judgment has come

The conjunction for, ὅτι [hoti] , indicates the reason for their outburst: her destruction was so sudden and complete. She had appeared to be so mighty, virtually unassailable, yet now she had been suddenly devastated and brought down to nothing. See Babylon’s Predicted Destruction.

3.18.11 - Revelation 18:11 Open Bible at Rev. 18:11 Listen to Rev. 18:11

the merchants of the earth will weep and mourn

Both verbs are present tense, they are weeping and they are mourning, as if John is seeing them as they weep.

for no one buys their merchandise

Merchandise is γόμον [gomon] , indicating a cargo or “freight load of goods.”⁴⁰ Not only was Babylon a great consumer of luxury goods, she also served as a center of trade. Commercialism is a key contributor to the materialism and godlessness which characterize the city at the end. Although material goods are not inherently evil, an abundance of material wealth often contributes to covetousness and idolatry. As people turn their attention increasingly towards making money and obtaining goods, they neglect the more important things of God. In her destruction, God will destroy the idols of commercialism and materialism. Tyre had suffered a similar judgment (Eze. 27:27).

The merchants are like the church at Laodicea, whom the Lord threatened to vomit out of His mouth “because you say, ‘I am rich and have become wealthy, and have need of nothing’—and do not know that you are wretched, miserable, poor, blind, and naked” (Rev. 3:17+). See commentary on Revelation 3:17.

Happy is the man who finds wisdom, and the man who gains understanding; for her proceeds are better than the profits of silver, and her gain than fine gold. She is more precious than rubies, and all the things you may desire cannot compare with her. Length of days is in her right hand, in her left hand riches and honor. Her ways are ways of pleasantness, and all her paths are peace. She is a tree of life to those who take hold of her, and happy are all who retain her. (Pr. 3:13-18)

3.18.12 - Revelation 18:12 Open Bible at Rev. 18:12 Listen to Rev. 18:12

merchandise of gold and silver, precious stones and pearls, fine linen and purple, silk and scarlet

The Harlot wears the same merchandise found in the city, she is “arrayed in purple and scarlet, and adorned with gold and precious stones and pearls” (Rev. 17:4+). The city is said to be clothed with this merchandise. She wears the attire of the Harlot: “clothed in fine linen, purple, and scarlet, and adorned with gold and precious stones and pearls” (Rev. 18:16+).Babylon is perhaps the most wealthy city of the world at this time. See commentary on Revelation 17:4.

The articles divide themselves into seven categories: (1) precious wares (gold, silver, precious stones, pearls); (2) materials of rich attire (fine linen, purple, silk, scarlet); (3) materials for costly furniture (all thyine wood, every vessel of ivory, of most precious wood, brass, iron, marble); (4) precious spices (cinnamon, spice, incense, ointment, frankincense); (5) articles of food (wine, oil, fine flour, wheat); (6) merchandise for agricultural and domestic uses (cattle, sheep, horses, chariots); (7) traffic in men (bodies, the souls of men) (Lee). John drew the list from items known in his day, not from the future time depicted in the prophecy (Alford).⁴¹

3.18.13 - Revelation 18:13 Open Bible at Rev. 18:13 Listen to Rev. 18:13

chariots

Chariots is ῥεδῶν [hredōn] : “Chariot, carriage, wagon, a four-wheeled carriage for traveling.”⁴²

wine and oil

These two items were singled out for protection in the famine attending the opening of the third seal. See Revelation 6:6.

bodies and souls of men

Bodies and souls of men is σωμάτων καὶ ψυχὰς ἀνθρώπων [sōmatōn kai psychas anthrōpōn] . This undoubtedly refers to the age-old practice of slavery which will not be abolished until the Millennial Kingdom (Ex. 21:16; Deu. 24:7; 28:68; Ne. 5:4-8; 1Ti. 1:10).⁴³ “ ‘Bodies’ (sōmata) is a Greek idiom for slaves (cf. LXX of Gen. 36:6), while ‘souls of men’ (psychas) means essentially the same as bodies (slaves). Thus the whole expression means ‘slaves, that is, human beings.’ ”⁴⁴ “The καὶ [kai] separating the two expressions is ascensive, meaning ‘even,’ as frequently in this book, and the second expression is a restatement of sōmatōn.”⁴⁵ Tyre had also traded in slaves: “Javan, Tubal, and Meshech were your traders. They bartered human lives and vessels of bronze for your merchandise” (Eze. 27:13). Such traffic could include related practices such as prostitution, where men and women “barter their bodies and souls for some trifle, something that at best can afford but a momentary satisfaction.”⁴⁶

The international traffic in forced prostitution, both of men and women, is a tragic but financially lucrative business of modern times and will undoubtedly become even bigger in the evil days ahead. These vice barons are particularly venomous “great men” of the earth, not only amassing great wealth for themselves, but destroying both the “bodies and souls” of the hapless girls and boys who come under their control.⁴⁷

3.18.14 - Revelation 18:14 Open Bible at Rev. 18:14 Listen to Rev. 18:14

The fruit that your soul longed for

Literally, the fruit of the lust of the soul of you. They had coveted commercial goods which God had now destroyed.

Do not love the world or the things in the world. If anyone loves the world, the love of the Father is not in him. For all that is in the world—the lust of the flesh, the lust of the eyes, and the pride of life—is not of the Father but is of the world. And the world is passing away, and the lust of it; but he who does the will of God abides forever (1Jn. 2:15-17).

the things which are rich and splendid

Things which are rich is λιπαρὰ [lipara] , oily, fat luxurious things. Things which are splendid is λαμπρὰ [lampra] , bright, shining, glittering things. These items indicate great emphasis upon self-gratification and sensual living which feeds the flesh:

But know this, that in the last days perilous times will come: for men will be lovers of themselves, lovers of money, boasters, proud, blasphemers, disobedient to parents, unthankful, unholy, unloving, unforgiving, slanderers, without self-control, brutal, despisers of good, traitors, headstrong, haughty, lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God. (2Ti. 3:1-4) [emphasis added]

you shall find them no more at all

οὐκέτι οῦ μὴ αὐτὰ εὑρήσουσιν [ouketi ou mē auta heurēsousin] , no longer, no not they shall be found. The double-negative, οὐ μὴ [ou mē] , combined with no longer (οὐκέτι [ouketi] ) strongly emphasizes the impossibility of ever finding these commercial items in her any more. This hints at the manner of her destruction which is permanent and irreversible.

3.18.15 - Revelation 18:15 Open Bible at Rev. 18:15 Listen to Rev. 18:15

The merchants of these things, who became rich by her

Her lusting after luxuries provided the stream of revenue by which the merchants became rich (Rev. 18:3+, 11+).

will stand at a distance for fear of her torment, weeping and wailing

The merchants have no heartfelt pity over the city and her destruction. Their concern and lamentation derives entirely from their own self-interest. Their self-preservation explains both their standing at a distance and their lamentation. For it is their loss of revenue and commercial exchange which causes their sorrow, not the countless lives or devastation associated with the fall of the city. “Your merchants from your youth; they shall wander each one to his quarter. No one shall save you” (Isa. 47:15).

3.18.16 - Revelation 18:16 Open Bible at Rev. 18:16 Listen to Rev. 18:16

that great city

See commentary on Revelation 18:2.

that was clothed

Babylon was called “the golden city” (Isa. 14:4) and was the head of gold on the image in Nebuchadnezzar’s dream (Dan. 2:38). See Nebuchadnezzar’s Dream and Daniel’s Vision. The Harlot wears the same clothing (Rev. 17:4+) and bears the same title (Rev. 17:18+). See commentary on Revelation 17:4. See One or Two Babylons?.

3.18.17 - Revelation 18:17 Open Bible at Rev. 18:17 Listen to Rev. 18:17

in one hour

The merchants repeat the same lamentation as the kings concerning the suddenness of her destruction. See commentary on Revelation 18:10.

came to nothing

Came to nothing is ἠρημώθη [ērēmōthē] : “Be brought to ruin, become desolate, be devastated.”⁴⁸ The same word is translated, desolate in Revelation 18:19+. The manner of her destruction matches that of the Harlot (Rev. 17:16+). She will be destroyed in such a way as to be eternally uninhabitable. See Babylon’s Predicted Destruction.

Every shipmaster

Like the ships of Tarshish at the loss of Tyre, those who make their living by the sea will wail over Babylon’s destruction (Isa. 23:14; Eze. 27:27-36). Like the kings (Rev. 18:10+) and the merchants (Rev. 18:15+), the mariners will keep their distance from the destruction of the city which is visible at a distance.

Although Babylon on the Euphrates is not directly on the coast, the Euphrates is navigable for many miles:⁴⁹

Rawlinson [Herodotus, i. 512] speaks of the Euphrates as being navigable for ships for some 500 miles from its mouth. And with little effort could be made available for ships of large size.⁵⁰

Today these two streams [the Tigris and the Euphrates] are joined together and flow as one river, the Shatt el-Arab, 190 km (120 mi) to the gulf, where the water is deep enough for warships.⁵¹

There are a number of possible ways that commercial shipping could reach a rebuilt Babylon:

Improvements to the Euphrates - Sections of the Euphrates are dredged and otherwise improved so that ships from the gulf can directly navigate the approximately 370 miles upriver to Babylon.

Shuttle from the Gulf - Large ships anchor in the Persian gulf where cargo is transferred to shallow-draft barges which transport goods upriver to Babylon.

Land Transport - Ships make port at the seacoast and their cargo is transported by rail to Babylon. The port itself serves a strictly secondary role to the magnificent city upriver. The nautical emphasis in this chapter seems against this suggestion, although it must be noted that all the text requires is that Babylon be a major center of shipping. It does not require that ships make their way to dockside in downtown Babylon.

The prominence given to shipping in this passage provides evidence against identifying Babylon as Rome:⁵²

Rome was not a major seaport or trading city. Rome was never a great city of commerce described in Revelation 18+. Revelation 18:17+ actually fits Babylon better than Rome because Rome had no seaport. . . . Revelation 18:17-18+ which describes those who make their living from the sea standing a far off and wailing at the sight of Babylon’s destruction, fits well with the geography of Babylon on the Euphrates. In ancient times, the Euphrates was navigable for ships for some 500 miles from its mouth.⁵³

It is perfectly well known that Rome was never either “great” or commercial. It is no Port; and no “shipmaster” goes thither. . . . if Rome be the city, Rome must yet become the great political and religious centre; with port and harbour. And it is quite as difficult to believe in this revival of Rome, as to believe in the revival of Babylon.⁵⁴

See Babylon is Rome?

3.18.18 - Revelation 18:18 Open Bible at Rev. 18:18 Listen to Rev. 18:18

the smoke of her burning

See commentary on Revelation 18:8.

this great city

See commentary on Revelation 18:10.

3.18.19 - Revelation 18:19 Open Bible at Rev. 18:19 Listen to Rev. 18:19

they threw dust on their heads

An action indicating great mourning and grief over loss (Jos. 7:6; 1S. 4:12; Lam. 2:10; Eze. 27:30). Here, the loss is their commercial market.

that great city

See commentary on Revelation 18:10.

in which all who had ships on the sea became rich by her wealth

Like the kings who had lived luxuriously with her (Rev. 18:9+) and the merchants who had become wealthy by her (Rev. 18:15+), those who made a living by shipping had become wealthy. She is a great center of commerce and a major destination for shipping. See commentary on Revelation 18:17.

in one hour

The mariners repeat the same lamentation as the kings (Rev. 18:10+) and the merchants (Rev. 18:17+) concerning the suddenness of her destruction. See commentary on Revelation 18:10. This threefold pattern of lamentation is intended to indicate the completeness of her destruction. See Three: Life, Resurrection, Completeness, the Trinity.

she is made desolate

See commentary on Revelation 18:17. See Babylon’s Predicted Destruction.

3.18.20 - Revelation 18:20 Open Bible at Rev. 18:20 Listen to Rev. 18:20

Rejoice over her, O heaven and you holy apostles and prophets

Rejoice is εὐφραίνου [euphrainou] , an imperative command, you all be glad! Heaven rejoiced when the devil and his angels were cast out (Rev. 12:12+). Jeremiah prophesied that in the day that God destroyed Babylon “the heavens and the earth and all that is in them shall sing joyously over Babylon” (Jer. 51:48). The MT and NU texts have saints and apostles instead of holy apostles.

The apostles and prophets, leaders of the saints of all ages, who have, themselves, borne the brunt of the world’s hatred, are given special prominence in the rejoicing. . . . Take Paul for an example. He pointed out that he and the other apostles had been chosen by God for special sufferings [1Cor. 4:9-13].⁵⁵

God has avenged you on her

Has avenged you on her is ἔκρινεν ὁ θεὸς τὸ κρίμα ὑμῶν ἐξ αὐτῆς [ekrinen ho theos to krima hymōn ex autēs] , God has judged the judgment of you against her. “God has pronounced on her the judgment she wished to impose on you.”⁵⁶ A great multitude in heaven rejoices at the destruction of The Great Harlot which is said to be God’s vengeance of “the blood of His servants shed by her” (Rev. 19:2+). She is “drunk with the blood of the saints and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus” (Rev. 17:6+) because “in her was found the blood of prophets and saints, and of all who were slain on the earth” (Rev. 18:24+). This is God’s answer to the prayers of the martyrs revealed at the opening of the fifth seal (Rev. 6:10+) and the prayers offered upon the altar of incense prior to the trumpet judgments (Rev. 8:3-4+).

The song which Moses taught Israel prior to crossing into the Promised Land ends with the promise of God’s vengeance concerning the spilled blood of His servants: “Rejoice, O Gentiles, with His people; for He will avenge the blood of His servants, and render vengeance to His adversaries; He will provide atonement for His land and His people” (Deu. 32:43). As Jesus said in his parable of the unjust judge, “And shall God not avenge His own elect who cry out day and night to Him, though He bears long with them? I tell you that He will avenge them speedily” (Luke 18:7-8a).

3.18.21 - Revelation 18:21 Open Bible at Rev. 18:21 Listen to Rev. 18:21

a mighty angel

The appearance of a mighty angel indicates an important declarative action is to follow. A strong angel asked who was worthy to open the scroll (Rev. 5:2+). A mighty angel stood upon the sea and the land to proclaim the dominion of God in retaking the earth (Rev. 10:1+).

took up a great millstone and threw it into the sea

The angel now reenacts the declaration which Jeremiah told Seraiah to speak over the city thousands of years before:

So Jeremiah wrote in a book all the evil that would come upon Babylon, all these words that are written against Babylon. And Jeremiah said to Seraiah, “When you arrive in Babylon and see it, and read all these words, then you shall say, ‘O LORD, You have spoken against this place to cut it off, so that none shall remain in it, neither man nor beast, but it shall be desolate forever.’ Now it shall be, when you have finished reading this book, that you shall tie a stone to it and throw it out into the Euphrates. Then you shall say, ‘Thus Babylon shall sink and not rise from the catastrophe that I will bring upon her. And they shall be weary.’ ” Thus far are the words of Jeremiah. (Jer. 51:60-64) [emphasis added]

Jeremiah’s declaration is another evidence which points to Babylon of the end being the literal city reconstructed on the banks of the Euphrates. For Seraiah was sent to the literal city in order to declare a literal judgment over her. The judgment he read has never been fulfilled in history (see Babylon’s Historic Fall). At the time of the end, the words of God regarding the city, as written by Jeremiah and declared by Seraiah, will find their ultimate fulfillment in the destruction of the rebuilt city of old. See Babylon is Babylon!.

Every word is employed to impress us with its suddenness and completeness. And inasmuch as all other fulfilled prophecies have been fulfilled to the very letter; and Babylon, though fallen gradually, and very low, has never suffered such a destruction. There is only one conclusion . . . it will be revived, and exceed all its former magnificence.⁵⁷

Jesus alluded to Jeremiah’s predicted destruction of Babylon when he taught about the gravity of “causing one of these little ones who believe in Me to sin” (Mat. 18:6; Mark 9:42; Luke 17:2).

Thus with violence

The angel’s actions demonstrate the severity and finality of Babylon’s destruction.

the great city

The angel parodies her boastful title when announcing her destruction. She considered herself great, nevertheless she will be completely overthrown. See commentary on Revelation 18:10.

shall not be found anymore

Shall not be found anymore is οὐ μὴ εὑρεθῆι ἔτι [ou mē heurethē eti] , no not it should be found still. The double-negative emphasizes her utter and permanent destruction. A similar prediction attended the destruction of Tyre (Eze. 26:18).

3.18.22 - Revelation 18:22 Open Bible at Rev. 18:22 Listen to Rev. 18:22

The sound of harpists . . .

Various occupations within the city are listed together with an indication that they will no longer be found. This harmonizes with Babylon’s Predicted Destruction which indicates she will be perpetually uninhabited. The diversity of occupations also indicates the impossibility of escape—the destruction will fall on all classes of people alike (cf. Isa. 24:1-2). Thus, the saints are instructed to escape the city to avoid her plagues (Rev. 18:4+). Musicians may be listed first as an intentional contrast to the resounding praise from heaven over her destruction. The tumultuous praise in heaven correlates with the deathly silence in Babylon below (Rev. 19:1-4+). Similar results attend the destruction of Tyre (Eze. 26:13).

No craftsman . . . and the sound of a millstone

Not only will there be no entertainment or rejoicing, there will be no more industry. Craftsman is τεχνίτης [technitēs] , related to our word technician: “A skilled workman craftsman, artisan . . . architect.”⁵⁸

shall not be heard, shall not be found

In each of these phrases, the double negative, οὐ μὴ [ou mē] , emphasizes the certainty of the declaration.

3.18.23 - Revelation 18:23 Open Bible at Rev. 18:23 Listen to Rev. 18:23

the voice of bridegroom and bride

The voice of bridegroom and bride attends normalcy and stability (Mat. 24:38). There would be nothing approaching normalcy nor any future for Babylon.

shall not shine, shall not be heard

In each of these phrases, the double negative, οὐ μὴ [ou mē] , appears emphasizing the permanence of the declarations.

your merchants were the great men of the earth

See commentary on Revelation 18:3.

for by your sorcery all the nations were deceived

Sorcery is φαρμακείᾳ [pharmakeia] . This term describes “sorcery, magic, . . . magic arts”⁵⁹ and includes “the use of drugs of any kind for magical effect.”⁶⁰ Isaiah lists her sorceries: enchantments, astrology, star-gazing, and monthly prognostication (Isa. 47:12-13).⁶¹ It is because of the multitude of her sorceries that her destruction has come (Isa. 47:9 cf. Nineveh, Nah. 3:3).⁶² Her magical arts were employed in the deception of the nations at the direction of the master deceiver, Satan (Rev. 12:9+). He empowered the beast upon which she rode (Rev. 13:2+; Rev. 17:3+). The city is like Jezebel: having known “the depths of Satan” (Rev. 2:24+ cf. 2K. 9:22).⁶³ Those who practice sorcery “have their part in the lake which burns with fire and brimstone” (Rev. 21:8+) and never enter the New Jerusalem (Rev. 22:15+).⁶⁴ See commentary on Revelation 9:21.

3.18.24 - Revelation 18:24 Open Bible at Rev. 18:24 Listen to Rev. 18:24

in her was found the blood of prophets and saints and of all who were slain on the earth

Who were slain is ἐσφαγμένων [esphagmenōn] , perfect passive participle, ones having been violently murdered.⁶⁵ The city is guilty of great religious persecution. She is identical to the Harlot, who drinks the blood of the saints (Rev. 17:6+). See One or Two Babylons? Since she is the mother of all harlots (Rev. 17:5+), the blood of the godly shed by all her daughter harlots is put to her account. One such daughter harlot was Jerusalem in the days of Jesus (Luke 11:47-51; Acts 7:52; 1Th. 2:15). Many other daughter harlots have been birthed from her. At the bottom of her cup (Rev. 17:6+) is the blood of Abel (Gen. 4:10). Her cup continues to fill this very hour. See commentary on Revelation 17:6.

So far as this present world is concerned, the general verdict of mankind, sustained by the great current of human history for 6,000 years is against the faith and testimonies of the saints, apostles, and prophets of God. To the general population of the earth their profession stands branded as mere hallucination and lies. But at last their vindication comes. When the vaunted wisdom, and progress, and experiments of unregenerate man are consummated, and there is nothing to show from it but a valley of burning cinders and desolation, with the whole earth from highest kings to meanest subjects howling in helpless lamentations, terror, and despair, history will have added its seal to all that the saints, apostles, and prophets have said and maintained. Then will their judgment have been judged out of that world which despised and persecuted them, and spurned their hated pessimism for more flattering philosophies.⁶⁶

Notes

¹ E. W. Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1984, 1935), Rev. 18:10.

² Charles Feinberg, The Prophecy of Ezekiel: The Glory of the Lord (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1969), 150.

³ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 18:1.

⁴ Alan F. Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), Rev. 18:1.

⁵ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 18:1.

⁶ Many commentators miss the importance of the aorist tense here: “One has only to walk down the main streets of a great city like New York or London to see the aptness of such a description. Lust is unbridled and tens of thousands of girls each year go on their way to prostitution.”—Donald Grey Barnhouse, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1971), 337. Similarly: “The first cause given for Babylon’s destruction is that she has become a dwelling place of demons and a prison of every unclean spirit.”—John MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 2000), Rev. 18:1. Yet the angel is not describing the condition of the city before its fall, but afterwards, as is made plain by the parallel passages in Isaiah and Jeremiah which describe her demonized condition as the result of her destruction (Isa. 13:21-22; 14:23; Jer. 50:39; 51:37). Although demons undoubtedly frequent major cities, they are not imprisoned there as this verse describes. “Evidence of the city’s fall is its transition into ‘the habitation of demons.’ ”—Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 8-22 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1995), Rev. 18:2.

⁷ “With its destruction, Babylon is to become a habitation of demons. This will be the dwelling place of demonic abode and confinement during the Messianic Age.”—Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 330.

⁸ Timothy Friberg, Barbara Friberg, and Neva F. Miller, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2000), 226.

⁹ Frederick William Danker and Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 867.

¹⁰ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 403.

¹¹ James Swanson, Dictionary of Biblical Languages With Semantic Domains : Hebrew (Old Testament), electronic ed. (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1997), H6716.

¹² James Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Ontario: Woodside Bible Fellowship, 1996), H8162.

¹³ Swanson, Dictionary of Biblical Languages With Semantic Domains : Hebrew (Old Testament), H8163.

¹⁴ W. E. Vine, Vine’s Expository Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words (Nashville, IL: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1996), H8163.

¹⁵ “The city of Babylon on the Euphrates during the millennium will be a jail of demons. Compare Isaiah 24:21-23; which is millennial also, and the judgment upon Edom, in Isaiah 34:13-15; also millennial. (Of course these conditions give way to the last judgment—when the earth is destroyed, in Rev. 20:11-15+, and all lost beings are finally sentenced.)”—William R. Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1994,c1935), 286.

¹⁶ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 512-513.

¹⁷ “The Committee was of the opinion that all three elements (each of which involves an allusion to Isa. 13:21; 34:11) probably belonged to the original text of Revelation; since, however, καὶ φυλακὴ παντὸς θηρίου ἀκαθάρτου [kai phylakē pantos thēriou akathartou] is absent from such important witnesses as א 2053 2080 vg al, it was decided to enclose these words within square brackets.”—Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament (Stuttgart, Germany: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1994), Rev. 18:2.

¹⁸ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 147.

¹⁹ Vine, Vine’s Expository Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words, G1713.

²⁰ Henry Morris, The Revelation Record (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1983), Rev. 18:11.

²¹ J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 418.

²² Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 319.

²³ “They were warned to flee from the land of the north, that is, from Babylon, so called because armies and trading caravans from that land entered Palestine from that direction due to the desert on the east and southeast (Jer. 1:13-14).”—Merrill F. Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), Zec. 2:6. The context is immediately prior to the Millennial Kingdom: “Many nations shall be joined to the LORD in that day, and they shall become My people. And I will dwell in your midst. And the LORD will take possession of Judah as His inheritance in the Holy Land, and will again choose Jerusalem.” (Zec. 2:11-12).

²⁴ Morris suggests the call comes earlier, before the mark has been imposed. [Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 18:4] But this seems unlikely given the immediacy of the warning and impending judgment and that the mark is in place by the time of the first bowl (Rev. 16:2+) whereas the destruction occurs at the seventh bowl (Rev. 16:19+).

²⁵ Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter, 287.

²⁶ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 774.

²⁷ How many believers in our own day deny Biblical teachings out of sympathy with the ungodly culture? Bullinger suggests a figure of speech which puts the sins for judgment: “The word ‘sins’ is put by Metonymy for the judgment brought about by her sins. (Compare Jer. 51:9.) It is because God’s people will not have fellowship in her sins that this gracious call to ‘Come out’ from her judgments is given.”—Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 18:4.

²⁸ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 18:6.

²⁹ Carl Friedrich Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Commentary on the Old Testament (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2002), Jer. 50:21.

³⁰ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 771.

³¹ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 358.

³² MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 18:3.

³³ Ibid., Rev. 18:1.

³⁴ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 18:8.

³⁵ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 18:8.

³⁶ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 331.

³⁷ Morris holds to the two-destructions view: “The kings of the earth had burned Mystery Babylon, the harlot religious system, with fire, but these same kings mourn the burning of commercial Babylon (Rev. 17:16+; 18:9+), so obviously these are not the same burnings.”—Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 18:8. His premise is incorrect. It is not the kings of the earth who destroy the harlot, but the ten kings with the Beast (Rev. 17:16+). Therefore, the mourning of the kings of the earth over the destruction of Babylon does not provide evidence for a different destruction of the city subsequent to that of the Harlot.

³⁸ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 18:9.

³⁹ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 18:10.

⁴⁰ James Swanson, Dictionary of Biblical Languages With Semantic Domains : Greek (New Testament), electronic ed. (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1997), G1117.

⁴¹ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 18:11.

⁴² Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 342.

⁴³ Fausset attempts to find fulfillment in Roman Catholicism: “Popery has derived its greatest gains from the sale of masses for the souls of men after death, and of indulgences purchased from the Papal chancery by rich merchants in various countries, to be retailed at a profit [Mosheim, III, 95, 96].”—A. R. Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” in Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997, 1877), Rev. 18:13.

⁴⁴ Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, Rev. 18:9-19.

⁴⁵ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 18:13.

⁴⁶ Barnhouse, Revelation, 341.

⁴⁷ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 18:13.

⁴⁸ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 172.

⁴⁹ “The Euphrates is about 2,890 kilometers (1,780 miles) long and is navigable for smaller vessels for about 1,950 kilometers (1,200 miles).”—Ronald F. Youngblood and R. K. Harrison, eds., Nelson’s New Illustrated Bible Dictionary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1997, c1995), s.v. “Euphrates.” “The entire course is 1780 miles, and of this distance more than two-thirds (1200 miles is navigable for boats).”—William Smith, Smith’s Bible Dictionary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1997), s.v. “Euphrates.”

⁵⁰ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 18:17.

⁵¹ C. E. Harrington and W. S. Lasor, “Euphrates,” in Geoffrey W. Bromiley, ed., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979, 1915), 2:203.

⁵² Some recognize the unsuitability of Rome, but are so set in their identification of Babylon as Rome, they attempt to circumvent Rome’s failure in fulfillment by spiritualizing the commerce: “Rome was not a commercial city, and is not likely from her position to be so. The merchandise must therefore be spiritual, even as the harlot is not literal, but spiritual.”—Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 18:10.

⁵³ Andy Woods, What is the Identity of Babylon In Revelation 17-18?.

⁵⁴ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 18:1.

⁵⁵ Barnhouse, Revelation, 344.

⁵⁶ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 450.

⁵⁷ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 17:21-23.

⁵⁸ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 379.

⁵⁹ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 854.

⁶⁰ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 397.

⁶¹ Several of which are available at most supermarket checkout stands in our own country.

⁶² “We can be certain that, in the wicked and terrifying days of the tribulation, ungodly men will turn to intoxicants and drugs far more than ever in history. . . . The great demand for intoxicants and drugs in these coming days will surely be further stimulated by the ungodly and covetous merchants who profit so greatly from them.”—Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 18:13.

⁶³ This is one of many reasons why Satan will be confined during the Millennial Kingdom, so that he shall no longer deceive the nations (Rev. 20:3+).

⁶⁴ Concerning prohibitions against witchcraft and sorcery: Ex. 22:18; Lev. 19:26, 31; Deu. 18:10; 2Chr. 33:6; Isa. 8:19; 19:3; 44:25; Acts 16:16; Gal. 5:20; Rev. 18:23+; 21:8+; 22:15+.

⁶⁵ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 796.

⁶⁶ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 418.

4.1 - Babylon and the Harlot Listen to Babylon and the Harlot

Babylon, mentioned six times by name in the book of Revelation (Rev. 14:8+; 16:19+; 17:5+; 18:2+, 10+, 21+), plays a significant role in the events prior to the Second Coming of Jesus Christ. As with almost all other aspects of the book of Revelation, in order to understand what Babylon is and what it is not, it is important to recognize that the book of Revelation is the capstone of many streams of prophecy which find their source elsewhere in Scripture, and especially in the OT. In a similar way that Genesis and Revelation serve as bookends around God’s written revelation, Babylon also has great significance both in the beginning and end of God’s plan in history.

Babylon in Iraq

Babylon in Iraq¹

4.1.1 - Babylon of Old Listen to Babylon of Old

The earliest mention of Babylon and the region it occupies, the land of Shinar, is found not long after the global flood:

Cush begot Nimrod; he began to be a mighty one on the earth. He was a mighty hunter before the LORD; therefore it is said, “Like Nimrod the mighty hunter before the LORD.” And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, Erech, Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar. From that land he went to Assyria and built Nineveh, Rehoboth Ir, Caleh and Resen between Nineveh and Calah (that is the principal city). (Gen. 10:8-12 cf. 1Chr. 1:10)² [emphasis added]

It was Nimrod who established a kingdom at Babel. In fact, this is the first mention of the concept of kingdom in Scripture. In a very real sense, Nimrod was the first king. And in order to be a king, one needs to have subjects and a realm. This implies centralization in a way which ran counter to God’s command following the flood: “Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth” (Gen. 9:1, 7 cf. Gen. 1:22, 28). Reading between the lines, we can already see the seeds of rebellion.

Now the whole earth had one language and one speech. And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar, and they dwelt there. Then they said to one another, “Come, let us make bricks and bake them thoroughly.” They had brick for stone, and they had asphalt for mortar. And they said, “Come, let us build ourselves a city, and a tower whose top is in the heavens; let us make a name for ourselves, lest we be scattered abroad over the face of the whole earth.” But the LORD came down to see the city and the tower which the sons of men had built. And the LORD said, “Indeed the people are one and they all have one language, and this is what they begin to do; now nothing that they propose to do will be withheld from them. Come, let Us go down and there and confuse their language, that they may not understand one another’s speech.” So the LORD scattered them abroad from there over the face of all the earth, and they ceased building the city. Therefore its name is called Babel, because there the LORD confused the language of all the earth; and from there the LORD scattered them abroad over the face of all the earth. (Gen. 11:1-9)

Although Scripture is not overtly negative concerning Nimrod, his involvement establishing the first kingdom and initiating a building project which resulted in a severe judgment from God (the introduction of languages) clearly indicates his sinful ambitions.

Babylon has from its inception symbolized evil and rebellion against God. It was founded by Nimrod (Gen. 10:9), a proud, powerful, God-rejecting ruler. Babel (Babylon) was the site of the first organized system of idolatrous false religion (Gen. 11:1-4). The Tower of Babel, the expression of that false religion, was a ziggurat; an edifice designed to facilitate idolatrous worship. God judged the people’s idolatry and rebellion by confusing their language and scattering them over the globe (Gen. 11:5-9). Thus the seeds of idolatry and false religion spread around the world from Babylon, to take root wherever these proud rebels and their descendants settled.³

There is also abundant tradition concerning the rebellion of Nimrod:

Now it was Nimrod who excited them to such an affront and contempt of God. He was the grandson of Ham, the son of Noah,— a bold man, and of great strength of hand. He persuaded them not to ascribe it to God as if it was through his means they were happy, but to believe that it was their own courage which procured that happiness. He also gradually changed the government into tyranny,—seeing no other way of turning men from the fear of God, but to bring them into a constant dependence upon his power. He also said he would be revenged on God, if he should have a mind to drown the world again; for that he would build a tower too high for the waters to be able to reach! and that he would avenge himself on God for destroying their forefathers!⁴

According to the Sages, Nimrod was the primary force behind this rebellion. The Midrashim explain his sinister motive. He planned to build a tower ascending to Heaven and, from it, wage war against God.⁵

The Targum of Jonathan says, “From the foundation of the world none was ever found like Nimrod, powerful in hunting, and in rebellions against the Lord.” The Jerusalem Targum says, “He is powerful in hunting and in wickedness before the Lord, for he was a hunter of the sons of men, and he said to them, ‘Depart from the judgment of the Lord, and adhere to the judgment of Nimrod!’ Therefore as it is said, ‘As Nimrod is the strong one, strong in hunting, and in wickedness before the Lord.’ ” The Chaldee paraphrase of I Chronicles 1:10 says, “Cush begat Nimrod, who began to prevail in wickedness, for he shed innocent blood, and rebelled against Jehovah.”⁶

In the founding of Babel was the foundation for what would later flower as Babylon under Nebuchadnezzar and figure so highly in the events of Scripture, especially the book of Daniel which we have seen is key to understanding much of the book of Revelation.

Another negative connotation concerning Babel may be seen in the proverb taken up by Isaiah concerning the king of Babylon:

Take up this proverb against the king of Babylon . . . How you are fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning! How you are cut down to the ground, You who weakened the nations! For you have said in your heart: ‘I will ascend into heaven, I will exalt my throne above the stars of God; I will also sit on the mount of the congregation on the farthest sides of the north; I will ascend above the heights of the clouds, I will be like the Most High.’ Yet you shall be brought down to Sheol, to the lowest depths of the Pit. Those who see you will gaze at you, and consider you, saying: ‘Is this the man who made the earth tremble, who shook kingdoms?’ (Isa. 14:4, 12-16)

The connection between Satan (here Lucifer) and Babylon is seen in this proverb which begins with the human king in view, but soon goes far beyond what could be said of the human king to identify the spiritual power motivating the king (cf. Eze. 28:12). Since Satan has been active in the affairs of the world since the creation of mankind, it is no surprise to find his influence in the realm of corrupt kings and kingdoms extending far back in history. Portions of the proverb, “Is this the man who made the earth tremble, who shook kingdoms”, appear to speak of the ultimate king of Babylon at the time of the end, the Antichrist:

Isaiah thus makes the Babylonian monarch speak according to the ideas of his people . . . and at the same time reflects the satanic spirit of self-deification to appear in fullest development in the last king of Babylon, the Antichrist (Rev. 13:8+).⁷

Prior to the introduction of languages by God, the majority of mankind refused to disperse across the globe, but gathered in the region of Shinar instead. The result of the introduction of language was the scattering of different language groups over the face of all the earth (Gen. 11:9). This initial centralization, followed by the global distribution, is the primary mechanism by which Babylon became the central influence in all cultures and civilizations which followed. This is how she came to sit on “peoples, multitudes, nations, and tongues” (Rev. 17:15+).

In the record of Babel, as minimal as it is, we see the first human king and kingdom in direct rebellion to the commands of God resulting in judgment. In Babylon of the end, we will see the last human king and kingdom in ultimate rebellion to the commands of God resulting in the final judgment of all human kingdoms to be replaced by the Millennial Kingdom ruled by Messiah. See The Beast. See #16 - Beast.

4.1.2 - The Destruction of Babylon Listen to The Destruction of Babylon

A point of disagreement concerning the interpretation of Scripture involves how to handle passages which predict events and circumstances which evidently have not come to pass. For those who uphold the inerrancy and inspiration of Scripture, there are only two alternatives:

Dramatic Hyperbole - Prophetic passages must be understood to employ extensive use of figures of speech such as hyperbole for dramatic effect. They should not be understood in a literal way, but must be seen as a form of dramatic exaggeration emphasizing the harshness with which God views sin and its related judgment. They were fulfilled in an approximate way by events of the past or are statements of spiritual principles.

Literal Prediction - Unfulfilled prophetic passages make limited use of hyperbole, but in such a way that it is obvious where it occurs (e.g., 1S. 5:12). In the main, prophetic passages are accurate predictions of catastrophic judgments which have not yet occurred.

Depending upon which of these two views one holds when reading the OT, unfulfilled passages will either be loosely applied to the immediate circumstances or they will be seen as extending beyond the immediate circumstances and speaking to an ultimate fulfillment in the distant future. Futurist interpreters are of this latter persuasion because they understand previously fulfilled prophecy to indicate a pattern of literal fulfillment. See The Art and Science of Interpretation.

This is of great importance when we come to the matter of Babylon in Scripture because all interpreters are aware that extensive prophecies concerning Babylon, and especially the manner of her destruction, have never been fulfilled as they were stated. Those who favor dramatic hyperbole as an explanation tend to believe the passages were fulfilled in an approximate, but suitable way. Those who favor literal prediction believe these passages have never been fulfilled, even approximately, and continue to speak of the future destruction of Babylon at the time of the end. We are in this latter group.

4.1.2.1 - Babylon’s Historic Fall

When one examines the historical record concerning the fall of the city of Babylon in 539 B.C. to Persia (Dan. 5:30-31), it is clear that the term “destruction” is much too strong a word to describe what actually transpired. Babylon has never been destroyed at the hands of a catastrophic attack as prophesied in the OT (see Babylon’s Predicted Destruction).

On the night that Belshazzar, king of the Chaldeans, was slain and the city came under the control of Darius the Mede, it “fell” politically, but not physically. There was no large-scale attack upon the city. In fact, many within the city were not even aware for quite some time afterwards that the city had been taken. The city was taken by diverting the waters of the Euphrates. This allowed armed forces to wade under her defenses without much of a fight:

The city fell by complete surprise. Half of the metropolis was captured before the rest of it was “aware” of the fact, according to Herodotus. Cyrus diverted the waters of the Euphrates and by night entered the city through the dried up channel (Dan. 5:30-31).⁸

Rather than being physically overthrown, as predicted by Isaiah (Isa. 13, 14, 47) and Jeremiah (Jer. 50, 51), the city and its occupants were treated with considerable respect:

On . . . Oct. 29, 539 B.C., sixteen days after the capitulation, Cyrus himself entered the city amid much public acclaim, ending the Chaldean dynasty as predicted by the Hebrew prophets (Isa. 13:21; Jer. 50f). Cyrus treated the city with great respect, returning to their own shrines the statues of the deities brought in from other cities. The Jews were sent home with compensatory assistance. He appointed new governors, so ensuring peace and stable conditions essential to the proper maintenance of the religious centers.⁹

Babylon generally flourished under the Persians, although there is record of a revolt against Xerxes I which resulted in a harsh response:

Under the Persians, Babylon retained most of its institutions, became capital of the richest satrapy in the empire, and, according to Herodotus, the world’s most splendid city. A revolt against Xerxes I (482) led to destruction of its fortifications and temples and the melting down of the golden image of Marduk.¹⁰

In subsequent campaigns which took control of Babylon, rather than being violently overthrown, the city slowly decayed due to competition and neglect:

On October 12, 539 B.C., Babylon fell to Cyrus of Persia, and from that time on the decay of the city began. Xerxes plundered it. Alexander the Great thought to restore its great temple, in ruins in his day, but was deterred by the prohibitive cost. During the period of Alexander’s successors the area decayed rapidly and soon became a desert. From the days of Seleucus Nicator (312-280 B.C.), who built the rival city of Seleucia on the Tigris, queenly Babylon never revived.¹¹

Even when Greece, the great leopard beast of Daniel’s night vision (Dan. 7:6) came calling in the person and empire of Alexander the Great, the city was not destroyed:

[On] Oct. 1, 331 B.C., Alexander marched to Babylon, where the Macedonian was triumphantly acclaimed, the Persian garrison offering no opposition. He offered sacrifices to Marduk, ordered the rebuilding of temples that Xerxes allegedly had destroyed, and then a month later moved on to Susa.¹²

Alexander subsequently returned to Babylon with great construction plans to make it his capital, but these were interrupted by his death in 323 B.C. After Alexander, the city was ruled by a series of kings including Seleucus I (323-250) during which Babylon’s economic—but not religious importance—declined sharply due to competition with the establishment by Antiochus I of a new capital at Seleucia on the Tigris (274 B.C.). Later, the city remained a center of Hellenism, supporting Jews in Palestine who opposed Herod.¹³ After the destruction of the Second Temple by Rome in A.D. 70, many Jews left Jerusalem for the area of Babylon. This trend increased after the Bar Kokhba war.¹⁴ The region of Babylon became an important center for Jewry outside Israel:

After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 C.E., and especially after the war of Bar Kokhba (132-35 C.E.), some scholars went down from Palestine to Babylon. The arrival of “Abba the Tall,” Rab, in approximately 219, brought about a period of prosperity in the study of the Law in Babylon. Rab in Sura and Shmuel in Nehardea gave public instruction in the Law and trained many pupils. In this period academies were established, and they continued to exert an influence on Jews, not only in Babylon but throughout all the lands of their dispersion, as late as the 12th century.¹⁵

Although the city still stood when Roman emperor Trajan entered it in A.D. 115, by about A.D. 200 the site of the city was deserted.¹⁶ Thereafter, the city was mostly forgotten until the 1800s when archaeological expeditions began to investigate the site. In the mid-1960s, the Iraqi Department of Antiquities carried out further work at the site. “The Ishtar gateway . . . was partially restored together with the Procession Way . . . The Ninmah temple was reconstructed, and a museum and rest house built on the site, which is also partially covered by the village of Jumjummah.”¹⁷

Plan of Babylon (1944)

Plan of Babylon (1944)¹⁸

In more recent times, Saddam Hussein built himself a palace on a man-made hill beside the footprint of the original city. Then, in 1987, he ordered construction of a replica of Nebuchadnezzar’s vast palace on the original site. Museums were also built. But since his fall from power in 2003, his private palace was ransacked by mobs and two museums at the site were looted. During almost this entire time, there have been people occupying the site or living nearby—in stark contrast to the predictions of Scripture concerning the uninhabitable wasteland it is predicted to one day become.¹⁹

4.1.2.2 - Babylon’s Predicted Destruction

History records that although Babylon “fell” numerous times at the hands of different invaders, it never suffered anything like a complete destruction. Instead, it continued to be inhabited hundreds of years after its initial fall to Persia and eventually, through neglect more than anything else, became insignificant on the stage of world history. Yet the prophecies of Isaiah, Jeremiah, and John indicate a completely different scenario for her destruction. One that is sudden, swift, and absolutely catastrophic. We have gathered a number of these predictions together below so the reader may see for himself what the Holy Word of God predicts concerning the severity and permanence of her destruction:

And Babylon, the glory of kingdoms, the beauty of the Chaldean’s pride, will be as when God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah. It will never be inhabited, nor will it be settled from generation to generation; nor will the Arabian pitch tents there, nor will the shepherds make their sheepfolds there. (Isa. 13:19-20)

“And look, here comes a chariot of men with a pair of horsemen!” Then he answered and said, “Babylon is fallen, is fallen! And all the carved images of her gods He has broken to the ground.” Oh, my threshing and the grain of my floor! That which I have heard from the LORD of hosts, The God of Israel, I have declared to you. (Isa. 21:9-10)

Therefore evil shall come upon you; you shall not know from where it arises. And trouble shall fall upon you; you will not be able to put it off. And desolation shall come upon you suddenly, which you shall not know. (Isa. 47:11)

Because of the wrath of the Lord she shall not be inhabited, but she shall be wholly desolate. Everyone who goes by Babylon shall be horrified and hiss at all her plagues. (Jer. 50:13)

Come against her from the farthest border; open her storehouses; cast her up as heaps of ruins, and destroy her utterly; let nothing of her be left. (Jer. 50:26)

“Therefore the wild desert beasts shall dwell there with the jackals, and the ostriches shall dwell in it. It shall be inhabited no more forever, nor shall it be dwelt in from generation to generation. As God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah and their neighbors,” says the Lord, “So no one shall reside there, nor son of man dwell in it.” (Jer. 50:39-40)

“They shall not take from you a stone for a corner nor a stone for a foundation, but you shall be desolate forever,” says the LORD. (Jer. 51:26)

And the land will tremble and sorrow; for every purpose of the LORD shall be performed against Babylon, to make the land of Babylon a desolation without inhabitant. (Jer. 51:29)

Her cities are a desolation, a dry land and a wilderness, a land where no one dwells, through which no son of man passes. (Jer. 51:43)

Thus says the Lord of hosts: “The broad walls of Babylon shall be utterly broken, and her high gates shall be burned with fire; the people will labor in vain, and the nations, because of the fire; and they shall be weary.” (Jer. 51:58)

And Jeremiah said to Seraiah, “When you arrive in Babylon and see it, and read all these words, then you shall say, ‘O LORD, You have spoken against this place to cut it off, so that none shall remain in it, neither man nor beast, but it shall be desolate forever.’ ” (Jer. 51:61-62)

And the ten horns which you saw on the beast, these will hate the harlot, make her desolate and naked, eat her flesh and burn her with fire. (Rev. 17:16+)

And he cried mightily with a loud voice, saying, “Babylon the great is fallen, is fallen, and has become a dwelling place of demons, a prison for every foul spirit, and a cage for every unclean and hated bird!” (Rev. 18:2+)

Therefore her plagues will come in one day-death and mourning and famine. And she will be utterly burned with fire, for strong is the Lord God who judges her. The kings of the earth who committed fornication and lived luxuriously with her will weep and lament for her, when they see the smoke of her burning, standing at a distance for fear of her torment, saying, “Alas, alas, that great city Babylon, that mighty city! For in one hour your judgment has come.” (Rev. 18:8-10+)

For in one hour such great riches came to nothing. Every shipmaster, all who travel by ship, sailors, and as many as trade on the sea, stood at a distance and cried out when they saw the smoke of her burning, saying, “What is like this great city?” They threw dust on their heads and cried out, weeping and wailing, and saying, “Alas, alas, that great city, in which all who had ships on the sea became rich by her wealth! For in one hour she is made desolate.” (Rev. 18:17-19+)

Then a mighty angel took up a stone like a great millstone and threw it into the sea, saying, “Thus with violence the great city Babylon shall be thrown down, and shall not be found anymore.” (Rev. 18:21+)

Again they said, “Alleluia! Her smoke rises up forever and ever!” (Rev. 19:3+)

Her destruction is said to be literal and catastrophic like that of Sodom and Gomorrah. Her walls will be completely destroyed and her gates burned with fire. There will be nothing left of her, no person shall ever reside there, nor will any building material be taken from her ruins. This destruction will be sudden, complete, and permanent. It seems clear that Babylon has yet to suffer in the way which God has so extensively foretold.

Not only are the OT prophecies of Isaiah and Jeremiah unfulfilled in the history of Babylon, but John’s vision recorded in approximately 95 A.D. reiterates and even extends these predictions. Either God is a God of wholesale and extensive exaggeration or a literal destruction remains pending. It is impossible, unscriptural, and irreverent to believe that such an extensive portion of God’s word is to be spiritualized or taken as hyperbole.

4.1.2.3 - The Timing of Babylon’s Destruction

Having seen the severe manner in which Babylon is to be destroyed, we now examine the timing of Babylon’s destruction. When are these prophecies of her destruction to take place? The most obvious starting point is to understand that her destruction is future to John’s day, for the book of Revelation contains an extensive prediction of her destruction. This places her destruction sometime after 95 A.D. (See Date.) Yet we saw that Babylon’s Historic Fall was actually a relatively slow demise because she continued to be inhabited for several decades after the writing of the book of Revelation before fading into obscurity. Within not many years after John’s dramatic predictions there was no significant city of Babylon left to be destroyed.

If Babylon is to be destroyed as predicted by the prophetic word, and she is not a spiritual symbol representing a non-literal city or movement, then she must be reconstructed prior to the time of the end. And this we expect. (See Babylon is Babylon!) From God’s word, we know that her prophesied destruction comes in The Day of the Lord. One of the most significant passages describing that day is found in Isaiah 13, “ground zero” of an extensive passage concerning Babylon:

Wail, for the day of the LORD is at hand! It will come as destruction from the Almighty. Therefore all hands will be limp, every man’s heart will melt, and they will be afraid. Pangs and sorrows will take hold of them; they will be in pain as a woman in childbirth; they will be amazed at one another; their faces will be like flames. Behold, the day of the LORD comes, cruel, with both wrath and fierce anger, to lay the land desolate; and He will destroy its sinners from it. For the stars of heaven and their constellations will not give their light; the sun will be darkened in its going forth, and the moon will not cause its light to shine. I will punish the world for its evil, and the wicked for their iniquity; I will halt the arrogance of the proud, and will lay low the haughtiness of the terrible. I will make a mortal more rare than fine gold, a man more than the golden wedge of Ophir. Therefore I will shake the heavens, and the earth will move out of her place, in the wrath of the LORD of hosts and in the day of His fierce anger. (Isa. 13:6-13)

In another key passage concerning the destruction of Babylon, Jeremiah relates that the time is to be connected with the national regeneration of Israel: “ ‘In those days and in that time,’ says the LORD, ‘The iniquity of Israel shall be sought, but there shall be none; And the sins of Judah, but they shall not be found; For I will pardon those whom I preserve’ ” (Jer. 50:20). This is the time when the Deliverer comes out of Zion and turns ungodliness from Jacob (who is Israel, Rom. 11:26-27), as prefigured in Ezekiel’s vision of the dry bones (Eze. 37). This connects the destruction of Babylon with the time of Jacob’s trouble—the Tribulation which precedes the Millennial Kingdom. This is confirmed by the book of Revelation where the destruction of Babylon is found under the very last judgment, the seventh bowl of God’s wrath (Rev. 16:19+).

4.1.3 - The Identity of Babylon Listen to The Identity of Babylon

Having established that historical Babylon never faced the destruction predicted in Scripture and that such destruction will occur during the time of the end, we now turn to the question of the identity of Babylon.²⁰ It must be observed that this question does not arise primarily from Scripture, but from unbelief. For an examination of Scripture shows no confusion as to the identity of Babylon. Babylon is simply Babylon! Yet, the divergence between what history records and Scripture predicts concerning this city has caused many to question whether “Babylon” is really to be understood in its literal sense or whether it might not be symbolic, denoting some other physical location or even an abstract spiritual or political movement—not a city at all. The collision between God’s word and history to date has caused many to abandon the literal interpretation of the identity of Babylon in search of other solutions.

Five prominent approaches for identifying Babylon in Revelation 17+-18+ [include]: the world, Jerusalem, Rome, an end time religious system, and futuristic, literal, rebuild Babylon. Other interpretive options exists, such as viewing Babylon as the Roman Catholic Church or as an eclectic amalgamation of two or more of these views.²¹

We will attempt to acquaint the reader with the most popular views together with what we believe to be their weaknesses in comparison with the literal view. There is considerable overlap between some of the views so our treatment is general and intended mainly to serve as background information for understanding why we believe Babylon is best understood as the literal city on the banks of the Euphrates River. For a more thorough treatment of the alternative views, see [Ibid.].

4.1.3.1 - Babylon is the World? Listen to Babylon is the World?

This view holds that Babylon of the time of the end represents a world-spanning global, anti-God system. Usually, the system is partitioned into ecclesiastical and commercial elements which are associated with the Harlot (Rev. 17+) and the city (Rev. 18+), respectively:

Babylon stands for all that is the world, as over against the call of the heart of God. . . . There is a form of Babylon which is political, and there is a form which is religious.²³

What is before us now is the mystic Babylon, that huge system of spiritual adultery and corruption which holds sway over the whole prophetic scene. It is scarcely possible [writing before 1860!] to conceive of a huge system of wickedness eagerly embraced by the nations once called Christian. It will nevertheless be so.²⁴

[Isaiah 13:6 is a] prefigurement of the final destruction of Babel (Babylon), connoting prophetically the disordered political and governmental system that characterizes the earth during “the times of the Gentiles” (Luke 21:24; Rev. 18:1-24+). This political Babylon, together with ecclesiastical Babylon . . . shall be destroyed at the second advent of Christ. Political Babylon stands in contrast to the divine order (Isa. 11:1-12:6) with Israel in her own land, the center of spiritual blessing and the divine world government of the King-Messiah (Isa. 2:1-5).²⁵

In this view, the term Babylon is not to be associated with any physical location, but denotes the practices which originated in Babylon and then spread throughout the world. Thus, to destroy “Babylon” is to destroy these religious and commercial systems, wherever they may be found.

The ancient Babylon is better understood here as the archetypal head of all entrenched worldly resistance to God. Babylon is a trans-historical reality including idolatrous kingdoms as diverse as Sodom, Gomorrah, Egypt, Babylon, Tyre, Nineveh, and Rome. Babylon is an eschatological symbol of satanic deception and power; it is a divine mystery that can never be wholly reducible to empirical earthly institutions. It may be said that Babylon represents the total culture of the world apart from God.²⁶

We believe this view, while having some measure of truth, is inadequate. It properly accounts for the global influence clearly attributed to Babylon (Rev. 17:5+, 15+, 18+; 18:24+), but in doing so it also overlooks many aspects which are difficult to interpret as pertaining to anything other than a specific physical location. Babylon is called a city and is associated with the Euphrates River. She is destroyed at the hands of the Beast and his ten kings (Rev. 17:16-18+), but they themselves are not destroyed by this same event. Yet they represent worldly ungodliness in the extreme. At her destruction, she becomes a dwelling place for demons (Rev. 18:2+). Mention is made of merchants, ships, musicians, and craftsmen. Furthermore, she is differentiated from the nations which she influenced (Rev. 14:8+; 17:2+; 18:2+, 23+). If she deceived the nations (Rev. 18:23+), how can she be those ungodly systems whom she herself produced by her deception? Another weakness of this view, which is shared by other views, is the artificial distinction which is made between The Great Harlot and the city Babylon. We believe this distinction is brought to the text, but not derived from the text which indicates they are one and the same (Rev. 17:18+; 18:21+-19:2+).²⁷

A variation of this view takes Babylon to be a literal city, but as any commercial center at the time of the end which God chooses to judge, wherever located: “As far as we are concerned, the ‘city’ that represents commercial Babylon could be any great port city in the world to which the commerce of the world should be transferred, and which should thus head up the whole idea of commerce to be brought into judgment and sudden destruction.”²⁸ Thus Babylon could have been Liverpool when it was a great shipping port or New York today or any ungodly city of tomorrow. The “city” represents the concept of commercialism, wherever God happens to decide to judge it when the time is right. But contrary to Barnhouse and others, Scripture knows of no commercial Babylon as opposed to any other noncommercial Babylon. See One or Two Babylons? See The Great Harlot See Babylon is Babylon!

4.1.3.2 - Babylon is Ecclesiastical?

Another quite popular view sees Babylon primarily as an ecclesiastical system (Rev. 17+), but also having commercial attributes (Rev. 18+). This view takes the word mystery written upon her forehead (Rev. 17:5+) as part of her title rather than an indication that there is a mystery associated with John’s vision concerning her role in the time of the end. See the discussion of the identity of The Great Harlot. See Mystery Babylon?

4.1.3.3 - Babylon is Rome? Listen to Babylon is Rome?

Perhaps the most popular view concerning the identity of Babylon is that she represents the city of Rome.

Tertullian, Irenaeus, and Jerome use Babylon as representing the Roman Empire. In the Middle Ages Rome is frequently styled “the Western Babylon.” The sect of the Fraticelli, an eremitical organization from the Franciscans in the fourteenth century, who carried the vow of poverty to the extreme and taught that they were possessed of the Holy Spirit and exempt from sin—first familiarized the common mind with the notion that Rome was the Babylon, the great harlot of the Book of Revelation.²⁹

This interpretation goes back at least to the time of Tertullian (AdvMarc iii.13). It was adopted by Jerome and Augustine and has been commonly accepted by the Church. There are some strong reasons for accepting it. (1) The characteristics ascribed to this Babylon apply to Rome rather than to any other city of that age:(a) as ruling over the kings of the earth (Rev. 17:18+); (b) as sitting on seven mountains (Rev. 17:9+); (c) as the center of the world’s merchandise (Rev. 18:2+f 19:2+); (d) as the persecutor of the saints (Rev. 17:6+).³⁰

Because Rome, with the Vatican, is home to the global system of Roman Catholicism, the identity of Babylon as the city of Rome has often gone hand-in-hand with the view that The Great Harlot represents Roman Catholicism, possibly wed with other religious systems. See Mystery Babylon?

The identity of Babylon with Rome has been bolstered by three events of history:

The fall of Jerusalem in A.D. 70 - In a similar way that Babylon destroyed Jerusalem and Solomon’s Temple in the days of Nebuchadnezzar, Rome destroyed Jerusalem and the Second Temple under Titus. This established Rome as a key enemy of Israel and Jerusalem prior to the time of John’s writing. Thus it is thought to be only natural that Babylon would be used as a code name for Rome.³¹

Christian Persecution - For the early church (remembering that John wrote from exile on Patmos during the reign of Domitian), the modern-day persecutor of the saints was Rome. Although John’s prophecies concerned the time of the end, those who have sought to restrict fulfillment to his immediate audience can find no other viable candidate outside of Rome. At that time, she was indeed “the center of the world’s merchandise [and] the persecutor of the saints.”³²

The Reformation - When the reformers broke away from Roman Catholicism, the prophecies concerning Babylon and the Beast provided ready ammunition against Rome. By identifying the papal system and Rome with the Beast and Babylon, it could be clearly seen that Roman Catholicism was the predicted enemy of the true faith and destined for eventual destruction. Due to its great utility, this view has dominated Protestant interpretation for many years. “The Romish Church is not only accidentally and as a matter of fact, but in virtue of its very PRINCIPLE, a harlot, the metropolis of whoredom, ‘the mother of harlots’; whereas the evangelical Protestant Church is, according to her principle and fundamental creed, a chaste woman; the Reformation was a protest of the woman against the harlot.”³³ See Relation to the Pope.

Although evidence for the identification of Babylon with Rome may initially appear convincing, upon careful examination it becomes clear that Babylon cannot mean Rome.

Those who propose that Babylon be understood as a code name for Rome often point to evidence of such use in early extra-biblical writings: “For the early church the city of Rome was a contemporary Babylon. [In II bar. 11:6; 67:7 and Sib. Or. 5:143, 159, 434 (possibly 1Pe. 5:13 as well) Rome is called Babylon.]”³⁴ However, such evidence is inconclusive because these other writings date much later than the book of Revelation: “Often supporters of the symbolic view use the Sibylline Oracles (V. 143, 159, 434) and the Apocalypse of Baruch (11:1; 67:7) to prove that Babylon was a code name for Rome (Swete, Charles, Ladd), but the composition of these two works came in the second century, quite a while after John wrote Revelation.”³⁵ Some assert that Peter’s use of the term Babylon (1Pe. 5:13) must point to Rome. But this is an argument from silence. It is also possible to take Peter’s mention of Babylon as denoting the city on the banks of the Euphrates, which served as a center of Jewry beyond the time of Peter’s writing (see Babylon’s Historic Fall).³⁶

The Babylon is Rome view also fails to explain passages in the OT which designate Babylon as the place of final judgment. Identifying Babylon as Rome implies that God gave numerous prophecies utilizing a code name which would not obtain its true meaning until hundreds of years later. Thus, the prophecies given to the original recipients could not be understood using the normal meaning of terms with which they were familiar. Such a view violates the rules of historical-grammatical interpretation and turns the interpretation of prophetic passages into a guessing game. See The Importance of Meaning.

The mention of “seven mountains” (or hills) in conjunction with the Harlot (Rev. 17:9+) is often seen as an allusion to seven hills known to be associated with Rome:

The Rome view is also built upon the assumption that the seven hills of Revelation 17:9+ identify the topography of the ancient city of Rome. Because literature of the ancient world contains dozens of references to the seven hills of Rome, the ancient city of Rome was universally known as the city of the seven hills. Thus, such a topographical reference would immediately suggest Rome in the minds of John’s original audience. This suggestion is especially true given the fact that the seven hills were the nucleus of the city on the left bank of the Tiber River and given the fact that an unusual festival called the septimontium received its name because of this topographical feature.

In addition, the notion that John’s audience would have understood the imagery of Revelation 17+ as referring to the topography of Rome seems strengthened by the discovery of the Dea Roma Coin minted in A.D. 71 in Asia Minor. One side of the coin contains the portrait of the emperor. The reverse side of the coin depicts Rome, a Roman pagan goddess, sitting on seven hills seated by the waters of the Tiber River. There are obvious similarities between the Dea Roma Coin and the imagery of Revelation 17+. In both cases, the goddess and the harlot are seated on seven hills and are seated either on or by the waters (Rev. 17:1+). In addition, the name of the goddess was thought by many Romans to be Amor, which is Roma spelled backwards. Amor was the goddess of love and sexuality. Thus, both the woman on the coin and the woman in Revelation 17+ represent harlotry (Rev. 17:5+). Furthermore, the coin equates Roma with the power of the Roman Empire, which was active in persecuting Christians of John’s day. The placement of Vespasian on one side of the coin and Roma on the other makes this connection. . . . The goddess is also pictured as holding a sword, which may depict Rome’s imperial power. This imagery parallels with the woman in Revelation 17+ who is said to be drunk with the blood of the saints [Rev. 17:6+].³⁷

This association sounds convincing until one studies the text of Revelation 17+ more closely. Unfortunately, the KJV translation is misleading here in its inference that the seven mountains are different from the seven kings: “And there are seven kings.” This leaves the interpreter with the notion that the seven heads are seven mountains on which the woman sits and there are (also, NKJV) seven kings which are not to be identified directly with the hills. As we show in our commentary on Revelation 17:10, the Greek actually says that the “seven heads are seven mountains . . . and they are seven kings.” Thus, the mountains are to be understood in their typical Scriptural usage as denoting kingdoms (Jer. 51:25; Dan. 2:35; Zec. 4:7) and may not be related to topography at all. The Great Harlot is said to sit on these mountains. She is also said to sit on peoples, multitudes, nations, and tongues. Thus, her sitting probably speaks of the scope of her influence and control rather than a physical location.

Another problem with taking Babylon to be Rome is her relatively late appearance as a major empire. The Great Harlot is said to be “that great city” (Rev. 17:18+). She is also said to be the “mother of harlots and of the abominations of the earth” (Rev. 17:5+). She is the source and origin of harlotry (spiritual idolatry) and abominations. Rome can hardly be said to occupy this role because harlotry occurs in the Biblical record far in advance of the time of Rome. Those who identify Babylon as Rome often point to the undeniable similarities between the history and practices of Roman Catholicism and what is said concerning The Great Harlot. But does this mean that Babylon is Rome? Might it not simply reflect the truth that Rome is one of the Harlot’s most influential daughter harlots of history?

The points of correspondence between Rev. 17+ and the history of Romanism are too many and too marked to be set down as mere co-incidences. Undoubtedly the Papacy has supplied a fulfillment of the symbolic prophecy found in Rev. 17+. And therein has lain its practical value for God’s people all through the dark ages. It presented to them a warning too plain to be disregarded. It was the means of keeping the garments of the Waldenses (and many others) unspotted by her filth. It confirmed the faith of Luther and his contemporaries, that they were acting according to the revealed will of God, when they separated themselves from that which was so manifestly opposed to His truth. But, nevertheless, there are other features in this prophecy which do not apply to Romanism, and which compel us to look elsewhere for the complete and final fulfillment. We single out but two of these. . . . In Rev. 17:5+ Babylon is termed ‘the Mother of harlots and abominations of the earth.’ Is this an accurate description of Romanism? Were there no ‘harlot’ systems before her? . . . The Papacy had not come into existence when John wrote the Revelation, so that she cannot be held responsible for all the ‘abominations’ which preceded her. . . . Again; in Rev. 17:2+ we read of ‘the great Whore’ that ‘the kings of the earth have committed fornication’ with her. Is that applicable in its fulness to Rome? Have the kings of Asia and the kings of Africa committed fornication with the Papacy? It is true that the Italian pontiffs have ruled over a wide territory, yet it is also true that there are many lands which have remained untouched by their religious influence. It is evident from these two points alone that we have to go back to something which long antedates the rise of the Papacy, and to something which has exerted a far wider influence than has any of the popes. . . . Papal Rome, was only one of the polluted streams from this corrupt source [Babel] - one of the filthy ‘daughters’ of this unclean Mother of Harlots.³⁸

The Biblical accounts from the OT give greater attention to Babel, Assyria, Egypt, Babylon, Persia, and Greece because they were great powers far in advance of Rome. Thus, Rome cannot be a mother in the sense required of the Harlot on the Beast. Nor can Rome provide the necessary support for the ride of the Harlot throughout history as implied by the seven heads on the Beast she rides (Rev. 17:3+ cf. Rev. 13:1+) which are associated with the dragon (Rev. 12:3+) who has ruled kingdoms throughout history (Luke 4:5-6; John 12:31; 1Jn. 5:19).

Those who identify Babylon as Rome often place great emphasis upon the similarities between what is said of the Harlot and what history records of Roman Catholicism. Yet, taking the Harlot as Rome also conflicts with the Roman connection which Scripture records concerning the Beast (Dan. 7:8, 20; Dan. 9:26 ):

The identification of the harlot as Rome is problematic because one ends up with two images for Rome; the beast and the harlot. . . . If these two characters represent the same entity, why are they depicted as two separate entities in [Rev. 17:11+ and 17:18+]? Why is the beast punished in Revelation 19+ after the harlot has already been destroyed in Revelation 18+? If these two characters represent the same entity, how are they able to interact with one another? Revelation 17:3+ depicts the woman as riding on the beast. How can Rome ride upon Rome? Revelation 17:16-17+ depicts the beast destroying the woman. How can Rome destroy Rome? Perhaps it is possible to propose that the imagery could be satisfied through Nero’s burning of Rome in A.D. 64. However, the destruction of Rome portrayed in Revelation 17:16-17+ cannot be a picture of Nero burning Rome because Nero did not destroy Rome in its entirety. Rather he only wanted to destroy part of Rome in order to make room for a building project. In sum, the imagery makes more sense if Rome destroys a rival power. This fact should prevent interpreters from identifying the woman with Rome.³⁹

Although the idea that Babylon is Rome may seem intriguing at first, we believe there are significant liabilities attending the view. Chief among them are the problem of language—making OT passages which speak of Babylon be reinterpreted hundreds of years later to denoting an entirely different city—and the lack of the necessary historical significance in Rome’s early history to account for her as the mother of harlotry and abominations. See Old Testament Context.

4.1.3.4 - Babylon is Jerusalem? Listen to Babylon is Jerusalem?

Some preterist interpreters, such as Chilton, believe that Babylon is a code name for Jerusalem:⁴⁰

The primary thrust of the prophecy has been directed against Jerusalem . . . John gives us no indication that the subject has been changed. As we shall see in Chapters 17 and 18, the evidence that the prophetic Babylon was Jerusalem is nothing short of overwhelming.⁴¹

In his first epistle, presumably written before the Revelation, St. Peter described the local church from which he wrote as “she who is in Babylon” (1Pe. 5:13). Many have supposed this to be Rome, where St. Peter was (according to tradition) later martyred, but it is much more likely that the apostle was in Jerusalem when he wrote these words. Based on data from the New Testament itself, our natural assumption should be that “Babylon” was Jerusalem, since that was where he lived and exercised his ministry.⁴²

Preterists find support for this surprising claim in the great similarity between passages concerning apostate Jerusalem and what is said concerning the Harlot. But if the Harlot is the mother of all harlots, this is to be expected. It is important to recognize that the Harlot influenced all nations, including Israel. For “in her [the Harlot] was found the blood of prophets and saints, and of all who were slain on the earth” (Rev. 18:24+). Thus, similarities between apostate Israel and the Harlot are certain to occur. But, as we have seen before, similarity does not make identity! An impressive array of OT Scriptures can be lined up in an attempt to prove that the Harlot is Jerusalem or Israel. However, this fails to account for another extensive list of passages which prove otherwise (often omitted by the Babylon is Jerusalem proponents).

Identifying Babylon as Jerusalem completely contradicts the OT foundation upon which the destruction of Babylon set forth within the book of Revelation stands (Isa. 13, 14, 47; Jer. 50, 51). When we examine these OT passages, we find a consistent distinction between Babylon, the subject of God’s wrath, and Jerusalem and Israel, whom God will avenge:

For the LORD will have mercy on Jacob, and will still choose Israel, and settle them in their own land. The strangers will be joined with them, and they will cling to the house of Jacob. Then people will take them and bring them to their place, and the house of Israel will possess them for servants and maids in the land of the LORD; they will take them captive whose captives they were, and rule over their oppressors. It shall come to pass in the day the LORD gives you rest from your sorrow, and from your fear and the hard bondage in which you were made to serve, that you will take up this proverb against the king of Babylon, and say: “How the oppressor has ceased, The golden city ceased!” (Isa. 14:1-4) [emphasis added]

Listen to Me, O Jacob, And Israel, My called: I am He, I am the First, I am also the Last. Indeed My hand has laid the foundation of the earth, and My right hand has stretched out the heavens; When I call to them, they stand up together. All of you, assemble yourselves, and hear! Who among them has declared these things? The LORD loves him; He shall do His pleasure on Babylon, and His arm shall be against the Chaldeans. (Isa. 48:12-14) [emphasis added]

“Israel is like scattered sheep; the lions have driven him away. First the king of Assyria devoured him; now at last this Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon has broken his bones.” Therefore thus says the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel: “Behold, I will punish the king of Babylon and his land, as I have punished the king of Assyria. But I will bring back Israel to his home, and he shall feed on Carmel and Bashan; His soul shall be satisfied on Mount Ephraim and Gilead. In those days and in that time,” says the LORD, “The iniquity of Israel shall be sought, but there shall be none; and the sins of Judah, but they shall not be found; for I will pardon those whom I preserve.” (Jer. 50:17-20) [emphasis added]

Thus says the LORD: “Behold, I will raise up against Babylon, against those who dwell in Leb Kamai, a destroying wind. And I will send winnowers to Babylon, who shall winnow her and empty her land. For in the day of doom they shall be against her all around. Against her let the archer bend his bow, and lift himself up against her in his armor. Do not spare her young men; utterly destroy all her army. Thus the slain shall fall in the land of the Chaldeans, and those thrust through in her streets. For Israel is not forsaken, nor Judah, by his God, the LORD of hosts, though their land was filled with sin against the Holy One of Israel. Flee from the midst of Babylon, and every one save his life! Do not be cut off in her iniquity, for this is the time of the LORD’S vengeance; He shall recompense her.” (Jer. 51:1-6) [emphasis added]

“And I will repay Babylon And all the inhabitants of Chaldea For all the evil they have done in Zion in your sight,” says the LORD. (Jer. 51:24) [emphasis added]

“Let the violence done to me and my flesh be upon Babylon,” the inhabitant of Zion will say; “And my blood be upon the inhabitants of Chaldea!” Jerusalem will say. (Jer. 51:35) [emphasis added]

As Babylon has caused the slain of Israel to fall, so at Babylon the slain of all the earth shall fall. (Jer. 51:49) [emphasis added]

If language means anything, the interpreter cannot simply reverse the meaning of numerous passages of Scripture to suit his own predilection! But this is exactly what the preterist does. Between the OT and the NT, he completely reverses the meaning of words. Israel no longer means the nation of Israel, but now is to be read Church. Babylon no longer means the city on the banks of the Euphrates River in the land of Shinar, but now is to be read as Jerusalem!

This illustrates some of the many dangers of Replacement Theology as fueled by the preterist interpretation:

Scriptural Confusion - Words are elastic and their meanings can be changed after-the-fact and even be completely inverted. God’s numerous OT prophecies and promises concerning Jerusalem and Israel are now reinterpreted to mean something else entirely. If we were to adopt the preterist interpretation, we could only conclude that in their original context such prophesies were misleading and even downright misrepresentations, for the way they were understood in the common language of the prophet and his listeners was not their true meaning.⁴³

Dangerous Teachings - The inversion of meaning associated with various passages results in all sorts of unscriptural beliefs which can lead the believer, without even being aware of it, into a position in opposition to God’s will. For example, those who believe that the Church is the new Israel are likely to stand opposed to the true Israel in her claims based on God’s OT promises. Such believers stand opposed to God’s heritage (Jer. 50:11; Joel 3:2)!

Denial of God’s Word - God’s promises no longer are reliable. If promises concerning the literal city Babylon and the literal nation Israel in the OT no longer apply to these same entities, but now are to be understood in an entirely new way—not just broader, but in a way which denies the meaning of the original context, then what confidence can we have in God’s promises to us? How do we know that eternal life is really eternal? How do we know the New Jerusalem is in fact a real city and as glorious as the NT describes? If we use similar interpretive techniques as the preterist, we may just find when we get to heaven that what God said in the NT—based upon the common rules of language and the context of the recipients—is not at all what He meant. Assigning such malleable meaning to the words of Scripture undermines the promises of Scripture and maligns the nature of God. It is no small matter!

The confusion of the preterists results in their denial of other things which are revealed concerning Babylon, such as the permanence of her destruction:

If the Babylon = Jerusalem hypothesis is correct then Jerusalem will never be rebuilt again. Revelation 18:21-23+ describes the permanent destruction of Babylon. . . . according to the Babylon = Jerusalem view, Jerusalem was destroyed in A.D. 70 and will never be rebuilt again. Yet, how can this be a description of Jerusalem when scripture repeatedly speaks of its return to prominence during the millennial reign (Isa. 2:3; Zec. 14:16; Rev. 20:9+)? Scripture is quite plain that God still has a plan for ethnic Israel and yet the Jerusalem view seems to teach the opposite.⁴⁴

We also saw that at her destruction, Babylon will never be inhabited again. Clearly, Babylon cannot be Jerusalem, for Jerusalem is currently inhabited and has never been—nor shall ever be—destroyed in the manner which Scripture describes of Babylon. See The Destruction of Babylon.

There is also a problem of pedigree when an attempt is made to identify Jerusalem as Babylon. Babylon is said to be, “the mother of harlots and of the abominations of the earth” (Rev. 17:5+). Scripture indicates the Jerusalem, at her worst times, is merely a daughter harlot:

Thus says the LORD God to Jerusalem, . . . “Indeed everyone who quotes proverbs will use this proverb against you: ‘Like mother, like daughter!’ You are your mother’s daughter, loathing husband and children; and you are the sister of your sisters, who loathed their husbands and children; your mother was a Hittite and your father an Amorite.’ ” (Eze. 16:3, 44-45) [emphasis added]

Son of man, there were two women, The daughters of one mother. They committed harlotry in Egypt, They committed harlotry in their youth; Their breasts were there embraced, Their virgin bosom was there pressed. Their names: Oholah the elder and Oholibah her sister; They were Mine, And they bore sons and daughters. As for their names, Samaria is Oholah, and Jerusalem is Oholibah. (Eze. 23:2-4) [emphasis added]

God, through Ezekiel, goes on to describe how Oholiah (Samaria, the northern kingdom) derived her harlotry from Egypt (Eze. 23:8) and was given into the hands of her lovers, Assyria (Eze. 23:9). When her sister, Oholibah (Jerusalem, representing the southern kingdom) saw her fate, rather than repenting she became even more corrupt. Then, her eyes lusting after the equivalent of pornographic images:

. . . she increased her harlotry; She looked at men portrayed on the wall, Images of Chaldeans portrayed in vermilion, Girded with belts around their waists, Flowing turbans on their heads, All of them looking like captains, In the manner of the Babylonians of Chaldea, The land of their nativity. (Eze 23:14-15) [emphasis added]

In this significant passage of Ezekiel, Israel’s harlotry is repeatedly said to derive from Egypt (Eze. 23:8, 19, 27). Thus, she is a daughter harlot. In this same passage describing Jerusalem’s harlotry, Ezekiel links the nativity of her partners to Babylon. Like Rome, Jerusalem lacks the necessary antiquity to bear the dubious label of mother of harlots. See commentary on Revelation 17:5.

Beale notes that evidence is lacking that “Babylon” has ever been a symbolic name for Israel: “There is not one example of ‘Babylon’ ever being a symbolic name for Israel, either before or after 70 A.D. . . . the burden of proof rests on those maintaining the Babylon = Jerusalem identification.”⁴⁵

Another major weakness of the view that Babylon is Jerusalem is found in the dating of the book of Revelation. Unless John wrote the book before the fall of Jerusalem in A.D. 70, then it becomes impossible to assign the destruction of Babylon in the book of Revelation to that event:

The view that Babylon is a code name for Jerusalem derives from a worldview that requires the writing and fulfillment of the Apocalypse before A.D. 70. Besides an impossible date for the book’s writing, this view goes against the historical fact that Jerusalem is related to the people of God and Babylon to the world at large (Lee).⁴⁶

Nor does it make sense for Jerusalem to be Babylon when the earthly Jerusalem is a type or pattern for the New Jerusalem which is contrasted at every point with Babylon. See Babylon and the New Jerusalem.

The view that Babylon means Jerusalem has almost nothing to recommend it and represents a most serious distortion of the word of God.

4.1.3.5 - Babylon is Babylon! Listen to Babylon is Babylon!

It is our view that Babylon simply means . . . Babylon! The only problem with taking Babylon in its literal sense is one of timing and faith. Because the modern site of Babylon in no way resembles what is described in the book of Revelation, there is opportunity for doubt concerning what God has said. This is nothing new: “Has God indeed said . . ?” (Gen. 3:1).

What is the explanation for this reluctance to believe that John meant Babylon when he wrote “Babylon”? Even at the time John was writing, Babylon was still a viable city, with a substantial colony of Jews (the famous Babylonian Talmud originated in or near there, about 500 years after the time of Christ) and there was a significant Christian church there as well (1 Peter. 5:13). At the very least, it would be confusing to John’s first century readers, as well as to later generations, for him to write so much about Babylon when he really meant Rome . . . or “the false church.”⁴⁷

The current situation in regard to the literal city of Babylon reminds us of the position of many earlier interpreters concerning the predictions of the OT in regard to Israel. Prior to her reestablishment in 1948, it was difficult for many to believe that unfulfilled passages concerning a people who had been dispersed for nearly 2,000 years could ever be taken in a literal fashion as pertaining to a physical nation yet future. Today, we thrill to read those interpreters who held to a literal understanding of Israel over the many years when Israel seemed but a dusty recollection of history. May we be found among a similar cadre of interpreters in our own time concerning the city of Babylon!

4.1.3.5.1 - Old Testament Context

It is our view that the identity of Babylon ultimately rests on the proper interpretation of God’s word. We must examine the meaning of words in their historical context. What did they mean to those who spoke them, heard them, and wrote them down? When the OT says “Babylon,” the promises and predictions are made meaningless if they can mean any other major commercial city in some future age. This is akin to redefining “Israel” after the fact, to make it mean “Church” or “people of God.” It is fair game for God to add to His revelation, expand its inclusiveness by way of progressive revelation, but He is not permitted to change the original meaning. “Not permitted?,” you say. Yes! God is limited by His own character. The reason God cannot change the original meaning is found in His character: He cannot tell a lie (Num. 23:19; Rom. 3:4; Heb. 6:18; Tit. 1:2). For God to say “Babylon,” hundreds of years before Rome is even a factor in the minds of his people and then later have the same word mean “Rome” is simply unacceptable. How is such action essentially any different than telling a lie? At the very least it is extremely misleading, something we would dare not accuse God of. God’s promises and predictions are only as good as language. If Babylon in the OT predictions can be Rome, London, New York, or Tokyo, then what hope have we of knowing our promises are reliable. What if physical resurrection really doesn’t mean physical? Or eternal life isn’t quite eternal?

There are two parties in any communication: an originator and a recipient. Communication involves the participation of both. The originator expressing meaning and the recipient understanding that meaning in the current context based upon common rules of language and the accepted meaning of words. Therefore, the understanding of the recipient is a significant factor in establishing the meaning of communication. Although a purposefully deceptive communicator may purposely express his communication in a way in which he knows that the recipient will incorrectly interpret his words, this is not our God. It is His intention and pleasure to communicate to His creatures in a reliable manner. Moreover, His very character and the character of His Word are at stake. How could He possibly elevate His word over His own name (Ps. 138:2), the expression of His very character, and at the same time package it in words which don’t mean what they appear to mean, but take on entirely different meanings later on?

This is especially important in the matter before us because the term Babylon is not isolated to the book of Revelation. Proving that some have used the term to denote Rome in extra-biblical writings is totally irrelevant when we consider God’s word. Even if it could be shown that Babylon in the NT is supposed to mean something else (and it can’t),⁴⁸ there is still the insurmountable difficulty of making extensive OT passages concerning Babylon mean something entirely different after-the-fact. The problem for interpreters who would attempt to reinterpret Babylon (and the blessing for those of us who do not) is that the meaning and use of the term is anchored in the context of the passages in the OT.⁴⁹

This is exactly what is foretold in Jer. 1. There the destruction of Babylon is foretold; for it is “the word that the LORD spake against Babylon” (Jer. 1:1). We have not yet heard of any commentator who thought Jeremiah prophesied this of Rome, or of any other city except the literal Babylon.⁵⁰

Although we believe there are numerous reasons why Babylon in the book of Revelation designates the literal city on the banks of the Euphrates, this issue alone is determinative. The proper historical-grammatical interpretation of the OT passages in their original context precludes all other meanings. As with all passages of Scripture, there will be many different applications, but only a single meaning based on the original context.

4.1.3.5.2 - A Literal City

Beyond the interpretive issue mentioned above, which we feel is conclusive, there are many other reasons for taking Babylon in the book of Revelation to denote the literal city. One such reason is the mention of the Euphrates River in conjunction with what is said concerning Babylon.

The best solution is to assign Babylon its literal significance of the city on the Euphrates by that name. Mentions of the Euphrates River at other points (Rev. 9:14+; 16:12+) corroborate this which is the natural way to understand it. Place names have their literal significance in Revelation 1:9+; 2:1+, 8+, 12+, 18+; 3:1+, 7+, 14+ and the writer is very clear to point it out when he intends a figurative meaning as in Revelation 11:8+. A reference to a literal city does not exclude further implications regarding political and religious systems connected with the city (Walvoord).⁵¹

If Babylon in the book of Revelation is to denote something other than the literal city, we should expect to see significant differences in what is said concerning her. But we do not. Both OT and NT speak in concert on the matter of Babylon. It would seem these passages are in agreement concerning their subject—the literal city on the Euphrates:

The imagery of many waters (Rev. 17:1+, 15+) is reminiscent of the waters of Babylon (Ps. 137:1; Jer. 51:13). . . . The boast of Babylon, “I sit as queen and am no widow, and will not see sorrow” (Rev. 18:7+) echoes that of ancient Babylon (Isa. 47:7-9). John also employs imagery from the Tower of Babel. When Revelation 18:5+ says, “her sins have piled up as high as heaven,” the allusion is possibly to the use of bricks in building the Tower of Babel. . . . Revelation 17+-18+ also repeatedly draws imagery from the description of Babylon and its destruction given in Jeremiah 50-51. For example, both passages describe Babylon as holding a golden cup (Jer. 51:7; Rev. 17:3-4+; 18:6+), dwelling on many waters (Jer. 51:13; Rev. 17:1+), involved with the nations (Jer. 51:7; Rev. 17:2+), and having the same name (Jer. 50:1; Rev. 17:5+; 18:10+). Moreover, both passages illustrate Babylon’s destruction the same way (Jer. 51:63-64; Rev. 18:21+) and depict Babylon’s destruction as sudden (Jer. 51:8; Rev. 18:8+), caused by fire (Jer. 51:30; Rev. 17:16+; 18:8+), final (Jer. 50:39; Rev. 18:21+), and deserved (Jer. 51:63-64; Rev. 18:21+). Furthermore, both passages describe the response to Babylon’s destruction in terms of God’s people fleeing (Jer. 51:6, 45; Rev. 18:4+) and heaven rejoicing (Jer. 51:48; Rev. 18:20+). Other commentators have also noticed how frequently John in Revelation 17+-19+ draws from the imagery of Jeremiah 50-51. For example, Thomas observes ten parallels between the two sections of Scripture. Aune also observes at least ten parallels between Jeremiah 50-51 and Revelation 18+.⁵²

Another piece of evidence in favor of a literal Babylon is a literal Israel. As we saw in our discussion concerning Babylon is Jerusalem?, the OT passages dealing with the destruction of Babylon compare and contrast her with Jerusalem. This was one reason why Babylon cannot be Jerusalem. It also provides strong evidence that Babylon is to be taken as the literal city because Jerusalem is taken that way in the same passages. The restoration of the literal, earthly city of Jerusalem (Isa. 62) and the future rule of Messiah from her midst (Jer. 3:17; Zec. 14:16) are as sure as God’s word. If Babylon is consistently contrasted with Jerusalem in OT passages, then it is inconsistent to take Jerusalem literally, but Babylon figuratively. If Jerusalem is the literal city on Mount Moriah, then Babylon cannot be said to be New York or merely a commercial or religious system.

Without any spirit of dogmatism, and without entering into the question of the identity and significance of the Babylon in the Revelation—whether mystical or actual—we would express our conviction that there are Scriptures [e.g., Zec. 5] which cannot, according to our judgment, be satisfactorily explained except on the supposition of a revival and yet future judgment of literal Babylon, which for a time will be the centre and embodiment of all the elements of our godless Western “civilisation,” and which especially will become the chief entrepôt of commerce in the world, . . . To this conviction we are led chiefly by the fact that there are prophecies in the Old Testament concerning the literal Babylon which have never in the past been exhaustively fulfilled, and that Scripture usually connects the final overthrow of Babylon with the yet future restoration and blessing of Israel.⁵³

One reason some reject a literal interpretation is the picture of “mystery” and harlotry associated with Babylon in the book of Revelation (Rev. 17:5+). As we shall see in our discussion of Mystery Babylon?, the “mystery” is not related to the identification of the city, but her relationship with the beast upon which she rides. The angel who explains the mystery to John devotes most of the passage talking about her relationship with the seven-headed beast with ten horns (Rev. 17:7-14+) and relatively little to the Harlot herself (Rev. 17:15-18+). Even then, he concludes by saying, “And the woman whom you saw is that great city which reigns over the kings of the earth” (Rev. 17:18+). He makes sure John understands that the Harlot is a city—the literal city of Babylon. The use of harlot imagery does not preclude a related literal meaning, for the angel is showing John that she is both a city and a worldwide polluting influence:

The Old Testament uses harlot imagery to depict the Gentile cities of Tyre (Isa. 23:16-17) and Nineveh (Nah. 3:4) while never hinting that these cities are not meant to be understood literally. . . . The same sort of harlot imagery that describes the city in chapter 17 is also employed in chapter 18 (Rev. 18:3+, 9+). Yet, despite these similarities, Walvoord interprets the city in Revelation 17+ non-literally while simultaneously interpreting the city in Revelation 18+ literally.⁵⁴

First, [Babylon] signifies a literal city, which shall yet be built in the Land of Shinar, on the banks of the Euphrates. Proof of this was furnished in our last chapter so that we need not pause here to submit the evidence. Six times (significant number!) is ‘Babylon’ referred to in the Apocalypse, and nowhere is there a hint that the name is not to be understood literally. In the second place, the ‘great city’ (unnamed) signifies an idolatrous system - ‘mother of harlots’ a system of idolatry which originated in the Babylon of Nimrod’s day, and a system which is to culminate and terminate in another Babylon in a day soon to come.⁵⁵

Another reason in favor of taking Babylon as a literal city rather than a symbol or figure is found in its representation as the Harlot: “The Whore represents a City. . . . Babylon, must therefore be understood literally, otherwise we should have the anomaly of a figure representing a figure.”⁵⁶

The literal view of Babylon has numerous proponents and was held well in advance of the circumstances of our own time (the Gulf War and the overthrow of Iraq by the United States). The literal view is not a reaction to these events, as if an attempt to pour prophecy into the politics of our day. In fact, the literal view has just the opposite characteristic: it is far less susceptible to reinterpretation as the movements and situations of history change with time:

The Babylon view has been criticized as being the product of reading current events regarding the present Iraqi crisis back into the text rather than being the product of sound exegetical principles. . . . However, this accusation seems unfair in light of the fact that numerous interpreters held the view long before Saddam Hussein rose to power. Such commentators include Newell (1935), Jennings (1937), Cooper (1942), and Lang (1948). Other commentators held the view even before Iraq became a nation in 1932. Such commentators include Seiss (1909) and Larkin (1919). It is true that Dyer released his book advocating the literal Babylon view on the eve of the Gulf War and recently on the eve of the present war with Iraq. However, it should also be noted that the content of these books is based upon Dyer’s master’s thesis that was completed in May of 1979 long before Hussein’s rise to power and escalating tensions between America and Iraq.⁵⁷

In my limited library, I have found a number of men who taught a future [literal] Babylon from Rev. 17:1-18+ and 18+. They include the following: B. W. Newton (1853), G. H. Pember (1888), J. A. Seiss (1900), Clarence Larkin (1918), Robert Govett (1920), E. W. Bullinger (1930), William R. Newell (1935), F. C. Jennings (1937), David L. Cooper (1942), G. H. Lang (1945). I am sure that more could be added to the list.⁵⁸

Further evidence for taking Babylon as the literal city is found in the way in which her destruction is illustrated by an angel in the book of Revelation. The angel takes up a stone and throws it into the sea, saying, “Thus with violence the great city Babylon shall be thrown down, and shall not be found anymore” (Rev. 18:21+). This is an intentional allusion to a similar prophetic enactment found in Jeremiah:

The word which Jeremiah the prophet commanded Seraiah the son of Neriah, the son of Mahseiah, when he went with Zedekiah the king of Judah to Babylon in the fourth year of his reign. And Seraiah was the quartermaster. So Jeremiah wrote in a book all the evil that would come upon Babylon, all these words that are written against Babylon. And Jeremiah said to Seraiah, “When you arrive in Babylon and see it, and read all these words, then you shall say, ‘O LORD, You have spoken against this place to cut it off, so that none shall remain in it, neither man nor beast, but it shall be desolate forever.’ Now it shall be, when you have finished reading this book, that you shall tie a stone to it and throw it out into the Euphrates. Then you shall say, ‘Thus Babylon shall sink and not rise from the catastrophe that I will bring upon her. And they shall be weary.’ ” Thus far are the words of Jeremiah. (Jer. 51:59-64) [emphasis added]

The angel virtually duplicates the pronouncement and activity of Seraiah in Jeremiah’s day. Of particular import is the fact that Jeremiah sent Seraiah with Zedekiah to Babylon in order to make his pronouncement of judgment. This is similar to how Jonah was sent to Nineveh. In both cases, the pronounced judgment concerned a specific geographic location which God would judge. Morever, the pronouncement by Seraiah was that of a permanent destruction where neither man nor beast would ever remain there. As we have seen, the historical record of literal Babylon does not match the seriousness of this prophecy.

The question proponents of a non-literal Babylon must answer is why did Jeremiah go to the trouble of instructing Seraiah to make such a pronouncement at the specific geographical location of literal Babylon if the fulfillment is to be found somewhere else? Either at a different city (e.g., Rome, New York) or in the destruction of a generic system? It would seem that the actions of Jeremiah, entrusting the message to Seraiah who was traveling to Babylon, point to God’s intention to judge the specific city over which the pronouncement was made. See commentary on Revelation 18:21.

4.1.3.5.3 - Back to Shinar Listen to Back to Shinar

Another passage which is often overlooked in establishing the identification of Babylon is the puzzling passage which occupies the last half of Zechariah chapter 5. An angel shows Zechariah a basket containing a woman covered with a lead disk. The angel identifies the woman: “This is Wickedness!” (Zec. 5:8). The basket is then transported away by two winged figures.⁵⁹ When Zechariah asks where the basket is bound, the angel responds, “To build a house for it in the land of Shinar; when it is ready, the basket will be set there on its base.”

First, the prophet sees as “ephah” (or bath) which was the largest measure for dry goods among the Jews. It would, therefore, be the natural symbol for Commerce. Next, we note that twice over it is said that the ephah “goeth forth” (Zec. 5:5, 6). As the whole of the preceding visions concern Jerusalem and her people, this can only mean that the center of Jewish commerce is to be transferred from Palestine elsewhere. Next, we are told that there was a “woman” concealed in the midst of the ephah (Zec. 5:7). We say “concealed,” for in Zec. 5:5 and Zec. 5:6 the “woman” is not seen - the leaden cover (cf. Zec. 5:8) had to be lifted before she could be beholden. The writer is satisfied that this hidden woman in the ephah is “the Woman” which is fully revealed in Revelation 17+ and 18+. Next, we are told that “wickedness” (lawlessness) was cast into the ephah, before its cover was closed again. Then, in what follows, we are shown this ephah, with the “woman” and “wickedness” shut up therein, being rapidly conveyed from Palestine to “the land of Shinar” (Zec. 5:11). The purpose for this is stated to be, “to build a house,” i.e. a settled habitation. Finally, we are assured, “it shall be established, and set there (in the land of Shinar) upon her own base.” This vision or prophecy contains the germ which is afterwards expanded and developed in such detail in Rev. 17+ and 18+, where it is shown that “the house” which is established for this system of commerce is “Babylon the great.”⁶⁰

When the woman attempts to escape, she is thrown back into the ephah, which becomes, so to say, the chariot in which she is carried away as something which is defiled and defiling, from the land in which God shall dwell; and the talent with which she carries on her unrighteous trace becomes the heavy weight by which she is held down till she is landed safely “in her own place,” where, after a season of lawless liberty in which she will allure men to their own destruction by her seductive attractiveness and luxury, she will be judged and destroyed, together with him who is pre-eminently styled “The Wicked One,” by the brightness of the Lord’s parousia (2Th. 2:8).⁶¹

One of the helpful aspects of this passage is the mention made of the destination: “the land of Shinar.” This locale is mentioned only a handful of times (Gen. 10:10; 11:2; 14:1, 9; Isa. 11:11; Dan. 1:2; Zec. 5:11) and is clearly established as the region of Babel and Babylon. It points to the geographical location of Babel and, later, Babylon:⁶²

Shinar: the ancient name of the great alluvial tract through which the Tigris and Euphrates pass before reaching the sea—the tract known in later times as Chaldea or Babylonia. It was a plain country, where brick had to be used for stone and slime for mortar. Gen. 11:3. Among the cities were Babel (Babylon), Erech or Orech (Orchoe), Calneh or Calno (probably Niffer), and Accad, the site of which is unknown. It may be suspected that Shinar was the name by which the Hebrews originally knew the lower Mesopotamian country where they so long dwelt, and which Abraham brought with him from “Ur of the Chaldees.”⁶³

We believe the transport of “Wickedness!” back to the land of Shinar is another piece of evidence that Babylon of the end is a rebuilt literal city in the same geographic location as Babel, the site of man’s original rebellious city ruled by Nimrod. The history of man is to be brought full circle: in the same place where the first king rebelled against God, so too will the last king rule before his demise and the institution of the Millennial Kingdom:

It shows from actual facts and events which are before us the very strong probability that “the land of Shinar”—which in the past was so “prominent in connection with the manifestation of evil on the part of man, and of judgment on the part of God, that it stands peculiarly as a memorial of proud ungodliness met by the visitation of righteous vengeance from above”—will yet, as Scripture forecasts, play a very important part in the consummation of human “wickedness” in the final anti-Christian apostasy, in which a godless Judaism and a corrupt, unbelieving Christianity will be united for the sake of the false peace, and pomp, and luxury, and a humanitarianism dissociated from God and the truth, which the system, outwardly symbolized by the ephah, will for a time minister to them, but which, as Scripture also warns us, will end in the most terrible judgment which has yet befallen man upon the earth.⁶⁴

There are significant similarities between the woman in the basket and what John sees concerning Babylon in Revelation 17+ and 18+. We believe these similarities are intentional and that the two are to be connected. The transport of the basket to the land of Shinar establishes the location of end-time Babylon. She will be right where God said! The correlation between Zechariah’s vision and that of John is more than uncanny:

Zechariah 5 and Revelation 17+-18+

Zechariah 5:5-11 | Revelation 17+-18+⁶⁵
Woman sitting in a basket. | Woman sitting on the beast, seven mountains, and many waters (Rev. 17:3+, 9+, 15+).
Emphasis on commerce (a basket for measuring grain). | Emphasis on commerce.
Woman’s name is wickedness. | Woman’s name is Babylon the Great, Mother of Harlots and Abominations of the Earth.
Focus on false worship (a temple is built for the woman). | Focus on false worship (Rev. 17:5+).
Woman is taken to Babylon. | Woman is called Babylon.

It is our view that the only obstacle to taking Babylon in the book of Revelation as the literal city on the banks of the Euphrates River is one of timing and faith. Obviously, if Babylon is the literal city, then the events of the book of Revelation are still some distance off from the time of our writing. It will take time for events to conspire such that the city will be rebuilt to become a global hub for world trade. This is really the only obstacle between the Scriptural passages before us and a literal fulfillment. Fortunately, the One Who wrote the predictions also has all the time in the world and is faithful to keep His word!

And the LORD answered me, and said, write the vision, and make it plain upon tables, that he may run that readeth it. For the vision is yet for an appointed time, but at the end it shall speak, and not lie: though it tarry, wait for it; because it will surely come, it will not tarry. (Hab. 2:2-3) [emphasis added]

4.1.4 - The Great Harlot Listen to The Great Harlot

Having examined some of the views concerning the identity of Babylon in the book of Revelation, we now turn our attention to the identity of the Harlot whom John is shown in Revelation 17+.

4.1.4.1 - Her Harlotry

The woman which John sees riding the Beast of seven heads and ten horns is called a harlot, indicating certain practices and priorities which stand opposed to God. She is not just a harlot, but is said to be the mother of harlots and of abominations of the earth (Rev. 17:5+). Thus, she has an originating role in the harlotry and abominations which God so hates.

As early as the Law of Moses, certain practices of the Israelites were prohibited and identified by God as abominations (Lev. 7:18; 11 cf. Deu. 18:9-12). Many of these practices (e.g., homosexuality, Lev. 18:22) were obviously considered as abominations from the very beginning—far in advance of Babylon of Nebuchadnezzar’s day or even the kingdom of Egypt. Since the Harlot is considered the mother of the abominations of the earth, she must predate both Egypt and Nebuchadnezzar’s Babylon.

This is also reflected in her ride upon the seven-headed beast (Rev. 17:3+) who is empowered by the seven-headed dragon (Rev. 12:3+) which we saw was Satan exercising authority over all the kingdoms of history (Luke 4:5-6). Since Satan’s dominion began when man forfeited his at the rebellion in the Garden of Eden, we should expect that the seven heads denote a group of kingdoms spanning a sufficient period of history to reach the earliest kingdom. As we saw in our discussion of Babylon of Old, the first king was Nimrod who presided over the kingdom of Babel, the precursor to Babylon. See #4 - Seven Heads/Kings.

These facts argue against any primary identification of the Harlot as a system, city, or government which is a relative newcomer from a Biblical perspective upon the stage of world history. Roman Catholicism is one such candidate. To be sure, the Harlot can be identified in a secondary way with such systems because she is their mother and they are her daughters. As in any family relationship, we expect great similarity between a mother and her daughters. Therefore, in any exploration of the identity of the Harlot, it is insufficient to make the case on similarity alone. All this proves is a mother-daughter relationship. To be the true mother requires a historic pedigree that many suggested candidates lack.

Was there no idolatry before Pagan Rome? Whence then came the worship of “Moloch” and “Remphan,” and “Chiun,” in the wilderness (Acts 7:43; Amos 5:25-26); and the worship of Ashtoreth, the abomination (i.e., idol) of the Zidonians, and Chemosh, the abomination of the Moabites, and Milcom, the abomination of the children of Ammon, which were introduced by Solomon (1K. 11:5; 2K. 13:11). Was Rome the mother of these?⁶⁶

Now we turn to the matter of her harlotry. Harlot (Rev. 17:16+) is πόρνης [pornēs] , denoting a prostitute⁶⁷ and used of Rahab (Jos. 2:1; 6:17, 23, 25—LXX; Heb. 11:31; Jas. 2:25). Harlotry often describes spiritual idolatry—forsaking the One True God:

Take heed to yourself, lest you make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land where you are going, lest it be a snare in your midst. But you shall destroy their altars, break their sacred pillars, and cut down their wooden images ’(for you shall worship no other god, for the LORD, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God), lest you make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land, and they play the harlot with their gods and make sacrifice to their gods, and one of them invites you and you eat of his sacrifice, and you take of his daughters for your sons, and his daughters play the harlot with their gods and make your sons play the harlot with their gods. You shall make no molded gods for yourselves. (Ex. 34:12-17) [emphasis added]

And the LORD said to Moses: “Behold, you will rest with your fathers; and this people will rise and play the harlot with the gods of the foreigners of the land, where they go to be among them, and they will forsake Me and break My covenant which I have made with them.” (Deu. 31:16) [emphasis added]

And if the people of the land should in any way hide their eyes from the man, when he gives some of his descendants to Molech, and they do not kill him, then I will set My face against that man and against his family; and I will cut him off from his people, and all who prostitute themselves with him to commit harlotry with Molech. (Lev. 20:4-5) [emphasis added]

But come here, you sons of the sorceress, You offspring of the adulterer and the harlot! Whom do you ridicule? Against whom do you make a wide mouth And stick out the tongue? Are you not children of transgression, offspring of falsehood, Inflaming yourselves with gods under every green tree, slaying the children in the valleys, under the clefts of the rocks? (Isa. 57:3-5) [emphasis added]

“But you trusted in your own beauty, played the harlot because of your fame, and poured out your harlotry on everyone passing by who would have it. You took some of your garments and adorned multicolored high places for yourself, and played the harlot on them. Such things should not happen, nor be. You have also taken your beautiful jewelry from My gold and My silver, which I had given you, and made for yourself male images and played the harlot with them. You took your embroidered garments and covered them, and you set My oil and My incense before them. Also My food which I gave you-the pastry of fine flour, oil, and honey which I fed you-you set it before them as sweet incense; and so it was,” says the Lord GOD. “Moreover you took your sons and your daughters, whom you bore to Me, and these you sacrificed to them to be devoured. Were your acts of harlotry a small matter, that you have slain My children and offered them up to them by causing them to pass through the fire? And in all your abominations and acts of harlotry you did not remember the days of your youth, when you were naked and bare, struggling in your blood. Then it was so, after all your wickedness-‘Woe, woe to you!’ says the Lord GOD- that you also built for yourself a shrine, and made a high place for yourself in every street. You built your high places at the head of every road, and made your beauty to be abhorred. You offered yourself to everyone who passed by, and multiplied your acts of harlotry. You also committed harlotry with the Egyptians, your very fleshly neighbors, and increased your acts of harlotry to provoke Me to anger.” (Eze. 16:15-26) [emphasis added]

As the mother of Harlots, she is the originator of an idolatrous influence which was passed on to her daughters. Her priorities and intent are such that she distracts those she influences away from a right recognition of God and suggests that they turn their attention to other things, any other thing than the one true God.⁶⁸

The figure of harlotry, expressing forgetfulness of God in selfish preoccupation with worldly gain, appropriately describes covetousness, which was the besetting sin of Tyre, and is closely allied with idolatry and licentiousness (Eph. 5:5; Col. 3:5). . . . [Such] operate upon the principle of “do anything for worldly gain,” which is what, in a spiritual sense, harlotry is [Isa. 23:16-18].⁶⁹

She is said to sit on many waters (Rev. 17:1+). The many waters are said to be “peoples, multitudes, nations, and tongues.” The woman is also said to be a great city (Rev. 17:18+). These two characteristics of her description are in tension. How can she be sitting on (supported by or influencing and controlling) a global community—including diverse nations spanning separate geographic regions—and at the same time be a great city? The answer would seem to be found in recognizing her primary identity as a single city, yet one that historically has influenced the global community, much like Nineveh: “Because of the multitude of harlotries of the seductive harlot, The mistress of sorceries, Who sells nations through her harlotries, And families through her sorceries” (Nah. 3:4). Her global influence is also seen in her global guilt, for “in her was found the blood of prophets and saints, and of all who were slain on the earth” (Rev. 18:24+ cf. Rev. 17:6+).

As the celebrated worldly Harlot, she is to be contrasted with the persecuted virgin of Revelation 12+ who brought forth the male child (see A Virgin and a Harlot) and the Lamb’s Wife (Babylon and the New Jerusalem).

4.1.4.2 - Mystery Babylon?

The primary issue among interpreters in regard to the Harlot is whether she is to be understood as being a separate but related entity to Babylon, the city. Many interpreters take her to be a separate ecclesiastic system at the time of the end which undergoes a separate judgment and destruction than Babylon, the city. This view is based on a number of points:

“Mystery” is written on the woman’s forehead (Rev. 17:5+). Some take this as part of her title, denoting her mysterious nature and identity.

Religious aspects of the harlot are thought to be more strongly emphasized in Revelation 17+, whereas Revelation 18+ emphasizes commercial aspects.

If modern ecumenical liberalism continues, then it seems likely that disparate religious systems will eventually amalgamate into a one-world global religion at the time of the end.

We discuss the merits of each of these points below.

One other matter which we should mention regarding the identification of the Harlot: the tendency of unevenly emphasizing interpretive clues provided by the text. Scripture gives us some clear and definite sign-posts to help guide us in our task of interpretation. When we fail to heed those sign-posts, but drive right by them, we miss the main fork in the road leading in the proper direction and drive down the wrong road which takes us miles from the proper destination. It does not matter how many small back-alleys we investigate in the local neighborhood if we are already in the wrong city! Ignoring very clear and definite statements, interpreters often spend great effort analyzing other less-clear passages in attempting to identify her.

In the case of the Harlot, several definitive statements are given to us about her identity. She is explicitly said to be a city: “And the woman whom you saw is that great city which reigns over the kings of the earth” (Rev. 17:18+). The phrase, the great (Rev. 17:3+), is reminiscent of the great city, Babylon (Rev. 16:19+; 17:4+; 18:2+, 21+; 19:2+), although the phrase is also used of Jerusalem (Rev. 11:8+; 16:19+) and the New Jerusalem (Rev. 21:10+). We are not left to wonder which city is meant, whether Jerusalem, the New Jerusalem, Babylon (or even Rome, New York, or Tokyo!). It is Babylon which is explicitly identified with “the great harlot” (Rev. 19:2+ cf. Rev. 18:21+). Whatever else the Harlot denotes, we must not lose sight of these simple, clear sign posts: she is a city and that city is Babylon.

4.1.4.2.1 - Mystery as a Title?

The question as to whether the word mystery is to be understood as describing what is related concerning the woman or whether it forms part of her title cannot be dogmatically settled by the underlying Greek. However, evidence is in favor of excluding mystery from her title:

Although translators disagree, it seems best to understand the word mystery as describing what is related about the woman and not being part of her title:

The first question is whether musterion should be interpreted as being in apposition with onoma? If not, John would be saying that the name on the woman’s forehead is “Mystery Babylon the Great.” If so, John would be saying that the name “Babylon the Great” written upon the woman’s forehead is a mystery. . . . The repetition of the woman’s title as “Babylon the Great” (Rev. 14:8+; 16:19+; 18:2+) rather than “Mystery Babylon the Great” favors the appositional relationship.⁷⁰

By printing (on its own authority) the word “mystery” in large capital letters, the AV. has made it appear as part of the name. The Revisers have followed this example, printing the name in small capitals instead of large. But they have, in the margin, said “or, a mystery, BABYLON THE GREAT,” as though the word “mystery” did not form part of the title. We believe this to be the case.⁷¹

We also observe that in the immediate context, the angel offers to tell John “the mystery of the woman and of the beast which carries her” (Rev. 17:7+). This provides further evidence against taking mystery as her title for the mystery pertains to understanding the vision, not her character. Moreover, the mystery extends beyond the woman herself to include the seven-headed beast with ten horns. In fact, an examination of the remainder of the chapter will show that the angel spends more time discussing the mystery of the heads and horns (Rev. 17:8-14+) than the woman (Rev. 17:15-18+). Although the Beast predominates in the explanation of the mystery, he has no such title.

Thus, we disagree with the terminology “Mystery Babylon,” which is often used to define a second Babylon of sorts which bears little, if any, relationship to the city. This we believe is a misreading of the text and an unfortunate side-effect of how several translations have chosen to render Revelation 17:5+.

4.1.4.2.2 - One or Two Babylons? Listen to One or Two Babylons?

Many conclude that the Harlot (Rev. 17+) represents a religious system, whereas the city (Rev. 18+) represents a commercial system. This view holds that what is said concerning the Harlot, and the very fact that she is said to be a Harlot, necessitates a purely religious role for her. Conversely, the commercial emphasis of Revelation 18+ speaks more of a commercial system and a city. An unfortunate contributor to this separation into two parts is the chapter division between Revelation 17+ and 18+ which masks the unity of the entire passage. Since chapter divisions are not part of the inspired text, we need to be cognizant of their placement and the implicit effects they have on our interpretation. In the case of Revelation 17+ and 18+, it is true that Revelation 17+ speaks more of the spiritual aspects of the Harlot. Similarly, Revelation 18+ emphasizes commercial aspects. But this is not the full story because both chapters emphasize both aspects and overlap to a much greater degree than many interpreters are willing to admit.⁷²

The Harlot versus The City

Attribute
The Harlot
(Revelation 17+)
The City
(Revelation 18+, 19+)

Named “Babylon the Great.”
Rev. 17:5+
Rev. 18:2+

Called “The Great Harlot.”
Rev. 17:1+
Rev. 19:2+

Holding a cup.
Rev. 17:4+
Rev. 18:6+

Fornicating with kings.
Rev. 17:2+
Rev. 18:3+

Drunk with wine of immorality.
Rev. 17:2+
Rev. 18:3+

Persecuting believers.
Rev. 17:6+
Rev. 18:20+, 24+; 19:2+

Destroyed by fire.
Rev. 17:16+
Rev. 18:8+, 18+

Destroyed by God.
Rev. 17:17+
Rev. 18:5+, 8+

Clothed with purple, scarlet, gold, precious stones, pearls.
Rev. 17:4+
Rev. 18:16+

Wealthy.
Rev. 17:4+
Rev. 18:3+, 7+, 12-14+

Sitting.
Rev. 17:1+, 7+, 15+
Rev. 18:7+

Global influence.
Rev. 17:1-2+, 15+, 18+
Rev. 18:3+, 9+, 11+, 19:2+

Spiritual wickedness.
Rev. 17:5+
Rev. 18:23+

Revelation 17+, while speaking of her harlotry, abominations, and being drunk with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus, also relates her great commercial wealth: “arrayed in purple and scarlet, and adorned with gold and precious stones and pearls, having in her hand a golden cup” (Rev. 17:4+). Moreover, Revelation 18+ speaks of her spiritual aspects: “For all nations have drunk of the wine of the wrath of her fornication, the kings of the earth have committed fornication with her” (Rev. 18:3a+) and “for by your sorcery all the nations were deceived. And in her was found the blood of prophets and saints, and of all who were slain on the earth” (Rev. 18:24+). When the city of Babylon is finally overthrown, as predicted by the angel (Rev. 18:21+), it is said, “He has judged the great harlot who corrupted the earth with her fornication; and He has avenged on her the blood of His servants shed by her” [emphasis added] (Rev. 19:2+).

The question is, how different from the Babylon of chapter 17 is the Babylon of chapter 18? Undoubtedly the city is the same in both instances. Both have the name “Babylon the great” (Rev. 17:5+; 18:2+). Both are guilty of fornication (Rev. 17:1+, 2+, 4+, 5+, 16+; 18:3+) and of causing the kings of the earth and the earth-dwellers to imbibe of the wine (of the anger) of the city’s fornication (Rev. 17:2+; 18:3+). The destiny of both is to be burned with fire (Rev. 17:16+; 18:8+, 9+, 18+) and to become an utter desolation (Rev. 17:16+; 18:17+, 19+). In both chapters Babylon is “the great city” (Rev. 17:18+; 18:10+, 16+, 18+. 19, 21) and wears the apparel and adornment of a harlot (Rev. 17:4+; 18:16+). Both are responsible for the martyrdom of the faithful (Rev. 17:6+; 18:20+, 24+ [cf. 19:2+]).⁷³

We also note that in the prediction of Babylon’s demise by the flying angel there is not the slightest intimation of two systems or two destructions. Moreover, in the angel’s description of Babylon, he calls it a “great city” (commercial) which is guilty of “fornication” (spiritual idolatry) (Rev. 14:8+). There the self-same Babylon is described using both commercial and spiritual attributes. This unity is also evidenced under the seventh bowl where “Babylon was remembered before God, to give her the cup of the wine of the fierceness of His wrath” (Rev. 16:19+). Only one Babylon is in view and its destruction is associated with a single judgment—the pouring forth of the last bowl of the wrath of God. We see no evidence of a separate judgment for the Harlot and a subsequent judgment of the city—as if they were two different entities.

Another factor favoring the unity of Revelation 17+ and 18+ is the announced mission of the angel sent to John: “I will show you the judgment of the great harlot who sits on many waters” (Rev. 17:1+). This angel is with John from Revelation 17:1+ throughout both chapters and speaks to him again in Revelation 19:19+.⁷⁴ The act of showing John the judgment (singular) of the great harlot (singular) spans Revelation 17:1+ through Revelation 19:4+. The same event is in view the entire time. The angel gives not the slightest indication that John is being shown two entities and two destructions.

If we look at these two chapters carefully [Rev. 17+ and 18+], we fail to find the distinction so persistently affirmed. Some one states a thing as a fact; and then others think they see it. There is no such thing as “Mystic Babylon.” The Babylon mentioned in chapter 17+ is the same as that in chapter 18+. It is the “Woman” which is a secret symbol or sign. But that means only that we are not to take it literally as a woman, but as “that great city,” as is explained in [Rev. 17:18+].⁷⁵

The idea that the Harlot is something other than the city of Babylon is difficult to maintain if Scripture alone is our guide. The Harlot is called a city (Rev. 17:18+) while the city is described as a harlot (Rev. 18:3+, 9+, 23-24+) and called “the great harlot” (Rev. 19:2+). The Harlot is that great city Babylon!

4.1.4.2.3 - An End-Time Religious System?

Although the Harlot includes both commercial and religious aspects, many have minimized her commercial aspects and placed greater emphasis on her religious aspects. The Harlot is then seen to be the end-time religious system which precedes the rise of the Beast as sole object of worship.

What is found in these verses is the final form of religious apostasy, ending in a one-world super-church. It is the final form of the woman Jezebel cast into the Great Tribulation (Rev. 2:20-22+) and united with the Laodicean Church. This is the counterfeit bride of messiah, presented as a prostitute, in contrast with the true Bride of Messiah, presented as a pure virgin (2Cor. 11:2; Eph. 5:25-27; Rev. 19:6-8+).⁷⁶

During the Tribulation, all the world’s diverse false religions will be reunited into one great world religion. That ultimate expression of false religion will be an essential element of Antichrist’s final world empire, in holding together his military, economic, and political structure. Only religion can unite the world in the most compelling way.⁷⁷

The current trend of ecumenical liberalism, which places unity and relationship above doctrinal distinctions, is seen as evolving into a one-world super church. This global system of unified worship is suggested as the source from which the False Prophet arises (Rev. 13:11+).

The modern ecumenical movement, active first among apostate Protestant churches in the first half of the twentieth century, then essentially combining (or at least fellowshiping) with the Catholic and Orthodox churches in the second half of the twentieth century, will eventually amalgamate with all other world religions, especially after the departure of all true churches to be with Christ. The second beast, or false prophet, will most likely emerge as the patriarch (or pope, or ayatollah, or guru or, more likely, simply “prophet”) of this universal religion.⁷⁸

At a critical juncture, probably the revival of the Beast from the dead, the one-world “worship-what-you-will” system of religion is thought to be put down in order to direct all worship to the Beast (Rev. 13:15+). The Beast, elevating himself over all that is called god (2Th. 2:4) and empowered by the worship-hungry dragon, will not allow competition so the worldwide ecumenical movement which rode him as the Harlot will then be viciously turned upon and destroyed (Rev. 17:16-18+).

Having used the false religious system to help him gain control of the world, Antichrist will discard it. In his rampant megalomania, he will want the world to worship only him. He will also no doubt covet the vast wealth of the false religious system. Thus, he will turn on the harlot.⁷⁹

Thus, the religious state of the end-time is thought to be characterized by two phases. During the first phase, ecumenical globalism is pervasive. During the second phase, only the Antichrist is worshiped.

Just as there will be two political systems during the Tribulation, one during the first half (the ten kings) and one during the second half (the Antichrist), there will also be two religious systems, one for each half of the Tribulation. This passage describes the religious system of the first half of the Tribulation.⁸⁰

As plausible sounding as such a scenario might be, the Scriptures themselves provide precious little detail to support such ideas. If Scripture speaks for itself, the Harlot is seen to be one-and-the-same as the city Babylon. Just as Tyre and Jerusalem are described as harlots, so too is Babylon. If the Harlot is a city (Rev. 17:18+) and the city is a harlot (Rev. 19:2+) and their characteristics overlap as we’ve shown above, then there is little room for making the Harlot a separate ecclesiastical system.

It is indeed surprising how any mistake could have been made in the identification of this woman. For the Holy Spirit first shows us her very name upon her forehead. Then in [Rev. 17:18+], He tells us as plainly as words can tell anything that “the woman which thou sawest is that great city, which reigneth over the kings of the earth”; and [Rev. 16:19+], as well as [Rev. 17:5+] identifies this city with Babylon. God says it is a “city.” He does not say a system or a religion, but a “CITY.”⁸¹

The woman is identified as the great city (Rev. 17:18+) whose fall is described in chapter 18+. From internal evidence, the identity of Babylon the woman (ch. 17+) with Babylon the great city (ch. 18+) is so unmistakable that it would be inappropriate to make them different entities.⁸²

We believe a better solution is to recognize the essential unity concerning all that is related about Babylon. The Harlot and the city are one. But the city has two aspects: both a religious aspect and a commercial aspect. Both of these date back to the time of Nimrod and the tower of Babel (Gen. 11:4). These streams of influence have spanned both history and geography: she “sits on many waters” which are “peoples, multitudes, nations, and tongues” (Rev. 17:1+, 15+). Therefore, what Scripture relates concerning her harlotry we should expect, and indeed do see, in any number of the centers of civilization of our age. In that sense, there is some truth and overlap between the views that Babylon is the World? and Babylon is Babylon!

It is certainly possible that an ecumenical one-world religion will unite the people of the world prior to the rise of Antichrist. Such a movement would be a valuable tool for the forces of globalism which will prevail prior to the ten-horn kingdom out of which the little horn eventually arises. Although Scripture does not preclude such a development, neither does it predict it. For it is equally possible that a single repressive faith, such as Islam, could gain ascendancy and bring a forced unity by the sword—Scripture simply does not say.⁸³

What is most important to recognize is the dual aspect of Babylon of the end, that it will unite both commercial and religious aspects into a powerful force which has always proven too great a temptation in the hands of fallen men:

Various astute rulers in the long history of human government, rightly estimating the tremendous power of religion over the minds of men, have been greatly intrigued with the idea of some kind of union between church and state, in which the government would establish and support some widely accepted religion and this religion in turn would lend its influence to the state. All such alliances thus humanly originated have been based on selfish motives and opportunist policies on both sides, and hence must always break down in the end. Since each side pays a price for the unnatural union, and the price is ever increasing, the break becomes inevitable (cf. Rev. 17:1-18+). A union between church and state is safe only when inaugurated and controlled by the one true God in a kingdom of His own (Zec. 14:9, 14:16-21).⁸⁴

This is why Scripture relates that only when Messiah comes will the function of both priest and king be safely united in a single person as predicted by Zechariah:

Then take silver and gold, and make crowns, and set them upon the head of Joshua the son of Josedech, the high priest; and speak unto him, saying, thus speaketh the LORD of hosts, saying, behold the man whose name is The BRANCH; and he shall grow up out of his place, and he shall build the temple of the LORD: Even he shall build the temple of the LORD; and he shall bear the glory, and shall sit and rule upon his throne; and he shall be a priest upon his throne: and the counsel of peace shall be between them both [the two crowns or roles]. (Zec. 6:11-13, KJV) [emphasis added]

The American policy of complete separation of church and state, which most sensible men fully approve under present conditions, is not however the ideal policy. It is rather a policy of precaution in a sinful world, where political and ecclesiastical power too often get into the wrong hands, and the result is intolerable oppression. But under the personal rule of the Messianic King the union of church and state will not only be safe; it will also be the highest possible good.⁸⁵

Notes

¹ Image courtesy of the Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection, University of Texas at Austin. [www.lib.utexas.edu/maps]

² Translations differ as to whether Nimrod established Nineveh: “From that land Asshur went forth and built Nineveh. . . .” [ Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures: A New Translation of the Holy Scriptures According to the Traditional Hebrew Text (Philadelphia, PA: Jewish Publication Society, 1997, c1985), Gen. 10:11-12], [ Scherman, ed., Tanach (New York, NY: Mesorah Publications, Ltd., 2001), Gen. 10:11]. If “the land of Nimrod” means “Assyria” in Micah 5:5-6, then that would lend support for the view that Nimrod established Nineveh.

³ John MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 2000), Rev. 14:8.

⁴ Flavius Josephus, The Complete Works of Josephus (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1981), s.v. “Antiquities I, iv 1.”

⁵ Scherman, Tanach, Gen. 11:1-9n.

⁶ Donald Grey Barnhouse, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1971), 294.

⁷ Merrill F. Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), Isa. 14:13.

⁸ Ibid., Jer. 50:23.

⁹ D. J. Wiseman, “Babylon,” in Geoffrey W. Bromiley, ed., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979, 1915), 1:389.

¹⁰ Britannica CD 99 Multimedia Edition, s.v. “Babylon.”

¹¹ Merrill K. Unger, R. Harrison, Frederic F Vos, and Cyril J. Barber, The New Unger’s Bible Dictionary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1988), s.v. “Babylon.”

¹² Wiseman, “Babylon,” 1:390.

¹³ “Dated cuneiform texts up to A.D. 110 show that the site was still occupied.”—Ibid.

¹⁴ Moshe Beere, “Judaism (Babylonian Judaism),” in David Noel Freeman, ed., The Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York, NY: Doubleday, 1996, c1992), 3:1080.

¹⁵ Ibid., 3:1082.

¹⁶ “According to Septimius Severus the site was deserted by A.D. 200.”—Wiseman, “Babylon,” 1:390.

¹⁷ Ibid.

¹⁸ Image courtesy of the Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection, University of Texas at Austin. [www.lib.utexas.edu/maps]

¹⁹ How strange then to find Barnhouse commenting: “What we have seen of the state of the ruins of literal Babylon satisfies us that the prophecies of Isaiah and Jeremiah have been fulfilled.”—Barnhouse, Revelation, Rev. 18:1-3. Barnhouse essentially suggests that God’s language of prophecy is “sloppy.”

²⁰ Some hold that it is neither possible nor important to identify Babylon: “There is no way to be really sure of the identity of the city, nor is its identity important.”—Alan F. Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), Rev. 14:20. We would ask why God gave such a large body of information concerning her, if we were not to be concerned about her identity?

²¹ Andy Woods, What is the Identity of Babylon In Revelation 17-18?.

²² Ibid.

²³ Barnhouse, Revelation, 265.

²⁴ Walter Scott, Exposition of The Revelation (London, England: Pickering & Inglis, n.d.), Rev. 14:8.

²⁵ Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament, Isa. 13:6.

²⁶ Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, 158.

²⁷ Barnhouse, normally a very reliable commentator, is interesting in this regard. After a lengthy and informative exposition of most of Revelation 17+ wherein he holds the Harlot to be an ecclesiastical system, he concludes some nineteen pages of discussion with an exposition of the 17th verse. There the commentary ends and runs off into a blank page! Not only doesn’t he comment on the last verse, verse 18, he doesn’t even mention it! MacArthur is similarly silent at the end of his commentary on Revelation 17+, commenting on verse 17+ but not 18. Why? We can only guess because this verse stands as a contradiction to their schemes of interpretation which take the Harlot to be an ecclesiastical system. For verse 18+ tells us that the woman is “that great city.”

²⁸ Barnhouse, Revelation, 335.

²⁹ M. R. Vincent, Vincent’s Word Studies (Escondido, CA: Ephesians Four Group, 2002), Rev. 17:5.

³⁰ A. W. Fortune, “Babylon in the NT,” in Geoffrey W. Bromiley, ed., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979, 1915), 1:391.

³¹ “David S. Clark . . . takes the view of many others (Moses Stuart, Jay Adams, etc.) that the increased attention to Babylon in the second half of Revelation should be taken as a mystic reference to Rome, the persecuting city after the fall of Jerusalem: ‘Rome was called Babylon because [she was] sort of a duplicate of old Babylon, in that she was a persecutor of God’s people, she was intensely idolatrous, and she was doomed to overthrow for her sins.’ ”—Steve Gregg, Revelation Four Views: A Parallel Commentary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1997), Rev. 14:8.

³² Fortune, “Babylon in the NT,” 1:391.

³³ A. R. Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” in Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997, 1877), Rev. 17:5.

³⁴ Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977), Rev. 14:8.

³⁵ Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 8-22 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1995), Rev. 14:8.

³⁶ We believe this view is bolstered by the many aspects of his epistle which indicate he is ministering primarily to Jewish Christians of the Diaspora (1Pe. 1:1). Although Fortune favors the Roman identification, he offers two alternatives to understanding Peter’s use of Babylon as denoting Rome: “(1) That the Egyptian Babylon, or Old Cairo, is meant. Strabo (xvii.1.30), who wrote as late as A.D. 18, says the Egyptian Babylon was a strong fortress, founded by certain refugees from the Mesopotamian Babylon. But during the 1st cent this was little more than a military station, and it is quite improbable that Peter would have gone there. There is no tradition that connects Peter in any way with Egypt. (2) That the statement is to be taken literally and Babylon in Mesopotamia is meant. Many good scholars hold to this view, among them Weiss and Thayer; but there is no evidence that Peter was ever in Babylon, or that there was even a church there during the 1st century. Mark and Silvanus are associated with Peter in the letter and there is no tradition that connects either of them with Babylon. According to Josephus (Ant. xviii.9.5-9), the Jews at this time had largely been driven out of Babylon and were confined to neighboring towns, and it seems improbable that Peter would have made that his missionary field.”—Fortune, “Babylon in the NT,” 1:391.

³⁷ Woods, What is the Identity of Babylon In Revelation 17-18?.

³⁸ Arthur Walkington Pink, The Antichrist (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1999, 1923), s.v. “Antichrist and Babylon.”

³⁹ Woods, What is the Identity of Babylon In Revelation 17-18?.

⁴⁰ “J. Stuart Russell and others (Terry, Chilton, etc.) believe Babylon to be a symbolic designation for Jerusalem.”—Gregg, Revelation Four Views: A Parallel Commentary, Rev. 14:8.

⁴¹ David Chilton, The Days of Vengeance (Tyler, TX: Dominion Press, 1987), Rev. 14:8.

⁴² Ibid.

⁴³ We are not talking here about progressive revelation which is a matter altogether different. Progressive revelation adds information and understanding to broaden an original prediction or promise. It does not deny the original content or understanding, nor does it reverse or drastically change its meaning to something that denies the basic understanding of the original recipients.

⁴⁴ Woods, What is the Identity of Babylon In Revelation 17-18?.

⁴⁵ Gregory K. Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1999), 25.

⁴⁶ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 14:8.

⁴⁷ Henry Morris, The Revelation Record (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1983), 323.

⁴⁸ All but one reference to Babylon in the NT outside the book of Revelation are obviously literal: Mat. 1:11-12, 17; Acts 7:43; 1Pe 5:13. The reference at 1Pe. 5:13 is disputed, but there is no real reason for taking Peter’s use as non-literal since there was a significant contingent of Jews who remained in Babylon at the time of the NT.

⁴⁹ We reject the idea of a complementary hermeneutic as embraced by proponents of progressive dispensationalism which attempts to provide a mechanism by which the original meaning can be modified and even changed.

⁵⁰ E. W. Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1984, 1935), Rev. 18:4.

⁵¹ Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 1-7 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1992), Rev. 14:8.

⁵² Woods, What is the Identity of Babylon In Revelation 17-18?.

⁵³ David Baron, Zechariah: A Commentary On His Visions And Prophecies (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1918), 167-168.

⁵⁴ Woods, What is the Identity of Babylon In Revelation 17-18?.

⁵⁵ Pink, The Antichrist, s.v. “Antichrist in Babylon.”

⁵⁶ Ibid., s.v. “Antichrist.”

⁵⁷ Woods, What is the Identity of Babylon In Revelation 17-18?.

⁵⁸ Ice, “Babylon in Bible Prophecy,” in Thomas Ice, ed., Pre-Trib Perspectives, vol. 7 no. 11 (Dallas, TX: Pre-Trib Research Center, March 2003), 5.

⁵⁹ Having wings of a stork, an unclean bird.

⁶⁰ Pink, The Antichrist, s.v. “Antichrist and Babylon (Rev. 18).”

⁶¹ Baron, Zechariah: A Commentary On His Visions And Prophecies, 164.

⁶² “The Beast is a man (Rev. 13:18+); therefore his throne is in a definite place: rebuilt Babylon on the Euphrates, we believe,—Satan’s ancient capital, in the ‘land of Shinar,’ where ‘wickedness’ is to be set on its base in the end-time (Zec. 5:5-10).”—William R. Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1994,c1935), Rev. 16:10.

⁶³ William Smith, Smith’s Bible Dictionary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1997), s.v. “Shinar.”

⁶⁴ Baron, Zechariah: A Commentary On His Visions And Prophecies, 170.

⁶⁵ Mark Hitchcock, The Second Coming of Babylon. (Sisters, OR: Multnomah Publishers, 2003), p. 109, cited by [Woods, What is the Identity of Babylon In Revelation 17-18?].

⁶⁶ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 17:5.

⁶⁷ Frederick William Danker and Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 693.

⁶⁸ Concerning spiritual harlotry: Ex. 34:15; Lev. 17:16; Deu. 31:16; Jdg. 2:18; 1Chr. 5:25; 2Chr. 21:13; Ps. 106:39; Isa. 57:3-8; Jer. 2:20; 3:1-13; 13:27; Eze. 6:9; 16:15-41; 23:5, 19, 30; 44; Hos. 2:5; 3:3; 4:12, 14; 9:1; Mic. 1:7; Nah. 3:4; Mat. 12:39; Rev. 17:1+, 15+; Rev. 19:2+.

⁶⁹ Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament, Isa. 23:16.

⁷⁰ Woods, What is the Identity of Babylon In Revelation 17-18?.

⁷¹ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 17:5.

⁷² “A strong exegetical case can be made to support the proposition that Revelation 17+ and 18+ should be viewed as a unit speaking of one Babylon rather than two separate units speaking of two Babylons. The notion of viewing Revelation 17+ and 18+ as a unit is buttressed by noting the similarities between the chapters. Both chapters refer to Babylon as having the same name (Rev. 17:5+; 18:2+), holding a cup (Rev. 17:4+; 18:6+), fornicating with kings (Rev. 17:2+; 18:3+), being drunk with the wine of immorality (Rev. 17:2+; 18:3+), persecuting believers (Rev. 17:6+; 18:24+), experiencing destruction by fire (Rev. 17:16+; 18:8+), and experiencing destruction by God (Rev. 17:17+; 18:5+, 8+).”—Woods, What is the Identity of Babylon In Revelation 17-18?.

⁷³ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 18:1.

⁷⁴ “The speaker [at Rev. 19:9+] is one of the angels of the seven last plagues who initiated his role as John’s guide in Rev. 17:1+.”—Ibid., Rev. 19:9.

⁷⁵ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 18:2.

⁷⁶ Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 237.

⁷⁷ John MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1999), Rev. 17:1.

⁷⁸ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 13:11.

⁷⁹ MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 17:16.

⁸⁰ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 236.

⁸¹ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 17:5.

⁸² Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, 158.

⁸³ Because of the Roman origin of the prince to come (Dan. 9:26), we think the Islamic scenario to be less likely. We offer it only to underscore the possibility of other scenarios quite different than those frequently proposed.

⁸⁴ Alva J. McClain, The Greatness Of The Kingdom (Winona Lake, IN: BMH Books, 1959), 75.

⁸⁵ Ibid., 245.

3.14 - Revelation 14

3.14.1 - Revelation 14:1 Open Bible at Rev. 14:1 Listen to Rev. 14:1

In the previous chapter, the future looked very bleak for the saints. The Beast arose from the sea, empowered by the dragon, and was given authority over the saints (Rev. 13:5+). The False Prophet aided the Beast in his ascendancy and worldwide worship (Rev. 13:11-13+). An image of the Beast was made which required worship of the image and of the Beast at the cost of one’s life (Rev. 13:15+).

Here, the focus moves back from the earth, under the control of the Beast, to the heavenly realm where the justice and sovereignty of God are once again emphasized. All is not as it appears on the earth below. For the ultimate judge is on His throne, redeeming men from the midst of the Tribulation.

The blackest storms often give place to the loveliest sunsets. The winds and thunders exhaust themselves. The clouds empty and break. And from the calm heavens behind them comes a golden light, girthing the remaining fragments of gloom with chains of brightness, and overarching with the bow of promise the path along which the terrible tempest has just passed. Like this evening glory after the summer’s gust, is the chapter on which we now enter.¹

John is shown the firstfruits of the redeemed of Israel, an indication of many more Jews yet to come. He is also shown a threefold angelic witness:

The final global presentation of the gospel to all men representing their last opportunity to accept salvation before taking the mark of the Beast.

The declaration of the certain and imminent destruction of Babylon.

The divine warning concerning the gravity of worshiping the Beast and taking his mark.

John is also shown the incredibly difficult conditions under which the saints of the end must prevail and the final harvest at the end of the age, the subject of so much of Jesus’ teaching (e.g., Mat. 13).

a Lamb

The MT and NU texts have the Lamb. Even though the TR text lacks the article, there is no question which Lamb this is. It cannot be the second beast of the previous chapter which was “like a lamb” (Rev. 13:11+). Those who follow him will never see Mount Zion as these do. The 144,000 have the name of the Father of this Lamb on their foreheads—a clear reference to God the Father. Hence, this is the “Lamb as though it had been slain” (Rev. 5:6+).

Mount Zion

Mount Zion, also known as “the City of David” (2S. 5:7). Within Scripture, the term “Zion” is used in a variety of ways² and can refer to as many as three different locations:

David’s City. In the OT Zion refers to Jerusalem, the city that David conquered and made a capital of the united kingdom of Israel (1Chr. 11:5; Ps. 2:6; Isa. 2:3). The Millennial City. In a prophetic sense, Zion has reference to Jerusalem as the future capital city of the nation Israel in the Kingdom age (Isa. 1:27; 2:3; 4:1-6; Joel 3:16; Zec. 1:16-17; 8:3-8; Rom. 11:26). Amillennial theologians spiritualize, rather “mysticalize,” the term to mean the Christian church of this age. The Heavenly City. The NT also refers to Zion as the New Jerusalem (Heb. 12:22-24), the eternal city into which the church will be received (cf. Rev. 21+-22+).³

We have seen that Psalm 2 is alluded to many different times in the book of Revelation (e.g., Rev. 2:27+; 11:15+). And so it is here. “He who sits in the heavens shall laugh; the Lord shall hold them in derision. Then He shall speak to them in His wrath, and distress them in His deep displeasure: ‘Yet I have set My King On My holy hill of Zion.’ ” (Ps. 2:4-6) The psalmist speaks of the millennial Zion where the King will initially be enthroned (Isa. 9:7; Mat. 25:31; Luke 1:32-33).

God chose Zion as his eternal dwelling place (Ps. 132:13), the site of His Temple. See The Temple Mount. God promised, in the strongest terms, that He would never forget the earthly Zion:

But Zion said, “The LORD has forsaken me, and my Lord has forgotten me.” “Can a woman forget her nursing child, and not have compassion on the son of her womb? Surely they may forget, yet I will not forget you. See, I have inscribed you on the palms of My hands; your walls are continually before Me.” (Isa. 49:14-16)

The sun shall be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood, before the coming of the great and awesome day of the LORD. And it shall come to pass that whoever calls on the name of the LORD shall be saved. For in Mount Zion and in Jerusalem there shall be deliverance, as the LORD has said, among the remnant whom the LORD calls. (Joel 2:31-32)

Micah describes a coming time of global peace: “They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks; nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war anymore” (Mic. 4:3). He then describes the gathering of the outcasts of Israel and the establishment of His millennial reign in Zion. “So the LORD will reign over them in Mount Zion. From now on, even forever” (Mic. 4:8). It is from Zion that the Deliverer will come when He turns ungodliness from Jacob (Rom. 11:25). In many of the redemptive passages concerning Zion, Jerusalem is in view. Jerusalem is referred to as the daughter of Zion (Mat. 21:5; John 12:15).

Isaiah also speaks of the millennial Zion:

Many people shall come and say, “Come, and let us go up to the mountain of the LORD, to the house of the God of Jacob; He will teach us His ways, and we shall walk in His paths.” For out of Zion shall go forth the law, and the word of the LORD from Jerusalem. He shall judge between the nations, and rebuke many people; they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks; nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war anymore. (Isa. 2:3-4) [emphasis added]

We know these passage speak of an earthly scene because they speak of a need for righteous judgment and people being rebuked. Neither of these activities will take place in the eternal state where sin has been vanquished. It need hardly be said that there is no need for deliverance for the heavenly Zion because it has never been forsaken, forgotten, or come under attack like its earthly counterpart. Thus, God’s promises to redeem and protect Zion relate to the earth and not heaven.⁴

Although the vast majority of passages concern the earthly Zion, there are some notable exceptions. The author of Hebrews mentions a heavenly scene wherein Mount Zion is equated with the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem:

But you have come to Mount Zion and to the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem, to an innumerable company of angels, to the general assembly and church of the firstborn who are registered in heaven, to God the Judge of all, to the spirits of just men made perfect, to Jesus the Mediator of the new covenant, and to the blood of sprinkling that speaks better things than that of Abel. (Heb. 12:22-24)

This heavenly Mount Zion is probably in view in other passages which refer to a mountain which is in heaven and is associated with the rule of God (Eze. 28:13-15) and the heavenly Jerusalem and the eternal order (Rev. 21:10+).

Since there is both an earthly and a heavenly Zion, which is in view here? The answer to this question carries with it considerable significance. If it is the earthly Zion, then the 144,000 have been protected by their seal throughout the horrors of the Tribulation. If it is the heavenly Zion, after having served out their intended ministry, the 144,000 were removed from the earth, probably through martyrdom.⁵

3.14.1.1 - A Heavenly Scene?

Evidence in favor of the heavenly Zion is as follows:⁶

If the 144,000 are the ones singing the new song (Rev. 14:3+), they are said to be “before the four living creatures, and the elders” (Rev. 14:3+). In every other mention of the living creatures and elders within the book of Revelation, they are in heaven (Rev. 5:6+, 8+, 11+, 14+; 7:11+; 19:4+).

It appears that the scene takes place “before the throne of God” (Rev. 14:3+, 5+). The natural conclusion is that this is the throne of the Father in heaven (Rev. 4:2-3+; 5:1+, 7+; 19:4+).⁷

The Lamb is standing, as it was previously seen in heaven in the midst of the throne (Rev. 5:6+; 7:17+), but in the Millennium the Lamb would more likely be seated on His throne, the throne of David (Rev. 3:21+).

The 144,000 are said to be redeemed from the earth (Rev. 4:3+). They were redeemed from among men (Rev. 4:4+). The implication is that they are no longer on the earth among men.

The problem with taking this as a heavenly scene (the heavenly Mount Zion) is how to explain the failure of the sealing of the 144,000 for protection (Rev. 7:1-3+) which has now apparently resulted in their death? Perhaps this is not as large of a problem as it first appears.

A close study of Revelation 12+ suggests that the faithful remnant which shall be protected throughout the Tribulation and find entry into the Millennial Kingdom are those who flee to the wilderness—the woman who has a place prepared for her by God (Rev. 12:6+). We saw that the 144,000 of Israel, who appear to have an evangelistic role, could not be a part of those kept in the wilderness. Because of their evangelistic mission, they will not be in Judea when the signal comes to flee to the mountains and subsequently the wilderness. Furthermore, if they did participate in the flight and subsequent hiding, how could they perform their evangelistic task among the Gentiles and Jews of the Diaspora?

Nowhere is it said that the seal which these receive is to protect them against death throughout the Tribulation and from all causes. Scripture only tells us they are to be protected from the direct effects of God’s judgments poured upon the earth. This is why the four winds of the earth are held back until they are sealed (Rev. 7:1-3+). Judgments upon the earth, the sea, and the trees may not proceed until they are protected. Moreover, they are said to be protected from the demonic locust judgment (Rev. 9:4+). All of these dangers come directly from God and represent His wrath upon the earth dwellers. They are to be protected from this “friendly fire” during their evangelistic mission. Does this necessarily mean that they are completely invincible for the entire duration of the Tribulation? If the example of the two powerful witnesses of God is any example, then perhaps not.⁸

The sealing they received protects them only from the wrath of God, not from the wrath of the dragon and the beast (cf. Rev. 12:12+). These are the same 144,000 as in Revelation 7+, but they are also the same as the rest of the woman’s seed in Revelation 12:17+, the witnesses to whom the dragon has access because of their refusal to worship the beast (Rev. 13:15+). . . . They are the vanguard who bear the brunt of the struggle against the beast and pay the price of their own lives.⁹

In the same way that the two witnesses are invincible for the duration of their ministry (Rev. 11:5+), so too might these be. Like the two witnesses “when they finish their testimony” (Rev. 11:7+), it may suit God’s purpose that their ultimate witness to Him finds its expression in their bold martyrdom (Rev. 12:11+).

On the other hand, the two witnesses are never said to be sealed for protection whereas these are. And why are these individuals singled out for special sealing if their ultimate fate is no different than the unsealed martyrs mentioned elsewhere (Rev. 6:9-11+; 7:14+; 11:7+; 12:11+; 15:2+; 20:4+)?

3.14.1.2 - A Scene Spanning both Heaven and Earth?

The scene before us can also be interpreted in a different way which splits the participants between both a heavenly and an earthly location. Such an interpretation understands the 144,000 to be upon the earth having survived the Tribulation due to God’s special protection (Rev. 7:1-3+). John is given a preview of the Lamb and the 144,000 on the earthly Mount Zion at the introduction of the Millennial Kingdom to come. They are accompanied by thunderous praise from heaven.

This interpretation understands the singers to be the harpists in heaven, rather than the 144,000 on the earth. They who sing a new song before the throne, the four living creatures, and the elders (Rev. 14:3+), refers to the nearest antecedent, the harpists, not the 144,000 who stand with the Lamb.(However, there is a significant textual variation at this verse which see.)“The text does not say that the 144,000 are in the same place as the singers, only that they hear the singers.”¹⁰ It is the heavenly chorus playing harps which sing the song in heaven commemorating God’s special preservation of the 144,000 throughout the entire Tribulation and the accomplishment of their unique evangelistic task (see commentary on Revelation 7:3). The heavenly harpists sing the new song and the 144,000 are the only ones who can learn the song from among those on earth.

Some want to identify the singers as the redeemed ones themselves. The reasons for assigning this identity are the inability of anyone else to learn the song (Rev. 14:3+) (Kiddle) and the analogy of Rev. 15:2+ where the overcomers have harps (Beasley-Murray). This cannot be, however, because the song is sung in heaven and the 144,000 redeemed ones are on the earthly Mount Zion (Alford, Beckwith). The song is intelligible to the 144,000, but they are not the singers (Moffatt).¹¹

The association of the song with the harpists has the advantage of coupling the pronoun (they) more closely to the antecedent (harpists). It also associates the singing with those who initiate the music and play the harps. It also explains who the 144,000 would learn the song from.“Who then are the harpers? They are the martyred company seen in connection with the fifth seal and they also include now their brethren which were slain during the great tribulation.”¹² If John sees a preview of the 144,000 standing on Mount Zion at the end of the Tribulation, then their appearance follows upon the events of the Tribulation. Interestingly, a group of singing harpists in heaven is mentioned in the very next chapter, although they sing a different song (the song of Moses and of the Lamb). They are those who “have victory over the Beast, over his image, and over his mark, and over the number of his name” (Rev. 15:2+). The harpists here, although singing a different song, are probably also from among the redeemed.¹³

The weaknesses of this view include:

The new song originates in the mouths of the harpists, who lack the firsthand experience of the redemption and preservation of the 144,000. In other passages, those who initiate songs are the ones who experienced redemption (Rev. 5:9-10+; 15:2+).

The statement mentioning the faultlessness of the 144,000 before the throne of God (Rev. 14:5+) must be understood to describe their salvific position rather than their physical location in heaven. (However, this phrase does not even appear in the NU or MT texts, but only the TR text. See commentary on Revelation 14:5.)

The need to make a distinction between singing the song and learning the song. If the 144,000 are said to be the only ones who can learn the song, how do we account for the harpists who initially learn in order to sing? A possible solution is that the 144,000 are the only ones from among those on the earth who can learn it because the song, originated by the harpists in heaven, commemorates their personal experience. It is uniquely their special privilege to sing it. See commentary on Revelation 14:3.

The emphasis placed on the uniqueness of the song and its association with redemption (Rev. 14:3+) argues against its origin with any but the 144,000 themselves.

The majority of manuscripts (NU and MT texts) indicate that the voice or sound was like harpists playing on their harps. If this describes a voice (rather than the sound of a multitude), then they which sing in Rev. 14:3+ cannot refer to the voice. See commentary on Revelation 14:2.

A variation of this view understands the harpists playing their harps from heaven and the 144,000 singing the new song in response from the earth. This view takes they (singers) of verse 3, these (virgins) of verse 4, and their (faultless ones) of verse 5 as all referring to the 144,000 of verse 1. The main weakness of this view is accounting for how the new song they sing can be said to be “before the throne, before the four living creatures, and the elders” (Rev. 14:3+) when the singers are themselves on earth.

Mills suggests another variation: that the 144,000 are seen first on earth (Rev. 14:1+), but then raptured to heaven to sing before the throne thereafter (Rev. 14:3+).¹⁴ While such an event is possible, there is little within the context of the passage itself to support such a notion.

The main advantage all of these variations have over a completely heavenly scene is that they interpret God’s seal of the 144,000 to have provided for their full safety for the duration of the Tribulation so that they are not only spiritual firstfruits, but also among the first Jews which enter the Millennial Kingdom to form its initial population. If John is shown a prophetic scene with the 144,000 and the Lamb on the earthly Mount Zion in the Millennial Kingdom and the rest of the scene is the heavenly reaction above, then the sealed of Israel would have avoided death to enter the kingdom and now stand as evidence of God’s promise to protect a faithful remnant:

The first verse presents what appears to be a millennial scene, . . . with the 144,000 Jews standing on Mount Zion with the protective seal on their foreheads prominently displayed. This shows that Satan’s attempt at total Jewish destruction will fail.¹⁵

They are the “firstfruits” of the millennial reign. They connect the dispensations—somewhat as Noah did, who passed through the judgment of the flood into a new order of things.¹⁶

In chapter fourteen the same group [the 144,000 from Revelation 7+] is pictured at the termination of the tribulation, when the kingdom is established. The returning King is on Mount Zion, as was predicted of Him (Zec. 14:4. At His return the faithful witnesses gather to Him, having been redeemed (Rev. 14:4+) and having faithfully witnessed in the midst of apostasy (Rev. 14:4-5+).¹⁷

one hundred and forty-four thousand

These are the twelve thousand from each of the twelve tribes of Israel who received the “seal of the living God” (Rev. 7:2-8+). Some suggest this group to be a different group of Jews than those who were sealed in chapter seven.¹⁸ This is highly improbable: the same number are involved; they are said to be marked on their foreheads; and, with the exception of Dan, they include representatives of both Judah (the southern kingdom) and Israel (the northern kingdom).

his father’s name

The MT and NU texts have, the name of him [the Lamb] and the name of the Father of him. Elsewhere, the TR text indicates that both the name of the Father and the Son will be written on the overcomer (Rev. 3:12+). The name indicates their adoption into the family of God (John 1:12) as well as their identity with the Father (Rev. 22:4+). Those who follow after unrighteousness deny their sonship by their perverse actions (Deu. 32:5-9). See commentary on Revelation 3:12.

written on their foreheads

Written is γεγραμμένον [gegrammenon] , a perfect tense passive participle, having been written upon. The name was written on their foreheads in the past and now they stand so named. The time of the writing was undoubtedly when the 144,000 of Israel were sealed (Rev. 7:3+). The name of God on their forehead is to be contrasted with those who received the mark of the Beast “on their right hand or on their foreheads” (Rev. 13:16+). See commentary on Revelation 7:3.

3.14.2 - Revelation 14:2 Open Bible at Rev. 14:2 Listen to Rev. 14:2

a voice from heaven like the voice of many waters

A singular voice, not the seven thunders (Rev. 10:4+), although elsewhere a (singular) voice describes a great multitude speaking in unison “as the sound of many waters” (Rev. 19:1+). This voice could be that of such a multitude contributing to the scene of worship. Or it could be the same voice which called the two witnesses up to heaven after their resurrection (Rev. 11:12+). Christ’s voice which John heard was also as “the sound, φωνὴ [phōnē] , ‘voice’ here] of many waters” (Rev. 1:15+ cf. Eze. 1:24; 43:2). Here it is probably the voice of the Father since the Lamb is said to be on Mount Zion.

In some cases, the voice from heaven speaks down to earthly recipients (Rev. 11:12+; 18:4+) which would favor the view of the Lamb and the 144,000 being on the earthly Mount Zion. In other cases, the phrase merely indicates its originating authority as heard by John during the vision (Rev. 10:4+; 14:13+; 21:3+).

like the voice of loud thunder

The sound John hears is like thunder, not actual thunder. Mighty angels have great voices which sound like that of a multitude (Dan. 10:6 cf. Rev. 19:6+) or the roar of a lion (Rev. 10:3+). A mighty voice, like that of the four living creatures (Rev. 6:1+). The participation of the voice from heaven indicates the significance of the scene.

I heard the sound of harpists playing their harps

και φωνὴ ἤκουσα κιθαρῳδῶν [kai phōnē ēkousa kitharōdōn] , and [the] sound I heard of harpists. The MT and NU texts read somewhat differently: καὶ ἡ φωνὴ ἥν ἤκουσα ὡς κιθαρῳδῶν [kai hē phōnē hēn ēkousa hōs kitharōdōn] , and the voice which I heard as harpists harping. Does John hear a different sound from the preceding voice—the sound of harpists playing? Or is he merely describing further attributes of the voice—that the voice sounded like harpists playing? Adding to this complication is that φωνὴ [phōnē] can mean either “voice” or “sound.” Often, such subtle textual differences are of little significance, but here there is great significance to the variations.

If John hears harpists playing their harps, then they which sing in the following verse could refer to the harpists (and not necessarily the 144,000 with the Lamb). On the other hand, if John is saying that the voice which he previously described sounds like harpists, then there may not actually be harpists. If the voice (singular) is in view rather than harpists (plural), then they (plural) which sing in the following verse probably refers to the 144,000. Another possibility is that the distinction between “voice” and “sound” in the English text (both translated from φωνὴ [phōnē] in the Greek) confuses the matter. Perhaps it is simply a sound which John hears. Thus, the MT and NU text could be translated:

And I heard a sound from heaven, like the sound of many waters and like the sound of loud thunder, and the sound which I heard was like harpists playing on their harps.

This would possibly describe a heavenly multitude which includes both singers and harps. If so, then they who sing in the next verse could refer to this multitude. See commentary on Revelation 14:1.

harps

The four living creatures and twenty-four elders are said to have harps (Rev. 5:8+). So do those who have victory over the Beast, his image, and his mark—who are evidently martyred prior to the bowl judgments (Rev. 15:2+). Harps were often used in worship in the OT (2S. 6:5; 1Chr. 25:1-7; Ps. 33:2; 43:4; 57:8-9; 98:5; 147:7; 149:3; 150:3-6). Here, the harps are probably played by a multitude in heaven.

3.14.3 - Revelation 14:3 Open Bible at Rev. 14:3 Listen to Rev. 14:3

They sang

ἄδουσιν [adousin] , present tense, they are singing. Isaiah indicated that the ransomed (redeemed, below) would return to Zion with singing (Isa. 35:10; 51:11). Those who have been redeemed from amidst great difficulty respond with songs of great praise. “For the LORD has redeemed Jacob, and ransomed him from the hand of one stronger than he. Therefore they shall come and sing in the height of Zion” (Jer. 31:11-12a). If the harpists are the singers in heaven, then they sing in commemoration of the unique experience of the 144,000 on earth. If the 144,000 are singing in heaven, the song they sing is probably motivated by their similar experience to those who had victory over the Beast through martyrdom (Rev. 15:3+). Or, if this is a millennial scene and they sing from the earth, they sing because they were protected for the entire duration of the Tribulation. God brought them “through the sea” as when Israel was pursued by Pharaoh:

So the Lord saved Israel that day out of the hand of the Egyptians, and Israel saw the Egyptians dead on the seashore. Thus Israel saw the great work which the Lord had done in Egypt; so the people feared the Lord, and believed the Lord and His servant Moses. Then Moses and the children of Israel sang this song to the Lord, and spoke, saying: “I will sing to the Lord, for He has triumphed gloriously! The horse and its rider He has thrown into the sea!” (Ex. 14:30-15:1)

See commentary on Revelation 14:1.

a new song

The twenty-four elders, probably representatives from among the Church, “sang a new song” (Rev. 5:9+). The subject of their song was redemption (Rev. 5:8-10+). Here we see one of the purposes of trials and tribulations—to produce in us a new song of praise to God (Ps. 40:3; 98:1; 144:9). These new songs often express themes of redemption and salvation.“The song is that of victory after conflict with the dragon, beast, and false prophet: never sung before, for such a conflict had never been fought before; therefore new.”¹⁹

as it were

This phrase is missing from the MT text and about half of the manuscripts which contribute to the NU text.

before the throne

Which throne is this? The nearest previous mention of a throne related to God is His throne in heaven to which the child was caught up (Rev. 12:5+ cf. Rev. 1:4+; 3:21+; 4:2-10+; 5:1+, 6-7+, 11-13+; 6:16+; 7:9-17+; 8:3+). Every other mention of a throne in conjunction with the living creatures and elders is the Father’s throne in heaven (Rev. 5:6+, 11+; 7:11+; 14:3+; 19:4+).

before the four living creatures

These are the four ζῳˊων [zōōn] , “living ones,” who attend the throne in heaven (Rev. 4:6+, 8-9+; 5:6+, 8+, 11+, 14+; 6:1+, 6+; 7:11+; 8:9+; 14:3+; 15:7+; 19:4+). See commentary on Revelation 4:6.

and the elders

The twenty-four elders who sit on thrones before the Father’s throne. See commentary on Revelation 4:4.

and no one could learn that song

Why could no one else learn the song?²⁰ We suggest that the song is highly personal to the experiences of these 144,000 Jewish evangelists from the time of the Tribulation. In the same way that the twenty-four elders could sing the song of redemption: “For you were slain, and have redeemed us to God by Your blood out of every tribe and tongue and people and nation, and have made us priests to our God; and we shall reign on the earth,” [emphasis added] only these men could sing about the keeping power of God that these had experienced. “Only those who had gone through that Tribulation could understand the song which celebrated it.”²¹

Those who have been forgiven much or have endured intense danger and persecution are best able to appreciate the gifts of God which many others take for granted. Without such experiences, we tend more toward Simon the Pharisee than the woman who washed Jesus’ feet with her tears (Luke 7:36-48). Are you going through immense hardships? Remember that God is sovereign and every tear you shed will surely contribute toward His glory and your subsequent ministry to others (Rom. 8:28).

who were redeemed

οἱ ἀγορασμένοι [hoi agorasmenoi] , perfect passive participle, the ones having been purchased. Prior to Jeremiah’s presentation of the New Covenant to Israel (Jer. 31:31), he relates a time when God promises to save the remnant of Israel and gather them to Mount Zion. He refers to His gathered flock as the redeemed of Jacob, those who were ransomed (Jer. 31:6-13). Their return will be accompanied by rejoicing and singing. This is not to be spiritualized as applying to the general family of faith, it is Jacob who is the object of these promises. Isaiah also indicates the power of redemption as fuel for praise: “And the ransomed of the LORD shall return, And come to Zion with singing, With everlasting joy on their heads. They shall obtain joy and gladness, And sorrow and sighing shall flee away” (Isa. 35:10 cf. Isa. 51:11).

3.14.4 - Revelation 14:4 Open Bible at Rev. 14:4 Listen to Rev. 14:4

not defiled with women

Defiled is Ἐμολύνθησαν [Emolynthēsan] : “Causing something to be dirty soil, smear, stain; metaphorically, as keeping the life spotless.”²² The same word describes those in the church at Sardis who “had not defiled their garments” (Rev. 3:4+). Their faithful service of the Lamb was exemplary and motivated by their consuming obedience to His will, because they “follow the Lamb wherever He goes.” This does not indicate that they were sinless, for they are among those needing redemption. This verse does not negate the divine institution and blessing upon married sexual relations for “marriage is honorable among all, and the bed undefiled; but fornicators and adulterers God will judge” (Heb. 13:4). Perhaps these minister at a time when the institution of marriage has all but fallen by the wayside (not inconceivable if present trends continue) and relations with women are almost exclusively outside of the bounds of marriage in their time? Theirs is a time characterized by fornication (Rev. 9:21+), perhaps pagan rites of old are flourishing once again, but on a global basis:

We have more than once, in the Epistles to the Assemblies, and on Revelation 9:20+, 21+, said that Fornication will be part of the great religious system of Anti-Christ in the coming time of trouble and temptation; as it formed an obligatory part of the great pagan systems of idolatry. Idolatry was not a mere sin into which people gradually sunk; but it was a Satanic device into which people rose in order to gratify the lusts of the flesh under the cloak of religion.²³

The worship of Antichrist during the Tribulation will be unspeakably vile and perverse. As it did in the fertility cults of ancient times, sexual sin will apparently run rampant. Even in the current grossly immoral day, we can hardly imagine what the deviant sexual perversion of the Tribulation will be like. With all divine restraint removed (2Th. 2:6-7) and the unbelieving world judgmentally abandoned by God (cf. Rom. 1:24, 26, 28), sin will be released like a flood, inundating the world.²⁴

But in the fearful days of abandonment “as in the days of Noah”—when lust and violence will again fill the whole earth (as we see beginning now!) how wonderful to behold this company of 144,000 who have chosen to be entirely separated unto the Lamb and unto His Father, and who are thus, despite the days!²⁵

In their complete dedication to the service of the Lamb, they voluntarily chose to forgo relations with women in order to focus completely on their unique God-given task during the Tribulation.

they are virgins

These are physical virgins, for why else would it be said of this particular group of saints that they are virgins? All the saints are virgins in the spiritual sense of being set aside and dedicated to God. “I have betrothed you to one husband, that I may present you as a chaste virgin to Christ” (2Cor. 11:2).

Jesus explained, “there are eunuchs who were born thus from their mother’s womb, and there are eunuchs who were made eunuchs by men, and there are eunuchs who have made themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven’s sake. He who is able to accept it, let him accept it” (Mat. 19:12)“Not only is there virgin purity of life, but there is also virgin love—undivided heart affection for the Lamb.”²⁶ These are eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven’s sake. By both choice and gifting, they were enabled to give their full focus to ministry at the time of the end.

Do not deprive one another except with consent for a time, that you may give yourselves to fasting and prayer; and come together again so that Satan does not tempt you because of your lack of self-control. But I say this as a concession, not as a commandment. For I wish that all men were even as I myself. But each one has his own gift from God, one in this manner and another in that. . . . But as God has distributed to each one, as the Lord has called each one, so let him walk. And so I ordain in all the churches. . . . But I want you to be without care. He who is unmarried cares for the things of the Lord—how he may please the Lord. (1Cor. 7:5-7, 17, 32)

who follow the Lamb wherever He goes

This speaks of their complete obedience to do the will of the Lamb. In the same way that the Lamb followed the Father (John 4:34), so these followed the Lamb. Those who fully follow God are blessed. Joshua and Caleb were allowed into the Promised Land because they followed God fully (Num. 14:24). A scribe claimed he would follow Jesus “wherever You go,” but there is always a cost to such discipleship (Mat. 8:19-22; Luke 9:57-62). Those who would know and serve the Master must first of all be followers, “My sheep hear My voice, and I know them, and they follow Me” (John 10:27). “If anyone serves Me, let him follow Me; and where I am there My servant will be also” (John 12:26).

These are among the rest of the woman’s offspring who kept the commands of God. See commentary on Revelation 12:17. If this scene is in heaven (see commentary on Revelation 14:1), then their obedience had ultimately cost them their lives. Unlike Peter, they had not denied their Lord, but had followed the Lamb even through the portal of death and into eternal life:

Simon Peter said to Him, “Lord, where are You going?” Jesus answered him, “Where I am going you cannot follow Me now, but you shall follow Me afterward.” Peter said to Him, “Lord, why can I not follow You now? I will lay down my life for Your sake.” Jesus answered him, “Will you lay down your life for My sake? Most assuredly, I say to you, the rooster shall not crow till you have denied Me three times.” (John 13:36-38)

These were redeemed

ἠγοράσθησαν [ēgorasthēsan] : “Literally buy, purchase, do business in the marketplace”²⁷ (1Cor. 6:20; Eph. 1:14). The purchase price was the Lamb’s blood (Acts 20:28; Rev. 1:5+; 5:9+; 12:11+). See commentary on Revelation 1:5.

firstfruits

Ἀπαρχὴ [Aparchē] : “In Mosaic ceremonial law, a technical term for the first portion of grain and fruit harvests and flocks offered to God . . . figuratively, of persons as the first of a set or category first: as the first converts in an area (Rom. 16.5).”²⁸ The firstfruits was the first portion of a harvest which was dedicated to God. It demonstrated the priority which was given to God because the first of that which had been long awaited was bypassed by the harvester and given to God (Lev. 23:10-14). By honoring God with one’s firstfruits, the resulting blessing would provide a greater yield. The nation of Israel is said to be the firstfruits of God’s increase which would eventually include multitudes of redeemed Gentiles (Jer. 2:3). James indicated that the early church was “a kind of firstfruits of His creatures” (Jas. 1:18). In the time since, the harvest has spread to multitudes around the world. Here, after the Church Age and the fullness of the Gentiles has come in (Rom. 11:25), these represent the firstfruits of the spiritual awakening of Israel in preparation for the Millennial Kingdom to follow (Eze. 37).²⁹

For I do not desire, brethren, that you should be ignorant of this mystery, lest you should be wise in your own opinion, that blindness in part has happened to Israel until the fullness of the Gentiles has come in. And so all Israel will be saved, as it is written: “The Deliverer will come out of Zion, and He will turn away ungodliness from Jacob.” (Rom. 11:25-26)

They may also be considered firstfruits from the perspective of their unique preservation through the Tribulation enabling them to contribute to the initial Jewish population which enters the Millennial Kingdom in their natural bodies and subsequently populates the kingdom (Isa. 65:20, 23).

These sealed Jews [Rev. 7:4-8+] are those who come to faith in Jesus as Messiah during the Tribulation period. They are further described as “first fruits unto God and to the Lamb” (Rev. 14:4+), indicating that they compose the first stage of a final harvest of Jewish souls to be gathered later at the Lord’s coming in glory. . . . These comprise the “remnant” of Jews “who keep the commandments of God, and have the testimony of Jesus Christ” (Rev. 12:17+b).³⁰

See commentary on Revelation 7:4, Revelation 11:13, and Revelation 20:4.

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in their mouth

Scripture implicates the mouth as the organ which speaks forth the heart: “Brood of vipers! How can you, being evil, speak good things? For out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaks” (Mat. 12:34); “These people draw near to Me with their mouth, and honor Me with their lips, but their heart is far from Me” (Mat. 15:8); “But those things which proceed out of the mouth come from the heart, and they defile a man” (Mat. 15:18); “For with the heart one believes unto righteousness, and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation” (Rom. 10:10). The tendency of the tongue toward evil, and the immense difficulty with which it is harnessed is a frequent theme of Scripture.³¹

These are standing upon Mount Zion, God’s holy hill:

LORD, who may abide in Your tabernacle? Who may dwell in Your holy hill? He who walks uprightly, and works righteousness, and speaks the truth in his heart; He who does not backbite with his tongue, nor does evil to his neighbor, nor does he take up a reproach against his friend. (Ps. 15:1-3) [emphasis added]

May their obedient and dedicated state before the Lamb be ever before us as motivation in our walk during the present age!

was found no deceit

Their mouths are to be contrasted with the blasphemous mouth of the Beast. See commentary on Revelation 13:5. Unlike the masses upon the earth at the time of their ministry, they do not mouth the lie (2Th. 2:11). Their mouths are like that of wisdom and of the Lamb:

Listen, for I will speak of excellent things, and from the opening of my lips will come right things; for my mouth will speak truth; wickedness is an abomination to my lips. All the words of my mouth are with righteousness; nothing crooked or perverse is in them. (Pr. 8:6-8)

And they made His grave with the wicked-But with the rich at His death, because He had done no violence, nor was any deceit in His mouth. (Isa. 53:9)

They are firstfruits in at least two ways: they are the first among many redeemed Jews during the Tribulation and they are the first among a purified Israel which will result from the time of Jacob’s Trouble:

I will leave in your midst a meek and humble people, and they shall trust in the name of the LORD. The remnant of Israel shall do no unrighteousness and speak no lies, nor shall a deceitful tongue be found in their mouth; for they shall feed their flocks and lie down, and no one shall make them afraid. (Zep. 3:12-13)

They represent the early stages of the glorious promise made to Israel as part of her New Covenant:

But this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, says the LORD: I will put My law in their minds, and write it on their hearts; and I will be their God, and they shall be My people. No more shall every man teach his neighbor, and every man his brother, saying, ‘Know the LORD,’ for they all shall know Me, from the least of them to the greatest of them, says the LORD. For I will forgive their iniquity, and their sin I will remember no more. (Jer. 31:33-34)

without fault

Ἄμωμοι [Amōmoi] , used “of the absence of defects in sacrificial animals,”³² spotless. Applied to these, it denotes being blameless.³³ “In the Septuagint, amōmos is used as an ethical term and consistently refers to the holy behavior of the faithful (Ps. 119:1; Pr. 11:5) and, on occasion, is even applied as a title of honor to God himself (Ps. 18:30). . . . Christ was amōmos because there was no spot or blemish in him. Thus he could ask: ‘Which of you convicts Me of sin?’ (John 8:46).”³⁴ As exemplary as their conduct has been during their ministry, this speaks of something far beyond what they themselves were able to exhibit.

before the throne of God

This phrase does not appear in the NU or MT texts, but only in the TR text. It may have been added in an attempt to equate the 144,000 with those who sing before the throne, the living creatures, and the elders (Rev. 14:3+). However, the singers may be the harpists. See commentary on Revelation 14:1.

The phrase “without fault before the throne of God” can be seen in terms of a heavenly scale of perfection. On one end is fault. On the other end is God. How can these two be found together? Only because the central mechanism of the scale is the cross of Christ, the “tree of life!” Having been redeemed and washed by His blood (Rev. 1:5+), they stand clothed in the perfection of the Son before the Father. All their sins are cast behind them (Isa. 38:17) and they are without spot or wrinkle (Eph. 5:27). They are holy and blameless in His sight (Col. 1:22). They are “faultless before the presence of God” (Jude 1:24).

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another angel

The most recent individual angel we encountered was the seventh angel who sounded his trumpet in Revelation 11:15+. Another angel (eagle, MT and NU texts) flew with a similar message of warning for the earth dwellers concerning the woes attending the sounding of the final three trumpets (Rev. 8:13+).

in the midst of heaven

Μεσουρανήματι [Mesouranēmati] : “The highest point of the sun’s circuit in the sky zenith, midair, directly overhead.”³⁵

having the everlasting gospel

The gospel is founded upon the New Covenant, which is an eternal covenant (Heb. 13:20) resulting in eternal life (Isa. 51:6; Tit. 1:1-3).

to preach

Εὐαγγέλιον [Euangelion] : “To announce good news.”³⁶ The angel gospelled the gospel to those below on the earth. Not only was his message one of good news, but the very fact of his delivery of the message was a manifestation of that good news. For this angel on his lonely mission above the ravaged earth below stands as a beacon to the grace and mercy of God. He has not left these on the earth during the final week of His wrath without recourse. In the midst of terrible devastation and turmoil, He has not left those who have not yet heard subject to the well-intentioned, but often ineffective, witness of men. He provides a supernatural messenger who will finally fulfill the gospel mandate to all the earth (see below).“There is no record that it is believed or heeded. It may not be. Noah was a ‘preacher of righteousness,’ in view of the coming flood; but no one believed him except his own family.”³⁷

to those who dwell on the earth

The gospel is preached to the same individuals who are undergoing the time of testing (Rev. 3:10+). A key purpose of the time of testing is to turn those who will be turned to salvation and to manifest those who are hardened and will continue to reject it. See Earth Dwellers.

to every nation, tribe, tongue, and people

Those over whom the Beast was granted authority (Rev. 13:7+) receive the gospel message from a supernatural source. Although it is the Church’s mandate to preach the gospel to every creature (Mark 16:15; Luke 24:47; Acts 1:8) and to make disciples of all nations (Mat. 28:19), it will not be her who ultimately fulfills the words of Jesus concerning the gospel reaching the entire world prior to the end:³⁸

Then many false prophets will rise up and deceive many. And because lawlessness will abound, the love of many will grow cold. But he who endures to the end shall be saved. And this gospel of the kingdom will be preached in all the world as a witness to all the nations, and then the end will come. (Mat. 24:11-14 cf. Mark 13:10) [emphasis added]

The gospel message of the angel, founded upon the redeeming power of Christ’s work on the cross, will likely include a significant emphasis upon the coming kingdom about to be ushered in on earth. In this, it will have much in common with that which was preached by John the Baptist and the disciples before they realized the destiny of Jesus upon the cross (Mat. 3:1-2; 4:17, 23; 9:35; 10:7):³⁹

The “gospel of the kingdom” as announced by John (Mat. 3:3), by the disciples who were specially commissioned (Mat. 10:7), by the seventy (Luke 10:9), and by the Lord (Mat. 4:17) proclaimed the good news that the promised kingdom was “at hand.” The Lord indicates this same good news will be announced again. . . . Although the news at the first advent was restricted to Israel, prior to the second advent it will be announced not only to Israel but to the whole world. This preaching . . . marks the beginning of the final step in the realization of the theocratic kingdom program.⁴⁰

See The Arrival of God’s Kingdom.

While the majority of the Church’s teachers are loudly proclaiming that “the day of the Lord” will not come till the world’s conversion comes, the Spirit and truth of God are declaring that day shall not come until the apostasy comes (2Th. 2:3). While the majority of the Church’s teachers are maintaining that the world is not yet good enough for Christ, the Spirit is declaring in the Word that the world is not yet bad enough.⁴¹

See Trouble Ahead,

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Fear God and give glory to Him

It seems unlikely that the words that John heard the angel say constitute the entire gospel message delivered to the earth dwellers. Rather, it summarizes what their response should be. The specifics of the gospel message itself are not recorded. The warning of the angel occurs before the institution of the mark of the Beast. Those who hear the angel and respond in faith are those who are found in the opening verses of the next chapter doing this very thing!

They sing the song of Moses, the servant of God, and the song of the Lamb, saying: “Great and marvelous are Your works, Lord God Almighty! Just and true are Your ways, O King of the saints! Who shall not fear You, O Lord, and glorify Your name? For You alone are holy. For all nations shall come and worship before You, for Your judgments have been manifested.” (Rev. 15:3-4+) [emphasis added]

These who hear and fear have victory over the beast, his image, his mark, and the number of his name.

the hour of His judgment has come

Has come is ἦλθεν [ēlthen] , prophetic aorist. The time of His judgment is certain and imminent, as if it is already underway. Now is the time of decision.

The nations were angry, and Your wrath has come, and the time of the dead, that they should be judged, and that you should reward Your servants the prophets and the saints, and those who fear Your name, small and great, and should destroy those who destroy the earth. (Rev. 11:18+)

worship Him who made heaven and earth

The Creator-creature distinction is the basis for all worship (Ne. 9:6; Acts 14:14). Only the Creator is worthy of worship. Worship of all else is idolatry. See commentary on Revelation 4:11.

The angel declares an important truth which great portions of the Church now compromise. Although readily admitting God as Creator, their Creator God is not that of the Scriptures, but a god of their own creation. They endorse the belief that both the universe and the earth are billions of years old and that God used, and continues to use, blind processes (accidental mutation and natural selection) to bring about His creative work.⁴² Instead of upholding the clear Scriptural teaching of a six-day creation (Ex. 20:11), they accommodate flawed science and relegate the need for a Creator God into a smaller and smaller sphere, even embracing unscriptural ideas such as the existence of soulless pre-Humans before Adam.⁴³ These naively contribute to the ultimate state of godlessness of the earth dwellers at the end.

The blindness of the earth dwellers to the Creator in the book of Revelation can already be seen in our own times. Great effort and expenditure is underway to find life on Mars and to search the far reaches of space for signs of intelligence. All the while, here on earth, advances such as those in microbiology, bioengineering, and genetics shout “INTELLIGENCE!” Lacking a belief in a Creator, the creature naturally seeks to elevate something else in His place. Such is the pattern of idolatry which will manifest itself in the last times as worship to the image of the Beast when he is brought to life (Rev. 13:14-15+).

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Babylon

Here is the first mention of Babylon found in this book. Some suggest that “Babylon” should not be understood in a literal sense, but as denoting a spiritual location describing the centers of commercial success and sin attending each age of history (Rev. 17:5+). Some see “Babylon” as a code word for the city of Rome. Some believe “Babylon” means Jerusalem. Others are unsure what it means, or that its identification is important. It is our view that “Babylon” describes the literal city of history on the banks of the Euphrates River, originating with the kingdom of Babel established by Nimrod (Gen. 10:8-10). The city has had great influence throughout history, both in political and religious realms, and is to be rebuilt in the time of the end and to ultimately suffer God’s wrath. See The Identity of Babylon. See #5 - Five Fallen Kings.

is fallen, is fallen

Ἔπεσεν ἔπεσεν [Epesen epesen] , prophetic aorist verbs. The judgment of Babylon has not yet occurred, but it is so certain that it is stated as a past event (Rev. 16:19+; 18:2-3+). When her destruction comes, it will be sudden (Jer. 51:8), “in one hour” (Rev. 18:10+), “in one hour she is made desolate” (Rev. 18:18+), “her plagues will come in one day” (Rev. 18:8+). Isaiah made the same declaration when he foresaw Babylon’s ultimate destruction at God’s threshing floor at the end of the age (Isa. 21:9-10). “The full thrust of which awaits the coming ‘time of Jacob’s trouble’ (Jer. 30:5-7), the Great Tribulation, when Babylon, . . . will be destroyed by the Lion of the tribe of Judah at His second advent.”⁴⁴ This is a preview and declaration of the final destruction of Babylon to follow (Rev. 18:2+). See The Destruction of Babylon.

that great city

Babylon of the time of the end will be a great city, also called the Harlot. “And the woman which you saw is that great city which reigns over the kings of the earth” [emphasis added] (Rev. 17:18+ cf. Rev. 18:10+, 18+, 16+, 18-19+, 21+). See The Great Harlot. The phrase “great city” emphasizes the arrogance of humanism in its pride of accomplishment apart from God. Nebuchadnezzar’s declaration—followed by his judgment of seven years living as a beast—is a typological preview of this final week.

The king spoke, saying, “Is not this great Babylon, that I have built for a royal dwelling by my mighty power and for the honor of my majesty?” While the word was still in the king’s mouth, a voice fell from heaven: “King Nebuchadnezzar, to you it is spoken: the kingdom has departed from you! And they shall drive you from men, and your dwelling shall be with the beasts of the field. They shall make you eat grass like oxen; and seven times shall pass over you, until you know that the Most High rules in the kingdom of men, and gives it to whomever He chooses.” That very hour the word was fulfilled concerning Nebuchadnezzar; he was driven from men and ate grass like oxen; his body was wet with the dew of heaven till his hair had grown like eagles’ feathers and his nails like birds’ claws. (Dan. 4:30-33) [emphasis added]

At the height of his arrogant independence, Nebuchadnezzar was made like unto a beast. So too, at the time of the end, the Beast, the final representative of the rule of man apart from God, rises to the apex of arrogance and blasphemy (see commentary on Revelation 13:5). When he makes a 7-year covenant with Israel (Dan. 9:27), God’s response is to usher in the Tribulation bringing seven years of intense judgment upon the realm of those who follow the Beast.

Jerusalem is also called a “great city” (Rev. 11:8+; 16:19+)⁴⁵ as is the New Jerusalem (Rev. 21:10+).

she has made all nations drink of the wine of the wrath of her fornication

There is a close relationship between the nations and the intoxicating drink which Babylon offers: “I will show you the judgment of the great harlot, who sits on many waters, with whom the kings of the earth committed fornication, and the inhabitants of the earth were made drunk with the wine of her fornication” (Rev. 17:1b-2+); “He has judged the great harlot who corrupted the earth with her fornication” (Rev. 19:2+); “For all the nations have drunk of the wine of the wrath of her fornication, the kings of the earth have committed fornication with her, and the merchants of the earth have become rich through the abundance of her luxury” (Rev. 18:3+). It is called “the wine of the wrath of her fornication.” Although it primarily intoxicates the nations to participate in her fornication (Rev. 17:4+), it is also brings them under God’s wrath for their participation. See commentary on Revelation 16:19.

Although fornication emphasizes her spiritual idolatry, it also includes commercial aspects as is recorded for the city of Tyre: “And it shall be, at the end of seventy years, that the Lord will deal with Tyre. She will return to her hire, and commit fornication with all the kingdoms of the world on the face of the earth” (Isa. 23:17). See Her Harlotry.

In the same way that God gives up the godless who refuse to acknowledge Him as Creator (Rom. 1:18-24), so too in His sovereign permission, He uses Babylon to promote the drunkenness of the nations which already rage against Him (Ps. 2:1): “Babylon was a golden cup in the LORD’S hand, that made all the earth drunk. The nations drank her wine; therefore the nations are deranged” (Jer. 51:7). Because Babylon has made all nations drink her wine, God will make her drink His wine (see commentary on Revelation 14:10).

The mass hysteria, or drunkenness which permitted mobs to give themselves to such men as Hitler, Stalin and Mussolini, will head up in that mass-drunkenness which will bow to the image of the Antichrist and accept a brand upon the forehead or hand as a sign of subservience to him. To all such, God will give another wine to drink.⁴⁶

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then a third angel followed

The first angel brought the carrot (Rev. 14:6+), now the third brings the stick! Those who would not respond to God’s gracious offer of salvation are now warned of the eternal significance of worshiping the Beast and taking his mark. Unfortunately, many at the time of the end will follow in the well-worn pattern of those before them who continued to ignore God’s gracious warning:

However I have sent to you all My servants the prophets, rising early and sending them, saying, “Oh, do not do this abominable thing that I hate!” But they did not listen or incline their ear to turn from their wickedness, to burn no incense to other gods. So My fury and My anger were poured out and kindled in the cities of Judah and in the streets of Jerusalem; and they are wasted and desolate, as it is this day. (Jer. 44:4-6)

If anyone worships the beast

See commentary on Revelation 13:4.

and his image

See commentary on Revelation 13:14 and Revelation 13:15.

and receives his mark on his forehead or on his hand

See commentary on Revelation 13:16.

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he himself shall also drink of the wine of the wrath of God

He himself, emphasis is placed upon the individual who worships the beast. He will be held individually responsible for his actions which will result in receiving God’s wrath and eternal damnation (see below).“The devotees of the Beast are here warned and threatened with punishments of so terrible a character that the very mention of them is enough to make one’s flesh creep.”⁴⁷ The reception of God’s judgment is often described as drinking from His cup (Ps. 75:8; Isa. 51:17, 22-23; Jer. 25:15-17, 28; Hab. 2:16; Rev. 16:19+).

But God is the Judge: He puts down one, and exalts another. For in the hand of the LORD there is a cup, and the wine is red; it is fully mixed, and He pours it out; surely its dregs shall the wicked of the earth drain and drink down. (Ps. 75:7-8)

Throughout history God has warned kings that unless they “kiss the Son,” they would perish “when His wrath is kindled but a little” (Ps. 2:12). The ultimate fulfillment of this warning will be during the Campaign of Armageddon.

Having drunk from the cup, the recipient is the object of God’s wrath (Job 21:20) and staggers with drunkenness, becoming mad so as to participate in the ultimate folly of his own destruction (Jer. 25:16, 27; Zec. 12:2-4). “You have made us drink the wine of confusion” (Ps. 60:3).

“In their excitement I will prepare their feasts; I will make them drunk, that they may rejoice, and sleep a perpetual sleep and not awake,” says the LORD. “I will bring them down like lambs to the slaughter, like rams with male goats.” (Jer. 51:39-40)

“And I will make drunk her princes and wise men, her governors, her deputies, and her mighty men. And they shall sleep a perpetual sleep and not awake,” says the King, Whose name is the LORD of hosts. (Jer. 51:57)

This passage explains why, in the sequence of seals, trumpets, and bowls, it is the bowls which are last. Each of the final seven bowls comprises a portion of the final cup of God’s wrath. In “the seven last plagues . . . the wrath of God is complete” (Rev. 15:1+). They are “the bowls of the wrath of God” which are poured out on the earth (Rev. 16:1+). The wrath is manifest in Christ’s treading of “the winepress of the fierceness and wrath of Almighty God” (Rev. 19:15+ cf. Isa. 63:1-6). See commentary on Revelation 11:18.

wrath . . . indignation

God’s wrath is frequently mentioned in association with the judgments poured out during the Tribulation (Rev. 6:16+; 11:18+). Here, it denotes the wrath which is specifically associated with the worship of the Beast, which probably occurs after the abomination of desolation at the midpoint of the Tribulation. See Events of the 70th Week of Daniel.

Wrath is θυμοῦ [thymou] , indignation is ὀργῆς [orgēs] :

Thymos refers to turbulent commotion, the boiling agitation of the feelings . . . that will either subside and disappear or else settle down into orgē, which is more of an abiding and settled habit of mind (“an enduring anger”) that is focused on revenge. . . . In his discussion of the two words, Origin arrived at the same conclusion: “Thymos differs from orgē in that thymos is anger [orgē] rising in vapor and burning up, while orgē is a yearning for revenge.” Jerome said: “Thymos is incipient anger and displeasure fermenting in the mind; orgē however, when thymos has subsided, is that which longs for revenge and desires to injure the one thought to have caused harm.”⁴⁸

poured out full strength

Κεκερασμένου ἀκράτου [Kekerasmenou akratou] , having been poured unmixed [undiluted], to “cause to be fully experienced.”⁴⁹ This is a frightful phrase, for it indicates those who worship the Beast will undergo the full force of God’s wrath. The contents of the cup are not diluted, but of full intensity!“whereas wine was so commonly mixed with water that to mix wine is used in Greek for to pour out wine; this wine of God’s wrath is undiluted; there is no drop of water to cool its heat. Naught of grace or hope is blended with it.”⁵⁰ They will experience divine wrath without restraint: eternal torment by the Power of powers, the author of a myriad of supernovas.

He shall be tormented with fire and brimstone

Those who worship the Beast will be tormented with fire and brimstone indicating their ultimate destination. They will be “cast into the lake of fire and brimstone where the beast and the false prophet are. And they will be tormented day and night forever and ever” (Rev. 20:10+). Those who worship the Beast and take his mark are irredeemable. Even though they have not yet died, their fate in the Lake of Fire is sealed. See Beast Worshipers are Unique. They will “have their part in the lake which burns with fire and brimstone, which is the second death” (Rev. 21:8+). As we saw in the previous chapter, those who worship the Beast “have not been written in the Book of Life” (see commentary on Revelation 13:8), thus they are destined for the Lake of Fire. “Anyone not found written in the Book of Life was cast into the lake of fire” (Rev. 20:15+).

Those who refuse to worship the Beast during this time of intense persecution and pressure will do so only because they have given their worship to Jesus Christ. The cost of doing so will often be their physical life. The benefit will be their eternal life and participation in the first resurrection. “Blessed and holy is he who has part in the first resurrection. Over such, the second death has no power” (Rev. 20:6a+). See commentary on Revelation 3:11.

The fire and brimstone with which they are tormented is no less real than that which rains down upon Sodom and Gomorrah (Gen. 19:24-25) and Gog and his troops (Eze. 38:22) and which those taken in such judgments continue to suffer forever (Jude 1:7).

in the presence of the holy angels and in the presence of the Lamb

Isaiah speaks of a time when all flesh shall come to worship before the LORD, but also go forth and look upon the corpses of the men who transgressed against God. Somehow, these who are “cast into outer darkness” (Mat. 8:12; 22:13; 25:30) are visible to the redeemed throughout eternity (Isa. 66:24).⁵¹ The damned will also see the blessed who enter the kingdom, whereas they themselves are thrust out (Luke 13:28). Perhaps awareness of the alternative which the damned missed will contribute to their torment, similar to the way in which the rich man could see Lazarus in Abraham’s bosom (Luke 16:23). Although the holy angels and the Lamb will be present to see the torment of the damned, the damned will not benefit from an awareness of the presence of God (2Th. 1:8-9) for this is the ultimate blessing reserved for the redeemed. “The tabernacle of God is with men, and He will dwell with them, and they shall be His people” (Rev. 21:3+). See The Abiding Presence of God, New Jerusalem.

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the smoke of their torment ascends forever and ever

This phrase speaks of eternal judgment, like that which will ultimately befall the land of Edom and the city of Babylon (Isa. 34:10; Rev. 19:3+). The “goats,” representing those among the Beast worshipers who remain alive upon the earth at the return of Jesus to take up the throne of David (Mat. 25:31), will be sent “into everlasting fire prepared for the devil and his angels” (Mat. 24:41b cf. Rev. 20:10+). The fire is everlasting (Isa. 66:24; Dan. 12:2; Mat. 3:12; Mat. 25:41; Mark 9:44-46; 2Th. 1:9; 2Pe. 2:17; Jude 1:13), but does not annihilate those who suffer its torment, for the Beast and the False Prophet are the first to experience its effects and have endured under it for one thousand years when they are joined by others (Rev. 19:20+ cf. Rev. 20:10+, 15+). The answer to the question of how the damned could be due eternal torment might be found, in part, by understanding their hardened condition—which is without repentance:

In the next world the wicked, with all restraint removed, will go headlong into sin, blaspheming and cursing God, growing worse and worse as they sink deeper and deeper into the bottomless pit. Endless punishment is the penalty for ENDLESS sinning.⁵²

I wish to present a paragraph or two from one of my teachers, Dr. R. A. Torrey. I sat in class as a boy of eighteen and heard Dr. Torrey lecture on the future destiny of unbelievers. . . . He said, “In conclusion, two things are certain. First, the more closely men walk with God and the more devoted they become to His service, the more likely they are to believe this doctrine. Many men tell us they love their fellow men too much to believe this doctrine; but the men who show their love in more practical ways than sentimental protestations about it, the men who show their love for their fellow men as Jesus Christ showed His, by laying down their lives for them, they believe it, even as Jesus Christ Himself believed it.

Second, men who accept a loose doctrine regarding the ultimate penalty of Sin (Restorationism or Universalism or Annihilationism) lose their power for God. They may be very clever at argument and zealous in proselytizing, but they are poor at soul-saving. They are seldom found beseeching men to be reconciled to God. They are more likely to be found trying to upset the faith of those already won by the efforts of others, then winning men who have no faith at all. If you really believe the doctrine of endless, conscious torment of the impenitent, and the doctrine really gets hold of you, you will work as you never worked before for the salvation of the lost. If you in any wise abate this doctrine, it will abate your zeal.”⁵³

have no rest day and night, who worship the beast

Neither do the four living creatures in the presence of God rest day or night, but they are blessed to render ceaseless worship to God (Rev. 4:8+). Those who gave their worship to the Beast have no rest. Instead of offering glorious worship to God, they suffer intense torment without relief. Their torment is eternal (Mat. 25:41; Mark 9:43-44; Jude 1:7; Rev. 20:10+). The beast worshipers may have rest during the brief time of the end, but will have no rest thereafter. The saints will experience extreme duress during the brief time of the end, but thereafter will “rest from their labors” (Rev. 14:13+).

who worship the beast

See commentary on Revelation 13:4.

and his image

See commentary on Revelation 13:14 and Revelation 13:15.

and whoever receives the mark of his name

See commentary on Revelation 13:16.

3.14.12 - Revelation 14:12 Open Bible at Rev. 14:12 Listen to Rev. 14:12

Here is the patience of the saints

The patience of the saints is found in their acceptance of God’s sovereign control over their lives (Rev. 13:10+) and in the knowledge that God will avenge their blood at the hands of those who rejected Him (as here). As terrible as it might be, the awful experience of the saints at the hands of the Beast (see #20 - Saints) cannot compare with the doom which meets the Beast worshipers. See commentary on Revelation 13:10.

who keep the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus

Their faith is evident by their works—keeping God’s commandments (Luke 6:46; Jas. 2:18). During this time, the woman who flees to the wilderness has offspring which “keep the commandments of God and have the testimony of Jesus Christ” (Rev. 12:17+). Here, the phrase denotes those who are not just of Israel (her offspring), but also Gentile believers: all the saints of the end.

3.14.13 - Revelation 14:13 Open Bible at Rev. 14:13 Listen to Rev. 14:13

I heard a voice from heaven saying to me

This is probably the same voice which told John to “seal up the things which the seven thunders uttered” (Rev. 10:4+), and called the two witnesses up to heaven (Rev. 11:12+). The voice is undoubtedly that of God, either the Father or the Lamb, for it says, “Come out of her [Babylon] my people, lest you share in her sins, and lest you receive of her plagues” [emphasis added] (Rev. 18:4+). There is great comfort in the statement which follows because it comes from the highest authority.

Write

It was Jesus who first told John to “write in a book” (Rev. 11:1+ cf. Rev. 1:19+; 2:1+, 8+, 12+, 18+; 3:1+, 7+, 14+). Thus, it may be the Lamb which is speaking here.

blessed are the dead who die in the Lord

Who die is ἀποθνῄσκοντες [apothnēskontes] , those presently dying. Although there are many blessings for believers mentioned in this book (Rev. 1:3+; 16:15+; 19:9+; 22:7+, 14+), these receive a special blessing in recognition of the severe conditions they find themselves in. This is a unique time of incomparable Christian persecution coming upon the earth,“Those who ‘die in the Lord henceforth,’ do so as martyrs.”⁵⁴ The victory of the saints will not be in influencing the social institutions of the globe toward service of God—as lofty a goal as that might be. It will be found in their cleaving to the Lamb through thick and thin, in living and dying. No more so than at the end of present history when the world issues one last blasphemous attempt to throw off the Father and His Christ. This recognition by God underscores the horrors of the reign of the Beast which includes unprecedented slaughter of Christians by the Beast (Rev. 13:7+), his image (Rev. 13:15+), and the Harlot (Rev. 17:6+).“Hence the special Benediction here pronounced upon all such as die rather than yield to the temptations and threats of the Beast and the False Prophet. ‘Worship, or be slain’ is their cry. ‘Be slain, and be blessed’ is God’s encouraging reply to them.”⁵⁵ Those who die during this time receive special mention at the commencement of the Millennial Kingdom, having undergone martyrdom (Rev. 20:4+). “Precious in the sight of the LORD is the death of His saints” (Ps. 116:15). See #20 - Saints.

“Yes,” says the Spirit

The third Person of the Trinity joins in bestowing this special blessing upon the saints, most of whom will give their ultimate testimony in their martyrdom (Rev. 12:11+; 15:2+). Participation of the Holy Spirit in this blessing is of great significance, for it indicates His intimate involvement in the lives of the saints during the trials of the end. For it is only by the Spirit that those who are martyred are able to hold their testimony to the end (Rev. 12:11+; 20:4+).

that they may rest

Immediately upon death, all those of the faith obtain rest (Isa. 57:1; Dan. 12:13; Luke 23:43). This book stands in complete agreement with the teaching of Paul: “We are confident, yes, well pleased rather to be absent from the body and to be present with the Lord” (2Cor. 5:8); “For I am hard-pressed between the two, having a desire to depart and be with Christ, which is far better” (Php. 1:23). The martyrs attending the opening of the fifth seal are found under the altar in heaven (Rev. 6:9+). The ones coming out of the Great Tribulation are immediately before the throne of God (Rev. 7:14+). Those who overcome the Beast and his image (by death) are seen straightway in heaven (Rev. 15:1-3+).

Scripture denies the Roman Catholic doctrine of purgatory:

The righteous who die “in the Lord” do not suffer torment or punishment after death, as in purgatory. There is no such place as purgatory known to Scripture, and even the Apocrypha contains firm testimony against such a view in a remarkable statement at Wisdom 3:1, “But the souls of the righteous are in the hand of God, and there shall no torment touch them.”⁵⁶

Those who are washed in the blood of the Lamb are completely and permanently washed! To infer that anyone, having trusted in Christ, must subsequently continue to pay for sin is completely unscriptural. It is doubly blasphemous:

It denies the sufficiency of Christ’s one-time sacrifice for sin—thereby demeaning His perfect work.

It infers that men could contribute something of merit on their own behalf beyond that which Christ already obtained.

The doctrine of purgatory is both a denial of Christ’s perfect work and a vain attempt to add man’s imperfect work. At its heart, it is motivated by greed and the desire to control the Biblically ignorant:

The collection of [Roman Catholic] relics in 1509 included 5,005 fragments, the viewing of which reduced one’s time in purgatory by 1,443 years. By 1518 it is estimated that there were 17,443 pieces on display in twelve aisles. Included among them were such remarkable relics as a veil sprinkled with the blood of Christ, a twig of Moses’ burning bush, and a piece of bread from the Last Supper. By 1520 the collection had grown—despite Luther’s opposition—to 19,013 holy pieces. Those who viewed the relics on All Saint’s Day and made the required contribution would receive from the pope an indulgence that would reduce time spent in purgatory—either by themselves or others—by up to 1,902,202 years and 270 days.⁵⁷

their works follow them

God is intimately familiar with their works (Rev. 2:2+).

I have fought the good fight, I have finished the race, I have kept the faith. Finally, there is laid up for me the crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous Judge, will give to me on that Day, and not to me only but also to all who have loved His appearing. (2Ti. 4:7-8)

For God is not unjust to forget your work and labor of love which you have shown toward His name, in that you have ministered to the saints, and do minister. (Heb. 6:10)

3.14.14 - Revelation 14:14 Open Bible at Rev. 14:14 Listen to Rev. 14:14

a while cloud

Clouds are often associated with God, and particularly the Son of Man (Mat. 24:30; Luke 21:27; Rev. 1:7+). See commentary on Revelation 1:7.

One like the Son of Man

A clear indication that none other than Jesus is sitting on the cloud (Dan. 7:13; Mat. 26:64). The reason that Son of Man oversees the harvest of wheat is that it is He who sowed the good seed (Mat. 13:37).

having on His head a golden crown

Crown is στέφανον [stephanon] . See Crowns.

3.14.15 - Revelation 14:15 Open Bible at Rev. 14:15 Listen to Rev. 14:15

another angel came out of the temple

When angels come out of the temple on a mission, this is an indication of their divine mandate. The seven angels with the seven last plagues come out of the heavenly temple (Rev. 15:6+). It is a voice from the temple which gives them final authority to “pour out the bowls of the wrath of God on the earth” (Rev. 16:1+). The harvest of both the faithful and the ungodly are initiated by the Father, from within the temple.

for the time has come

The longsuffering and grace of God and His desire that all should have opportunity to repent now finally draws to a close for He knows that no more will come (2Pe. 3:9). His mercy withholds judgment, but his justice and righteousness make it unavoidable (Rev. 16:7+). “But of that day and hour no one knows, not even the angels in heaven, nor the Son, but only the Father” (Mark 13:32). This is the end of the age, the long period when both good and evil were allowed to grow side-by-side. Now there will be a separation in preparation for the Millennial Kingdom to follow:

“Again, the kingdom of heaven is like a dragnet that was cast into the sea and gathered some of every kind, which, when it was full, they drew to shore; and they sat down and gathered the good into vessels, but threw the bad away. So it will be at the end of the age. The angels will come forth, separate the wicked from among the just, and cast them into the furnace of fire. There will be wailing and gnashing of teeth.” (Mat. 13:47-50)

All who remain alive on the face of the planet must now identify with one or the other of the two criminals crucified with Christ. All the world stands guilty. Those in the first harvest, like the repentant thief on the cross (Luke 23:42), turn in desperation to Christ for cleansing of their sins. They are the wheat. Those in the second harvest (the vintage of wrath) are like the thief who continues to revile Christ (Luke 23:39). They are the tares which are gathered for destruction.

for the harvest of the earth is ripe

The harvest is used throughout the Scriptures to symbolize the final gathering and separation of that which is desirable and productive (wheat) from that which is useless and for the fire (tares, chaff). The judgment attending the harvest is often represented by the threshing floor where the grain is separated from the outer husk (2S. 24:16; 1Chr. 21:15; Jer. 51:33; Dan. 2:35; Mic. 4:12).⁵⁸

For thus says the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel: “The daughter of Babylon is like a threshing floor When it is time to thresh her; yet a little while and the time of her harvest will come.” (Jer. 51:33)

The long age so central to Jesus’ teaching concerning the “kingdom of heaven” (Mat. 13:24, 31, 33, 44-45, 47, 52) has now drawn to a close. (See The Arrival of God’s Kingdom.) It is now the time of the harvest. “But when the grain ripens, immediately he puts in the sickle, because the harvest has come” (Mark 4:26).

At the harvest at the end of the age, there are both wheat and tares. The harvest includes a reaping of both and their separation. The wheat is gathered and preserved, the tares are gathered and destroyed.

But when the grain had sprouted and produced a crop, then the tares also appeared. So the servants of the owner came and said to him, ‘Sir, did you not sow good seed in your field? How then does it have tares?’ He said to them, ‘An enemy has done this.’ The servants said to him, ‘Do you want us then to go and gather them up?’ But he said, ‘No, lest while you gather up the tares you also uproot the wheat with them. Let both grow together until the harvest, and at the time of harvest I will say to the reapers, “First gather together the tares and bind them in bundles to burn them, but gather the wheat into my barn.” ’ (Mat. 13:26-30)

It seems best to understand the two harvests depicted here as two aspects of the final harvest at the end of the age: a harvest of redemption and a harvest of wrath.⁵⁹ Those who view both as harvests of judgment have difficulty explaining why there should be two such harvests of wrath and what, if anything, can be said to differ between them? When the two harvests are compared, we see that Jesus is specifically associated with the first harvest—for it was He who sowed the good grain. Unlike the second harvest, there is no hint of wrath associated with the first harvest: no angel from the altar, no power over fire, no grapes, no trampling, no blood. The only possible negative aspect concerning the first harvest is that it is said to be ripe, ἐξηράνθη [exēranthē] from ζηραίνω [zērainō] , which means to dry up or wither and is used to describe plants without good roots (Mark 4:6).⁶⁰ However, since the first harvest involves not grapes, but by implication wheat, this could just be a description of what naturally occurs when wheat reaches its maturity. All things considered, it seems best to understand these as two different harvests, one to gather faithful wheat and the other to destroy wild grapes. We are in agreement with Alford:

What is the distinction between the two ingatherings? And why do we read of the casting into the wine-press of God’s wrath in the second case, and of no corresponding feature in the other? Again, why is the agency so different—the Son of man on the white cloud with a golden crown in the one case, the mere angel in the other? Besides, the two ingatherings seem quite distinct. The former is over before the other begins. On the whole then, though I would not pronounce decidedly, I must incline to think that the harvest is the ingathering of the saints, God’s harvest, reaped from the earth: described here thus generally, before the vintage of wrath which follows.⁶¹

3.14.16 - Revelation 14:16 Open Bible at Rev. 14:16 Listen to Rev. 14:16

He who sat on the cloud

The Son of Man is the one who reaps the first harvest of the saved. Although He is intimately involved with the first harvest, Scripture reveals that angels carry out the details of both harvests.

the earth was reaped

The reaping which takes place is worldwide. “And He will send His angels with a great sound of a trumpet, and they will gather together His elect from the four winds, from one end of heaven to the other” (Mat. 24:31). One view connects this event with the resurrection of the saved dead prior to the Millennial Kingdom (cf. Rev. 20:4+).

This, then, is our Lord’s return at the end of the tribulation to harvest the bodies of the saints who die during the tribulation (Rev. 14:13+) so as to reunite them with their souls, which, up to this point, will have been under the altar before God (Rev. 6:9+). This reaping is the gathering of the harvest into Christ’s barn (Mat. 13:30). . . . The living redeemed will still be on earth, but the bodies of all deceased saints will have been resurrected and taken to Heaven. This addresses the state of all the saved during the tribulation.⁶²

The saints which remain alive at the end of the Tribulation participate in the Sheep and Goat Judgment and enter the Millennial Kingdom in their natural bodies (Mat. 25:31-34).

3.14.17 - Revelation 14:17 Open Bible at Rev. 14:17 Listen to Rev. 14:17

another angel came out of the temple in heaven

The authority to issue the command to reap the vintage of wrath is equally dependent upon the authority of God. See commentary on Revelation 14:15. Jesus taught that the angels would be involved in the final harvest:

The enemy who sowed them [the tares] is the devil, the harvest is the end of the age, and the reapers are the angels. Therefore as the tares are gathered and burned in the fire, so it will be at the end of this age. The Son of Man will send out His angels, and they will gather out of His kingdom all things that offend, and those who practice lawlessness, and will cast them into the furnace of fire. There will be wailing and gnashing of teeth. Then the righteous will shine forth as the sun in the kingdom of their Father. He who has ears to hear, let him hear! (Mat. 13:39-43)

The Son of Man will send out His angels, and they will gather out of His kingdom all things that offend, and those who practice lawlessness and will cast them into the furnace of fire. There will be wailing and gnashing of teeth. . . . So it will be at the end of the age. The angels will come forth, separate the wicked from among the just. (Mat. 13:41-42, 49).

This second angel initiates the gathering of the tares, the removal of the ungodly who are “taken”:

“Even so will it be in the day when the Son of Man is revealed. In that day, he who is on the housetop, and his goods are in the house, let him not come down to take them away. And likewise the one who is in the field, let him not turn back. Remember Lot’s wife. Whoever seeks to save his life will lose it, and whoever loses his life will preserve it. I tell you, in that night there will be two men in one bed: the one will be taken and the other will be left. Two women will be grinding together: the one will be taken and the other left. Two men will be in the field: the one will be taken and the other left.” And they answered and said to Him, “Where, Lord?” So He said to them, “Wherever the body is, there the eagles will be gathered together.” (Luke 17:30-37 cf. Mat. 24:28)

As in the days of Noah, those whom are taken are taken in judgment (Mat. 24:38-39; Luke 21:26-27). The “eagles will be gathered together” to feast on the carrion of the dead (Job 39:30; Rev. 19:17-18+).⁶³

3.14.18 - Revelation 14:18 Open Bible at Rev. 14:18 Listen to Rev. 14:18

another angel came out from the altar

The mention of the altar connects the upcoming vintage of wrath with the cry of the souls under the altar at the opening of the fifth seal. “And they cried with a loud voice, saying, ‘How long, O Lord, holy and true, until You judge and avenge our blood on those who dwell on the earth?’ ” (Rev. 6:10+). God had told them that they should rest until the remaining number of their fellow servants would be killed as they were. That time has now come.

who had power over fire

This may be the same angel who offered the prayers of the saints with incense “upon the golden altar which was before the throne” (Rev. 8:3+). There, after offering the prayers, he filled his censer with fire from the altar and threw it to the earth prefiguring the series of trumpet judgments (Rev. 8:4-6+). Similarly, it was “a voice from the four horns of the golden altar which is before God” which resulted in the release of the four angels bound at the Euphrates bringing the plague of demonic horsemen. This final vintage of wrath is also motivated by mountains of prayer by the saints of all times and ages for righteous judgment and vindication by God.

This is the baptism of fire spoken of by John the Baptist. In his warning to the Pharisees and Sadducees who were coming to his baptism, he indicated that the One following after him would initiate two baptisms. Every person living would receive one or the other.

I indeed baptize you with water unto repentance, but He who is coming after me is mightier than I, whose sandals I am not worthy to carry. He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and fire. His winnowing fan is in His hand, and He will thoroughly clean out His threshing floor, and gather His wheat into the barn; but He will burn up the chaff with unquenchable fire. (Mat. 3:11-12) [emphasis added]

John answered, saying to all, “I indeed baptize you with water; but One mightier than I is coming, whose sandal strap I am not worthy to loose. He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and fire. His winnowing fan is in His hand, and He will thoroughly clean out His threshing floor, and gather the wheat into His barn; but the chaff He will burn with unquenchable fire.” (Luke 3:16-17) [emphasis added]

The term and with fire is better translated “or with fire.” The immediate context certainly indicates that to be baptized with fire is the result of judgment (notice the reference to purging and burning in the next verse). Other than the visible tongues (billows) of fire which appeared over the disciples’ heads at Pentecost, references to fire burning up unprofitable chaff refer to judgment rather than cleansing. The threshing fan (Mat. 3:12) refers to a wooden shovel used for tossing grain into the wind in order to blow away the lighter chaff, leaving the good grain to settle in a pile. The chaff would then be swept up and burned, the unquenchable fire refers to the eternal punishment of hell or the lake of fire.⁶⁴

gather the clusters of the vine of the earth

Joel foresaw the vintage of wrath associated with the Day of the Lord:

Let the nations be wakened, and come up to the Valley of Jehoshaphat; for there I will sit to judge all the surrounding nations. Put in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe. Come, go down; for the winepress is full, the vats overflow-For their wickedness is great. Multitudes, multitudes in the valley of decision! For the day of the LORD is near in the valley of decision. (Joel 3:12-14)

The reason that these vines will be trodden is that they are wild grapes. Like His chosen nation Israel, those on the earth had not born the fruit God intended.

For their vine is of the vine of Sodom and of the fields of Gomorrah; their grapes are grapes of gall, their clusters are bitter. Their wine is the poison of serpents, and the cruel venom of cobras. (Deu. 32:32-33)

Now let me sing to my Well-beloved a song of my Beloved regarding His vineyard: My Well-beloved has a vineyard on a very fruitful hill. He dug it up and cleared out its stones, and planted it with the choicest vine. He built a tower in its midst, and also made a winepress in it; so He expected it to bring forth good grapes, but it brought forth wild grapes. And now, O inhabitants of Jerusalem and men of Judah, judge, please, between Me and My vineyard. What more could have been done to My vineyard that I have not done in it? Why then, when I expected it to bring forth good grapes, did it bring forth wild grapes? And now, please let Me tell you what I will do to My vineyard: I will take away its hedge, and it shall be burned; And break down its wall, and it shall be trampled down. (Isa. 5:1-5) [emphasis added]

for her grapes are fully ripe

God allows evil to have its full fruit for several reasons. First, He provides ample opportunity for the godless to repent and seek forgiveness and restoration. Secondly, He allows the depth of sin to have its full development in those who have forever turned their back on redemption. “But in the fourth generation they shall return here, for the iniquity of the Amorites is not yet complete” (Gen. 15:16). Although His patience and mercy are abundant, He must eventually judge in order to vindicate His character: “The righteous shall rejoice when he sees the vengeance; He shall wash his feet in the blood of the wicked, so that men will say, ‘Surely there is a reward for the righteous; surely He is God who judges in the earth’ ” (Ps. 58:10-11).

3.14.19 - Revelation 14:19 Open Bible at Rev. 14:19 Listen to Rev. 14:19

threw it into the great winepress of the wrath of God

This is not a fruitful winepress, for it is the winepress of the wrath of God. This is the time of the treading of the grapes of wrath, the final conflagration when God wipes out all His enemies at the second advent of Christ (Isa. 34:2-8; 63:1-6; Joel 3:12-14; Zep. 3:8; Rev. 19:15+). See Grapes of Wrath.

3.14.20 - Revelation 14:20 Open Bible at Rev. 14:20 Listen to Rev. 14:20

outside the city

The city is Jerusalem. Like unclean and accursed things, these will be disposed of outside the city.

For the bodies of those animals, whose blood is brought into the sanctuary by the high priest for sin, are burned outside the camp. Therefore Jesus also, that He might sanctify the people with His own blood, suffered outside the gate. Therefore let us go forth to Him, outside the camp, bearing His reproach. (Heb. 13:11-13)

The valley of Jehoshaphat was outside Jerusalem and it is there that the fullest vengeance of God shall be poured out, “the press is full” (Joel 3:13).⁶⁵

The judgment of the nations in Joel 3:12-14 (which supplies the dual figures of harvest and vintage) takes place in the valley of Jehoshaphat, which traditions links with the Kidron valley lying between Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives. Zechariah 14:1-4 places the final battle on the outskirts of Jerusalem.⁶⁶

See Campaign of Armageddon.

and blood came out

The bloodshed associated with the judgment which falls at the Campaign of Armageddon at the close of the Tribulation period is unprecedented:

The sword of the LORD is filled with blood, it is made overflowing with fatness, with the blood of lambs and goats, with the fat of the kidneys of rams. For the LORD has a sacrifice in Bozrah, and a great slaughter in the land of Edom. The wild oxen shall come down with them, and the young bulls with the mighty bulls; their land shall be soaked with blood, and their dust saturated with fatness. For it is the day of the LORD’S vengeance, the year of recompense for the cause of Zion. (Isa. 34:6-8)

It results in the staining of Jesus garments (Isa. 63:1-6; Rev. 19:13+). See Blood Stained Garments.

up to the horses bridles

Possibly a reference to the armies in heaven who follow after Christ on white horses (Rev. 19:14+). More likely, a reference to the horses of Christ’s enemies.

one thousand six hundred furlongs

Furlong is σταδίων [stadiōn] , a distance of one-eighth of a mile (185 meters)⁶⁷ . The total distance is approximately 200 miles.⁶⁸

The blood stretches for 1,600 furlongs, which is approximately two hundred miles. The two hundred miles may refer to the entire area from the Valley of Armageddon to Bozrah, which is about two hundred miles. Another possible explanation is that it refers to the round trip distance between Jerusalem and Bozrah. The fighting will begin in Jerusalem and move to Bozrah (100 miles), and with the Second Coming, will return back from Bozrah to the Valley of Jehoshaphat (another 100 miles). But the best explanation is based on Jeremiah 49:20-22 . . . In the context (see Jer. 49:13-14), this passage is dealing with the Campaign of Armageddon. The massive blood-letting that begins at Bozrah begins moving south down the Arabah until it empties in the Red Sea at the present-day cities of Eilat and Akaba. The distance from there to Jerusalem is about two hundred miles.⁶⁹

Armageddon is in the north of Palestine [Rev. 16:14-16+], the valley of Jehoshaphat is in the south. Bozrah is named by Isaiah as the place where the Lord treads the winepress [Isa. 63:1-6]. And the distance between the farthest points of this “front” is 1600 furlongs.⁷⁰

What is signified is a vast destruction of human life over a circumscribed area. Certainly what is stated of the vast slaughter is beyond anything ever known.⁷¹

Although it is possible that this description is hyperbole, one must ask why then does Scripture mention this precise distance? Besides implicating the areas that might be involved (above), it would seem to indicate the magnitude of the final slaughter of all the ungodly. Attempts to understand the exact magnitude of the judgment are nearly impossible, but can provide some insight into the immensity of the slaughter:

Let us consider the biblical portrayal of the size of this disaster: this river of blood is 184 miles long, and its depth is the height of a horse’s bit. Now, if a horse’s bit is four feet high, we can calculate the volume required to fill a blood stream of varying widths, and as we know that the typical quantity of blood in a person is six quarts, we can then calculate how many people it would take to supply the blood. The blood from one billion human beings would make a stream not even twenty yards wide over this length of 184 miles (a trough 4’ deep with radiused sides would average 53 feet in width to hold the blood from one billion humans). If these figures are taken literally—and surely, when we recognize the literality of fulfilled prophecy in Daniel, they must be—then it is clear that God portrays the slaying of all unregenerate mankind. Notably, as the width is not given, we cannot determine the population of the earth at this time.⁷²

See Campaign of Armageddon.

Child of Adam, hear, and be admonished now while salvation is so freely offered. Be not deceived, for God is not mocked. Those impieties of thine, those guilty sports and gaieties, will yet have to be confronted before the judgment seat. Those gatherings in the gaming-hells and drink-shops of Satan, those sneers and witty jests at sacred things, those fiery lusts burning on the altars of carnal pleasure, are all written down in the account-books of eternity to be brought forth in the great day. . . . Think, O man, O woman, how would you fare were He this night to strike! If not in the city, in reconciliation with the King, outside is only death and damnation, and nothing can make it different.⁷³

Notes

¹ J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 349.

² “The word ‘Zion’ is first used of the stronghold or fortress of the ancient city Jebus. Though the Jebusites considered their city impregnable, David was able to conquer it. He lived in the fortress and named the city ‘the city of David.’ In time the word ‘Zion’ took on a broader meaning. It came to mean the entire city of Jerusalem, not just the fortress in it. The word was even used at times of a group such as ‘the daughters of Zion’ (Isa. 3:16-17), that is, female inhabitants in the city. Later the word came to mean the entire Jewish nation.”—Mal Couch, “Israelology in the Book of Revelation,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 180.

³ Merrill F. Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), s.v. “Zion.”

⁴ By the same logic, we know that passages such as Isaiah 62 record promises which will be fulfilled in the earthly Jerusalem rather than the New Jerusalem. For what need has the heavenly city ever had for watchmen on its walls (Isa. 62:6)?

⁵ Although it is possible they could have been taken up directly to heaven, the text is completely silent as to this possibility.

⁶ “The Vision is in heaven; for the singers stand before the Throne, and they are with the Lamb. He is not yet descended to the Earth. This decides the point that it is the heavenly Zion which is here referred to. The Temple on Earth was close to Mount Zion; so the Temple in heaven is correspondingly near to the heavenly Zion.”—E. W. Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1984, 1935), Rev. 14:1. “Some writers take it as the earthly site of a millennial reign, but the entire scene is one of praise before the throne in heaven.”—Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977), Rev. 14:1.

⁷ The phrase “before the throne of God” in Rev. 14:5+ does not appear in the NU or MT texts, but appears only in the TR text.

⁸ Thomas holds to an unusual interpretation: he takes the 144,000 to be on earth, but also has them slain. The entire problem with having them in heaven is because their seal would not have protected them. Most who take them to be on the earth do so partly out of deference to the effectiveness of their sealing—they survive the Tribulation.

⁹ Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 8-22 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1995), Rev. 14:1.

¹⁰ Ibid.

¹¹ Ibid., Rev. 14:3.

¹² Arno C. Gaebelein, The Revelation (Neptune, NJ: Loizeaux Brothers, 1961), 86.

¹³ “We gather that the harp-singers of chaps. xiv. and xv. are the same company.”—Walter Scott, Exposition of The Revelation (London, England: Pickering & Inglis, n.d.), Rev. 15:2.

¹⁴ “We first find the 144,000 on earth (Mount Zion) and then in Heaven (before the throne). Now, this is remarkable, for it suggests that the Lamb will gather them together in Jerusalem in order to transport them to Heaven. It suggests, too, that these 144,000 will be raptured from Jerusalem, for there is no mention of them dying.”—Monty S. Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John (Dallas, TX: 3E Ministries, 1987), Rev. 14:1.

¹⁵ Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 269.

¹⁶ William R. Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1994,c1935), 210.

¹⁷ J. Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1958), 300.

¹⁸ “The two distinct companies—of Israel and the Gentiles—were beheld by the Seer in separate visions (Rev. 7+). The elect company from the twelve tribes (Rev. 7:4-8+), is not only distinct from their Gentile associates (Rev. 7:9-17+), but is equally distinct from the 144,000 from amongst Judah who emerge out of the horrors of the coming hour of trial standing on Mount Zion. There are two Jewish companies of equal number. The hundred and forty-four thousand of Israel) (Rev. 7+) and the hundred and forty-four thousand of Judah (Rev. 14+).”—Scott, Exposition of The Revelation, 158.

¹⁹ A. R. Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” in Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997, 1877), Rev. 14:3.

²⁰ “During the time of the First and Second Temples, a number of the Levites played on two types of harps, singing arcane melodies that no one else was permitted to learn. This knowledge was passed from father to son, until the destruction of the Second Temple.”—Randall Price, The Coming Last Days Temple (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 1999), 390.

²¹ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 14:3.

²² Timothy Friberg, Barbara Friberg, and Neva F. Miller, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2000), 266.

²³ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 14:4.

²⁴ John MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 2000), Rev. 14:4.

²⁵ Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter, 216.

²⁶ Scott, Exposition of The Revelation, Rev. 14:4.

²⁷ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 33.

²⁸ Ibid., 61.

²⁹ Some disagree: “Adams explains: ‘The 144,000 cannot be interpreted as Jews who will some day escape persecution in a yet future age. In no intelligible sense could such a group of Jews be considered “firstfruits.” Historically, the firstfruits of the Christian church were among the Jews—in fact among the very Jews who are here mentioned: those in Jerusalem, who escaped the destruction in 70 A.D. How artificial to twist “firstfruits” into the very last fruits of the Christian era!’ ”—Steve Gregg, Revelation Four Views: A Parallel Commentary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1997), 316. The problem with Adams’ view is it completely ignores the distinction which Scripture makes between the Church and Israel. Those Jewish believers who frequent the pages of the NT are members of the Church, not the restored revived Israel. This is Paul’s point throughout three full chapters of Romans (Romans 9, 10, and 11). Furthermore, if these are uniquely preserved throughout the Tribulation, they form an initial Jewish population of the Millennial Kingdom. They serve as “firstfruits” of that physical Jewish population in a unique way.

³⁰ William Varner, Jacob’s Dozen: A Prophetic Look at the Tribes of Israel (Bellmawr, NJ: Friends of Israel Gospel Ministry, 1987), 103.

³¹ Concerning the need to tame the tongue: Ps. 5:9; 17:3; 19:14; 39:1; 120:1-7; 141:3; Pr. 10:19, 31-32; 15:2, 4; 15:28; 18:21; 21:23; Isa. 6:5, 7; 59:3; Mat. 12:34-35; 15:18; Jas. 1:26; 3:6-3:8.

³² Frederick William Danker and Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 47.

³³ Ibid.

³⁴ Richard Chenevix Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1861), 402.

³⁵ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 259.

³⁶ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 317.

³⁷ Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter, 220.

³⁸ Why? Because she will be absent from the earth at the time of the end, having been taken in the Rapture.

³⁹ “This is the good news that God purposes to set up on the earth, in fulfilment of the Davidic Covenant (2S. 7:16, and refs.), a kingdom, political, spiritual, Israelitish, universal, over which God’s Son, David’s heir, shall be King, and which shall be, for one thousand years, the manifestation of the righteousness of God in human affairs. . . . Two preachings of this Gospel are mentioned, one past, beginning with the ministry of John the Baptist, continued by our Lord and His disciples, and ending with the Jewish rejection of the King. The other is yet future (Mat. 24:14), during the great tribulation, and immediately preceding the coming of the King in glory.”—C. I. Scofield, The Scofield Study Bible (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2002, 1909), Rev. 14:6.

⁴⁰ Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 472.

⁴¹ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, 110.

⁴² Ignoring the fact that accidents of mutation result in a net loss of information whereas evolution requires a gain in information.

⁴³ “To revert to the problem of the Pithecanthropus, the Swanscombe man, the Neanderthal and all the rest (possibly even the Cro-magnon man, who is apparently to be classed as Homo sapiens, but whose remains seem to date back at least to 20,000 B.C.) it seems best to regard these races as all prior to Adam’s time, and not involved in the Adamic covenant. We must leave the question open, in view of the cultural remains, whether these pre-Adamic creatures had souls (or, to use the trichotomic terminology, spirits).”—Archer, G. Jr., A Survey of Old Testament Introduction, rev. ed., (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1985), pp. 204-205 cited in Creation Magazine, 24(4), September-November 2002, p. 45. [www.AnswersInGenesis.org] “My acceptance of Adam and Eve as historical is not incompatible with my belief that several forms of pre-Adamic ‘hominid’ seem to have existed for thousands of years previously. . . . It is conceivable that God created Adam out of one of them. . . . I think you may even call some of them Homo sapiens. . .” John Stott, Understanding the Bible, rev. ed., (Sydney: Scripture Union Publishing, 1984), p. 49 cited in Creation Magazine, 24(4), September-November 2002, p. 43. [www.AnswersInGenesis.org]

⁴⁴ Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament, Jer. 21:10.

⁴⁵ Interpreters are divided as to whether Rev. 16:19+ describes two categories of cities (Babylon and the cities of the nations) or three (Jerusalem, the cities of the Gentile nations, and Babylon).

⁴⁶ Donald Grey Barnhouse, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1971), Rev. 14:9.

⁴⁷ Scott, Exposition of The Revelation, Rev. 14:9.

⁴⁸ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 146.

⁴⁹ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 228.

⁵⁰ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 14:8.

⁵¹ God is omnipresent, even in hell: “Where can I go from Your Spirit? Or where can I flee from Your presence? If I ascend into heaven, You are there; If I make my bed in hell, behold, You are there. If I take the wings of the morning, and dwell in the uttermost parts of the sea, even there Your hand shall lead me, and Your right hand shall hold me. If I say, ‘Surely the darkness shall fall on me,’ even the night shall be light about me; indeed, the darkness shall not hide from You, but the night shines as the day; the darkness and the light are both alike to You” (Ps. 139:7-12). Yet something more is in view here, for the holy angels, who lack omnipresence, are also said to have access to the damned.

⁵² Loraine Boettner, The Reformed Doctrine of Predestination (Phillipsburg, NJ: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company, 1932), 79.

⁵³ Barnhouse, Revelation, Rev. 14:11.

⁵⁴ Scott, Exposition of The Revelation, Rev. 14:13.

⁵⁵ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 14:13.

⁵⁶ Jerome Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1992), Rev. 14:13.

⁵⁷ William R. Estep, Renaissance and Reformation (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdman’s Publishing Company, 1986), 117.

⁵⁸ The Church can take great comfort in the fact that Ruth, the Gentile bride of Boaz (a type of the kinsman-redeemer Christ), was at his feet during the time of threshing (Ru. 3:2-7).

⁵⁹ Seiss disagrees: “That this is the [a harvest of redemption] seems to me very improbable, if not entirely out of the question. According to the record up to this point, the great harvest of the good seed has already been reaped. The Living Ones, the Elders, the innumerable multitude, the Manchild, and the 144,000 all of whom are the good seed, are in heaven before this reaping comes.”—Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 358. Seiss would have us believe that not a single believer remains upon the earth at the time of this harvest! How could that be? For the second harvest is most certainly the second advent of Christ, including the Campaign of Armageddon which occurs at the end of the Tribulation. There are still saints alive on the earth at the time of Christ’s second advent because they are those who enter the Millennial Kingdom and form its initial population (Mat. 25:31-34).

⁶⁰ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 548.

⁶¹ John F. Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1966), Rev. 14:14.

⁶² Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 14:16.

⁶³ Concerning birds feasting on carrion in judgment: Deu. 28:26; Job 39:30; Eze. 32:4; 39:4, 17-20; Jer. 7:33; 12:9; 15:3; 16:4; 19:7; Mat. 24:28; Luke 17:37; Rev. 19:17-18+.

⁶⁴ Jerry Falwell, Edward D. Hindson, and Michael Woodrow Kroll, eds., KJV Bible Commentary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1997, c1994), Mat. 3:11.

⁶⁵ Scott, Exposition of The Revelation, Rev. 14:19.

⁶⁶ Mounce, The Book of Revelation, Rev. 14:19.

⁶⁷ Trent C. Butler, Chad Brand, Charles Draper, and Archie England, eds., Broadman and Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary (Nashville, TN: Broadman and Holman Publishers, 2003), 1666.

⁶⁸ Several witnesses read 1606 stadia, a few read 1200 stadia. [Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament (Stuttgart, Germany: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1994), Rev. 14:20].

⁶⁹ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 360.

⁷⁰ Barnhouse, Revelation, Rev. 14:20.

⁷¹ Scott, Exposition of The Revelation, Rev. 14:20.

⁷² Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 14:20.

⁷³ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 365.

3.13 - Revelation 13

3.13.1 - Revelation 13:1 Open Bible at Rev. 13:1 Listen to Rev. 13:1

In the previous chapter, we saw a dragon with seven heads and ten horns who attempted to intercept the promised child and subsequently persecuted the woman who gave birth to the child. We saw numerous indicators which pointed to the Jewish context of that chapter and its events, with the woman finally receiving supernatural assistance to reach a place of protection prepared by God (Rev. 12:6+, 14+). Since the dragon could not destroy the woman, he became enraged and “went off to make war with the rest of her offspring” (see commentary on Revelation 12:17).¹

Now, the scene shifts to describe a beast who also has seven heads and ten horns, who is closely identified with the dragon. He and another beast institute a series of satanically-empowered deceptions which bring the whole world under the sway of the beast with seven heads and ten horns, and ultimately Satan. This is the rise of the Antichrist,² whose activities are key to The 70th Week of Daniel.

By now, the Restrainer has been taken out of the way resulting in the departure of the Church in the Rapture. Thus, believers today will not see the rise of the Beast and the events of this chapter, for they are to watch for the imminent return of Christ, not the rise of Antichrist. Even so, multitudes will come to faith during this period of intense persecution as the message of the various witnesses which God has specially equipped for the time of the end goes forth (Rev. 7:4-8+; 11:3-12+; 14:6+).³

Prior to studying this chapter, we recommend the study of related topics: The Beast; Nero; and Beasts, Heads, and Horns.

I stood on the sand of the sea

The NU text has he stood, that is, the dragon of the previous chapter.

Some manuscripts read, “he stood,” the change being effected by the dropping of one letter nu from the end of the verb estathē. If the letter is properly dropped, it indicates that the dragon himself stood upon the sand of the sea. If the letter is added, it means that John stood upon the sand of the sea. . . inasmuch as it is more likely that a letter be dropped than a letter added to the text, some scholars continue to feel that the Authorized Version is correct that John stood upon the sand of the sea.⁴

Hengstenberg remarks, “One cannot decide on external grounds between the two [textual] readings.” Authorities are divided. But a careful study of the context shews [sic] conclusively that it is the Seer, and not the dragon that “stood upon the sand of the sea.” The apocalyptic prophet always takes his place or stand as a point of observation in keeping with the subject at hand. Thus heaven (Rev. 4:1+); the sand of the sea (Rev. 13:1+); the wilderness (Rev. 17:1+); and a high mountain (Rev. 21:10+), are respective points of view from which he can contemplate the various panoramic visions as they pass before his gaze.⁵

If it is the dragon which stands on the sand, rather than John, then it would intimate his summons of the Beast portrayed next. “The dragon, cast out of Heaven after his final defeat at the hands of Michael and his forces, comes to the earth looking for an instrument through whom he can carry on his warfare against his hated Creator and God.”⁶ Whether it is John or the dragon, the dragon is clearly the malevolent power behind the rise of the Beast: “The coming of the lawless one is according to the working of Satan, with all power, signs, and lying wonders” (2Th. 2:4).

Although elsewhere sand denotes an innumerable company, “The sand of the sea does not mean the seashore in Scriptural language. The sand, always represents an innumerable company, as will be easily seen by a comparison of the passages from the time when God promised Abraham seed as the sand of the sea in multitude. The sea is clearly shown as a symbol of the restless nations of the earth. Further in this prophecy we will see that the ‘many waters’ are ‘peoples, multitudes, nations, and tongues’ (Rev. 17:15+).”⁷ Here, it merely describes the position of John on the shore from where he observed the beast’s rise from the water.

I saw a beast

John sees two beasts in this chapter. The first beast is closely identified with the dragon—having seven heads and ten horns. He is also the beast whose deadly wound was healed. Moreover, he is the object of worship and aided in this role by the second beast (Rev. 13:11+). These characteristics identify the first beast as Antichrist, also called the Beast. The second beast which appears later is known as the False Prophet (Rev. 16:13+; 19:20+; 20:10+). As we mention in our discussion of why Nero cannot be the Antichrist, the early church which lived much nearer to the time of Nero and the Apostle John, did not see Nero as the Beast.Irenaeus identifies the first of St John’s Wild Beasts with St Paul’s Man of Sin. See commentary on Revelation 13:4.

As we discuss in Beasts, Heads, and Horns, the symbolism of the revelation given to both Daniel and John concerning this time of the end often blurs the distinction between an individual and the government which he leads:

There can be no kingdom without a king, and no empire without an emperor; neither can there be a king in fact without a kingdom. We cannot consistently speak of imperial power and dominion apart from a personal head which represents and embodies that power.⁸

But it is very clear from what follows in Rev. 13+ that there is something more than the Empire here in view. In Rev. 13:3-8+ it is a person that is before us. We are satisfied that this same person is also described, symbolically, in the opening verses. As is frequently the case in the prophetic scriptures, the king and his kingdom are here inseparably united. Rev. 13:1+, 2+ portrays both the Empire and its last Emperor.⁹

Is the beast out of the sea a man or an empire? The answer is both. (a) The beast is a man because his number is that of a man (Rev. 13:18+). Also the use of the masculine pronoun αὐτόν [auton] (Rev. 13:8+) to refer to the neuter θηρίον [thērion] (Rev. 13:1-2+, 4+) indicates that he is a human being. In addition, parallels between the beast and the Lamb indicate that he is a person: both have followers on whose foreheads are inscribed their names (Rev. 13:16-17+; 14:1+), both are conquerors (Rev. 5:5+; 13:7+), and both receive worship (Rev. 5:8+; 13:4+). (b) At the same time the beast is an empire over which the man reigns. This fact is demonstrated by the symbolism of the beasts of Daniel 7.¹⁰

See The Beast. See #16 - Beast.

rising up

Ἀναβαῖνον [Anabainon] , present tense participle, presently arising. John saw the beast as he was rising.

out of the sea

Daniel’s four beasts also were seen rising from the sea (Dan. 7:2-3). The Beast’s ascension from the sea speaks of the origin of his kingdom from the Gentile nations. “Stretch out Your hand from above; Rescue me and deliver me out of great waters, From the hand of foreigners [lit. strange children]” (Ps. 144:7). This beast shares characteristics of the first three of Daniel’s beasts (all Gentile kingdoms). See commentary on Revelation 13:2. Leviathan, the twisted serpent, representative of both Satan and the Beast, is in the sea (Isa. 27:1; Ps. 74:13).

The Beast is also said to ascend out of the bottomless pit (Rev. 11:7+, 17:8+). His ascent out of the bottomless pit speaks of his revival from the dead following his fatal wound. See Supernatural Origin?

This beast arises from the sea, but the second beast arises from the earth or land (Rev. 13:11+). This has caused some to expect the second beast, the False Prophet, to be Jewish in origin. See commentary on Revelation 12:11.

These contrasting terms are indicative of the origin of the two beasts. The sea may symbolize the Gentiles (Rev. 17:15+; cf. Dan. 7:2-3) and if this is the case here, the opposite term, the earth, symbolizes the Jews. There is precedence for the Gentile origin of Antichrist in the Old Testament allusions, and the Jewish identification may be strengthened if here “the earth” has technical sense of “the land” [of Israel] as it sometimes may in Revelation (Rev. 11:18+; cf. Dan. 8:9).¹¹

The land/sea distinction between Gentiles and Jews is seen in the parables of the hidden treasure and the pearl of great price:

Christ’s inheritance is not only the Church which is the pearl of great price for which He sold all that He had, but it also includes Israel which is the treasure hidden in the field and which He purchased with His own blood and which He hid again.¹²

The treasure [Mat. 13:45-46] represents the Jews, so it is natural that the pearl [Mat. 13:45-46] would represent the Gentiles. Furthermore, the pearl comes from the sea, and the sea symbolizes the Gentile world (Dan. 7:2-3; Rev. 17:1+, 17:15+). Finally, the pearl comes from the oyster, which itself was unclean in the Law of Moses but made clean by the Law of Messiah.¹³

Some suggest that the sea indicates his rise from the abyss (Rev. 11:7+; 17:8+).¹⁴

seven heads

Like the dragon (Rev. 12:3+), the Beast has seven heads. The heads represent seven world kingdoms which culminate in the Beast as the seventh which had “not yet come” in John’s day (Rev. 17:10+). This is not a matter of conjecture for this same Beast with seven heads is ridden upon by the Harlot, the “mother of harlots and abominations of the earth” (Rev. 17:3+). We are told that the seven heads are “seven mountains on which the woman sits. They are seven kings” (Rev. 17:9-10+).¹⁵ One of the heads of the Beast receives a deadly wound which is healed (Rev. 13:3+). This revived head is considered as “the eighth, and is of the seven, and is going to perdition” (Rev. 17:11+). The terminology describing the Beast indicates he is both a kingdom and its representative leader—the king.

In Daniel’s night vision, he sees four beasts which, when taken together, have seven heads:

That we have here in Rev. 13:1+, 2+ a composite kingdom is clear from the ‘seven heads.’ Now note that in Dan. 7 the first, second and fourth kingdoms are not said to have more than one head, but the third has ‘four heads’ (Dan. 7:6). Thus the beasts of Dan. 7 have, three of them one head each, and the third four heads, or seven in all; which tallies perfectly with Rev. 13:1+. . . . the four kingdoms of Dan. 7 are to be restored, and play their final parts immediately before the Millennium. If the reader will turn to Dan. 2, which is parallel with Dan. 7 - the ‘image in its four parts’ (the head, the breast and arms, the belly and thighs, the legs and feet) corresponding with the four beasts - it will be found that when we come to Dan. 2:45, which speaks of Christ (under the figure of ‘the Stone cut out of the mount without hands’ returning to earth to destroy the forces of evil, and then set up His kingdom, we discover that the Stone ‘brake in pieces the iron (Rome), the brass (Greece), the clay (apostate Israel), the silver (Medo-Persia), and the gold (Babylon).’ What we desire the reader to note particularly is that the Stone strikes not only the iron, but the brass, clay, silver, and gold; in fact, Dan. 2:35 tells us, expressly, they shall be ‘broken to pieces together!’ If, then, they are destroyed together, they must all be on the scene at the time of Christ’s return to earth to inaugurate His millennial reign, and if so, each of them must have been revived and restored!!¹⁶

Although it is true that the four beasts Daniel sees are represented in this beast with seven heads, it is unlikely that the seven heads on the beast correspond exactly with the seven heads of Daniel’s four beasts. For a discussion of the problems involved, see Daniel saw Seven Heads. See #4 - Seven Heads/Kings.

ten horns

Like the dragon (Rev. 12:3+), the beast has ten horns. The ten horns are identified for us: “The ten horns which you saw are ten kings who have received no kingdom as yet, but they will receive authority for one hour as kings with the beast. These are of one mind, and they will give their power and authority to the beast.” (Rev. 17:12-13+). These are the ten horns which Daniel saw upon the fourth terrible beast in his night vision (Dan. 7:7, 20) which are also said to be ten kings (Dan. 7:24). The Beast ridden by the Harlot also has ten horns (Rev. 17:3+). “And the ten horns which you saw on the beast, these will hate the harlot, make her desolate and naked, eat her flesh and burn her with fire. For God has put it into their hearts to fulfill His purpose” (Rev. 17:16+-17:17+a) Initially, the beast supports the Harlot and she rides upon, or controls, him. Eventually the ten kings who are allied with the Beast will turn on the Harlot, throw her off and destroy her. See #22 - Ten Horns/Kings. See The Great Harlot. See commentary on Revelation 17:16.

on his horns, ten crowns

Unlike the dragon which wears crowns on its heads (Rev. 12:3+), the beast’s crowns are on its horns. The dragon’s crowns are associated with historical kingdoms of which this beast is one. The beast has crowns on each of his ten horns, indicating the rule of the ten contemporaneous kings associated with the last head or kingdom. These ten horns are the same as those of the last (terrible beast) of Daniel’s four beasts (Dan. 7:7). See #22 - Ten Horns/Kings. See Crowns.

a blasphemous name

Ὀνόμα βλασφημίας [Onoma blasphēmias] , a name blasphemous. The MT and NU texts have, ὀνόματα βλασφημίας [onomata blasphēmias] , names blasphemous. The blasphemous name or names are an indication of his character. Daniel described this individual who “shall exalt and magnify himself above every god, shall speak blasphemies against the God of gods, and shall prosper till the wrath has been accomplished; for what has been determined shall be done” (Dan. 11:36).¹⁷ He is also noted for his mouth speaking great things against God. See commentary on Revelation 13:5.

3.13.2 - Revelation 13:2 Open Bible at Rev. 13:2 Listen to Rev. 13:2

like a leopard . . . bear . . . lion

The characteristics of the first three beasts in Daniel’s night vision contribute to this beast of the end (Dan. 7:4-6).¹⁸ The fourth terrible beast seen by Daniel is not mentioned because this Beast is the embodiment of that terrible beast at the time of the end.

It is a composite of the four beasts of Daniel’s vision (Dan. 7) and must be related to them. Daniel wrote from the standpoint of the Jewish people, whose fate under the Gentile empires to come would effect the First Coming of Messiah. Revelation, written under the fourth and last of these empires, presumably after the Jewish commonwealth had been crushed, takes this picture of Gentile world power from Daniel and combines these four empires onto the picture of the future world-state. The magnificence of Babylon, the vastness of Medo-Persia, the dominating culture of Greek Macedonia, and the organizing might of Rome are united in one state that will aspire to world domination and that will achieve it.¹⁹

The order in which the attributes are listed, leopard then bear then lion, are reversed from what Daniel saw. This reflects John’s different vantage point. Daniel, living in the days of the lion beast (Babylon), looked forward in time to see the rise of the bear (Medo-Persia), and then the leopard (Greece). John, writing in the time of the first phase of the terrible beast (Rome), looked backward in time to see them in reverse order. See #8 - Four Beasts/Kings.

The mention of the leopard, bear, and lion in connection with the Beast arising from the sea is in concert with what Daniel was shown concerning the continuation of Babylon, Medo-Persia, and Greece and their contribution to the final form of world government. “As for the rest of the beasts, they had their dominion taken away, yet their lives were prolonged for a season and a time” (Dan. 7:12). When the stone representing the Messianic kingdom strikes the image of Nebuchadnezzar’s dream, all the metals of the image are demolished together: “the iron, the clay, the bronze, the silver, and the gold were crushed together” (Dan. 2:35); “it broke in pieces the iron, the bronze, the clay, the silver, and the gold” (Dan. 2:45). Thus, attributes of all the kingdoms are found in this last beast.

Many understand this final kingdom to be a “revived Rome.” This view is based on continuity expressed in Nebuchadnezzar’s dream. The ten toes of the image are on its feet which are partly of iron which symbolizes Rome:

Whereas you saw the feet and toes, partly of potter’s clay and partly of iron, the kingdom shall be divided; yet the strength of the iron shall be in it, just as you saw the iron mixed with ceramic clay. And as the toes of the feet were partly of iron and partly of clay, so the kingdom shall be partly strong and partly fragile. As you saw iron mixed with ceramic clay, they will mingle with the seed of men; but they will not adhere to one another, just as iron does not mix with clay. And in the days of these kings the God of heaven will set up a kingdom which shall never be destroyed; and the kingdom shall not be left to other people; it shall break in pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand forever. (Dan. 2:41-44)

Adding to this identification is the fact that Daniel is only shown four beasts prior to the kingdom being given to the Son of Man (Dan. 7:11-14). In some sense, this last kingdom of the end must be a continuation of Rome.

The final world empire will be in some sense a revival of the Roman Empire (the iron legs and ten toes of the statue in Daniel 2), but will far exceed it both in power and extent. It will be much more than a European confederacy; it will cover the entire world.²⁰

It is also clear that all the previous kingdoms contribute to its characteristics. Bullinger notes that when John is told “one [kingdom] is” (Rev. 17:10+), it is Rome which is in view—the next kingdom “has not yet come.” He wonders how Rome can be both.²¹ Yet the continuity between Rome of John’s day and the form of kingdom represented by the rise of the Beast is strongly inferred by the continuance of Daniel’s fourth beast until the time of the end, when it is predicted “to devour the whole earth” (Dan. 7:23). Moreover, in the famous prophecy of Daniel’s seventy weeks, Daniel was told that the “people of the prince who is to come shall destroy the city and the sanctuary” (Dan. 9:26). This prophecy was fulfilled in the destruction of Jerusalem and the temple in A.D. 70 by Rome. Thus, the prince to come has a Roman origin. These passages argue for some form of continuity between Rome and the initial beast kingdom of the end. This should not be overemphasized since attributes of the other three beasts are also found in it.

As we progress in this chapter, we will see God sovereignly grant permission for this beastly empire to attain authority by way of empowerment from the dragon. Hosea was shown these beasts and how they would be used to tear Israel to cause her to turn back to God:

When they had pasture, they were filled; they were filled and their heart was exalted; therefore they forgot Me. So I will be to them like a lion; like a leopard by the road I will lurk; I will meet them like a bear deprived of her cubs; I will tear open their rib cage, and there I will devour them like a lion. The wild beast shall tear them. O Israel, you are destroyed, but your help is from Me. I will be your King; where is any other, that he may save you in all your cities? And your judges to whom you said, ‘Give me a king and princes’? I gave you a king in My anger, and took him away in My wrath. (Hos. 13:6-11) [emphasis added]

The lion, bear, leopard, and wild beast . . . correspond to the world empires among which Israel is to be scattered and persecuted (Dan. 7) during the time that she is in Dispersion until she will be regathered by her covenant-keeping LORD (Eze. 37:1-28; Mat. 24:31; Rom. 11:26).²²

the dragon gave him his power

Paul told the church at Thessalonica that the coming of the Beast would be according to the working (ἐνέργειαν [energeian] ) of Satan (2Th. 2:9). The Beast will be energized by Satan, which speaks of empowerment by a supernatural being.²³ “In him shall dwell all the fulness of the Devil bodily.”²⁴

He will be Satan’s parody of the God-Man. He will be an incarnation of the Devil. The world today is talking of and looking for the Super-man. This is exactly what the Antichrist will be. He will be the Serpent’s masterpiece. . . . he will be the culmination and consummation of satanic craft and power. All the evil, malignity, cunning, and power of the Serpent will be embodied in this terrible monster.²⁵

We must not underestimate the connection between the dragon and the Beast. The relationship between the Beast and the dragon must be intimate, for the Beast is allowed to be the recipient of all worship (2Th. 2:4). This may indicate that worship toward the Beast finds its ultimate destination in the dragon by way of possession. See commentary on Revelation 13:4.

his throne and great authority

The Beast obtains his throne and authority from the dragon. During the temptation, the dragon showed Jesus “all the kingdoms of the world in a moment of time” and explained, “All this authority I will give You . . . for this has been delivered to me and I give it to whomever I wish” (Luke 4:6). Evidently, the Beast accepts an offer similar to that which Jesus refused. “Will not Antichrist’s kingdom be the very one which Satan offered in vain to Christ? namely, ‘all the kingdoms of the world, and the glory of them’ (Mat. 4:8).”²⁶ Although Scripture does not say, we can infer that the Beast, probably in some private fashion, ultimately gives his worship to the dragon. The only alternative would be that Satan so completely indwells the Beast that the result is their near unity.

The close association of the Beast with the dragon and Babylon is seen in a passage from Isaiah which begins as a proverb against the king of Babylon, but contains elements which go far beyond any mortal man to identify the power behind the king—Satan:

Take up this proverb against the king of Babylon . . . How you are fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning! How you are cut down to the ground, you who weakened the nations! For you have said in your heart: ‘I will ascend into heaven, I will exalt my throne above the stars of God; I will also sit on the mount of the congregation on the farthest sides of the north; I will ascend above the heights of the clouds, I will be like the Most High.’ Yet you shall be brought down to Sheol, to the lowest depths of the Pit. Those who see you will gaze at you, and consider you, saying: ‘Is this the man who made the earth tremble, who shook kingdoms?’ (Isa. 14:4, 12-16)

The shaking of the earth and kingdoms refers to the activities of the ultimate king of Babylon, the Beast and his close unity and empowerment with Satan, the dragon. The fifth bowl of God’s wrath is poured out “on the throne of the beast, and his kingdom” (Rev. 16:10+).

3.13.3 - Revelation 13:3 Open Bible at Rev. 13:3 Listen to Rev. 13:3

one of his heads

The head which is wounded is the seventh head:

Here is the mind which has wisdom: The seven heads are seven mountains on which the woman sits. They are seven kings. Five have fallen, one is, and the other has not yet come. And when he comes, he must continue a short time. “And the beast that was, and is not, is himself also the eighth, and is of the seven, and is going to perdition.” (Rev. 17:10-11+)²⁷

The person of the Beast is the king of the seventh empire (the restored Roman empire equated with Daniel’s fourth beast). When he is personally killed, as head of the seventh empire, the empire also meets its demise. Some have taken the wounding of his head and his subsequent revival as describing the original Rome which disintegrated later to be revived.²⁸ This view does not fit the scenario because this individual did not rule at the time of John (the initial phase of Rome). Taking the wound and revival as pertaining to the disintegration of Rome after John’s day and its subsequent revival at the time of the end—separated by at least 1900 years—would hardly cause the wonderment of the world which is described here which is fundamental to the ultimate worship of this individual (Rev. 13:4+). It would seem that the same populace which sees the demise of his head must also witness his revival.

It is best to identify the restoration to life with an end-time satanically controlled king who will come to the world as a false Christ. This allows for the interchangeability of the head with the whole beast—i.e., the king with his kingdom—as Rev. 13:12+, 14+ required. It coincides with further details to come in Rev. 17:8+. It agrees with the final climactic appearance of the beast in history as a person, in concert with the vision’s focus on the future. This means a future sequence that will be a close counterfeiting of Christ’s death and resurrection.²⁹

as if it had been mortally wounded

ὡς ἐσφαγμένην [hōs esphagmenēn] , the identical phrase describes the “Lamb as though it had been slain” (Rev. 5:6+).³⁰ As if denotes the appearance after having been slain and brought back to life. There is no reason to take this as merely a “wound” here when it describes the “slain” Lamb there.³¹

There are some who struggle with the idea that the beast could truly die because this would require a literal resurrection from the dead. Isn’t this something that only God is capable of? Our very reluctance to consider this possibility provides evidence of the tremendous influence such an event would have upon those who witness such a miracle! Surely, if the False Prophet is able to give breath to the inanimate image of the beast (Rev. 13:15+), then couldn’t God also allow Satan to exercise the necessary power to raise the dead? Scripture records that saints have raised the dead (1K. 17:21; 2K. 4:34; Acts 9:40; 20:10). If God empowered the saints to do so for His purposes, why couldn’t He do the same in allowing Satan to deceive those who had pleasure in unrighteousness at the end (2Th. 2:11-12)? The terms used for the death and revival of the Beast seem to point unavoidably to a bona fide miracle, although that which it attests to (the deity of the Beast) is false (2Th. 2:9):

[The] view [that the beast is literally resurrected from the dead] has many more advocates down through history than some might realize. . . . It is interesting to realize that even Augustine believed like [Tim] LaHaye on this matter (The City of God, Book XX, Chapter 19). Another ancient one who held views similar . . . is Lactantius (early 300s) (Divine Institutes, Book VII, Chapter 17; Commentary on the Apocalypes, Chapter 13). More recent individuals include: Lewis Sperry Chafer, J. A. Seiss, Charles C. Ryrie, Leon Morris, Walter K. Price, Robert Govett and Robert Thomas.³²

his deadly wound was healed

ἡ πληγὴ τοῦ θανἀτου αὐτοῦ ἐθεραπεύθη [hē plēgē tou thanatou autou etherapeuthē] , the wound of the death of him was healed. Wound is πληγὴ [plēgē] , which often denotes a wound “as the result of a blow,”³³ although it can also denote a figurative blow of misfortune. The same word describes the plagues with which the two witnesses strike the earth (Rev. 11:6+). Great emphasis is placed upon his death and revival, indicating its importance in the events which transpire at the end. It is the primary motivator for his worship (Rev. 13:12+, 14+; 17:11+).“Man ignores the force of Jesus’ resurrection, but will choose to be fooled by the Beast’s recovery. Why? Jesus demands righteousness; the Beast will indulge sin.”³⁴ See Supernatural Origin?

Zechariah relates the payment of thirty pieces of silver for the value of Messiah at His First Coming when he was betrayed by Judas (Mat. 26:15; 27:3). The passage then describes a “foolish . . . worthless shepherd” who will specialize in consuming the sheep. He is said to exhibit wounds affecting his arm and right eye:

I said to them, “If it is good in your sight, give me my wages; but if not, never mind!” So they weighed out thirty shekels of silver as my wages. Then the LORD said to me, “Throw it to the potter, that magnificent price at which I was valued by them.” So I took the thirty shekels of silver and threw them to the potter in the house of the LORD. Then I cut in pieces my second staff Union, to break the brotherhood between Judah and Israel. The LORD said to me, “Take again for yourself the equipment of a foolish shepherd. For behold, I am going to raise up a shepherd in the land who will not care for the perishing, seek the scattered, heal the broken, or sustain the one standing, but will devour the flesh of the fat sheep and tear off their hoofs. Woe to the worthless shepherd who leaves the flock! A sword will be on his arm and on his right eye! His arm will be totally withered and his right eye will be blind.” (Zec. 11:12-17) [emphasis added]

If this speaks of Antichrist, perhaps, like the resurrected Christ who retained the identifying marks of His death, so too the revived Beast will retain the marks of wounds which caused his death. They will serve to authenticate his identity as the leader who was previously slain.³⁵

Preterist interpreters believe the death and revival mentioned by John is a veiled reference to the Nero revival myth, but this seems unlikely for it is a pagan notion without factual basis.³⁶ The revival which John records here is real, fantastic, and miraculous because it results in global worship of the Beast. Here again, we encounter deficiencies with the Preterist Interpretation. If Nero is the Beast, then any worship he may have received was prior to his demise by suicide. He never rose from the dead as described here. The worship which is attributed to the Beast results from his prior miraculous restoration. See Revival Myth. See Nero.

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So they worshiped the dragon who gave authority to the beast

So is the conjunction καὶ [kai] , often translated by and. It links that which follows with that which preceded. In this case, it indicates that worship of the dragon is in response to the miraculous healing of the Beast. This must not be missed!

It rules out all consideration of Nero as the Beast for people would hardly worship a failed legend. Whatever worship Nero might have received, it came prior to his death by suicide.

It explains the prominence which Scripture gives to the wounding and revival of the Beast. This is the catalyst which brings an outpouring of worship to both the dragon and the Beast. It is the coup de grâce of the miraculous signs empowered by the dragon.

It recognizes the typological counterfeit of the Beast as pseudo-Christ. Christ died and rose from the dead only to be rejected by His own. The Beast dies and rises from the dead to acclaim.

It is not clear whether they worship the dragon explicitly and directly. This is most certainly possible, as some people today openly worship Satan. But it is also said that they worship the Beast. The text emphasizes the dragon as the source of authority for the Beast. This may indicate in the same way in which idol worship is understood as being worship of the demons behind the idols (Deu. 32:17; Ps. 106:37; Rev. 9:20+), so too the worship of the Beast includes that power which is behind him. This seems even more likely because Scripture indicates that the Beast will exalt himself above every god and show himself as God (Dan. 11:36; 2Th. 2:4). Thus, worship directed to the Beast is equivalent with worship of the dragon who empowers him. At the time of the end, Satan will almost achieve one of his most treasured goals: universal worship (Isa. 14:14; Mat. 4:9; Luke 4:7).

they worshiped the beast

This refers to the worship of an individual, not an empire.³⁷

Some wish to interpret this as a reference to the revival of the Roman Empire, . . . But a revived Roman Empire would not cause man to worship it as God any more than the revival of Poland or Israel did. . . . It is the resurrection of the man Antichrist which creates this worship.³⁸

This is the first phase of the abomination of desolation (Mat. 24:15) when the man of sin himself sits in the temple of God proclaiming himself as God. His initial declaration as God will take place in the Tribulation Temple.

Then the king shall do according to his own will: he shall exalt and magnify himself above every god, shall speak blasphemies against the God of gods, and shall prosper till the wrath has been accomplished; for what has been determined shall be done. He shall regard neither the God of his fathers nor the desire of women,³⁹ nor regard any god; for he shall exalt himself above them all. (Dan. 11:36-37)

Let no one deceive you by any means; for that Day will not come unless the falling away comes first, and the man of sin is revealed, the son of perdition, who opposes and exalts himself above all that is called God or that is worshiped, so that he sits as God in the temple of God, showing himself that he is God. (2Th. 2:3-4)

The early church, having no knowledge of preterism, understood Paul’s epistle to the Thessalonians as describing an Antichrist yet future:

And again, speaking of Antichrist, [Paul] says, “who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped [2Th. 2:4].” He points out here those who are called gods, by such as know not God, that is, idols. For the Father of all is called God, and is so; and Antichrist shall be lifted up, not above Him, but above those which are indeed called gods, but are not.—Irenaeus, Against Heresies, iii.vi.2⁴⁰

The Beast, being empowered and possibly indwelt by Satan, shares the same aspirations as his master. He says in his heart:

I will ascend into heaven, I will exalt my throne above the stars of God; I will also sit on the mount of the congregation on the farthest sides of the north; I will ascend above the heights of the clouds, I will be like the Most High (Isa. 13:13-14)

Yet, ultimately he is only a man:

Yet you shall be brought down to Sheol, to the lowest depths of the Pit. Those who see you will gaze at you, and consider you, saying, ‘Is this the man who made the earth tremble, who shook kingdoms, who made the world as a wilderness and destroyed its cities?’ (Isa. 14:15-17)

Worship of the Beast will include worship of his image. See commentary on Revelation 13:15.

Who is like the beast?

The adulation of the world for the Beast is a perversion of acclaim which should go to God:

This cry of the world, ‘Who is like unto the Beast’ is a travesty of the song of Moses. When celebrating Jehovah’s overthrow of their enemies at the Red Sea, Israel sang, ‘Who is like unto Thee, O Lord, among the Gods! Who is like Thee, glorious in holiness, fearful in praises, doing wonders!’ (Ex. 15:11 cf. Ps. 89:8).⁴¹

Who is able to make war with him?

Not only is the power of the Beast evident in his revival, but upon his ascension from the abyss he will make war with the two powerful witnesses of God which have plagued the earth dwellers (Rev. 11:7+). Their overthrow further propels his ascent to fame and position. He is Satan’s overcomer (see commentary on Revelation 6:2). Yet in the end, he will make one war too many for he will take on the King of kings to his own demise. “These will make war with the Lamb, and the Lamb will overcome them, for He is Lord of lords and King of kings” (Rev. 17:14+a).

His revival from the abyss, the holding pen of demons (Rev. 9:1-2+), and his ability to sway the world and overcome God’s prophets all point toward his demonic possession, possibly even by Satan himself (Luke 22:3):

The Antichrist will be a man (2Th. 2:4), but at some point in his life, he will be indwelt by a powerful demon from the abyss. This demon-possessed man will be a gifted orator, an intellectual genius, possess great charm and charisma, and have immense leadership power. Added to those natural qualities will be the hellish power of Satan. The result will be a person of superhuman power, vast intelligence, and consummate wickedness.⁴²

3.13.5 - Revelation 13:5 Open Bible at Rev. 13:5 Listen to Rev. 13:5

he was given a mouth speaking great things and blasphemies

As we have seen throughout this book, the actions and duration of the agents of evil are subject to God’s sovereign permission (Rev. 13:7+, 14-15+ cf. Luke 22:31). The great things which he speaks are the “pompous words” which Daniel saw the little horn speak (Dan. 7:8, 11, 20, 25). In his exaltation of himself, Daniel saw him “speak blasphemies against the God of gods” (Dan. 11:36). The great things and blasphemies likely speak of the same thing. “The figure [of speech] is Hendiadys; for the great things are his blasphemies.”⁴³ See #25 - Little Horn.

he was given authority to continue

Continue is ποῖσαι [poisai] : “To be active.”⁴⁴ The MT text has πολεμον ποισαι [polemon poisai] , to make war. See commentary on Revelation 6:2.

forty-two months

This period is equivalent to the “time and times and half a time,” a three and one-half year period during which Daniel saw that the saints would be given into the hand of the little horn (Dan. 7:25).⁴⁵ See Prophetic Year.

This period begins at the midpoint of the week, when he violates his covenant with many in Israel (Dan. 9:27) and overcomes the two witnesses (Rev. 11:7+) who had prophesied for 1,260 days (the first half of The 70th Week of Daniel). See Events of the 70th Week of Daniel. This is the time of Jacob’s trouble which shall be “for a time, times, and half a time; and when the power of the holy people has been completely shattered, all these things shall be finished” (Dan. 12:7). During this time, the holy city is being tread underfoot by the Gentiles (Rev. 11:2+) and the woman, the Jewish remnant at the time of the end, is hidden in her place (Rev. 12:6+, 14+). See commentary on Revelation 11:2 and Revelation 12:6.

Irenaeus, a disciple of Polycarp who himself knew the Apostle John, explains the passage in concert with futurist interpreters:

But when this Antichrist shall have devastated all things in this world, he will reign for three years and six months, and sit in the temple at Jerusalem; and then the Lord will come from heaven in the clouds, in the glory of the Father, sending this man and those who follow him into the lake of fire; but bringing in for the righteous the times of the kingdom, that is, the rest, the hallowed seventh day; and restoring to Abraham the promised inheritance, in which kingdom the Lord declared, that “many coming from the east and from the west should sit down with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.”—Irenaeus, Against Heresies, v.xxx [emphasis added]⁴⁶

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he opened his mouth in blasphemy against God, to blaspheme His name, His tabernacle, and those who dwell in heaven.

The TR text designates as many as four targets for the blasphemy of the beast: (1) God; (2) His name; (3) His tabernacle; and 4) those who dwell in heaven. The last three could also be taken as an elaboration of the first, blasphemy against God consisting of... Unlike the TR text, in the MT and NU texts the phrase, those who dwell in heaven, is not separated from the rest of the sentence by καὶ [kai] (“and”). Thus, those who dwell in heaven is taken in apposition to His tabernacle. “And he opened his mouth in blasphemies against God, to blaspheme His name and His tabernacle, that is, those who dwell in heaven.”

those who dwell in heaven.

Τοὺς ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ σκηνοῦντας [Tous en tō ouranō skēnountas] , present tense participle: those presently dwelling in heaven. These are the ones who rejoiced over the casting out of Satan from heaven and the overcoming of Satan by the saints (Rev. 12:11-12+). This includes an innumerable company of angels (Heb. 12:22; Rev. 5:11+), the church having been taken in the Rapture (Rev. 5:9+), “The catching away of so many people of God must needs leave a deep impression behind it. The slain and abused bodies of the Two Witnesses are visibly revived, and taken up into the sky before the eyes of Antichrist’s minions. This was a grand and most convincing evidence against him and all his infamous pretensions, a manifest token of his devilish falsity and approaching doom. And he needs above all to break it down, to cast discredit and dishonour upon it, and to root out the very idea if he can. Hence his particular railing and impatience with reference to this divine tent of the glorified ones, and his virulent blaspheming of those who tabernacle in it. . . How blessed are they who through faith and watchfulness have been accounted worthy to escape his power by being caught up to God ere he is revealed!”⁴⁷ the martyrs under the fifth seal (Rev. 6:9-11+), those out of the Great Tribulation (Rev. 7:9+), the two witnesses (Rev. 11:12+), and others who have died prior to this point (Rev. 12:11+; 20:4+), many of which resisted the Beast to attain “victory” (Rev. 15:2+). The steadfast faith of believers to the point of death enrages the Beast for the threat of persecution and death is the only device available to him to coerce their worship—a worship which is motivated by the burning jealousy of the dragon who empowers him. The horrible experience of those who come out of the Great Tribulation is ultimately tempered by their intimate dwelling with God (Rev. 7:15-17+). See The Abiding Presence of God.

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It was granted to him

Now the Beast is given permission to overcome the saints. This disturbing reality has been on the prophetic agenda for thousands of years:

I was watching; and the same horn was making war against the saints, and prevailing against them, . . . He shall speak pompous words against the Most High, shall persecute the saints of the Most High, and shall intend to change times and law. Then the saints shall be given into his hand for a time and times and half a time. (Dan. 7:21, 25)

How could it be that God would grant permission for the Beast to overcome the saints? Here is where our grasp of God’s sovereignty and His glory must be our sure support. As he used Pharaoh in the days of the Exodus, so too he uses the Beast in the time of the end. He has raised up the Beast for His ultimate glory.

But indeed for this purpose I have raised you up, that I may show My power in you, and that My name may be declared in all the earth. As yet you exalt yourself against My people in that you will not let them go. (Ex. 9:16-17)

to make war with the saints

The saints at the time of the end are under tremendous persecution. They are killed by the little horn (Dan. 7:21, 25), the Harlot (Rev. 17:6+), the Beast (Rev. 13:7+), and even the image of the Beast (Rev. 13:15+). See #20 - Saints. The saints are martyred during this period because they are unwilling to worship the Beast and his image (Rev. 13:15+). True believers of our age will not see this war:⁴⁸

2 Thessalonians 2:1-8 predicts that the rapture of the church must occur before the appearance of the Antichrist, and in Revelation 13:1-10+ (cf. Rev. 6:2+; 11:7+) he will have appeared. This negates the possibility that the church is in view in Revelation 13:7+, for it will have already been raptured.⁴⁹

and to overcome them

See comments concerning the overcomer of Revelation 6:2.

authority was given him over every tribe, tongue, and nation

This speaks of his global control—something which was never achieved by Rome in the days of Nero:

Daniel 7:23 clearly states that at some point the Fourth Empire devours the whole earth. This is something Rome never did. Some attempt to make the expression mean the “then-known world,” but it cannot be said that Rome even conquered the then-known world. . . . Rome did not even extend as far east as the empire of Alexander the Great. The Greeks went as far as the Indus River in India . . . Rome did not even extend that far. Furthermore, Rome never fully conquered the Parthian Empire, and that, too, was part of the known world. The area of Scotland was also part of the known world that Rome did not conquer. Rome had to build the Hadrian Wall in order to keep the nomads of northing Scotland from overrunning that part of Britain controlled by Rome.⁵⁰

This speaks of the ultimate manifestation of Gentile power of the end as seen in Nebuchadnezzar’s dream. Remember that it is Satan who has authority over the kingdoms of the world prior to The Arrival of God’s Kingdom (see commentary on Revelation 13:2). Since Nero’s Rome has long passed and Christ has not yet come, it is evident that this final kingdom of Satan is yet to appear upon the stage of world history.

A totalitarian system of unbelievable scope and power is also predicted. Every new invention of man gives him one more tool by which he can control others and enforce his will upon them. These inventions under the power of an able leader could make him the undisputed tyrant of the earth. Such a rule is foreshadowed by the beast. . . The concentration of evil in one vast system ruled by an antichrist who will be the most powerful potentate the human race has ever produced.⁵¹

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All who dwell on the earth

The ones who not only physically dwell on the earth, but whose affections and complete allegiance are entirely upon the earth (Isa. 26:21; Luke 21:35; Rev. 3:10+; 6:10+; 11:10+; 12:12+; 13:8+, 12+, 14+; 14:6+; 17:8+). They are to be contrasted with those whose citizenship is in heaven (John 15:19; 17:14-16; Php. 3:20; Heb. 11:13; 1Pe. 2:11). These are they whom the martyrs of the fifth seal cried out for God to avenge their deaths upon (Rev. 6:10+). See Earth Dwellers.

will worship him

This is a defining moment for the earth dwellers, much like the unpardonable sin of Jesus’ day:

Then a third angel followed them, saying with a loud voice, “If anyone worships the beast and his image, and receives his mark on his forehead or on his hand, he himself shall also drink of the wine of the wrath of God, which is poured out full strength into the cup of His indignation. He shall be tormented with fire and brimstone in the presence of the holy angels and in the presence of the Lamb. And the smoke of their torment ascends forever and ever, and they have no rest day or night, who worship the beast and his image, and whoever receives the mark of his name.” (Rev. 14:9-11+)

Those who choose to worship the beast and take his mark are forever lost. Even though they have not yet died, they are irredeemable. See commentary on Revelation 13:15.

whose names have not been written in the Book of Life of the Lamb

Whose names have not been written is οὐ γέγραπται τὸ ὄνομα οὐτοῦ [ou gegraptai to onoma outou] , perfect tense: it has not been written, the name of him. Unlike those who lacked faith in Sardis and would be blotted out of the Book of Life (Rev. 3:5+), these were never written in the book to begin with. Therefore, their destiny in the Lake of Fire is guaranteed (Rev. 20:15+) since their names are not written in the Book of Life:

The beast that you saw was, and is not, and will ascend out of the bottomless pit and go to perdition. And those who dwell on the earth will marvel, whose names are not written in the Book of Life from the foundation of the world, when they see the beast that was, and is not, and yet is. (Rev. 17:8+) [emphasis added]

Some understand the phrase of the Lamb to denote a different book than the Book of Life mentioned elsewhere (Php. 4:3; Rev. 3:5+; 20:12+), but such a view is exegetically precarious. In their view, the Book of Life initially contains the names of all the living. Names are then blotted out as people die having never come to faith. The Book of Life of the Lamb is seen as a separate book which only contains the names of the elect and whose contents are never altered. We believe the two-book view is problematic:

Too much emphasis is placed upon minor differences in phrasing when referring to the same book.

The two books serve the same purpose—differentiating between the redeemed and the unredeemed. So why have two books?

The book which the names of the Beast worshipers have not been written in is referred to as both the Book of Life of the lamb (Rev. 13:8+) and the Book of Life (Rev. 17:8+). It is one and the same book.

We believe it is better to understand all references to the Book of Life as denoting a single book which records three categories of people:

The Unsaved - Each person to be born is written in the book. Those who die before coming to faith are blotted out.⁵²

The Saved - Each person to be born is written in the book. Those who come to faith prior to death have their names retained in the book.

Beast Worshipers - The beast worshipers are a unique category of people of the time of the end. They are so hardened against God and destined to reject Him in the face of overwhelming evidence to the contrary that they are never written in the book (Rev. 13:8+; 17:8+). See Earth Dwellers. See Beast Worshipers are Unique.

For a more complete discussion of these issues, see Book of Life.

lamb slain from the foundation of the world

Foundation is καταβολῆς [katabolēs] , a compound word meaning “a throwing or laying down.”⁵³ Christ’s sacrifice was not an afterthought in the mind of God.

And if you call on the Father, who without partiality judges according to each one’s work, conduct yourselves throughout the time of your stay here in fear; knowing that you were not redeemed with corruptible things, like silver or gold, from your aimless conduct received by tradition from your fathers, but with the precious blood of Christ, as of a lamb without blemish and without spot. He indeed was foreordained before the foundation of the world, but was manifest in these last times for you. (1Pe. 1:17-20) [emphasis added]

Even before the perfect creation of Adam and Eve, God knew the end of history. This is evidenced in His provision for their first sin, spilling the innocent blood of animals to cover their nakedness (Gen. 3:21). An enormous number of types throughout the OT predicted the coming of Christ and His sacrifice for the sins of men (see Abraham Offers Isaac and Typology and the Rapture).

The secrets of God, established from the foundation of the world, were gradually revealed through God’s prophets (Ps. 78:2 cf. Mat. 13:35; Tit. 1:1-3). In what is perhaps the “holy of holies” of the OT—Isaiah 53—God revealed that His lamb would be slain: “He was oppressed and He was afflicted, yet He opened not His mouth; He was led as a lamb to the slaughter, and as a sheep before its shearers is silent, so He opened not His mouth” (Isa. 53:7).⁵⁴

John the Baptist understood the implications of Isaiah’s passage, for when he saw Jesus he remarked: “Behold! The Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world!” (John 1:29). See commentary on Revelation 5:6.

3.13.8.1 - From the Foundation of the World

In the sovereignty and omniscience of God, many things were determined and accomplished before or from the foundation of the world:

God existed before the foundation (Gen. 1:1; Ps. 90:2; Isa. 40:21).

Christ existed before the foundation (Isa. 48:16; Mic. 5:2; John 1:1; 17:5, 24).

Christ was loved by the Father before the foundation (John 17:24).

Wisdom was established before the foundation (Pr. 8:23).

Believers were predestined for salvation before the foundation (Eph. 1:4; 2Ti. 1:9).

God promised eternal life before time began (Tit. 1:2).

Christ was foreordained before the foundation (1Pe. 1:20; Rev. 13:8+).

Unrevealed secrets of God existed from the foundation (Mat. 13:35).

The kingdom was prepared for the faithful from the foundation (Mat. 25:34).

The blood of all the prophets was shed from the foundation (Luke 11:50).

The Beast worshipers were not written in the Book of Life from the foundation (Rev. 17:8+).

3.13.8.2 - A Lamb and a Beast

An intentional contrast is seen between the Lamb and the Beast.

The Lamb versus The Beast

Similarity | Lamb | Beast
Slain | Before history (1Pe. 1:17-20) | At the end of history (Rev. 13:3+)
Arose from the dead | Rom. 1:4 | Rev. 13:3+, 14+; 17:8+, 11+
Worshiped | Mat. 2:2; 8:2; 14:33; John 5:23; 20:28⁵⁵ | 2Th. 2:4; Rev. 13:4+, 8+, 12+, 14:9+; 16:2+; 19:20+; 20:4+

These similarities are developed further in our discussion of Master Imitator.

3.13.9 - Revelation 13:9 Open Bible at Rev. 13:9 Listen to Rev. 13:9

If anyone has an ear, let him hear.

As when Jesus taught, prior to the formation of the church, all people are enjoined to hear (Mat. 11:15). Unlike Revelation 2+ and 3+, there is no mention made of the seven churches which are no longer present upon the earth.

A textual clue found in Revelation 13:9+ has led many Bible interpreters to the conclusion that those addressed in Revelation 13:10+ are not the seven churches of Asia Minor but rather, consist of a different group all together. When Christ addressed the seven churches of Asia Minor in Revelation 2+-3+, He always used the phrase, “He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches” (Revelation 2:7+, 11+, 17+, 29+; 3:6+, 13+, 22+). . . . Conspicuously missing from this phrase [in Rev. 13:9+] are the words “what the Spirit says to the churches.” [emphasis added]⁵⁶

Those who have an ear, but choose not to hear do so because of pride. This is the major sin of the end and of our own day:

Hear and give ear: Do not be proud, for the LORD has spoken. Give glory to the LORD your God before He causes darkness, and before your feet stumble on the dark mountains, and while you are looking for light, He turns it into the shadow of death And makes it dense darkness. (Jer. 13:15-16)

3.13.10 - Revelation 13:10 Open Bible at Rev. 13:10 Listen to Rev. 13:10

He who leads into captivity shall go into captivity; he who kills with the sword must be killed with the sword

In a passage whose context is the time of Jacob’s trouble, God indicates that He will correct Israel. “Though I make a full end of all nations where I have scattered you, yet I will not make a complete end of you. But I will correct you in justice, and will not let you go altogether unpunished.” (Jer. 30:11). He promises Israel’s preservation and retribution in kind to those who oppress her: “Therefore all those who devour you shall be devoured; and all your adversaries, every one of them, shall go into captivity; those who plunder you shall become plunder, and all who prey upon you I will make a prey” (Jer. 30:16). Upon His arrest at the garden of Gethsemane, Jesus stated this principle, “Put your sword in its place, for all who take the sword will perish by the sword” (Mat. 26:52b). The basis for such retribution is God’s law of capital punishment established after the flood: “Whoever sheds man’s blood, by man his blood shall be shed; for in the image of God He made man” (Gen. 9:5). The Beast, the False Prophet, and the Harlot all persecute the saints and so the Harlot will be ravaged according to God’s will (Rev. 17:16-17+) and the Beast and the False Prophet will be killed to become the first occupants of the Lake of Fire (Rev. 19:20+; 20:10+).

However, variations in the Greek manuscripts at this phrase indicate that retribution by justice may not be the meaning. The MT text has:εἴ τις ἔχει αἰχμαλωσίαν, ὑπάγεὶ εἴ τις ἐν μαχαίρᾳ, δεῖ αὐτὸν ἀποκτανθῆναι [ei tis echei aichmalōsian, hypagei ei tis en machaira, dei auton apoktanthēnai] , if anyone [is] for captivity, [then] he is going; if anyone [is] for [the] sword, he must be killed. In the MT text, the subject in each case is the believer—not his enemy. This appears to be a simple statement setting forth the trust which the saints must maintain in God’s sovereign appointment of their role in history. If it is a saint’s God-appointed role to serve as a martyr, so be it! A similar theme is found in a passage concerning God’s judgment of Israel:

And it shall be, if they say to you, ‘Where should we go?’ then you shall tell them, ‘Thus says the LORD: “Such as are for death, to death; and such as are for the sword, to the sword; and such as are for the famine, to the famine; and such as are for the captivity, to the captivity.” ’ (Jer. 15:2)

Depending upon which text we follow, this passage may describe retribution by God’s sure justice (Rev. 14:9-12+) or the need to cling to His sovereignty in the midst of affliction (Rom. 8:28). Both are taught by Scripture.

Here is the patience and the faith of the saints

Patience is ὑπομονὴ [hypomonē] , meaning to abide under. It indicates stead-fastness and perseverance while enduring toil and suffering.⁵⁷ It is through faith and patience that the promises of the believer are attained (Heb. 6:12). John was himself a “brother and companion in the tribulation and kingdom and patience of Jesus Christ . . . on the island that is called Patmos” (Rev. 1:9+). Jesus recognizes the patience exhibited by the churches of Asia (Ephesus, Rev. 2:2+; Thyatira, Rev. 2:19+). Patience is a command which the Lord gives believers. Because the faithful church of Philadelphia kept this command, Jesus promised to keep them “from the hour of trial which shall come upon the whole world” (Rev. 3:10+). The patience in this verse is directed to those who find themselves in the midst of the Great Tribulation—perhaps the most dangerous time of all history for believers upon the earth.

The patience and the faith is found here: in the realization of God’s sovereignty. Whatever befalls these Tribulation saints, they must rest in the knowledge that it is according to God’s will and that they can never perish.⁵⁸

Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? Shall tribulation, or distress, or persecution, or famine, or nakedness, or peril, or sword? As it is written: “For Your sake we are killed all day long; we are accounted as sheep for the slaughter.” Yet in all these things we are more than conquerors through Him who loved us. (Rom. 8:35-37 cf. Ps. 44:22) [emphasis added]

God will avenge His elect once “the number of their fellow servants and their brethren, who would be killed as they were was completed” (Rev. 6:10-11+). In the meantime, they were not to love their lives. Instead, they must hold their testimony to the point of martyrdom, knowing their death was but a gateway to a place of intimacy and rest with the Lamb in heaven (Rev. 7:14-17+). Although many would die, Jesus assured them, “not a hair of your head shall be lost. By your patience possess your souls” [emphasis added] (Luke 21:18). These would be required to lose their lives in order to possess their souls, for to keep their lives meant taking the mark and being doomed for eternity. At all costs, they must not “draw back to perdition” (Heb. 10:36)!

Although a remnant of Jews is hidden and protected in a special place in the wilderness (Rev. 12:6+, 14+), the vast majority of the people of faith will be within the domain of the Beast, the persecuting little horn (Dan. 7:21, 25). Jesus understood the intensity of this time and the resulting rarity of finding people of faith at the end:

Then the Lord said, “Hear what the unjust judge said. And shall God not avenge His own elect who cry out day and night to Him, though He bears long with them? I tell you that He will avenge them speedily. Nevertheless, when the Son of Man comes, will He really find faith on the earth?” (Luke 18:3)

Their patience accomplishes several things: it witnesses of the reality of their faith and the glory of God; it makes them “perfect and complete” (Jas. 1:4); and it allows the cup of God’s wrath toward their persecutors to fill to the brim (Rev. 14:10+; 16:19+).

3.13.11 - Revelation 13:11 Open Bible at Rev. 13:11 Listen to Rev. 13:11

another beast

Another is ἄλλο [allo] : “Generally another person or thing of the same kind (Acts 4:12), as contrasted with ἕτερος [heteros] (another of a different kind or form) (Gal. 1:6-7).”⁵⁹

The Seven-Headed Beast and the Beast with Lamb's Horns

The Seven-Headed Beast and the Beast with Lamb's Horns⁶⁰

Elsewhere, he is differentiated from the first beast, the Antichrist. He is known as the False Prophet (Rev. 19:20+; 20:10+). See #18 - False Prophet. Some have taken this beast to describe a system or movement:

The second beast which is described, Rev. 13:11-17+, as coming out of the earth, and having two horns like unto a lamb, and speaking as a dragon, and exercising all the authority of the first beast in his sight, is referred to the papacy. The false prophet receives a similar application. So Luther, Vitringa, Bengel, Auberlen, Hengstenberg, Ebrard, and many English divines.⁶¹

The commentators are in the most dire confusion on the identification . . . the Roman church, the Greek church, the French Republic, the Jesuits, the Roman theologians, the earthy carnal wisdom, including the heathen philosophies, false doctrines and the like. . . Still others identify the second beast with the heathen priesthood, the principle of inductive philosophy, witchcraft and soothsaying, divination and magic.⁶²

But his attributes are personal, for salvation and damnation are individual, not institutional:⁶³

The second beast is a specific individual rather than a religious institution. . . . it is more likely that the singular phrase “beast” (thērion) or “false prophet” (pseudoprophētēs) refers to an individual rather than a religious institution. Moreover, because he spends eternity in the lake of fire (Revelation 19:20+; 20:10+), the false prophet is characterized as possessing an eternal soul. Such an attribute and eternal fate is descriptive of individuals rather than institutions. [emphasis added]⁶⁴

Together with the first Beast and the dragon, he forms an evil trinity:

There is a Trinity of Evil. Now it surely needs no argument to prove that these three evil persons are opposed to and are the antithesis of the three Persons in the Godhead. The Devil stands opposed to God the Father - ‘Ye are of your father, the Devil,’ John 8:40, etc. The Antichrist stands opposed to God the Son - his very name shows this. The remaining evil person stands opposed to God the Spirit. If this be the case, then our present task is greatly simplified: it is merely a matter of noting what is separately predicted of the two Beasts in Rev. 13+ so as to ascertain which of them stands opposed to Christ and which to the Holy Spirit. . . Now there are only two arguments of any plausibility which have been advanced to support the view that it is the second Beast of Rev. 13+ which is the Antichrist, but so far as we are aware no one has endeavored to show that the first Beast represents the third Person in the Trinity of Evil! Yet he must be so if the second is the Antichrist!⁶⁵

We shall see that a primary function of this second beast is much like that of the Holy Spirit in relation to Christ. For he wields equivalent power to the first beast (Rev. 13:12+), yet retains no glory for himself, but constantly witnesses of the first beast, the Antichrist. And so it is with the Holy Spirit and the Son of God:

However, when He, the Spirit of truth, has come, He will guide you into all truth; for He will not speak on His own authority, but whatever He hears He will speak; and He will tell you things to come. He will glorify Me, for He will take of what is Mine and declare it to you. (John 16:13-14)

He is the third person of the Trinity of Evil. As there is to be an Antichrist who will both counterfeit and oppose the Christ of God, so there will be an Anti-spirit who will simulate and oppose the Spirit of God. Just as the great work of the Holy Spirit is to glorify Christ, so the one aim of the Anti-spirit will be to magnify the false christ (see Rev. 13:12+). Just as the coming of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost was visibly attended by ‘cloven tongues like as of fire’ (Acts 2:3), so we read of the Anti-spirit that ‘he doeth great wonders, so that he maketh fire come down from heaven on the earth in the sight of men’ (Rev. 13:13+). And just as it is the Holy Spirit who now quickens dead sinners into newness of life, so of the Anti-spirit we are told, ‘He had power to give life unto the image of the Beast’ (Rev. 13:15+).⁶⁶

Some point to the religious aspect of the work of the second beast in favor of his identification as the Antichrist, or pseudo-Christ. But this cannot be, for it is the first beast which attains all worship, not the second. The refusal of the second beast to participate as the object of worship is fatal to any view that the second beast is the Antichrist. Moreover, the role of the Antichrist is much broader than that of a mere religious figure:⁶⁷

To regard the Antichrist as limited to the religious realm and divorced from the political, seems to us, to leave out entirely an essential and fundamental element of his character and career. The Antichrist will claim to be the true Christ, the Christ of God. Hence, it would seem that he will present himself to the Jews as their long-expected Messiah - the One foretold by the Old Testament prophets - and that before apostate Christendom, given over by God to believe the Lie, he will pose as the returned Christ. Therefore, must we not predict, as an inevitable corollary, that the pseudo christ, will usher in a false millennium, and rule over a mock Messianic Kingdom? Why was it (from the human side) that, when our Lord tabernacled among men, the Jews rejected Him as their Messiah? Was it not because He failed to fulfill their expectations that he would take the government upon His shoulder and wield the royal sceptre as soon as He presented Himself to them? Was it not because they looked for Him to restore the Kingdom to Israel there and then? Is it not therefore reasonable to suppose that when the Antichrist presents himself to them, that he will wield great temporal power, and rule over a vast earthly empire? It would certainly seem so.⁶⁸

coming up

ἀναβαῖνον [anabainon] , present tense participle, presently coming up. Like the first beast (Rev. 13:1+), John saw this beast as he was rising from the earth.

up out of the earth

The first beast arose out of the sea, indicating his Gentile origin (see commentary on Revelation 13:1). This beast arises from the earth, which may indicate his Jewish origin. Although there is ample evidence of the Gentile origin of the first beast, some suggest that the second beast is Jewish.⁶⁹ They note the lack of mention of the tribe of Dan in the 144,000 sealed of Israel (see commentary on Revelation 7:4) and the negative prophecy of Jacob concerning Dan: “Dan shall be a serpent by the way, a viper by the path, that bites the horse’s heels so that its rider shall fall backward” (Gen. 49:17). It is difficult to be dogmatic on the earth-sea distinction because the Gentile kingdoms which Daniel saw arise from the sea (Dan. 7:3) are also said to be four kings which arise from the earth (Dan. 7:17). Fruchtenbaum suggests the mention of earth merely denotes his humanity.⁷⁰ It almost certainly indicates his earthiness as opposed to that which is from heaven (John 8:23).

Although the bottomless pit is within the earth, the origin of this beast does not speak of the abyss.⁷¹ The beast which arises from the bottomless pit is the one which “was, and is not” (Rev. 17:8+), the first beast out of the sea with the deadly wound that was healed (Rev. 13:3+). This second beast causes the earth dwellers to worship the first beast whose deadly wound was healed (Rev. 13:12-14+).

two horns

The mention of horns in conjunction with a Lamb points to the vision of the throne room prior to the opening of the first seal where John saw “a Lamb as though it had been slain, having seven horns and seven yes, which are the seven Spirits of God sent out into all the earth” (Rev. 5:6b+). Horns frequently symbolize power. The Lamb has seven, the number of completeness. This beast has two, the number of witness, for he shall serve as the ultimate witness to the first beast.

The two horns have a pertinent significance, for two is the number of witness and just as Christ declared the Spirit of God should ‘testify (lit., bear witness) of Me’ (John 15:26), so the third person in the Trinity of Evil bears witness to the first Beast.⁷²

like a lamb

Paul warned of Satan’s “ministers,” false apostles and deceitful workers which follow Satan’s pattern and transform themselves into apostles of Christ (2Cor. 11:13-15). There have been many false apostles and deceitful workers since then and especially toward the time of the end, but none more convincing and containing such contrast as this False Prophet of the end. His appearance as a lamb masks his true inward nature. Who he is will not be evident from his outward appearance but, like other false prophets, determined by observing the fruit of his labors:

Beware of false prophets, who come to you in sheep’s clothing, but inwardly they are ravenous wolves. You will know them by their fruits (Mat. 7:15-16a). [emphasis added]

Then many false prophets will rise up and deceive many. And because lawlessness will abound, the love of many will grow cold. But he who endures to the end shall be saved. And this gospel of the kingdom will be preached in all the world as a witness to all the nations, and then the end will come. (Mat. 24:11-14)

spoke like a dragon

Although he looks like a lamb, his verbal instructions are energized by the will of the dragon (Rev. 12:2-4+, 17+; 13:4+). It is he who causes worship of the Beast. He tells those who dwell on the earth to make the image of the Beast. He is also the enforcer of the mark required in order to buy or sell. His speech like a dragon is an allusion to the introduction of deception into the human race in the Garden: “Now the serpent was more cunning than any beast of the field which the LORD God had made. And he said to the woman, ‘Has God indeed said . . . ?’ ” [emphasis added] (Gen. 3:1). Like the serpent, his mouth will be employed in opposition to God’s Word.

3.13.12 - Revelation 13:12 Open Bible at Rev. 13:12 Listen to Rev. 13:12

all the authority of the first beast

As the Holy Spirit in relation to Christ, so the False Prophet has the full authority given by the dragon to the Beast (Rev. 13:2+). Perhaps the most remarkable aspect of the False Prophet is his refusal to obtain worship for himself even though he has the full authority of the Beast. Outside of the altruistic example of the Holy Spirit in relation to Christ, this is unheard of. The answer lies in the pregnant phrase which follows.

in his presence

The authority of the False Prophet is very closely controlled. He is only granted his power “in the sight of the beast” (Rev. 13:14+ cf. Rev. 19:20+). He is on a leash, as it were. During the end, it is the dragon’s intention that ultimate authority and attention be directed to the Beast. If the dragon enters the Beast, as he did Judas (Luke 22:3), then worship of the Beast becomes the worship of Satan. If the False Prophet’s authority were in any way independent of the Beast, then he could potentially direct attention to himself. The dragon is very aware of this possibility since he was the subject of the same corrupting influence of power (Isa. 14:13-14; Eze. 28:17). “It is particularly noteworthy that the second beast will have to exercise the Beast’s authority in his presence—there just can be no trust between the forces of evil!”⁷³

The alliance of religion and state has a long and sad record of despotism and suppression, but the ecclesio-political union of these to human beasts will culminate in the worst period of persecution in the history of the world. . . . Each leader assists and supports the other, the king enforcing the religious authority of the prophet and the prophet persuading the world’s superstitious masses that the king should be worshiped and obeyed as a god.⁷⁴

causes the earth and those who dwell in it to worship the first beast

Note that it is the first beast which is worshiped (Rev. 13:4+) in accordance with the predictions of Daniel (Dan. 11:36) and Paul (2Th. 2:4). The second beast directs worship toward the first and is dependent upon him for his power (Rev. 13:12+). Hence the first beast is the “man of sin . . . the son of perdition,” not the second.⁷⁵

Pink notes the relative ease with which a supreme military leader such as the Antichrist is able to step into the position of assumed deity:

At first sight it appears strange, if not incongruous, that a military despot should be found filling the character of a religious impostor. But history shows that there is a point at which one character readily merges into the other. Political ambition, intoxicated by success, finds it an easy step from self-glorification to self-deification, and the popular infatuation as easily passes from the abject adulation of the tyrant to the adoration of the god.⁷⁶

The False Prophet’s main focus is to direct worship to the Beast. This is his key role among the world’s religions at the time of the end, made all the easier by a large reduction in Christians beginning with the disappearance of the true Church in the Rapture prior to the time of God’s wrath (Rev. 3:10+):

True children of God are to be found in many varying shades of Christianity, sprinkled throughout Christendom. There are undoubtedly born-again individuals in the midst of all churches. They are saved in spite of the organizations and not because of the organizations. What is going to happen to all of these organizations when the true believers are removed from the world? Already, in our own day, we see indications that much of the guiding force of these great organizations is in the hands of those who would deny essential truths of Scripture. This tendency will increase, and at the coming of Christ for the believers, the tares in the midst of the wheat will go on functioning as usual, all moving rapidly into one great church union, with one head of all. This religious leader will work together with the political dictator.⁷⁷

Eventually, even a universal ecumenical religion proves to be a threat to the worship of the Beast. The Beast (empowered by the dragon) desires all worship personally. This may be a contributing factor in the demise of the Harlot (Rev. 17:16+), for she is the mother of worldwide spiritual idolatry and abomination (Rev. 17:5+) and could otherwise compete with the Beast in the area of religion. See The Great Harlot. The prominence of the False Prophet prior to her demise is not revealed, but we do know he is the ultimate religious figure directing worship to the Beast at the end. His role as religious leader may also fulfill Israel’s expectation of a prophet (Deu. 18:15-18; John 1:21; Luke 7:19). “The false prophet arises to play the part expected of the prophet who had been announced for so long, and his role will be to tell Israel that their Messiah has come.”⁷⁸ Those who worship the Beast are the Earth Dwellers.

whose deadly wound was healed

Deadly wound is Ἡ πληγὴ τοῦ θανάτου αὐτοῦ [Hē plēgē tou thanatou autou] , the wound of his death. This recovery was not from a serious wound, but from actual death. The connection between the miraculous recovery of the Beast and his worship is emphasized again (Rev. 13:3-4+). This rules out Nero and all previous people of history as candidates for the Antichrist because only after his revival and ascent from the abyss does the Beast receive worship as god. The only man prior to Antichrist who arose from the dead to receive worship is Christ, not Antichrist. See commentary on Revelation 13:3. See Supernatural Origin?.

3.13.13 - Revelation 13:13 Open Bible at Rev. 13:13 Listen to Rev. 13:13

He performs great signs

We have just been told that the False Prophet “exercises all the authority of the first beast” (Rev. 13:12+). Thus, it is no surprise that he performs wondrous miracles, for he has the authority of the Beast who himself is empowered directly by Satan:

The coming of the lawless one is according to the working of Satan, with all power, signs, and lying wonders, and with all unrighteous deception among those who perish, because they did not receive the love of the truth, that they might be saved. And for this reason God will send them strong delusion, that they should believe the lie, that they all may be condemned who did not believe the truth but had pleasure in unrighteousness. (2Th. 2:9-12)

Not only will the False Prophet perform signs and lying wonders, the subjects of his deception, the earth dwellers, will be sent strong delusion by God to believe that which is false. It would appear that the signs themselves are bona fide, but what they attest to is false. Even the spirits of demons who collect the kings of the earth to Armageddon—one of whom comes out of the mouth of the False Prophet—convince by the signs they perform (Rev. 16:14+). Thus can be seen the demonic source of the signs which the False Prophet is able to use in his deception. We are offered a small hint of that which the demonic realm can achieve when Pharaoh’s sorcerers and magicians used enchantments to turn rods into serpents (Ex. 7:11), water into blood (Ex. 7:22), and brought frogs up on the land (Ex. 8:7).⁷⁹

Let the reader attend to the importance of the matter before us: signs are unreliable indicators of a work of God! “Many will say to Me in that day, ‘Lord, Lord, have we not prophesied in Your name, cast out demons in Your name, and done many wonders in Your name?’ And then I will declare to them, ‘I never knew you; depart from Me, you who practice lawlessness!’ ” (Mat. 7:22-23)

Christ’s miracles, as miracles, were no evidence of His Divine mission. The real evidence was that the miracles which He wrought were the very miracles which the Prophetic Word had declared He should work, and which were on that account the sign and seal of His ministry, and formed His credentials from on high. This is clear from Mat. 11:1-6. It was not that they were mere miraculous acts, but that they were what God had foretold, and the essence of their testimony was to the truth of God’s word, rather than the power of Christ. Hence it is that they are so generally called “signs,” and not merely “wonders.”⁸⁰

The earth dwellers of the end, even those who call themselves Christians, have fallen prey to that which is already at work in our own day: an unbiblical reliance upon signs as evidence of God. They have built their faith upon the wrong foundation!

Two Foundations of Faith

They are completely open to deception because their faith is based upon experience rather than Scripture. They validate their religious beliefs based on their own personal experience. They are the ultimate in postmodern thinking⁸¹—they have their truth which is real to them. Thus, when they see the truly miraculous signs provided by the False Prophet, they easily succumb to the desired conclusion: the Beast is god. When and if such “people of faith” are confronted with the Scriptures—assuming God’s word is available at the time of the end—they will bend the Scripture and reinterpret it to validate their experience. If God’s written word denies their experience, they will reject it over their personal experience. Thus, their experience will sit in judgment of God’s Word.⁸²

Biblical believers are to be just the opposite. Their faith is based upon God’s inerrant Scriptures. Each and every experience is tested against its adherence to that which God has already revealed in Scripture. When and if an experience fails the test of Scripture, it is rejected for we know that the Spirit of God speaks consistently. That which is of the Holy Spirit is in agreement with that which is authored through the Holy Spirit: “Beloved, do not believe every spirit, but test the spirits, whether they are of God; because many false prophets have gone out into the world” (1Jn. 4:1). Thus, the biblical believer evaluates the fruit of his experience against the measure of Scripture and avoids deception:

It is by the signs that the False Prophet deceives the earth dwellers to receive the mark of the Beast and worship his image (Rev. 19:20+). Yet the signs are false—not in their miraculous ability, but in what they attest to.⁸³ Signs alone are not trustworthy:

But there was a certain man called Simon, who previously practiced sorcery in the city and astonished the people of Samaria, claiming that he was someone great, to whom they all gave heed, from the least to the greatest, saying, “This man is the great power of God.” And they heeded him because he had astonished them with his sorceries for a long time. (Acts 8:9-11)

If there arises among you a prophet or a dreamer of dreams, and he gives you a sign or a wonder, and the sign or the wonder comes to pass, of which he spoke to you, saying, ‘Let us go after other gods’—which you have not known—‘and let us serve them,’ you shall not listen to the words of that prophet or that dreamer of dreams, for the Lord your God is testing you to know whether you love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul. You shall walk after the Lord your God and fear Him, and keep His commandments and obey His voice; you shall serve Him and hold fast to Him. (Deu. 13:1-4)

makes fire come down from heaven

He has an ability similar to that of God’s two witnesses (Rev. 11:5+). See commentary on Revelation 11:5. Perhaps his power is even more impressive because its source appears to be from heaven. In the past, fire from heaven was associated with God’s power, consuming both His adversaries (2K. 1:9-12) and His sacrifice (Num. 16:35; 1K. 18:38). The False Prophet shows the Pharisees of the end the very signs they sought as validation of Messiah when Jesus walked the earth (Mat. 16:1). Yet all is not as it appears, for he is a great deceiver. As in the days of Job, fire will fall “from heaven” which will actually be in the service of Satan (Job 1:19). It need hardly be said that Nero never had an accomplice like this!

3.13.14 - Revelation 13:14 Open Bible at Rev. 13:14 Listen to Rev. 13:14

And he deceives

Empowered by the great deceiver (Rev. 12:9+), he produces the fruit of deception. The power of this deception will be unique in history. Jesus suggested that only those protected by the Holy Spirit would be able to resist his ability to convince. “For false christs and false prophets will rise and show great signs and wonders to deceive, if possible, even the elect. See, I have told you beforehand” (Mat. 24:24-25 cf. Mark 13:22).

those who dwell

Some manuscripts in the MT text line have τοὺς ἐμοὺς τοὺς καταοικοῦντας [tous emous tous kataoikountas] , those [people] of mine who dwell. This variation in the text may hint at the explicit inclusion of John’s people, the Jews, in this deception. We know from elsewhere in Scripture that the Jews will be among those who are deceived (John 5:43).

make an image to the beast

The Beast has a problem. He claims to be god, but lacks God’s omnipresence. Therefore, an icon (εἰκόνα [eikona] ) of the Beast is to be made. While Scripture does not say, it would appear that one purpose of the icon is to occupy the place of worship in the “holy place” (Mat. 24:15) on an ongoing basis as the focal point of worship.⁸⁴ The image serves as the center of worship allowing the Beast to go about his other affairs of state. This probably occurs after the initial declaration of deity made in the person of the Beast himself (2Th. 2:4).

The term abomination refers to an image or an idol. This even is also mentioned in Matthew 24:15-16: . . . The only clue given is that it will be something standing (like an image or idol) in the Holy Place. . . . the Abomination of Desolation must include something more than merely the Antichrist’s self-proclamation of deity. Furthermore, the Daniel and Matthew passages implied an image or idol that would be erected in the Temple. . . . Thus, the two stages of the Abomination of Desolation, lasting a total of 1,290 days will be the declaration of deity by the Antichrist in the Holy of Holies followed by the setting up of his image in the same place.⁸⁵

The fact that nothing like what is recorded in our text happened in the first century represents no problem for preterists who find fulfillment in the time of Nero. The details are simply swept aside. Typical of preterism’s refusal to interpret the text at face value is the example found in Gregg:

The making of an image to the beast (v. 14), or an image of the beast (v. 15), the giving breath to the image, and the requirement that all men worship it are difficult features to correlate with any action known to have occurred in Israel in the first century. This need not be taken literally, however, and can simply refer to the Jew’s general homage to Rome’s authority. [emphasis added]⁸⁶

Here we see a first-rate example of the exegetical gearshift we mentioned related to the Preterist Interpretation of this book. Their technique is to search first century documents for an approximate “fulfillment” of the literal text. When the documents cannot produce even an approximate connection, then the gear shifts to non-literal interpretation in order to move over the “speed bump.” With such a fluid means of interpretation, the authority of Scripture to specify what constitutes fulfillment is subverted.

Worship of the image made to the Beast is a flagrant violation of the second of the Ten Commandments: “You shall not make for yourself a carved image—any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth; you shall not bow down to them or serve them” (Ex. 20:4a).

See #19 - Image of Beast.

3.13.15 - Revelation 13:15 Open Bible at Rev. 13:15 Listen to Rev. 13:15

He was granted power to give breath to the image of the beast

The power given to the False Prophet here is perhaps the apex of what God has ever allowed in the hands of the enemy: the power to give life. This power is intrinsic to the Creator, and He is intimately involved with the creation of each creature.⁸⁷ The False Prophet gives breath (pneuma) to that which is initially inanimate, as “God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living being” (Gen. 2:7). Unlike all previous lifeless idols which have been the work of men’s hands, the image of the beast is given life. This is probably the capstone of the lying wonders which the False Prophet performs—the grand finale of his deception.

Scripture records that men have readily given worship to lifeless creations in the past:

What profit is the image, that its maker should carve it, the molded image, a teacher of lies, that the maker of its mold should trust in it, to make mute idols? Woe to him who says to wood, ‘Awake!’ To silent stone, ‘Arise! It shall teach!’ Behold, it is overlaid with gold and silver, yet in it there is no breath at all. (Hab. 2:18-19 cf. Ps. 135:17-18; Jer. 10:14; 51:17-19)

They worship all the more so now when they see the fantastic miracle of the beast’s image having come to life at the hands of the False Prophet. The image itself must be ultimately compelling because the enormity of the miracle performed by the False Prophet does not draw attention to the prophet, but all attention remains focused on the worship of the image itself and the Beast to which it attests.⁸⁸ Some oppose the notion that the image could truly be given life. They prefer to understand “breath” as denoting animation. Thus, they see the image with breath as a futuristic technological mimic of life. Although this is possible, it doesn’t seem to do justice to the text and the way in which pneuma (breath) denotes life-giving power elsewhere in Scripture (Gen. 2:7; Rev. 11:11+). “The pneuma is therefore the equivalent of πνεῦμα ζωῆς [pneuma zōēs] (‘the breath of life’) so recently encountered in connection with the two witnesses.”⁸⁹

Morris suggests another possibility, that the spirit given may be an unclean spirit, or demon:

The word in the Greek is pneuma, meaning “spirit” or “wind.” The false prophet is enabled (by his own master, Satan) to impart a spirit to the image, but that spirit is one of Satan’s unclean spirits, probably a highly placed demon in the satanic hierarchy. This is a striking case of demon possession, with the demon possessing the body of the image rather than that of a man or woman.⁹⁰

Although it is impossible to know precisely what is inferred from the “breath” being given to the image, the results are nothing short of life—for the image exhibits apparent intelligence and speaking abilities. We must remember that the False Prophet “exercises all the authority of the first beast” (Rev. 13:12+) and that the first beast is given “great authority” by the dragon. If the dragon revives the Beast and brings him back from the abyss, as evidenced by the worship of the masses, then why couldn’t the False Prophet with the same measure and source of power give life to the image? Certainly this is not beyond the ability that God could grant if it were within His purpose to do so. Moreover, we have no examples in Scripture of the animation of inanimate objects by demonic possession. Spirits seek embodiment in living hosts (Mark 5:12). Either way, the image appears convincingly lifelike.

The image probably plays a role in the sequence of events associated with the “abomination of desolation” spoken of by both Daniel (Dan. 11:31; 12:11 cf. Dan. 9:27) and Jesus (Mat. 24:15):

The abomination of desolation, which the reader is to understand, includes the following elements: 1. It occurs in the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem (Dan. 11:31; 2Th. 2:4). 2. It involves a person setting up a statue in place of the regular sacrifice in the holy of holies (Dan. 11:31; 12:11; Rev. 13:14-15+). 3. This results in the cessation of the regular sacrifice (Dan. 9:27; 11:31; 12:11). 4. There will be a time of about three-and-a-half years between this event . . . and the end of the time period (Dan. 9:27; 12:11). 5. It involves an individual setting up a statue or image of himself so that he may be worshipped in place of God (Dan. 11:31; 2Th. 2:4; Rev. 13:14-15+). 6. The image is made to come to life (Rev. 13:14+). 7. A worship system to this false god is thus inaugurated (2Th. 2:4; Rev. 13:14-15+). 8. At the end of this time period the individual who commits the act will himself be cut off (Dan. 9:27).⁹¹

This event concludes at the middle of the final week, after the Beast overcomes the two witnesses (Rev. 11:7+). It is the signal for the flight of the Jewish remnant to the mountains and thereafter to the wilderness. See commentary on Revelation 12:6. See Events of the 70th Week of Daniel. See #19 - Image of Beast.

that the image of the beast should . . . speak

This idol is unlike all previous idols which were mute (Ps. 115:5; 135:16; Jer. 10:5). The False Prophet spoke as a dragon (Rev. 13:11+) and that which he empowers continues in that same vain, ordering the death of those who refuse to worship.

cause as many as would not worship the image of the beast to be killed

This is the point of no return. The entire population of the earth is now divided into those who retain physical life, but forever lose spiritual life versus those who retain spiritual life, but are likely to lose physical life. The former are those who worship the Beast and his image. The latter refuse to worship at the cost of their physical lives. The only exceptions are the believing Jewish remnant which is hidden by God (Rev. 12:6+, 14+) and those who manage to stay alive underground within the Beast’s system (Rev. 18:4+).

Many of those which refuse the mark and reside within the Beast’s system will be Gentiles who come to faith during this time of the end. Their survival will be precarious on two counts: (1) the Beast, his image, and the Harlot all seek their death; and (2) they will be unable to purchase the basic necessities of life. Many of them will achieve victory over the Beast, not by survival, but by persevering in martyrdom (Rev. 7:14-17+; 20:4+).

Those who worship the Beast and his image and take his mark are warned by an angel concerning the seriousness of what they are about to do (Rev. 14:9+). This unique global warning indicates the irreversible nature of taking the mark. Taking the mark is akin to the unpardonable sin of Jesus’ day—there is no possibility of redemption once the mark is taken (Rev. 14:9-11+). In stark contrast to the people of faith, they are eternally insecure. This is a unique situation to the time of the end. For what sin is there today from which the blood of Christ cannot redeem? Could not even the likes of a Hitler be saved if he had truly and sincerely repented prior to death? We answer a resounding “yes!” because we understand the priceless value of the blood of the Lamb which provides redemption for all sin (Rev. 5:9+). For if Christ’s blood cannot atone for some specific sin, then there are two requirements for salvation, not one: receiving Christ by faith and avoiding this specific sin. May it never be!

Here, as at Christ’s First Coming, we have a unique situation where there is a specific act, which once participated in, moves the individual beyond all possibility of redemption. The act is the equivalent of eternal, permanent rejection of the Lamb. So blasphemous and foreordained are these that they are never afforded entry into the Book of Life, not even to be written and subsequently blotted out (Rev. 13:8+; 17:8+). Like those who commit the unpardonable sin, taking the mark is the equivalent of permanently rejecting Christ. See Beast Worshipers are Unique.

Those who have victory over the Beast, his image, the mark, and the number of his name are seen in heaven prior to the pouring forth of the bowl judgments (Rev. 15:2+ cf. Rev. 16:2+). Therefore, this command to take the mark must occur prior to the bowl judgments. Those who refuse to worship the Beast or his image and refuse his mark are “beheaded for their witness to Jesus and for the word of God” (Rev. 20:4+). These live and reign with Christ in the Millennial Kingdom. When the third bowl judgment is poured forth, the remainder of the rivers and springs become blood. An angel explains this righteous judgment of God: “For they have shed the blood of saints and prophets, and you have given them blood to drink. For it is their just due” (Rev. 16:6+).

The image which requires worship is typified by Nebuchadnezzar’s statue. Those who refused to bow down before it were cast into a furnace (Dan. 3:5). As the three young Hebrew men were preserved through the fire, so too will be those saints who live at the time of the end (Rev. 7:14+; 15:2+; 20:4+).

3.13.16 - Revelation 13:16 Open Bible at Rev. 13:16 Listen to Rev. 13:16

he causes all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and slave

These are similar categories of persons who fled to the mountains and hid themselves in caves from the wrath of God and of the Lamb (Rev. 6:15+). No matter what station or position a person has, they will all be treated absolutely equitably. Even the rich, who might normally expect to bribe their way around the requirement, have no exemption. So manic is the desire of the dragon—and his empowered Beast—for all worship that he will treat the most powerful men on a par with the least in their requirement to render worship. In this regard, the dragon emulates the true God: “Yet He is not partial to princes, nor does he regard the rich more than the poor” (Job 34:19). The birds will exhibit similar uniform treatment of the earth dwellers at their banquet at the second advent (Rev. 19:17+).

Here again is evidence against taking Nero as the Beast, for the requirement of worship is global: “The Neronian persecution was limited to Rome as far as the data tell us, and there is no evidence for it extending to the province of Asia at that time.”⁹²

to receive a mark

The TR text has δῶση αὐτοῖς [dōsē autois] , he should give them a mark. The NU text has δῶσιν αὐτοῖς [dōsin autois] , they should give them a mark.

Mark is χάραγμα [charagma] : “From charassō, to engrave . . . denotes a mark or stamp.”⁹³ It differs from στίγμα [stigma] , such as Paul carried in his body (Gal. 6:17) which indicates a mark or scar “without special design, but carrying significance.”⁹⁴ The mark here probably is of a specific design so as to be recognizable. It differs in emphasis from the seal (σφραγῖδα [sphragida] ) placed on the 144,000 of Israel (Rev. 7:2+). The mark emphasizes loyalty to the Beast but the seal emphasizes ownership by God.⁹⁵ The only other occurrence of this word outside the book of Revelation is by Luke. “Therefore, since we are the offspring of God, we ought not to think that the Divine Nature is like gold or silver or stone, something shaped [graven, KJV; formed, NASB] by art and man’s devising” [emphasis added] (Acts 17:29). It is almost certainly visible: “Made by engraving, etching, imprinting, branding,”⁹⁶ whereas the seal of God is probably invisible (Rev. 7:2+). The former is discernible by supernatural powers (Rev. 7:2+; Rev. 9:4+), the latter by the government of the Beast.

[DeMar] equates the mark of Revelation 13+ (Rev. 13:16+) with the mark that is given to the 144,000 by the Lamb. “Will Jesus implant a microchip in the foreheads of the 144,000?” he asks. Here DeMar confuses things that must not be confused. As the eternal Son of God, Jesus Christ does not need some kind of a visible mark to help Him watch over the 144,000. The Antichrist and his minions, however, are not divine. . . . Mention of an invisible mark in one place of Scripture need not imply that the mark in all other places is invisible.⁹⁷

A strictly literal translation of “the mark of the beast” might imply “a picture of the beast” or “a mark made by the beast.” A more satisfactory indication of the relationship between “mark” and “beast” would be “a mark showing one’s relationship to the beast” or “a mark of loyalty to the beast” or “a mark of the party of the beast.”⁹⁸

In summary, the mark of the beast would signify to the reader of the time that the recipient: worshipped the beast as divine, acknowledged the beast’s authority, is devoted to the beast, and considers himself to be the beast’s property or slave to command.⁹⁹

In the Papyri, χάραγμα [charagma] is always connected with the Emperor, and sometimes contains his name and effigy, with the year of his reign. It was necessary for buying and selling. It is found on all sorts of documents, making them valid; and there are many on “bills of sale.” Charagma is therefore the official seal.¹⁰⁰

The mark which is taken is the same for all:

This mark has nothing to do with credit, as is often taught today. In a credit system, everyone must have a different number. In this case, everyone has the same number. The purpose of the mark will be to serve as a sign of identification of those who will own the Antichrist as their god. Only those who have this number will be permitted to work, to buy, to sell, or simply to make a living. The verse does not speak of credit cards, banking systems, a cashless society, a one-world money system, or computers, etc.¹⁰¹

It is certainly within the realm of possibility for the mark to serve both as a single identifier of allegiance to the Beast and a globally unique identifier. All that is required is to combine an outward visible mark (indicating shared allegiance) with an invisible digital code (indicating unique identification). The external mark would function to readily cull the obedient from the disobedient while the invisible code would provide the necessary means for digital monetary exchange in the controlled economy of the end. As is typical of Satan’s schemes, the unique identifier would provide numerous benefits which would also serve as motivation to take the mark. The cost of refusing the mark is not just the risk of one’s life, but also the inability to participate in the global market. The details of the mark are not revealed by Scripture.

on their right hand

This implies a mark on the surface of the hand. Such a mark has several advantages from the perspective of the Beast.

It requires the worshiper to permanently deface his body as an act of homage.

It provides a ready means to identify those without the mark.

It is immune to the fragility of technical systems—especially given the disruptive nature of the time of the end.

On the other hand, a low-technology implementation has the disadvantage of being subject to ready falsification. Perhaps the answer is found in a combination of both externally visible and internal (implanted) technology:

While I admit that the preposition epi is used, this does not consign the futurist interpretation [of an implanted mark] to sudden death. If this mark were purely on the surface of the skin, the resultant loss of skin, as happens regularly with people, would mean the mark would disappear. For this mark to have any degree of permanence it must, in some sense, be “in” the tissue. The use of επι [epi] doesn’t really deny that. it is simply saying that the mark is visible to someone, or to some device such as a scanner. In fact the word “mark” (charagma) comes from the verb charasso which means “to cut to a point, then to inscribe.” it is really not farfetched to see the phrase as describing some kind of minor surgery—a “cutting to a point”—for the insertion of a chip that will be “inscribed” with data.¹⁰²

This is a time in which Jesus’ injunction to cut off one’s hand (Mat. 18:8) can be taken literally, for Rev. 14:9-10+ and 20:4+ make it plain that no one bearing the mark of the Beast will enter eternal life. Indeed, it will be better to enter eternal life maimed than to be cast into hell-fire whole.¹⁰³

or on their foreheads

The high priest wore a plate of pure gold upon his forehead with the engraving, “HOLINESS TO THE LORD” (Ex. 28:36-38). It declared him to be one who was set aside for the purpose and ministry of God (a saint). Ezekiel was shown a vision where those to be spared God’s judgment receive a mark on their foreheads (Eze. 9:4). Harlots wore a mark on their forehead identifying their harlotry (Jer. 3:3; Rev. 17:5+). The 144,000 sealed of Israel have the name of the Father and of the Lamb written on their foreheads (Rev. 14:1+ cf. Rev. 7:3+). See commentary on Revelation 7:3.

In all of these examples, the mark identifies the category to which the person belongs and serves as an indication of character, as does the mark of the Beast. Those who take it are completely opposed to God and unwilling to repent in the face of overwhelming evidence of His judgment. See Beast Worshipers are Unique.

The placement of the mark on the hand or forehead brings to mind the command God gave through Moses that the children of Israel would faithfully teach His commands to their children.

And these words which I command you today shall be in your heart. You shall teach them diligently to your children, and shall talk of them when you sit in your house, when you walk by the way, when you lie down, and when you rise up. You shall bind them as a sign on your hand, and they shall be as frontlets between your eyes. You shall write them on the doorposts of your house and on your gates. (De 6:6-9 cf. Ex. 13:9, 16) [emphasis added]

In response to these instructions, the Jews developed phylacteries, small scrolls which contained God’s law and which were bound to the hand or head. The phylacteries differ from the mark of the Beast in that they were attached to the left hand. “Tefillin (phylacteries) are small tightly rolled scrolls that contain passages from Exodus and Deuteronomy. They were placed in boxes that were tied to the head or left arm. The mezuzot were placed in ornamental cases that were attached to the doorpost of a house.”¹⁰⁴ Although the mark of the Beast is on the right hand rather than the left, the similarity to the instructions given by God to Israel in remembrance of the law is striking.

3.13.17 - Revelation 13:17 Open Bible at Rev. 13:17 Listen to Rev. 13:17

no one may buy or sell

In order to enforce worship of the Beast and his image, the mark is tied to his global economic system. Those who refuse the mark are automatically cut off from the global economy. They are driven underground to rely either upon supernatural provision (as the woman in the wilderness of Revelation 12:6+) or the black market. Some manage to survive outside the global economy, including the “sheep” in the Sheep and Goat Judgment at the return of Christ to take up His kingdom(Mat. 25:31-32). The sheep have provided for the dire needs of Jesus’ “brethren” during this time, but they themselves have been without the mark. For it is not possible to take the mark and remain among the redeemed who enter the kingdom (Rev. 14:9-11+).

There are several aspects of modern technology which will likely contribute to the control of the global economy under the Beast. First, the mark itself may be tied into a cashless system of exchange. While Scripture does not say this, how effective it would be to do away with all means of value exchange except for that which requires the mark. Second, the use of modern identifying marks, such as bar codes, on items of commerce facilitates tracking their whereabouts and distribution. With sophisticated inventory systems it becomes much more difficult to supply the black market “off the record.”

The degree to which technology plays in the system of the end is pure speculation. It may utilize systems of identification, tracking, and exchange yet unknown to us. Or it may use the oldest of technologies—tattoos or similar. The desire of the Beast to catch every possible violator argues for a high-technology solution which is more difficult to forge. The disruptive conditions on the earth during the time of the end argue for a low-technology solution.

who has the mark or the name of the beast or the number of his name

The TR text indicates three alternatives: (1) the mark, or (2) the name of the beast, or (3) the number of his name. The MT and NU texts indicate just two alternatives: the mark which is: (1) the name of the beast, or (2) the number of his name. In any event, the mark embodies information pertaining to the name of the Beast.

the number of his name

Most commentators take the number of his name to indicate the practice of gematria, where the individual letters comprising the name are given values which then contribute to a total value which is the number:

The mystic use of numbers (the rabbinical Ghematria, γεωμετρία [geōmetria] ) was familiar to the Jews in Babylon, and passed from them to the Greeks in Asia. It occurs in the Cabbala, in the Sibylline Books (I. 324-331), in the Epistle of Barnabas, and was very common also among the Gnostic sects . . . It arose from the employment of the letters of the Hebrew and Greek alphabets for the designation of numbers. The Hebrew Aleph counts 1, Beth 2, etc., Yodh 10; but Kaph (the eleventh letter) counts 20, Resh (the twentieth letter) 200, etc. The Greek letters, with the addition of an acute accent (as ά, βˊ), have the same numerical value in their order down to Sigma, which counts 200; except that σ῀ (st, [stigma]) is used for 6, and φˊ (an antiquated letter Koppa between π and ρ) for 90. The Hebrew alphabet ends with Tav = 400, the Greek with Omega = 800. To express thousands an accent is put beneath the letter, as α, [a,] = 1,000; β, [b,] = 2,000; ι, [i,] = 10,000.¹⁰⁵

Again, there is evidence that the number is the same for all who receive it:

Doubtless, the invention of computers and the introduction of a “cashless society” would aid in the enforcement of an economic boycott against Christians. However, the mark is the “name of the beast or the number of his name” (Rev. 13:17+) not the name or number that identifies each individual citizen.¹⁰⁶

3.13.18 - Revelation 13:18 Open Bible at Rev. 13:18 Listen to Rev. 13:18

Here is wisdom

This phrase indicates that what follows constitutes a riddle of sorts requiring great wisdom to comprehend. A similar statement introduces the riddle of the seven heads of the beast (Rev. 17:9+). “It is the glory of God to conceal a matter, but the glory of kings is to search out a matter” (Pr. 25:2). When Daniel was puzzled about the revelation given to him, he was told that “the words are closed up and sealed till the time of the end. . . none of the wicked shall understand, but the wise shall understand” (Dan. 12:9-10). Although the book of Revelation is not a sealed book (Rev. 22:10+), undoubtedly a similar principle attends this passage: those living at the time of the fulfillment will be best positioned to understand the full meaning of what is related. Until that time, history is full of names conjectured to fulfill the riddle of this verse. See A Lock almost any Key will Turn.

the number of a man

Ἀριθμὸς ἀνθρώπου [Arithmos anthrōpou] , simply number of man. The definite article (“the”) is not found in the Greek text. Wallace sees the missing article as an indication that the number is not of a man, but the number of humankind.¹⁰⁷ While this may account for the grammar, it fails to account for the previous verse wherein the article appears before both number and man: τὸν ἀριθμὸν τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ [ton arithmon tou onomatos autou] , the number of the name of him (cf. Rev. 14:11+). Thus, the number seems inextricably tied to the individual. Some explain of a man as designating a number as men count.¹⁰⁸

His number is six hundred and sixty six

Discussion on the meaning of this value and its association with individuals and movements of history is legend.“The interpretations of this number form a jungle from which escape is apparently hopeless.”¹⁰⁹

The numeric designator for the value 666 found in the MT and TR texts employs the Greek character stigma which is not generally used today. It occurs between epsilon (ε) and zeta (ζ). Thus it displaces zeta as the sixth character, giving zeta through theta the values 7 through 9, iota through kappa the values 10 through 90, and rho through omega the values 100 through 800. An additional character, sampsi stands at the end as 900.¹¹⁰ Since our Greek font does not contain stigma we will represent it by a sigma with an accent: ςˊ¹¹¹

In the TR and MT text, the value is given by the three Greek letters χξςˊ.¹¹² Given the Greek alphabet of the time, the values of the three letters are: χ = 600; ξ = 60; ςˊ = 6. Their sum is the infamous 666.¹¹³ The NU text spells out the values using words: ἑξακοσιοι ἑξηκοντα ἑξ [hexakosioi hexēkonta hex] , six hundred sixty six. Among all the extant manuscript evidence, only a very few have δεκα [deka] (10) as the middle value resulting in 616.¹¹⁴

The Nero advocates make much of the alternative value 616 because two different spellings of Nero can account for both the value 666 and 616. This may be true. But it is but one small piece of the overall puzzle which contributes to the identity of the Beast. Nero succeeds on this count, but fails miserably on all others. Nero is far from the only individual in history who meets the conditions for 666. See A Lock almost any Key will Turn. Metzger suggests that the textual variation indicating 616 is best explained as an intentional modification of the original text by a scribe who saw Nero in the text.¹¹⁵ See our discussion of the attempts to find fulfillment in Nero.

Irenaeus, who lived much nearer to the time of Nero than modern preterists and who was a disciple of Polycarp who knew our author, supports the reading 666:

Such, then, being the state of the case, and this number [666] being found in all the most approved and ancient copies [of the Apocalypse], and those men who saw John face to face bearing their testimony [to it]; while reason also leads us to conclude that the number of the name of the beast, [if reckoned] according to the Greek mode of calculation by the [value of] the letters contained in it, will amount to six hundred and sixty and six; that is, the number of tens shall be equal to that of the hundreds, and the number of hundreds equal to that of the units (for that number which [expresses] the digit six being adhered to throughout . . . I do not know how it is that some have erred following the ordinary mode of speech, and have vitiated the middle number in the name, deducting the amount of fifty from it, so that instead of six decades they will have it that there is but one. (I am inclined to think that this occurred through the fault of the copyists, as is wont to happen, since numbers also are expressed by letters; so that the Greek letter which expresses the number sixty [chi, ξ] was easily expanded into the letter Iota [ι] of the Greeks.) Others then received this reading without examination; some in their simplicity, and upon their own responsibility, making use of this number expressing one decade; while some, in their inexperience, have ventured to seek out a name which should contain the erroneous and spurious number.—Irenaeus, Against Heresies, v.xxx¹¹⁶

He saw the number connected with the antitype of Antichrist’s image—Nebuchadnezzar’s statue. He also saw the Beast as a person yet future, not Nero:

For that image which was set up by Nebuchadnezzar had indeed a height of sixty cubits, while the breadth was six cubits; on account of which Ananias, Azarias, and Misael, when they did not worship it, were cast into a furnace of fire, pointing out prophetically, by what happened to them, the wrath against the righteous which shall arise towards the [time of the] end. For that image, taken as a whole, was a prefiguring of this man’s coming, decreeing that he should undoubtedly himself alone be worshipped by all men.—Irenaeus, Against Heresies, v.xxx¹¹⁷

Adding to the complexity of identifying an individual with the number are various ways in which gematria can be performed. Harless argues for the simplest, ragil method:

There are seven ways of calculating gematria in Jewish tradition. 1) Ragil: This method is the basis for all the other methods. Each letter of the alphabet has its own numerical value. The numerical value of a word or phrase is the sum total of the values of its letters. 2) Katan: All the tens and hundreds are converted to the single numbers 1 to 9. 3) K’lali: In this method, the value of a word is the square of the sum of the ragil values of each letter in that word. 4) Millui: This method gives a letter the numerical value of the sum of the ragil values of the letters that make up the name of the letter. 5) Kolel: This method sums the ragil values of the letters in a word plus the number of letters. 5) Hakadmi: The value of the first letter is ragil. The accumulated value of the second letter is its ragil value plus the ragil value of the first letter. The accumulated value of the third letter is its ragil value plus the accumulated value of the second letter, etc. 7) Haperati: The value of each letter is the square of its ragil value. The value of the word is the sum of all the squares of its letters. It is apparent that the k’lali, millui, kolel, hakadmi, and haperati methods are unlikely to be intended in this passage, since they would tend to produce numerical values much in excess of 666. These methods also seem to be late additions not in use during the New Testament period. Only the ragil and katan methods are candidates for this calculation. Katan suffers from four shortcomings: 1) It would require a long name to evaluate to 666 (at least 74 letters). 2) The Talmud only uses ragil. 3) Therefore, katan is a later development and not contemporary with the Revelation. 4+) Only ragil has an analogue in Greek and Roman culture, katan does not.¹¹⁸

The threefold representation of “6,” the number of man, may be connected with the three key players in the kingdom of the Beast of the end: “Possibly the threefold occurrence of the number six is a vague imitation of the trinity formed by [the Beast’s] association with the devil and the false prophet.”¹¹⁹ As we discussed in Six: Man’s Incompleteness, Human Will, the number almost certainly emphasizes how the Beast, the epitome of human achievement and government at the end, falls short. ¹²⁰ Others note how the value compares to the sum of the Greek letters making up the name “Christ”: “According to the Greek numbering scheme Christ’s name, ʼΙησοῦς [Iēsous] , is represented by Ι=10, η=8, σ=200, ο=70, υ=400, ς=200, which add up to 888.”¹²¹

Various passages of Scripture hint at the character of the Beast using values which employ six, including the number of fingers and toes on the godless giants of old (2S. 21:20; 1Chr. 20:6); Goliath who had a height of six cubits, six pieces of armor, and a spear’s head weighing six hundred shekels of iron (1S. 17:4-7); Nebuchadnezzar, whose “image” was sixty cubits high and six cubits wide (Dan. 3:1); and even Solomon’s wages of six hundred and sixty-six talents of gold (1K. 10:14). See Six: Man’s Incompleteness, Human Will.

Ultimately, it is fruitless for us to employ this number in speculation as to the identity of the Beast.

The value of the number in and of itself is too broad—too many historic names can be made to generate “666.” (See A Lock almost any Key will Turn.)

The church will not be present when the Beast becomes known to the world, for she will have been taken in the Rapture (2Th. 2:1-8).

The number of his name is perhaps the least important clue among many attributes which Scripture set forth concerning the identity and ministry of this individual. Certainly it is the most elastic.

While the Restrainer remains (2Th. 2:7), he will not be revealed. No amount of conjecture or analysis will bring him forth prior to God’s timing. While there are no preconditions for the removal of the Restrainer, he could continue to restrain for decades or even centuries beyond our present time.¹²²

What we can be sure of is that the value given in this passage will enable believers of the end, when combined with the many other Scriptural clues, to positively identify the individual. It may be that gematria is not even involved in the final understanding of the number:

A similar use of nous and sophia occurs in Rev. 17:9+, where John calls attention to the identity of the beast ridden by the harlot. What John seems to be asking for in both cases is divine discernment and not mathematical ingenuity! Believers need to penetrate the deception of the beast. John’s reference to his number will help them to recognize his true character and identity.¹²³

The better part of wisdom is to be content that the identification is not yet available, but will be when the future false Christ ascends to his throne. The person to whom 666 applies must have been future to John’s time, because John clearly meant the number to be recognizable to someone. If it was not discernible to his generation and those immediately following him—and it was not—the generation to whom it will be discernible must have lain (and still lies) in the future. Past generations have provided many illustrations of this future personage, but all past candidates have proven inadequate as fulfillments. Christians from generation to generation may manifest the same curiosity as the prophets of old regarding their own prophecies (cf. 1Pe. 1:10-11), but their curiosity will remain unsatisfied until the time of fulfillment arrives.¹²⁴

For those who are in the Church Age, the number of the Beast, as fascinating a puzzle as it may be, is of relatively little importance. For the Church will not be present when he is revealed (see Who is the Restrainer?). This is by design for we are to maintain a watch for Christ, not Antichrist! We are commanded to look for our bridegroom, not a coming global despot (Php. 3:20).

Notes

¹ Some infer from the placement of the material of chapter 13 following upon the plight of the woman in chapter 12 that “the rest of her offspring” (Rev. 12:17+) must be those who are subsequently persecuted within chapter 13+. If so, then her offspring would include all who refuse to take the mark, both Jew and Gentile. [Alan F. Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), Rev. 13:1] Yet there are valid reasons to understand her offspring as physical Jews. See commentary on Revelation 12:1.

² We note that the term Antichrist is not used by John in the book of Revelation. But neither is the little horn or many of the other names which apply throughout Scripture to this individual, here designated as the first beast. See Man of Many Names.

³ “Though the Holy Spirit ‘[will be] taken out of the way’ (2Th. 2:7) in the Tribulation, this has to do with His work of restraining sin and not with His indwelling and empowering believers.”—Russell L. Penney, “Pneumatology in the Book of Revelation,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 119.

⁴ John F. Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1966), s.v. “Some manuscripts read, "he stood," the change being effected by the dropping of one letter .”

⁵ Walter Scott, Exposition of The Revelation (London, England: Pickering & Inglis, n.d.), Rev. 13:1.

⁶ Donald Grey Barnhouse, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1971), Rev. 13:1.

⁷ Ibid.

⁸ J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 322.

⁹ Arthur Walkington Pink, The Antichrist (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1999, 1923), s.v. “Antichrist in the Apocalypse.”

¹⁰ Daniel K. Wong, “The Beast From The Sea in Revelation 13,” in Bibliotheca Sacra, vol. 160 no. 639 (Dallas, TX: Dallas Theological Seminary, July-September 2003), 337.

¹¹ Randall Price, “Antichrist,” in Mal Couch, ed., Dictionary of Premillennial Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1996), 46.

¹² Barnhouse, Revelation, 103.

¹³ Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 676.

¹⁴ “To say that the sea stands for the abyss carries on the OT concept of the sea, that is the source of the satanic sea monster (cf. Job 26:12-13; Ps. 74:13-14; 87:4; 89:9-10; Isa. 27:1; 51:9-10) (Johnson). Also, Paul equates the sea with the abyss in his Rom. 10:7 citation of Deu. 30:13.”—Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 8-22 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1995), Rev. 13:1.

¹⁵ Concerning inaccuracies in the KJV and NKJV, see commentary on Revelation 17:10.

¹⁶ Pink, The Antichrist, s.v. “Babylon and the Antichrist.”

¹⁷ “Beginning with verse 36, a sharp break in the prophecy may be observed, introduced by the expression the time of the end in verse 35. Up to this point, the prophecy dealing with the Persian and Grecian Empires has been fulfilled minutely and with amazing precision. Beginning with verse 36, however, an entirely different situation obtains. No commentator claims to find precise fulfillment in the remainder of this chapter. Although Zöckler and others attempt to relate Daniel 11:36-45 to Antiochus, many students of Scripture have recognized from antiquity that another king must be in view. Ibn-Ezra, for example, identified this king with Constantine the Great; Rashi and Calvin referred him to the Roman Empire as a whole; and Jerome, Theodoret, and Luther, among others, identified him with the New Testament Antichrist.”—John F. Walvoord, Daniel: The Key to Prophetic Revelation (Chicago, IL: Moody Bible Institute, 1971), Dan. 11:36.

¹⁸ “Because the leopard, lion, and bear in Revelation 13:2+ are also used in Daniel 7 to depict nations, the interpreter is alerted to the fact that John is employing symbolic language. Thus, the leopard, lion, and bear also represent nations in Revelation 13+ just as they did in Daniel 7.”—Andy Woods, What is the Identity of Babylon In Revelation 17-18?.

¹⁹ Merrill C. Tenney, Interpreting Revelation (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1957), 188.

²⁰ John MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 2000), Rev. 13:1.

²¹ “We are at a loss to understand how this can be the Roman Empire revived! For the Beast itself is like a leopard (Greece) (Dan. 7:6). Its feet are those of the bear (Medo-Persia); and its mouth is like a lion’s mouth (Babylon). Where is the Roman Empire here in any form? If the Beast be the Roman Empire, does he have himself, intact, for one of his own heads? The notion is only a venerable, but vain, imagination. Rome cannot be at the same time one of the heads, and yet the whole Beast himself. ‘One is’ (Rev. 17:10+). That is said to be the Roman Empire. But it is added, ‘the other is not.’ Is this the Roman Empire too? Clearly not! What we have here is the embodiment and personification of the sovereignty of the world under Satanic power.”—E. W. Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1984, 1935), Rev. 13:2.

²² Merrill F. Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), Hos. 13:8.

²³ Frederick William Danker and Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 265.

²⁴ Pink, The Antichrist, s.v. “The Genius and Character of the Antichrist.”

²⁵ Ibid., s.v. “The Man of Sin, the Son of Perdition.”

²⁶ Ibid., s.v. “The Antichrist in Revelation 13.”

²⁷ Concerning inaccuracies in the KJV and NKJV, see commentary on Revelation 17:10.

²⁸ “The ‘healing,’ then, of the head of the beast, speaks of the Roman Empire, which fell in A.D. 476; the empire has a latter-day emergence, form, or development.”—Wong, “The Beast From The Sea in Revelation 13,” 346.

²⁹ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 13:3.

³⁰ The Greek is identical with the exception of the gender of the participle: the Lamb is masculine, the head is feminine. A similar phrase appears in Revelation 13:8+.

³¹ “Many take the phrase, as though he had been smitten unto death, to mean that the Antichrist appeared to be dead but was not really. However, the same idiom is used of Messiah in Revelation 5:6+, and there was no question that Messiah died.”—Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 247.

³² Ice, “The Death and Resurrection of the Beast, Part 2,” in Thomas Ice, ed., Pre-Trib Perspectives, vol. 8 no. 23 (Dallas, TX: Pre-Trib Research Center, May 2005), 5.

³³ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 668.

³⁴ Monty S. Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John (Dallas, TX: 3E Ministries, 1987), Rev. 13:3.

³⁵ “The popular Islamic picture of the Antichrist, or Dajjal, graphically portrays him as blind in one eye, with the word kafir—unbeliever—written on his forehead; his primary function is to mislead the unbelieving masses by claiming divinehood and the power to perform miracles.”—Norman L. Geisler and Abdul Saleeb, Answering Islam (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 1993), 113.

³⁶ “Some have seen in the healing of the wound a reference to the Nero redivivus belief of the first century . . . It is doubtful . . . that John would have used a false rumor as a basis for this.”—Wong, “The Beast From The Sea in Revelation 13,” 346n27.

³⁷ The preference for an individual to worship is evident from the time of Rome: “The worship of emperors . . . provided a living tangible, audible deity for men who had been accustomed to the formal routine of ritual observance. The gods of Graeco-Roman legend had no reality; and their very existence had been challenged by the philosophers. The [Roman] emperor was the living head of the state and the guardian of its welfare. . . . His abilities and deeds seemed almost superhuman to the ordinary man of the street. Here at last was a real person whose position and powers made him worthy of worship.”—Tenney, Interpreting Revelation, 24.

³⁸ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 248.

³⁹ Regarding the phrase, “the desire of women”: “The most plausible explanation, in the light of Daniel’s Jewish background and Antichrist’s prime persecuting energies that will be spent against the Jews, is that the reference is to the natural desire of Hebrew women to become the mother of the promised Messiah (Gen. 3:15), making the expression a symbol of the Messianic hope in general. The ‘desire of women’ would be a subjective genitive: ‘that desired by women.’ Favoring that interpretation is the contextual position of the phrase sandwiched between references to ‘the gods of his fathers’ and ‘any god.’ ”—Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament, Dan. 11:37.

⁴⁰ Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe, Ante-Nicene Fathers Vol. I (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Company, 1885), s.v. “ECF 1.1.7.1.3.7.”

⁴¹ Pink, The Antichrist, s.v. “Antichrist in the Apocalypse.”

⁴² MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 13:1.

⁴³ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 13:5.

⁴⁴ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 682.

⁴⁵ “Christ’s public ministry was limited to three years and a half; so also will the Antichrist’s final ministry be (Rev. 13:5+).”—Pink, The Antichrist, s.v. “Comparisons between Christ and the Antichrist.”

⁴⁶ Roberts, Ante-Nicene Fathers Vol. I, s.v. “ECF 1.1.7.1.5.31.”

⁴⁷ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 328.

⁴⁸ Wong also notes that the removal of the Restrainer (2Th. 2:6-8), the Holy Spirit, suggests a pretribulational rapture.

⁴⁹ Wong, “The Beast From The Sea in Revelation 13,” 347.

⁵⁰ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 35.

⁵¹ Tenney, Interpreting Revelation, 196-197.

⁵² We uphold the unlimited atonement of Christ’s blood for all of mankind. He was given for the world: John 3:16; 6:51; Rom. 5:18; 2Cor. 5:14-19; 1Ti. 2:4-6; Heb. 2:9; 1Jn. 2:2; 4:14.

⁵³ James Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Ontario: Woodside Bible Fellowship, 1996), G2602.

⁵⁴ A complete scroll of Isaiah was found as part of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Dated prior to Christ, it contains this amazing chapter predicting the atoning sacrifice of Jesus Christ hundreds of years in advance. It stands as irrefutable evidence of both the inspiration of the OT and the identity of Jesus Christ as the predicted Messiah of Israel.

⁵⁵ Concerning the worship of Jesus: Mat. 2:2; 8:2; 9:18; 14:33; 15:25; 28:9, 17; 20:20; Mark 5:6; Luke 24:52; John 5:18, 23; 9:38; 20:28; Acts 7:59; Ps. 31:5; Php. 2:9; Heb. 1:6; Rev. 5:13+; 7:10+.

⁵⁶ Andy Woods, “Revelation 13 and the First Beast,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 239.

⁵⁷ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 846.

⁵⁸ The importance of God’s sovereignty is a teaching which is sadly lacking among many Christians today. This is a side-effect of the drift of Christianity away from a God-centered toward a man-centered frame of reference. God is seen more as a “big buddy in the sky” Whose primary role is to “make my life better.” Could it be, having come to faith in Christ, in numerous cases our suffering might actually increase?

⁵⁹ Timothy Friberg, Barbara Friberg, and Neva F. Miller, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2000), 44.

⁶⁰ Albrecht Durer (1471 - 1528). Image courtesy of the Connecticut College Wetmore Print Collection.

⁶¹ Philip Schaff and David Schley Schaff, History of the Christian Church (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1997, 1916), 1.12.101.

⁶² Barnhouse, Revelation, 240.

⁶³ “Most interpreters view the two Beasts as two aspects of the same thing. All seem to be agreed that they are not individuals; which is the very thing that the ordinary reader would at once take them to be. Little help, therefore, can be expected from such guides.”—Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rom. 13:11.

⁶⁴ Woods, “Revelation 13 and the First Beast,” 248.

⁶⁵ Pink, The Antichrist, s.v. “The Antichrist in Revelation 13.”

⁶⁶ Ibid., s.v. “Antichrist in the Apocalypse.”

⁶⁷ Those who emphasize an exclusively religious role for the Antichrist fail to appreciate the political promises found in Messiah who reigns from the throne of David upon His return. See The Arrival of God’s Kingdom.

⁶⁸ Pink, The Antichrist, s.v. “Antichrist in Revelation 13.”

⁶⁹ “It might well be . . . though we would not press the point, that this anti-Spirit would be a Jew, and that he would be used of Satan to deceive Israel if possible.”—Barnhouse, Revelation, 242. “This individual is evidently a Jew, since he arises out of the earth, or land, that is Palestine (Rev. 13:11+).”—J. Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1958), 336.

⁷⁰ “Whereas earlier the four beasts arose out of the sea, here they arise out of the earth. Coming out of the sea emphasizes their Gentile identity. Arising out of the earth emphasizes their humanity.”—Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 29.

⁷¹ Not all agree: “In contrast to the first beast, who will come up out of the sea (Rev. 13:1+), the second beast will come up out of the earth. Like Antichrist, the false prophet will be indwelt by a demon out of the abyss.”—MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 13:11. It can also be said that the Witch of Endor “saw a spirit ascending out of the earth” (1S. 28:13). Yet there is no mention elsewhere in Scripture of a source for the False Prophet from the abyss. Moreover, there is great emphasis placed upon such a source for the Beast. The silence of other passages on such a suggestion is weighty.

⁷² Pink, The Antichrist, s.v. “Antichrist in Revelation 13.”

⁷³ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 13:12.

⁷⁴ Henry Morris, The Revelation Record (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1983), Rev. 13:12.

⁷⁵ “Just as the Holy Spirit calls all men to worship the resurrected Son, the False Prophet will call men to worship the resurrected counterfeit son.”—Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 254.

⁷⁶ Pink, The Antichrist, s.v. “The Career of the Antichrist.”

⁷⁷ Barnhouse, Revelation, 243.

⁷⁸ Ibid., 244.

⁷⁹ This also indicates the level to which occult magic had developed within early Egypt. However, they were unable to bring forth lice (Ex. 8:18). See 2 Timothy 3:8.

⁸⁰ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 13:13.

⁸¹ We do postmodernism a favor here by calling it thought!

⁸² They are no better off than the Roman Catholics who are subject to the authority of the Magisterium of Rome over the Scriptures.

⁸³ “These miracles are not counterfeit, but are used to establish false claims.”—Jerome Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1992), Rev. 13:14.

⁸⁴ We have no information as to the size of the image. Since Paul informs us that the Beast will “sit as God in the temple of God” (2Th. 2:4), and Jesus tells us that the abomination stands in the “holy place” (Mat. 24:15), it would seem unlikely for the image to be a colossal statue for it would require the removal or modification of the temple in order to stand in the holy place.

⁸⁵ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 257,259,260.

⁸⁶ Steve Gregg, Revelation Four Views: A Parallel Commentary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1997), 300.

⁸⁷ Concerning God’s involvement with the inception and development of life: Ex. 21:22-23; Jdg. 13:5; Job 10:11; 31:15; Ps. 22:9-10; 119:73; 139:13; Ecc. 11:5; Isa. 44:2, 24; 49:5; Jer. 1:5. This is one of numerous reasons why abortion is morally equivalent to murder (Ex. 21:22-23). It is the interrupting by sinful man of that which God has established.

⁸⁸ Here again we see the parallel between the False Prophet and the Holy Spirit: both refusing to draw attention to themselves, but dedicated to pointing to whom they serve.

⁸⁹ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 13:15.

⁹⁰ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 13:15.

⁹¹ Ice, “An Interpretation of Matthew 24-25—Part XIII,” in Thomas Ice, ed., Pre-Trib Perspectives, vol. 8 no. 1 (Dallas, TX: Pre-Trib Research Center, May 2003), 6.

⁹² Grant R. Osborne, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2002), 8.

⁹³ W. E. Vine, Vine’s Expository Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words (Nashville, IL: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1996), G5480.

⁹⁴ Johannes P. Louw and Eugene Albert Nida, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament : Based on Semantic Domains (New York, NY: United Bible Societies, 1996, c1989), 1:443.

⁹⁵ Yet χάραγμα [charagma] is used of brands on animals which denotes ownership. [Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 876]

⁹⁶ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 406.

⁹⁷ Larry Spargimino, “How Preterists Misuse History to Advance their View of Prophecy,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 25.

⁹⁸ Louw, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament : Based on Semantic Domains, 1:443.

⁹⁹ Hal Harless, “666: The Beast and His Mark in Revelation 13,” in The Conservative Theological Journal, vol. 7 no. 22 (Fort Worth, TX: Tyndale Theological Seminary, December 2003), 341.

¹⁰⁰ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 13:16.

¹⁰¹ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 255.

¹⁰² Spargimino, “How Preterists Misuse History to Advance their View of Prophecy,” 24-25.

¹⁰³ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 13:11.

¹⁰⁴ Randall Price, The Stones Cry Out: What Archaeology Reveals About the Truth of the Bible (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 1997), 279.

¹⁰⁵ Schaff, History of the Christian Church, 1.12.101.

¹⁰⁶ Harless, “666: The Beast and His Mark in Revelation 13,” 360-361.

¹⁰⁷ “If ἀνθρώπου [anthrōpou] is generic, then the sense is, ‘It is [the] number of humankind.’ It is significant that this construction fits Apollonius’ Canon (i.e., both the head noun and the genitive are anarthrous), suggesting that if one of these nouns is definite, then the other is, too. Grammatically, those who contend that the sense is ‘it is [the] number of a man’ have the burden of proof on them (for they treat the head noun, ἀριθμὸς [arithmos] , as definite and the genitive, ἀνθρώπου [anthrōpou] , as indefinite—the rarest of all possibilities). In light of Johannine usage, we might also add Rev. 16:18+, where the Seer clearly uses the anarthrous ἂνθρωπος [anthrōpos] in a generic sense, meaning ‘humankind.’ The implications of this grammatical possibility, exegetically speaking, are simply that the number ‘666’ is the number that represents humankind. Of course, an individual is in view, but his number may be the number representing all of humankind. Thus the Seer might be suggesting here that the antichrist, who is the best representative of humanity without Christ (and the best counterfeit of a perfect man that his master, that old serpent, could muster), is still less than perfection (which would have been represented by the number seven).”—Daniel B. Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics - Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House and Galaxie Software, 1999, 2002), 253.

¹⁰⁸ “It is counted as men usually count. Compare Rev. 21:17+, and ‘a man’s pen,’ Isa. 8:1.”—M. R. Vincent, Vincent’s Word Studies (Escondido, CA: Ephesians Four Group, 2002), Rev. 13:18.

¹⁰⁹ Ibid.

¹¹⁰ E. W. Bullinger, Number in Scripture: Its Supernatural Design and Spiritual Significance (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1967), 48-49.

¹¹¹ Bullinger explores the relationship between the name of the character stigma and the mark of this passage: “The number 6 was stamped on the old mysteries. The great secret symbol consisted of the three letters SSS, because the letter S in the Greek alphabet was the symbol of the figure 6 . . . α = 1, β = 2, γ = 3, δ = 4, ε = 5, but when it came to 6, another letter was introduced! Not the next—the sixth letter (ζ, zeta)—but a different letter, a peculiar form of S, called “stigma.” Now the word στίγμα [stigma] , means a mark, but especially a mark made by a brand as burnt upon slaves, cattle, or soldiers, by their owners or masters; or on devotees who thus branded themselves as belonging to their gods. It is from στίζω [stizō] , to prick, or brand with a hot iron. Hence it came to be used of scars or wound-prints, and it is thus used by Paul of his scars, which he regarded as the tokens of his sufferings, the marks which he bore on his body for the sake of his Lord and Master, and marking him as belonging to the one who had bought him (Gal. 6:17).”—Ibid., 283.

¹¹² “The expression of this number, Χ ξ ςˊ consists of the initial and final letters of the word χριστός [christos] , christ, viz., χ and ςˊ with the symbol of the serpent between them, χ-ξ-ςˊ.”—Bullinger, Number in Scripture: Its Supernatural Design and Spiritual Significance, 49.

¹¹³ Bullinger mentions several interesting properties associated with this value: “It is remarkable that the Romans did not use all the letters of their alphabet, as did the Hebrews and Greeks. They used only six letters, D, C, L, X, V, and I. And it is still more remarkable, and perhaps significant, that the sum of these amounts to 666: 1. D = 500; 2. C = 100; 3. L = 50; 4. X = 10; 5. V = 5; 6. I = 1.”—Ibid., 284. “The number 666 has another remarkable property. It is further marked as the concentration and essence of 6 by being the sum of all the numbers which make up the square of six! The square of six is 36 (6², or 6 x 6), and the sum of the numbers 1 to 36 [36 factorial] = 666, i.e., 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10 + 11 + 12 + 13 + 14 + 15 + 16 + 17 + 18 + 19 + 20 + 21 + 22 + 23 + 24 + 25 + 26 + 27 + 28 + 29 + 30 + 31 + 32 + 33 + 34 + 35 + 36 = 666.”—Ibid., 286.

¹¹⁴ “The only textual issue that we are concerned with is the correct reading of Revelation 13:18+, και ὁ ἀριθμὸ αὐτοὺ ἑξακοσιοι ἑξήκοντα ἕξ [kai ho arithmo autou hexakosioi hexēkonta hex] , ‘and his number is six hundred and sixty-six.’ This is the reading of Sinaiticus (א), Alexandrinus (A), Chester Beatty papyrus (p⁴⁷), many Italic manuscripts (it), the Vulgate (Vg), and most other manuscripts including the Syrian (syr) and Coptic (cop). The Italic manuscript (it) has τεσσερακοντα [tesserakonta] , ‘forty’ instead of ἑξήκοντα [hexēkonta] , ‘sixty.’ This is probably due to a scribal error confusing Revelation 14:1+ with 13:18+. This reading does not appear until the ninth century. Of more concern is the δεκα [deka] ‘ten’ of Ephraemi Rescriptus (ca. fifth century) and the Italic manuscript Harleianus Londiniensis (itz, eighth century). Irenaeus was aware of this textual variant but roundly condemned it as misleading. This strong testimony from Irenaeus and the late nature of the variant reading lend confidence that 666, not 646 or 616, is the correct reading.”—Harless, “666: The Beast and His Mark in Revelation 13,” 337.

¹¹⁵ “Instead of ἑξήκοντα [hexēkonta] , which is strongly supported by P⁴⁷ א A P 046 051 all extant minuscules itgig gv syrph, h copsa, bo arm al, δέκα [deka] is read by C some manuscripts known to Irenaeus . . . and Tyconiuspt. According to Tishendorf’s 8th ed., the numeral 616 was also read by two minuscule manuscripts that unfortunately are no longer extant . . . When Greek letters are used as numerals the difference between 666 and 616 is merely a change from ξ to ι (666 = χξςˊ and 616 = χιςˊ. Perhaps this change was intentional, seeing that the Greek form Nero Caesar written in Hebrew characters (נרון קסר [nrwn qsr] ) is equivalent to 666, whereas the Latin form of Nero Caesar [in Hebrew] (נרו קסר [nrw qsr] is equivalent to 616.”—Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament (Stuttgart, Germany: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1994), Rev. 13:18.

¹¹⁶ Roberts, Ante-Nicene Fathers Vol. I, s.v. “ECF 1.1.7.1.5.31.”

¹¹⁷ Ibid., s.v. “ECF 1.1.7.1.5.30.”

¹¹⁸ Harless, “666: The Beast and His Mark in Revelation 13,” 343-344.

¹¹⁹ Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ, s.v. “666 False Trinity.”

¹²⁰ “Many . . . take the view that the number 666 represents man’s falling short of perfection. . . . No Greek article appears before the word ‘man,’ so one could render the statement, ‘it is the number of man.’ ”—Wong, “The Beast From The Sea in Revelation 13,” 338n2.

¹²¹ Ibid., 337n2.

¹²² We are not suggesting it is likely that he will remain for such great periods beyond our day, merely recognizing the Scriptural possibility.

¹²³ Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, 138.

¹²⁴ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 13:18.

3.12 - Revelation 12

3.12.1 - Revelation 12:1 Open Bible at Rev. 12:1 Listen to Rev. 12:1

The scene which John is shown next is an extension of what has preceded. In the previous chapter, Revelation 11, John was shown two witnesses who prophesied and tormented the whole world and were eventually killed in Jerusalem. The character of their ministry is that of Jewish OT prophets and their connection with Jerusalem emphasizes their probable Jewishness. It is our view that one of their ministries is to act as witnesses in a way which is especially effective at reaching unbelieving Jews and so contribute toward the spiritual restoration of Israel prophesied elsewhere in Scripture (Jer. 31:34-37; Eze. 37; Rom. 11:25-27).

Now, the scene shifts to a series of signs which depict a woman struggling against her adversary, the dragon. This too is a Jewish scene, but with aspects which range all the way back to man’s Fall in the Garden of Eden and the subsequent promise of a redeemer. The signs which John sees in heaven portray events which have happened and will happen on the earth.

a great sign

Sign is σημεῖον [sēmeion] , from the same root word translated signified in Revelation 1:1. It indicates that what John sees is symbolic or figurative of the reality being conveyed. This is not a real woman in the heavens standing literally on the moon! Rather, the elements which John sees signify truths which are not directly stated in the text, but which are conveyed by the symbolism. “A picture is worth a thousand words.” In this case, the symbolism is drawn entirely from the OT—as one might expect since all revelation is given by the same Holy Spirit.

And the fact that we are here told that this is a sign, goes far to prove that the Apocalypse in general is to be taken literally, except where indication to the contrary is given. It would be quite superfluous to tell us that this thing is a sign, and that certain things mean certain other things, except upon the assumption that whatever is not so labelled is to be taken just as it reads, . . . But, whatever else is literal in this book, the case of this woman is not.¹

See Interpreting Symbols. See commentary on Revelation 1:1.

a woman

John is introduced to a woman. She is one of a number of women found in Scripture. Within this book alone, we find four important women:

Jezebel of Thyatira typifies the apostate church, which is not taken in the Rapture, but contributes to The Great Harlot. See commentary on Revelation 2:20, Jezebel.

The woman before us in Revelation 12+ who struggles to give birth and then flees from the dragon to the wilderness.

The woman of Revelation 17+ who is said to be a “great Harlot” (Rev. 17:1+). See commentary on Revelation 17:1, see The Great Harlot.

The bride (Rev. 19:7+; 21:2+, 9+; 22:17+).

Each of these women symbolizes a spiritual system or development of importance from the perspective of God. Although the symbolism must not be missed, neither should it be overemphasized because the symbols also speak of real people who participate or contribute to each system of development in real history. So although the symbols which these women represent may span more than an individual lifetime, at any given time in history, the women consist of a portion of the human population. And so it will be with the woman before us here. She denotes a spiritual development spanning back to Eve, but also a specific group of individuals who make up that development at the time of the end, when she flees for 1260 days (Rev. 12:6+).

There are two main errors which consistently arise in interpretations of this chapter. We hope to avoid both:

Pagan Symbolism - Many commentators attribute the symbolism in this chapter to pagan sources. The significance of the woman, and the attendant sun and moon, is thought to be found by searching out vague similarities from pagan mythologies. But such an approach has several shortcomings. First, it assumes that God subjected the correct understanding of His inspired revelation to a dependence upon uninspired and blasphemous writings of those who do not know Him. Second, it ignores the many evidences that suggest just the opposite: that pagan mythology is dependant upon God’s inspired revelation—serving up a vague distorted echo of the truth (e.g., the heel of Achilles, Gen. 3:15). See Searching Pagan Mythology.

The Church is Everywhere - Among those commentators which manage to steer clear of interpreting this woman from a background of pagan sources, another error beckons: that of pouring the Church into every passage of Scripture from the beginning of Genesis through the end of Revelation and everywhere in between. Clear clues in the text which preclude an interpretation of the woman as the Church are ignored in favor of a preunderstanding that since this woman appears to be glorious, she must denote the “Church Triumphant!” But this view runs roughshod over the many interpretive clues in the text before us: “By far the majority interpretation is that the woman is ‘the church’ which is entirely unsatisfactory and ignores all sorts of basic interpretive cues: (1) Christ birthed the church (Mat. 16:18), not the other way around. (2) The sun/moon/stars have a direct corollary in Joseph’s dream (Gen. 37:9). Sun = Joseph’s Father (Jacob), moon = Jacob’s mother, 11 stars = brothers (12 stars meaning all twelve tribes). Hence a strong reference to Israel. (3) The reference to ‘clothed with the sun’ and ‘the moon under her feet’ refer to many passages which declare that the promises made to Israel (especially for a Davidic ruler and the continuation of the nation) can be thwarted only if the sun and moon can be made to cease from before God (Ps. 89:35-37; Jer. 31:36). Hence the reference is to the permanence of Israel and its promises in the mind of God as evidenced by His oaths involving the sun and moon. (4) The woman travails to give birth to the man-child (singular, male) who is caught-up. This would seem a clear allusion to the promise of the seed of the woman (Gen. 3:15) and the man-child is obviously Christ and not [the Rapture of] the church.”²

As we shall see as we proceed through the chapter, the woman is best understood as representing Israel, but with elements which reflect the role of Mary and which stretch back all the way to Eve and the promise of a redeemer (Gen. 3:15). This harmonizes with the gospels which present both aspects of Messiah: his Jewish (Abrahamic) genealogy (Mat. 1:1) and his human (Adamic) genealogy (Luke 3:23). See Four Gospels. To capture all that is related concerning the woman, she must be seen as representing an historic development within God’s overall plan which:

Originated with the promise of a redeemer to Eve (Gen. 3:15).

Led to the creation of the nation of Israel through whom the redeemer would come (Isa. 7:14; 9:6-7; Mic. 5:2; Rom. 9:5).

Found partial fulfillment in His First Coming by virgin birth from Mary (Isa. 7:14; Mat. 1:25; Luke 1:34).

Finds ultimate fulfillment in His Second Coming to establish the Millennial Kingdom and to rule in the line of King David of Israel (Isa. 9:7; Jer. 23:5; 30:9; Amos 9:11; Zec. 6:12-13; Luke 1:32-33; Acts 1:6; Rev. 20:4+). It is this aspect, often overlooked, which explains the continued persecution of the woman after having birthed the Man Child.

That Israel will play a key role in the end-time drama is not surprising. The seventieth week of Daniel’s prophecy (the Tribulation) will primarily concern Israel, just as the first sixty-nine did (cf. Dan. 9:24-27). Israel’s presence in the end times is consistent with God’s emphatic promises of her continued existence as a nation . . . (Jer. 31:35-37; cf. 33:20-26; 46:28; Amos 9:8).³

3.12.1.1 - A Virgin and a Harlot

In contrast to The Great Harlot of Revelation 17+ who embodies the very origins of harlotry and blasphemy (also stretching back in history), as the deliverer of the redeemer she represents the development of God’s ultimate solution to the problem of the Harlot. A comparison of this woman with The Great Harlot is instructive:

Two Women Compared

Woman with Sun and Moon | Woman who Rides the Beast
Clothed with the sun (Rev. 12:1+). | Clothed with purple and scarlet (Rev. 17:4+).
A virgin (Isa. 7:14; Mat. 1:25; Luke 1:34-35). | A fornicator (Rev. 17:4+).
In pain (Rev. 12:2+). | At ease, drunk (Rev. 17:4+, 6+; 18:7+).
Stands (Rev. 12:1+). | Sits (Rev. 17:3+, 9+, 15+).
Supported by moon (Rev. 12:1+). | Supported by beast (Rev. 17:3+).
Head crowned (Rev. 12:1+). | Head marked as harlot (Rev. 17:5+).
Persecuted by dragon (Rev. 12:4+, 13+). | Rides beast empowered by dragon (Rev. 13:1-4+; 17:3+).
Flees to wilderness (Rev. 12:6+, 14+). | Seen from the wilderness (Rev. 17:3+).
Associated with Jerusalem (Rev. 12:5+ cf. Rev. 11:8+). | Associated with Babylon (Rev. 17:5+, 18+).

clothed with the sun

Clothed is περιβεβλημένη [peribeblēmenē] , a perfect tense participle: having been clothed, “cast around, wrapped in.”⁴ When John saw her, she had already been clothed by God and enjoyed the protection afforded by her clothing (Isa. 61:10).

Her being clothed with the sun is often the departure point for grand speculative expositions which interpret the woman as the church or specifically as Mary, the mother of Christ.⁵ It is also a frequent point of departure to search pagan writings for an understanding of her interpretation. One of the problems with such an approach is that the sun is employed as a symbol in many different ways in many different writings. The key to understanding the contribution of the sun to the identity of the woman is found by examining the way the sun is used within Scripture.

First, it should be noted that a primary function of clothing is to provide shelter and protection from external elements.

Thus says the Lord GOD to Jerusalem: “Your birth and your nativity are from the land of Canaan; your father was an Amorite and your mother a Hittite. As for your nativity, on the day you were born your navel cord was not cut, nor were you washed in water to cleanse you you were not rubbed with salt nor wrapped in swaddling cloths. No eye pitied you, to do any of these things for you, to have compassion on you; but you were thrown out into the open field, when you yourself were loathed on the day you were born. And when I passed by you and saw you struggling in your own blood, I said to you in your blood, ‘Live!’ Yes, I said to you in your blood, ‘Live!’ I made you thrive like a plant in the field; and you grew, matured, and became very beautiful. Your breasts were formed, your hair grew, but you were naked and bare. When I passed by you again and looked upon you, indeed your time was the time of love; so I spread My wing over you and covered your nakedness. Yes, I swore an oath to you and entered into a covenant with you, and you became Mine,” says the Lord GOD. “Then I washed you in water; yes, I thoroughly washed off your blood, and I anointed you with oil. I clothed you in embroidered cloth and gave you sandals of badger skin; I clothed you with fine linen and covered you with silk.” Eze. 16:3-10 [emphasis added]

Whatever the sun represents, it protects the woman in some way. “For the LORD God is a sun and shield” (Ps. 84:11a). When we examine the Scriptural use of the sun, we find both the sun and the moon often appear together as a dual witness. When God created the sun and moon, He said they would be “for signs and seasons, and for days and years” (Gen. 1:14). Most of us can readily understand how the sun is for “seasons, and for days and years,” but in what way is the sun “for signs?”

The word for sign here is אוֹת [ʾôṯ] which indicates a token or mark, something designed as a memorial, to bring to remembrance.⁶ It is the same word which describes Cain’s mark (Gen. 4:15), the sign of the rainbow (a memorial of God’s covenant with Noah, Gen. 9:12), the sign of circumcision (a memorial of the Abrahamic covenant), the sign of the Passover (a memorial of the Exodus, Ex. 13:9), and the sign of the Sabbath (a memorial of the Mosaic covenant, Ex. 31:13). Thus, one function of the sun was to be used as a reminder in various ways. We’ve already seen one such use of the sun in our study of Revelation because God promised there would be signs in the sun and the moon at the time of the end (see commentary on Revelation 6:12). We also know that there was a great sign via the sun when Jesus was crucified (Luke 23:45). Perhaps some of the signs of the sun in the time of the end are intended to bring the crucifixion to mind?

There is another way in which the sun serves as a sign, along with the moon. God uses the sun and the moon as dual witnesses to important promises He has made, much in the same way that He swears by heaven and earth.⁷ Of particular interest to our passage, God has said that both sun and moon will be witnesses (signs) of His unconditional promise to preserve the nation Israel:

Thus says the LORD, Who gives the sun for a light by day, the ordinances of the moon and the stars for a light by night, Who disturbs the sea, and its waves roar (The LORD of hosts is His name): “If those ordinances depart from before Me, says the LORD, then the seed of Israel shall also cease from being a nation before Me forever.” Thus says the LORD: “If heaven above can be measured, and the foundations of the earth searched out beneath, I will also cast off all the seed of Israel for all that they have done,” says the LORD. (Jer. 31:35-37) [emphasis added]

In relation to the events which transpire in Revelation 11+ concerning the two witnesses, we note that the promise to preserve the nation Israel is found in the context of His promise to regenerate the nation—the only explicit mention of the New Covenant in the OT. This promise given through Jeremiah is essentially restated in the words of Paul: “I say then, has God cast away His people? Certainly not! For I also am an Israelite, of the seed of Abraham, of the tribe of Benjamin” (Rom. 11:1).

Let the reader and the nations of the world take note! The Jews will continue as a people so long as the sun and moon remain visible in the sky! If the enemies of Israel understood the full impact of this verse, they would immediately reprogram their missiles for a new target: they must first take out the sun and moon before they will be able to wipe out the physical seed of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob!

The sun and moon not only witness of His promise to preserve the nation, but also His promise that the throne of David shall continue before Him and that there will be Levites to minister to Him:

Once I have sworn by My holiness; I will not lie to David: his seed shall endure forever, and his throne as the sun before Me; it shall be established forever like the moon, even like the faithful witness in the sky. Selah (Ps. 89:35-37)

Thus says the LORD: ‘If you can break My covenant with the day and My covenant with the night, so that there will not be day and night in their season, then My covenant may also be broken with David My servant, so that he shall not have a son to reign on his throne, and with the Levites, the priests, My ministers. As the host of heaven cannot be numbered, nor the sand of the sea measured, so will I multiply the descendants of David My servant and the Levites who minister to Me.’ (Jer. 33:20-23a)

As we have seen, Jesus is not now seated on the throne of David, an earthly throne centered in Jerusalem. These promises are important to grasp because they are key to understanding why the dragon continues to persecute the woman, even after she successfully brings forth the Man Child Who then accomplishes the crucifixion and resurrected. For what purpose could the dragon have in pursuing the woman beyond the victory of Messiah at the cross? The answer is found in understanding that God’s purposes include elements which go beyond the crucifixion, but include promises and themes which are intimately connected with the Second Coming when Christ returns to earth to establish His millennial reign. See commentary on Revelation 3:21. See The Arrival of God’s Kingdom.

The promise that Israel will always exist is a key motivator behind the doctrine of the faithful remnant of Jewish believers which stretches throughout Scripture. It is part and parcel of the sealing of the 144,000 in Revelation 7:4+. See commentary on Revelation 7:4.

with the moon under her feet

The emphasis in relation to the moon under her feet is not so much standing upon, as in trampling or having authority over, but being supported. She is clothed (sheltered) by the sun and standing (supported by) the moon. Her position is sure. (See commentary above concerning the promises of God to Israel witnessed by the sun and the moon.)

a garland of twelve stars

Garland is στέφανος [stephanos] . See Crowns. Here we are given another evidence concerning the identification of this woman. What do these stars represent? Earlier we saw that stars represented angels of the churches (Rev. 1:20+). But they were only seven in number, not twelve. At times, stars also represent angels (Job 38:7; Rev. 9:1+; (4). Yet here the stars are not in isolation, but found with the sun and moon. This clearly is an allusion to Joseph’s dream which mentions the sun, moon, and stars:

Then he dreamed still another dream and told it to his brothers, and said, “Look, I have dreamed another dream. And this time, the sun, the moon, and the eleven stars bowed down to me.” So he told it to his father and his brothers; and his father rebuked him and said to him, “What is this dream that you have dreamed? Shall your mother and I and your brothers indeed come to bow down to the earth before you?” (Gen. 37:9-10) [emphasis added]

The sun represents his father Jacob, the moon represents Leah,⁸ and the eleven stars represent his eleven brothers. When we include Joseph as an additional star, we have our sun, moon, and twelve stars. This is perhaps the most important aspect of the identification of the woman: the twelve stars are to be understood in the sense of the gates (tribes) rather than the foundations (apostles—representing the church) of the New Jerusalem (Rev. 21:12+). See Twelve: Jewish Tribes, Completeness.

3.12.2 - Revelation 12:2 Open Bible at Rev. 12:2 Listen to Rev. 12:2

being with child

ἐν γαστρὶ ἔχουσα [en gastri echousa] , in the womb having. Something we should immediately notice about this entire vision is the lack of any mention of a father. This is most uncharacteristic of a Jewish writing dealing with genealogy (cf. Mat. 1:1; Luke 3:23). The lack of a father is significant and, when combined with the rest of Scripture (Isa. 7:14; Luke 1:34), points strongly toward the virgin birth. Another point which is critical that we understand: the woman produces the child and not the other way around! How often commentators stumble over this simple point! If we keep in mind that the woman is the source of the child, then we avoid all sorts of confusion as to the identity of the woman in relation to the child. She is the mother of the child and not his offspring!

cried out in labor

κράζει [krazei] , present tense, the woman was in the midst of birth pangs at the time John saw her. Although Scripture is replete with instances of women experiencing birth pangs, this is one instance where the pain is both symbolic and literal for it finds its fulfillment in the virgin birth of Christ by Mary. Yet there is more.

Remember that the book we have before us is one of two bookends of Scripture, and that many of the themes from the beginning of creation (Gen. 1) are to be brought to consummation in the eternal state (Rev. 22+). When we consider the woman in labor from the perspective of the grand scheme of Scripture, we think immediately of the curse. For it is at the curse, God’s response to The Fall of mankind, where we see the first mention of both childbirth and labor pain:

And the LORD God said to the woman, “What is this you have done?” The woman said, “The serpent deceived me, and I ate.” So the LORD God said to the serpent: “Because you have done this, you are cursed more than all cattle, and more than every beast of the field; on your belly you shall go, and you shall eat dust All the days of your life. And I will put enmity Between you and the woman, and between your seed and her Seed; He shall bruise your head, and you shall bruise His heel.” To the woman He said: “I will greatly multiply your sorrow and your conception; in pain you shall bring forth children; your desire shall be for your husband, and he shall rule over you.” (Gen. 3:13-16)

Notice several elements of this most important passage and their correlation with the chapter before us:

A woman and the serpent.

Enmity between the woman and the serpent.

Conflict between her offspring and the serpent.

Childbirth (first mention in Genesis).

The woman will experience labor pains.

The ties between the curse brought about by The Fall and the events of the chapter before us are undeniable!⁹

Here we see the Eve/Mary aspect of the symbolism of the woman. For Eve received the initial promise that a redeemer would come by the seed of a woman.¹⁰ Thus is the genius of God: through the same vessel by which mankind fell would the redeemer of mankind come forth! The woman was first to eat of the forbidden fruit, but she would have the ultimate honor of producing the Fruit which would crush the head of the serpent!¹¹ This promise of a redeemer must be seen as a backdrop for all Biblical history which flows forward from this point. It must never be forgotten or overlooked. In all the subsequent births, deaths, covenants, kingdoms, and promises, this central promise of the redeeming seed through woman is paramount in God’s plan. This, and nothing less, is what is set before us in this chapter of John’s vision.

We find another woman in Scripture who is in labor. Unlike this woman, she gives birth before her labor pain came. “Before she was in labor, she gave birth; before her pain came, she delivered a male child” (Isa. 66:7). This speaks of the suddenness of the establishment of the Jewish nation prior to the Millennium (cf. Mic. 5:3-5; Mat. 24:8):

The people and their land will be reborn in a day (Rom. 11:26), suddenly at the Messiah’s coming (Zec. 12:10-13:1), unaccompanied by travail pains (Isa. 54:1, 4-5). . . . The figure of the male child comprehends the spiritually regenerated nation, the many sons being viewed as one under the returning Messiah, who will then be manifested as their one representative Head. . . . Will the LORD begin and not finish His work of restoring Israel?¹²

While it has been customary for commentators to view this as the church (spiritual Israel) quickly springing up and spreading across the world, it should rather be viewed as converted Israel who will come to faith during the Tribulation Period and quickly spread the message of the gospel around the world.¹³

Thus, the labor of our woman precedes and differs from the woman of Isaiah 66. Our woman has been in labor for long ages. She labored from the first promise to Eve until its culmination in the virgin Mary:

But when the fullness of the time had come, God sent forth His Son, born of a woman, born under the law, to redeem those who were under the law, that we might receive the adoption as sons. (Gal. 4:4-5)

No matter how definite the text before us, there will always be some who avoid the obvious in favor of another interpretation. Thus it is with those who attempt to make the woman the Church, totally reversing the symbolism of the text which indicates that she gives birth to Christ and not the other way around:

Israel, not the Church, gave birth to Christ (Rom. 9; Mic. 5; Isa. 9:6; Heb. 7:14). In no possible sense did the Church do so. Seiss, generally very helpful, most strenuously asserts the Woman to be “the Church Universal”—whom he calls “the Mother of us all,” etc. But this is a Romish relict, nothing else. The “church of all ages” is a pleasant theological dream, wholly unscriptural. No wonder Mr Seiss proceeds to call the Child “the whole regenerated purchase of the Savior’s blood,” though how the Mother and the Child can be thus the same company, even the author’s utmost vehemence fails to convince you! [Seiss: Lectures 26 and 28]¹⁴

3.12.3 - Revelation 12:3 Open Bible at Rev. 12:3 Listen to Rev. 12:3

another sign appeared in heaven

Like the woman clothed with the sun and the moon under her feet, a second sign is introduced. These two signs are meant to find juxtaposition and highlight the contest between God’s promise to the woman and the intention of the dragon to undermine God’s work.

fiery red dragon

Red is πυρρὸς [pyrros] meaning fiery red, like the horse which rode forth at the loosing of the second seal (Rev. 6:4+). The color speaks of blood and destruction.

With what carnage and misery has he overflooded the earth! There has never been a murder, but he caused it. There has never been a sanguinary war, but he instituted it. There has never been a death scene, but it is traceable to him. Every blight of human happiness, every failure of human peace, every sorrow of human life, has come from him. All the fiery passions that rankle in men, and break forth in deeds of violence and blood, are his inspirations.¹⁵

The dragon is a key player in the events of the end time. He is explained to be “that serpent of old, called the Devil and Satan” (Rev. 12:9b+). It is the dragon who gives the beast his power, throne, and great authority (Rev. 13:2+) and receives worship along with the beast (Rev. 13:4+). His words are those spoken by the False Prophet (Rev. 13:11+). Later, a demonic spirit comes forth from the mouth of the dragon to lead the kings of the earth to the Campaign of Armageddon (Rev. 16:13+). Although he works intensely during the period of the end (Rev. 12:12+), he is unable to prevail and is eventually cast into the bottomless pit (Rev. 20:2+). The dragon is known by several names:

Five names are given to Satan, all describing his person and his work. In the great dragon, his fierceness and ferociousness is seen. The old serpent points back to the Garden of Eden . . . In the word devil [diabolos], Satan is viewed as the accuser of all of God’s children. Satan means adversary and in this he is seen as the opponent to God’s program. As the deceiver, he is pointed out as the great master counterfeiter who attempts to deceive the elect and non-elect alike.¹⁶

Professor Milligan says: “In these words [‘devour,’ Rev. 12:5+] we have the dragon doing what Pharaoh did to Israel (Ex. 1:15-22), and again and again, in the Psalms and the Prophets, Pharaoh is spoken of as `the dragon’ (Ps. 74:13; Isa. 27:1; 51:9; Eze. 29:3). Nor is it without interest to remember that Pharaoh’s crown was wreathed with a dragon (the asp or serpent of Egypt), and that just as the eagle was the ensign of Rome, so the dragon was that of Egypt. Hence, the significance of Moses’ rod being turned into a serpent.”¹⁷

See #15 - Dragon.

seven heads and ten horns

Some see the seven heads and ten horns as representing the original ten kings of the time of the end, three of which are overcome by the little horn leaving seven (Dan. 7:8).¹⁸ We believe it is better to understand the heads and horns as representing different entities rather than different numbers (phases) of the same group of kings. We believe the seven heads represent seven sequential kingdoms of history while the ten horns represent the ten contemporaneous kings which emerge from the final kingdom (Dan. 7:7). See Beasts, Heads, and Horns.

The Dragon with Seven Heads

The Dragon with Seven Heads¹⁹

Albrecht Durer’s woodcut above, as beautiful and devotional as it is, fails to convey an important detail of the image seen by John: the placement of the ten horns in relation to the seven heads. Although Scripture gives no explicit indication of their arrangement, a study of related passages indicates that all ten horns are found on one head—the seventh, or last, head.“If the seven heads stand for seven successive world empires, the ten horns must be on the seventh head to agree with Daniel’s placement of the ten horns at the time of the end (Dan. 7:24).”²⁰ See #4 - Seven Heads/Kings. See #22 - Ten Horns/Kings.

seven diadems on his heads

Some believe diadem speaks of royalty whereas stephanos a victor. But this may be an oversimplification as these terms are not technical terms, but have an emphasis defined by the context. See Crowns. Here, the seven diadems denote seven kings and seven historic kingdoms. See #4 - Seven Heads/Kings. The ten horns upon the seventh head also wear ten crowns (Rev. 13:1+). See #22 - Ten Horns/Kings. These are the kingdoms which were delivered to Satan and through which he has dominated earthly history:

Then the devil, taking Him up on a high mountain, showed Him all the kingdoms of the world in a moment of time. And the devil said to Him, “All this authority I will give You, and their glory; for this has been delivered to me, and I give it to whomever I wish. Therefore, if You will worship before me, all will be Yours.” (Luke 4:5-7)

At the time of the end, he shares this authority with the Beast who also has these seven heads (Rev. 13:1+).

3.12.4 - Revelation 12:4 Open Bible at Rev. 12:4 Listen to Rev. 12:4

his tail drew

Drew is σύρει [syrei] : “To drag, pull, draw . . . in catching fish,”²¹ “as moving someone or something along by force.”²² He exhibited considerable influence over the stars with his tail. He was key in their rebellion. This is not his final casting out, but his original fall in sin and corruption of a portion of the heavenly host (Isa. 14:12; Eze. 28:14). This occurred early in God’s created order, prior to the temptation of Eve in the Garden of Eden (Gen. 3:1-5).

a third of the stars of heaven

Stars refer to the angels (messengers or leaders) of the churches (Rev. 1:20+). They also refer to angels (Job 38:7; Rev. 9:1+; (4). Here, they refer to angels which followed the dragon in his rejection of God and fall into sin (Isa. 14:12; Eze. 28:15). They are “his angels” (Rev. 12:7+, 9+). Since there is an innumerable host of angels (see commentary on Revelation 5:11), one-third of such a vast number is countless. Those angels which remained in heaven are God’s elect (1Ti. 5:21).

threw them to the earth

Fallen angels (demons) were on the earth well in advance of Christ’s advent (Gen. 6:2-4; 1K. 22:22-23; 2Chr. 18:21-22). See commentary on Revelation 9:1.

woman who was ready to give birth

The promised birth witnessed by the law and the prophets (Gen. 3:15; Isa. 7:14; 9:6-7) was about to find fulfillment (Mat. 1:20; Luke 1:34). See commentary on Revelation 12:2.

to devour her child

As God had prophesied, there was established ongoing enmity between the seed of the woman and the seed of the serpent (Gen. 3:15). This is born out in the lengthy pattern throughout history of attempts to destroy the line leading from Adam—through Abraham—to bring forth the promised Lion from the tribe of Judah (Gen. 49:10). See diagram and commentary at Revelation 5:5.

Historic evidence of Satan’s attempt to thwart the Messianic promise is abundant: Cain’s murder of Abel (Gen. 4:8); the pollution of the offspring of men by the “sons of God” with the “daughters of men” (Gen. 6:2-4);²³ Pharaoh’s attempt to kill all male Hebrews (Ex. 1:16, 22; Acts 7:19); Haman’s attempt to wipe out the Jews (Est. 3:6); Athaliah, Ahaziah’s mother, attempts to wipe out all the royal heirs of Judah (2Chr. 22:10); Herod’s slaughter of the babes in his attempt to murder Jesus (Mat. 2:16). “The most direct attempt was, of course, in the crucifixion of Christ.”²⁴ The importance of the line leading to the Messiah is also seen in God’s supernatural intervention to allow Sarah to conceive in her old age (Heb. 11:11).

Ultimately, the seed of the serpent did in fact bruise the heel of the redeemer—at His crucifixion (John 8:44). Yet this “victory” of the serpent resulted ultimately in the bruising of his own head (Gen. 3:15). For the child overcame death and was ultimately caught up to God (see commentary on Revelation 12:5).

as soon as it was born

Although the serpent stood before the woman over an extended period of time, he made one last attempt when the child was first born. Through Herod, the serpent ordered the slaughter of all male children in Bethlehem and its districts who were two years old and under (Mat. 2:16).

3.12.5 - Revelation 12:5 Open Bible at Rev. 12:5 Listen to Rev. 12:5

a male child who was to rule with a rod of iron

To rule is Ποιμαίνειν [Poimainein] : “Herd, tend, (lead to) pasture.”²⁵ Elsewhere, it is translated as feed (Luke 17:7; John 21:16; Acts 20:28; 1Cor. 9:7; 1Pe. 5:2; Jude 1:12), but also rule (Mat. 2:6; Rev. 2:27+; 7:17+; 12:5+; 19:15+). Ruling, but in the sense of leading, guiding, protecting, as a shepherd.²⁶ A related noun, ποιμεν [poimen] is translated by pastor (Eph. 4:1) and shepherd (Mat. 9:36; 25:32; 26:31; Mark 6:34; 14:27; Luke 2:8, 15-20; John 10:2, 11-16; Heb. 13:20; 1Pe. 2:25).

A rod of iron alludes to Psalm 2 which makes clear that the initial form of His rule will be violent. “They shall be dashed to pieces like the potter’s vessels” (Ps. 2:8 cf. Rev. 2:27+; 19:15+). His rule with the rod extends through those who will co-rule with him. “Scripture clearly shows that Christ (Ps. 2:8), the man child (Rev. 12:5+), the church saints (Rev. 2:26-27+), the tribulation saints (Rev. 20:4-6+), and indeed all the saints (Ps. 149:6-9) are to so rule.”²⁷ The certainty of the rule of Christ and His kingdom was set forth in the sounding of the seventh trumpet (Rev. 11:15-18+). See The Arrival of God’s Kingdom. See commentary on Revelation 2:27 and Revelation 11:15.

caught up

Ἡρπασθη [Hērpasthē] : “Take suddenly and vehemently, or take away in the sense of . . . steal, carry off drag away.”²⁸ The same root describes how the violent take the kingdom by force (Mat. 11:12). It describes how the “wicked one comes and snatches away what was sown” (Mat. 13:19). The term is used to describe physical transportation by the power of the Holy Spirit: Philip is caught away from the sight of the Ethiopian eunuch and is later found in Azotus (Acts 8:39); Paul was caught up to the third heaven (2Cor. 12:2); and the church will be caught up with the dead in Christ to meet the Lord at the Rapture (1Th. 4:17).

Here it is passive—an external agent (the Father) catches the child away. The same passive aspect is seen in Luke’s detailed record of the event which employs a passive verb and participle to describe the ascension:

Now when He had spoken these things, while they watched, He was taken up (ἐπήρθη [epērthē] ), and a cloud received Him out of their sight. And while they looked steadfastly toward heaven as He went up, behold, two men stood by them in white apparel, who also said, “Men of Galilee, why do you stand gazing up into heaven? This same Jesus, who was taken up (ἀναλημφθεὶς [analēmphtheis] ) from you into heaven, will so come in like manner as you saw Him go into heaven.” (Acts 1:9-11) [emphasis added]

The child ascends and remains until the time of restoration predicted by the prophets.

Repent therefore and be converted, that your sins may be blotted out, so that times of refreshing may come from the presence of the Lord, and that He may send Jesus Christ, who was preached to you before, whom heaven must receive until the times of restoration of all things, which God has spoken by the mouth of all His holy prophets since the world began. (Acts 3:19-21)

The times of the restoration of all things includes the regeneration (Mat. 19:28) which precedes the promised Millennial Kingdom (Rev. 20:4-6+). See The Arrival of God’s Kingdom.

to God and His throne

Notice that the child is caught up to God’s throne, not His own throne. He remains seated to the right hand of the Father until the time comes for Him to rule from the throne of David on earth (Dan. 7:13-14, 21-22, 26-27; Mat. 25:31; Rev. 3:21+). See commentary on Revelation 3:21.

3.12.6 - Revelation 12:6 Open Bible at Rev. 12:6 Listen to Rev. 12:6

Then the woman fled

The connective, “Then,” indicates a sequence between the catching up of the child and the fleeing of the woman. But are these two events necessarily closely correlated in time? How soon must the flight be to the catching up of the child? Some interpreters relate this flight to that of the Jews from Jerusalem in the destruction by Rome in 70 A.D.²⁹ Yet even that flight was approximately 4 decades after the ascension of Christ. Nor was there any indication of supernatural assistance as this passage describes (Rev. 12:14+). Certainly nothing like the Exodus occurred in relation to the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 A.D. which would allow for the use of similar phraseology involving “wings of a great eagle.”

Here we are faced with one of the characteristics of prophetic passages: events which appear side-by-side in the text can often be separated by long ages. This occurs because the prophetic vision has two characteristics which we need to be aware of. First, the prophets were only shown important highlights of the final development (1Pe. 1:10-11). Second, the full range of history was often collapsed in their view, much as when looking through a telescope. “Somewhat as a picture lacks the dimension of depth, the prophecy often lacks the dimension of time: events appear together on the screen of prophecy which in their fulfillment may be widely separated in time.”³⁰

There are numerous examples of this phenomenon. The First and Second Coming of Christ are juxtaposed in numerous passages (Isa. 61:1-2; Zec. 9:9-10; Mal. 3:1-2; 4:5-6; Luke 4:17-19). Yet history has shown these events to be separated by at least 1900 years. The first and second resurrections are juxtaposed (Dan. 12:2; John 5:28-29), yet they are separated by no less than 1,000 years (Rev. 20:4-6+).

We have a similar sequence before us: The child is caught up and the woman flees. The child was caught up over 1900 years ago and the woman has yet to flee in the sense of this passage.

[When] the woman flees into the wilderness . . . we meet with another, and yet more lengthened parenthesis. Between the ascension of the Man Child and the woman’s flight—yet future—the history of Christianity comes in. The great point to lay hold of is the connection between Christ and Israel, not Christ and the Church, hence the two omitted parenthetic periods: (1) between the birth and ascension; (2) between the ascension and the flight.³¹

This vision next recognizes Jesus’ ascension (Rev. 12:5+), and then takes up Israel’s story as though the Church Age does not intervene, just as Dan 9:26 ignores the same period. The Church Age is the “mystery” of the Old Testament (Rom 11:25; 16:25), and is distinct from Israel’s history.³²

Zechariah saw the same sequence, contiguous in the text, but separated by the age of grace during which the body of Christ preaches the gospel before the focus shifts back again to Israel:

“Awake, O sword, against My Shepherd, against the Man who is My Companion,” says the LORD of hosts. “Strike the Shepherd, and the sheep will be scattered; then I will turn My hand against the little ones. And it shall come to pass in all the land,” says the LORD, “That two-thirds in it shall be cut off and die, but one-third shall be left in it: I will bring the one-third through the fire, will refine them as silver is refined, and test them as gold is tested. They will call on My name, and I will answer them. I will say, ‘This is My people’; and each one will say, ‘The LORD is my God.’ ” (Zec. 13:7-9)

In Zechariah’s passage, the shepherd is struck (the Great Shepherd crucified) and then the sheep are scattered. In the time of testing, only one-third survives. The remainder turn to God in faith. Can this be said of the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70?

The prophecy that two parts . . . shall be cut off and die, but the third shall be left in the land cannot refer contextually to the destruction wrought in Judea during the Jewish War of A.D. 67 to 70. . . . Nor can its sequel regarding the third part that survives the terrible time of judgment by being brought through the fire (Jer. 30:5-7; Mat. 24:13) be reconciled with the facts of history under such an interpretation. The remnant of the Jews who survived the horrors of the Jewish War from A.D. 67 to 70 did not come forth refined as silver is refined and tested as gold is tested, a regenerated and spiritual people. On the contrary, the preponderating majority remained in their unbelief, were scattered worldwide, and to this day have remained in spiritual darkness, with only a very few believing and forming “a remnant according to the election of grace” (Rom. 11:5).³³

Both Zechariah’s passage and this passage refer to the same events of the time of the end. In both contexts, they are related as being immediately after the First Coming (shepherd struck, child caught up) yet an intervening age occurs. The flight of the woman takes place after the final casting out of the dragon (Rev. 12:7-12+). The woman fled because of intense persecution by the dragon (Rev. 12:13-14+).

Although the woman has not yet fled in the sense of this passage (where only 3.5 years exist before the return of Christ, Rev. 12:6+, 14+), the dragon has great enmity toward her on an ongoing basis. For, as we have mentioned, the return of Christ involves the Jews coming to repentance and calling for His return (Mat. 23:39). And the character of His millennial reign upon earth is intensely Jewish, as indicated by a temple standing in Jerusalem. This all reflects the important fact that God is not through with the Jews: they remain an important part of His plan (Rom. 9-11). Therefore, we should expect to see great opposition by the god of this age to the chosen nation. And indeed we do! Is there any one nation which has survived persecution and pogroms as have the Jews? Can one point to any other nation which has a Holocaust like that of the Jews? A Holocaust, which destroyed some six million people, and is even now denied as a ruse by some—a mere six decades after the event, when the piles of shoes, teeth, and hair of the victims may still to be seen?

Even portions of the Church serve as a hireling of the dragon. Large numbers among Christianity deny Israel’s right to the Promised Land and oppose her attempts to defend herself against unreasonable hostility. The same wayward Church denies God’s OT promises which are manifestly for Israel—attempting to rob them for her own purpose and producing a distorted understanding of Scripture in the process.

Although all race-related persecution is of the dragon, he has a special penchant for opposing Israel because she is a key in what remains for God’s program of the end times and beyond. Unless we realize this spiritual reality, we will be forever puzzled by anti-Semitism. How else does one explain the possession of The Temple Mount by Israel, but her inability to ascend there to worship? Or her possession of Jerusalem while the nations of the world, including our own United States, refuse to recognize Jerusalem as her capital? Or what about the countless resolutions of the United Nations condemning Israel and the veritable silence from the same body in regard to hostilities by her enemies? None of this makes logical sense because it has nothing to do with logic! There is a dark spiritual dimension behind anti-Semitism and its cousin, anti-Zionism:

You declare, my friend, that you do not hate the Jews, you are merely “anti-Zionist.” And I say, let the truth ring forth from the high mountain-tops, let it echo through the valleys of God’s green earth: when people criticize Zionism, they mean Jews—this is God’s own truth. . . And what is anti-Zionist? It is the denial to the Jewish people of a fundamental right that we justly claim for the people of Africa and freely accord all other nations of the Globe. It is discrimination against Jews, my friend, because they are Jews. In short, it is anti-Semitism. . . Let my words echo in the depths of your soul: when people criticize Zionism, they mean Jews—make no mistake about it.—Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., cited in Levitt Letter, December 2002, p. 28. [www.levitt.com]

One of the darkest stains on the history of mankind has been the persistent specter of anti-Semitism. Over the centuries the Jews have faced more hatred and persecution than any other people. Much of that suffering was chastisement from God to turn the nation away from their sin and unbelief and back to Him. God repeatedly warned Israel of the consequences of disobedience (cf. Deu. 28:15-68) and punished them when they failed to obey (cf. 2K. 17:7-23). Within the paradigm of God’s sovereign purpose for His people, Israel also has suffered constantly and severely at the hands of Satan, acting as God’s instrument. Unlike God, however, Satan’s purpose in causing the Jewish people to suffer is not remedial, but destructive. He seeks to bring them not to repentance and salvation, but to death and destruction.³⁴

Among the most notable times of Jewish persecution are found the Crusades, the Inquisition, the pogroms of Russia, and the Holocaust. Sadly, the persecution of God’s chosen nation has not yet reached its climax, for Scripture reveals the darkest hour is yet to come.

into the wilderness

The woman flees from the dragon. But where? She flees to the wilderness. Note that her flight is to a place of refuge for a period of 1,260 days (see below). This indirectly tells us when she flees—the precise event which triggers her flight. She flees at the middle of The 70th Week of Daniel when sacrifice and offering is halted and the Temple of God is made desolate:

“Therefore when you see the ‘abomination of desolation,’ spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place” (whoever reads, let him understand), “then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains. Let him who is on the housetop not go down to take anything out of his house. And let him who is in the field not go back to get his clothes. But woe to those who are pregnant and to those who are nursing babies in those days! And pray that your flight may not be in winter or on the Sabbath. For then there will be great tribulation, such as has not been since the beginning of the world until this time, no, nor ever shall be.” (Mat. 24:15-21)

We believe this event occurs just after the Beast overcomes the two witnesses (Rev. 11:7+). See The Final Week. See commentary on Revelation 11:3. When reading Jesus’ words recorded by Matthew, one is immediately struck with the Jewishness of His comments which speak of a “holy place,” “Judea,” and the “Sabbath.” This is no accident! For the words of Jesus in Matthew 24, while of value for all saints of all ages, are of ultimate value to the Jewish saints at the time of the end who reside in Judea and understand the signs of their times. For them, Matthew 24 will not just have a spiritual application, but a real physical application for it is they who will see the abomination set up at the mid-point of the Tribulation and will know to flee.

The urgency of Christ’s command to flee as soon as the abomination of desolation stands in the holy place . . . indicates that they must flee immediately—no opportunity for plane reservations, packing belongings, or anything else. The nearest desert area they can reach will be their only opportunity for survival.³⁵

Her Master gives her with necessary instructions: “let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains.”

Judean Wilderness West of Jericho

Judean Wilderness West of Jericho³⁶

Those who are in Judea will flee eastward to the nearest mountains. Initially, they will probably attain the Judean wilderness westward of Jericho (shown above).“Fleeing first to the ‘mountains’ and then on to the ‘wilderness.’ ”³⁷

In the day of Jacob’s trouble (Jer. 30:7-8), the latter days (Jer. 30:24), prior to Israel’s restoration for the Millennial Kingdom (Jer. 30:9-10) God promises to give a surviving remnant grace in the wilderness. “Thus says the Lord: ‘The people who survived the sword Found grace in the wilderness Israel, when I went to give him rest.’ ” (Jer. 31:2) Those who are in Jerusalem flee to the wilderness. Jews will also undergo purging among the wilderness of the peoples—among the nations where they have been scattered. In the same way that the rebellious of Israel fell in the wilderness and were prevented from entering the Promised Land, so too will the rebellious of Israel in the time of the end perish rather than participate in the promised Millennial Kingdom. ³⁸

“As I live,” says the Lord GOD, “surely with a mighty hand, with an outstretched arm, and with fury poured out, I will rule over you. I will bring you out from the peoples and gather you out of the countries where you are scattered, with a mighty hand, with an outstretched arm, and with fury poured out. And I will bring you into the wilderness of the peoples, and there I will plead My case with you face to face. Just as I pleaded My case with your fathers in the wilderness of the land of Egypt, so I will plead My case with you,” says the Lord GOD. “I will make you pass under the rod, and I will bring you into the bond of the covenant; I will purge the rebels from among you, and those who transgress against Me; I will bring them out of the country where they dwell, but they shall not enter the land of Israel. Then you will know that I am the LORD.” (Eze. 20:33-38)

3.12.6.1 - Sheep in Bozrah

where she has a place

Ὅπυ ἔχει ἐκεῖ τόπον [Hopu echei ekei topon] , where she is having there (a) place. This appears to speak of a specific location within the wilderness, rather than merely fleeing to the wilderness in general. This is “her place” which the eagle takes her to (Rev. 12:14+). It is a specific place which was prepared beforehand by God (Rev. 12:6+).

Does Scripture give any indication where her place might be? Some think not:

Petra, the ruins of an ancient city of Edom carved out of rock and protected by high mountain walls and with a narrow access, has been a suggested location of the “place,” but this is pure speculation. The only stipulation possible is that it is a place of refuge for converted Israel during the last half of the seventieth week.³⁹

While we agree that the precise identification of Petra as the place of refuge is difficult to assert dogmatically, we disagree that it is “pure speculation.” There are numerous passages which pertain to the flight of the remnant and her divine protection in the wilderness. Given the importance of the preservation of a Jewish remnant, we should not be surprised by this. However, many of the passages are obscure and occur within settings which have both a local and a far-future reference and distinguishing between the two can be quite difficult. We offer some of these passages below in the hopes that they will prompt further study of this matter.

In the midst of a passage by Isaiah describing a time of destruction coming upon the people of Moab during which they would court Zion’s favor for refuge, there is a stunning reversal in the scene:

Take counsel, execute judgment; make your shadow like the night in the middle of the day; hide the outcasts, do not betray him who escapes. Let My outcasts dwell with you, O Moab; be a shelter to them from the face [presence cf. Rev. 12:14+] of the spoiler. For the extortioner is at an end, devastation ceases, oppressors are consumed out of the land. In mercy the throne will be established; and One will sit on it in truth, in the tabernacle of David, judging and seeking justice and hastening righteousness. (Isa. 16:3-5) [emphasis added]

Isaiah reverses the context and appeals to Moab for the protection of “My outcasts” (Israel). The context is a time of intense persecution and destruction which is followed by the just reign of Messiah upon the throne of David—the Millennial Kingdom.

Let mine outcasts dwell (sojourn) with thee, Moab (the KJV correctly follows the [Masoretic Text], as over against the LXX, Syriac, and Targum, who render it: “the outcasts of Moab”). . . . The LORD was saying to Moab, through the Spirit of prophecy in Isaiah, “When My people Israel will be outcasts, be a haven to them, hiding them from their persecutors.” Envisioned is that preeminent time of Israel’s trouble, the Great Tribulation . . . under Antichrist, Israel’s supreme “destroyer” (Rev. 12:6+-13:18+). . . . At the height of that persecution of the Jewish remnant, Christ will return in glory to sit upon His throne and judge the nations (Mat. 25:46).⁴⁰

The passage describes the path by which Moab should have sent its tribute of lambs to the king of Israel. “From Sela to the wilderness to the mount of the daughter of Zion Jerusalem” (Isa. 16:1 cf. 2K. 3:4-5). Sela means “Rock” and is understood to be a reference to Petra.⁴¹ Could it be that the path by which the Moabites should have sent lambs from Petra via the wilderness to Jerusalem is to be retraced by the sheep of Israel who are scattered in the time of the end (Zec. 13:7-9)?

This occurs during the time when the Lord is testing those who dwell upon the earth (Rev. 3:10+). During this time, the faithful remnant will be hidden in their chambers—reminiscent to the time of the Passover in Egypt:

Come, my people, enter your chambers, and shut your doors behind you; hide yourself, as it were, for a little moment, until the indignation is past. For behold, the Lord comes out of His place to punish the inhabitants of the earth for their iniquity; the earth will also disclose her blood, and will no more cover her slain. (Isa. 26:20-21)

Daniel informs us that the domain of the Antichrist will have the following exceptions: “He shall also enter the Glorious Land, and many countries shall be overthrown; but these shall escape from his hand: Edom, Moab, and the prominent people of Ammon” (Dan. 11:41). For some reason the Antichrist is unable to overthrow these regions which include both Bozrah and Petra.⁴²

Bozrah in Southern Jordan

Bozrah in Southern Jordan⁴³

Bozrah, the ancient capital of Edom, is without a doubt to be identified with the modern village of Buseirah, which is located in N Edom (M.R. 208018). It guards both the Kings’ Highway (the major N-S route through Transjordan) and a major route W to the Wadi Arabah and thence to the Negeb and S Judah. It is also within striking distance of the Edomite copper mines in the Wadi Dana and Wadi Feinan some 10-15 km SSW. No water source has been found within the site, the main supply probably being the spring at `Ain Jenin, about one km E, which until recently was also the source for the modern village.⁴⁴

Interestingly, several Second Coming passages also indicate that God is seen coming from these regions:

Who is this who comes from Edom, with dyed garments from Bozrah, this One who is glorious in His apparel, traveling in the greatness of His strength? -“I who speak in righteousness, mighty to save.” Why is Your apparel red, and Your garments like one who treads in the winepress? “I have trodden the winepress alone, and from the peoples no one was with Me. For I have trodden them in My anger, and trampled them in My fury; their blood is sprinkled upon My garments, and I have stained all My robes. For the day of vengeance is in My heart, and the year of My redeemed has come.” (Isa. 63:1-4) [emphasis added]

God came from Teman, the Holy One from Mount Paran. Selah His glory covered the heavens, and the earth was full of His praise. (Hab. 3:3)

The prophet, under the form of a theophany, was given a vision of the second advent of the Messiah . . . seen coming from Teman, a district of Edom, poetically the part standing for the whole, . . . advancing from Mount Paran, the hilly country between Edom and Sinai (Deu. 33:2). Isaiah, in a vision of the second advent, similarly beheld the Messiah advancing in judgment upon His foes “from Edom, with dyed garments from Bozrah” (Isa. 63:1-6). [emphasis added]⁴⁵

In the Psalms, mention is made of the nation being led to Edom during a time when God has cast Israel off and is seeking help from trouble. God is appealed to as the one who will tread down (cf. Isa. 63:1-6) Israel’s enemies:

Who will bring me to the strong city? Who will lead me to Edom? Is it not You, O God, who cast us off? And You, O God, who did not go out with our armies? Give us help from trouble, for the help of man is useless. Through God we will do valiantly, for it is He who shall tread down our enemies. (Ps. 60:9-12 cf. Ps. 108:10-13) [emphasis added]

The reference to “strong city” is thought to refer to Petra, “the strong city. (Petra or Sela) the rock-built city of Edom (Ps. 31:21; 2K. 14:7)”⁴⁶ , also known as Sela:

Let the wilderness and its cities lift up their voice, the villages that Kedar inhabits. Let the inhabitants of Sela sing, let them shout from the top of the mountains. Let them give glory to the LORD, and declare His praise in the coastlands. The LORD shall go forth like a mighty man; He shall stir up His zeal like a man of war. He shall cry out, yes, shout aloud; He shall prevail against His enemies. (Isa. 42:11-13) [emphasis added]

Petra is located in a basin within Mount Seir, and is totally surrounded by mountains and cliffs. The only way in and out of the city is through a narrow passageway that extends for about a mile and can only be negotiated by foot or by horseback. This makes the city easy to defend, and its surrounding high cliffs give added meaning and confirmation to Isaiah 33:16 . . . The name Bozrah means “sheepfold.” An ancient sheepfold had a narrow entrance so that the shepherd could count his sheep. Once inside the fold, the sheep had more room to move around. Petra is shaped like a giant sheepfold, with its narrow passage opening up to a spacious circle surrounded by cliffs.⁴⁷

Micah describes an assembly of Jacob, a remnant, which will be gathered into a fold (bozrah). The one who breaks them out is clearly a reference to Messiah, the Good Shepherd:

I will surely assemble all of you, O Jacob, I will surely gather the remnant of Israel; I will put them together like sheep of the fold [בָּצְרָה [bāṣerâ] ], like a flock in the midst of their pasture; they shall make a loud noise because of so many people. The one who breaks open will come up before them; they will break out, pass through the gate, and go out by it; their king will pass before them, with the LORD at their head. (Mic. 2:12-13) [emphasis added]

The LORD will “gather” from their worldwide, age-long Diaspora the elect “remnant,” which will survive “the time of Jacob’s trouble” (Jer. 30:5-7), the Great Tribulation (Rev. 8:1+-20:3+), preceding the establishment of the Kingdom over Israel (Rev. 20:4-6+; Acts 1:7). . . . The saved remnant will be the nucleus of the millennial Kingdom. The LORD declared, I will put them together like the sheep of Bozrah (a region in Edom well known as a sheep-raising center). . . . They (the returning remnant of Israel) will follow “the breaker,” the Messiah, who will break through and open the way, going up before them. They, following Him, will break through the gate and go out from their captivity to glorious freedom.⁴⁸

An appreciation of the ultimate setting of the previous passage sheds new light on the familiar teaching of Jesus:

Most assuredly, I say to you, he who does not enter the sheepfold by the door, but climbs up some other way, the same is a thief and a robber. But he who enters by the door is the shepherd of the sheep. To him the doorkeeper opens, and the sheep hear his voice; and he calls his own sheep by name and leads them out. And when he brings out his own sheep, he goes before them; and the sheep follow him, for they know his voice. Yet they will by no means follow a stranger, but will flee from him, for they do not know the voice of strangers. (John 10:1-5)

Will the Jewish remnant of the time of the end be in such a physical “sheepfold” of sorts? Will they be reading these very words of Jesus penned by John thousands of years before their situation—waiting for the “shepherd of the sheep” to bring out his own sheep? Only time will tell.

These references to Edom and Bozrah are indicators that at the Second Coming, God has business to take care of in Edom. That business involves the defense of his sheep, the Jewish remnant represented by the woman who flees the dragon. See Campaign of Armageddon.prepared by God

ἡτοιμασμένον [hētoimasmenon] , perfect tense passive participle, having been prepared by God. The preparation is made prior to her flight so that the place is ready for her upon her arrival. In the same way that the Church has a dwelling place (μοναὶ [monai] ) prepared by Jesus in the Father’s house (John 14:2 cf. Rev. 21:2+), so the Jewish remnant has a place prepared in the Father’s world (Isa. 26:20-21).

they should feed her

The physical needs of the woman are met in her wilderness hiding place. They, an indefinite plural, seems to indicate the participation of others in providing for her nourishment. In the same way that the ravens (1K. 17:2-3) and the widow of Zarephath in Sidon (1K. 17:8-15) were used as intermediaries to feed Elijah during his time of drought, so too will others be used to provide for the Jewish remnant. During the Tribulation, there will be numerous situations involving drought and lack of provision. See commentary on Revelation 11:6. The need for provision will be exacerbated in her case because no one will be able to buy or sell without the mark of the beast during this three and one-half years (Rev. 13:17+).

We note that Elijah was fed by a raven (an unclean bird) and a Gentile widow (Luke 4:26-29). Perhaps this is a typological indication that the Jewish remnant will be provided for by Gentile means. Provision for the Jews by Gentiles during this time helps explain the context of the Sheep and Goat judgment when the nations (ἔθνη [ethnē] , Gentiles) are gathered before Christ at His return and rewarded based on their provision for His brethren (Mat. 25:32).⁴⁹

God used Moses as an intermediary when He supernaturally fed Israel in her previous time in the wilderness after the Exodus where he provided water from a rock and manna from heaven:

And they tested God in their heart by asking for the food of their fancy. Yes, they spoke against God: They said, “Can God prepare a table in the wilderness? Behold, He struck the rock, so that the waters gushed out, and the streams overflowed. Can He give bread also? Can He provide meat for His people?” Therefore the LORD heard this and was furious; so a fire was kindled against Jacob, and anger also came up against Israel, because they did not believe in God, and did not trust in His salvation. Yet He had commanded the clouds above, and opened the doors of heaven, had rained down manna on them to eat, and given them of the bread of heaven. Men ate angels’ food; He sent them food to the full. (Ps. 78:18-25)

During her time in the wilderness, Israel will remember the days of her youth when she came up from the land of Egypt. God will speak comfort to her and she will be purged of idolatry:

Therefore, behold, I will allure her, will bring her into the wilderness, and speak comfort to her. I will give her vineyards from there, and the Valley of Achor as a door of hope; she shall sing there, as in the days of her youth, as in the day when she came up from the land of Egypt. “And it shall be, in that day,” says the LORD, “That you will call Me ‘My Husband,’ And no longer call Me ‘My Master,’ For I will take from her mouth the names of the Baals, and they shall be remembered by their name no more.” (Hos. 2:14-17)

The context indicates this precedes the Millennial Kingdom:

In that day I will make a covenant for them with the beasts of the field, with the birds of the air, and with the creeping things of the ground. Bow and sword of battle I will shatter from the earth, to make them lie down safely. I will betroth you to Me forever; yes, I will betroth you to Me In righteousness and justice, in lovingkindness and mercy; I will betroth you to Me in faithfulness, and you shall know the LORD. (Hos. 2:18-20) [emphasis added]

Isaiah spoke of the pure who would dwell with God and would be provided with water and bread:

The sinners in Zion are afraid; fearfulness has seized the hypocrites: “Who among us shall dwell with the devouring fire? Who among us shall dwell with everlasting burnings?” He who walks righteously and speaks uprightly, he who despises the gain of oppressions, who gestures with his hands, refusing bribes, who stops his ears from hearing of bloodshed, and shuts his eyes from seeing evil: he will dwell on high; his place of defense will be the fortress of rocks; bread will be given him, his water will be sure. (Isa. 33:14-16)

This time of testing in the wilderness, fed by God, will result in the full conversion of those who remain alive.⁵⁰ Whereas Israel had been “not My people,” then it will be said, “You are My people!” (Hos. 2:23).

one thousand two hundred and sixty days

This period is also described as “time and times and half a time” (Rev. 12:14+). This corresponds to half of The 70th Week of Daniel. This is the last half of the week during which the nations trample the holy city (Rev. 11:2+) and the beast has authority (Dan. 7:25; Rev. 13:5+). A period Jesus referred to as consisting of “great tribulation” (Mat. 24:21). See Prophetic Year.

This is the period during which Daniel was told events of the end would come to fulfillment: “Then I heard the man clothed in linen, who was above the waters of the river, when he held up his right hand and his left hand to heaven, and swore by Him who lives forever, that it shall be for a time, times, and half a time; and when the power of the holy people has been completely shattered, all these things shall be finished” (Dan. 12:7). One of the purposes of this period is to shatter “the power of the holy people” to turn them back to total dependence upon God. In the time of Jacob’s Trouble, God will both tear and heal in order to bring the Jews to recognize Jesus as Messiah and urgently seek His return on their behalf:⁵¹

“For I will be like a lion to Ephraim, and like a young lion to the house of Judah. I, even I, will tear them and go away; I will take them away, and no one shall rescue. I will return again to My place till they acknowledge their offense. Then they will seek My face; in their affliction they will earnestly seek Me.” Come, and let us return to the LORD; for He has torn, but He will heal us; He has stricken, but He will bind us up. After two days He will revive us; on the third day He will raise us up, that we may live in His sight. (Hos. 5:14-6:2)

He would withdraw His favor, and His sinning people would be scattered worldwide and be temporarily set aside in their national election. He will remain in His place (the prophecy spanning the centuries until the second advent of Christ) until the remnant of Israel (Zec. 12:10-13:1; Rom. 11:26; Rev. 7:1-8+) will acknowledge their offense . . . accepting the full punishment of their guilt and not considering themselves to be not guilty (Zec. 11:5). And seek My face, through faith in their future incarnate Messiah-Savior (Isa. 53:1-10). . . . This prophetically presupposes Christ’s incarnation and redemptive work at the first advent and the application of His salvation to Israel at His second advent (Rom. 11:26).⁵²

They will then repeat the praise which they first gave at His first advent (Mat. 21:9), but now with genuine commitment:

O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, the one who kills the prophets and stones those who are sent to her! How often I wanted to gather your children together, as a hen gathers her chicks under her wings, but you were not willing! See! Your house is left to you desolate; for I say to you, you shall see Me no more till you say, “Blessed is He who comes in the name of the LORD!” (Mat. 23:37-39) [emphasis added]

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war

Πόλεμος [Polemos] : “Opposite . . . peace; as a single engagement battle, fight.”⁵³

Michael and his angels

Michael is one of the “chief princes” who aided the heavenly messenger of Daniel against the prince of Persia and Greece (Dan. 10:13, 21). Daniel is told that Michael is “your prince” (Dan. 10:21), and “The great prince who stands watch over the sons of your people” (Dan. 12:1). Thus, he is uniquely associated with the protection of the Jewish people.⁵⁴ It is during the time of Jacob’s trouble, when “there shall be a time of trouble, such as never was since there was a [Jewish] nation” that “shall stand up” to protect Israel (Dan. 12:1-2). Jude informs us that Michael is an “archangel” and his connection with Israel is also reflected in the fact that he “disputed about the body of Moses” with the devil (Jude 1:9).

fought with the dragon

“With what weapons and tactics this heavenly warfare will be waged is beyond our understanding. Angels cannot be injured or slain with earthly weapons, and such physical forces as we know about are not able to move spiritual beings. But these beings do operate in a physical universe, so there must exist powerful physico-spiritual energies of which we yet can have only vague intimations, . . . It is with such energies and powers that this heavenly battle will be waged.”⁵⁵

Michael and His Angels Fight the Dragon

Michael and His Angels Fight the Dragon⁵⁶

dragon and his angels

This refers to “a third of the stars of heaven” which were thrown to the earth by the tail of the dragon (Rev. 12:4+). See Commentary on Revelation 12:4. Their eventual destiny is the Lake of Fire, which was specially prepared for them (Mat. 25:41; Rev. 20:10+). Some are confined, reserved for judgment (see commentary on Revelation 9:1).

The dragon’s angels are organized by rank.

Put on the whole armor of God, that you may be able to stand against the wiles of the devil. For we do not wrestle against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this age, against spiritual hosts of wickedness in the heavenly places. (Eph 6:11-12) [emphasis added]

Perhaps one of the more powerful ones is the angel of the bottomless pit (Rev. 9:11+). An angel which spoke with Daniel fought against high-ranking angels on his way to Daniel (Dan. 10:13, 20-21).

The existence and influence of these malevolent spiritual beings is a well-established theme of Scripture. This is why it is so important for believers to have a grasp of what Scripture reveals concerning the world which we live in. For there are forces and objectives at work that underlie the physical realm which the instrumentation of science is entirely unable to reveal. They are at work in the non-physical realm where science is blind. Yet we see their results in the workings of sin, reigns of terror, and the machinations of powerful nations and corporations through history.

The movements of nations, their wars, their politics, and social policy, are shaped and directed by higher powers. There are angels, good and bad, who are constantly influencing men and governments, and of this [Daniel 10] is a conspicuous example. Wars and strife on earth are the reflex of opposing spiritual powers in the lower heavens.⁵⁷

No more so than in the plight of the Jews and the illogical conditions which attend the disfavor they suffer by the majority of the world’s nations. And this is exactly one of the goals of this chapter—God is revealing to us the true nature of anti-Semitism. Although the world is full of destructive biases and half-truths, none is as malignant nor hell-bent as Satan’s desire to destroy the woman of Revelation 12+.

As significant as his angels are in terms of powers which influence and manipulate the world, these ranks of fallen angels are not of primary concern for the believer “because He who is in you is greater than he who is in the world” (1Jn. 4:4). “For I am persuaded that neither death nor life, nor angels nor principalities nor powers, nor things present nor things to come, nor height nor depth, nor any other created thing, shall be able to separate us from the love of God which is in Christ Jesus our Lord.” (Rom. 8:38-39).

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they did not prevail

Prevail is ἴσχυσεν [ischysen] , indicating that the dragon and his angels had insufficient power to withstand Michael and his angels. The elect angels of God are able to defeat the most mighty of the fallen angels, including Satan (Rev. 20:2+). Christ does not even condescend to participate in the conflict, for like all the angels, Satan is a creature, albeit a powerful one. Many people have the completely cockeyed view that the Bible concerns a battle between Satan and Christ. Nothing could be further from the truth, because Satan himself is a creature of Christ’s creating (Col. 1:16). The gap between Creator and creature is inestimable. Christ could merely blink and Satan and all evil would instantly and permanently be vanquished. Yet he withholds their doom for His purposes, only a tiny corner of which He reveals to us—much of it in this book. For Christ, as God, to stoop to battle directly with the devil would be providing Satan with a great compliment. Hence, he is dealt with by Michael or other angelic powers, who are themselves creatures.

nor was a place found

The woman had a place prepared for her to which she fled, but the dragon no longer has a place in heaven.

any longer

Prior to this battle with Michael, the dragon had access to heaven as he does in our day. See commentary on Revelation 12:10. See commentary on Revelation 20:2.

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cast out

This is the first stage in the de facto fulfillment of what was previously accomplished de jure at Christ’s First Coming (Luke 10:18; John 12:31; 16:11; Col. 2:15; Heb. 2:14; 1Jn. 3:8). The next stage occurs with his binding in the abyss (Rev. 20:1-3+) after which he is released, but then cast into the Lake of Fire (Rev. 20:10+).

that serpent of old

ὁ ὄφις ὁ ἀρχαῖος [ho ophis ho archaios] , the serpent, the ancient. This is a direct allusion to his role as the serpent in the Garden of Eden (Gen. 3:1-4), and especially God’s prophecy which set forth a number of truths concerning the serpent and the line leading to Messiah (Gen. 3:14-16):

God would put enmity between the serpent and the woman and between the serpent’s seed and her Seed.

The woman’s seed would bruise (crush) the serpent’s head.

God would bring Messiah via the rebellious woman, but only through pain (of childbirth).

The reference to serpent of old indicates that the stand-off between the woman in labor and the serpent is an age-old situation which spans the time from Eve to the virgin Mary and beyond. Thus, the woman signifies not just Mary, nor just Israel, but the promise of a redeemer through the line of Israel stretching all the way back to the first woman, Eve. See commentary on Revelation 12:1.

the devil

Διάβολος [Diabolos] , a compound word made up of δια [dia] (against) and βαλλω [ballō] (to throw). This title emphasizes his role as slanderer, throwing accusations against the saints. “Diabolos is the usual rendering of שָׂטָן [śāṭān] , “satan,” in the LXX (e.g., Job 1:6) suggesting the two words are almost synonymous.”⁵⁸

who deceives the whole world

World is οἰκουμένην [oikoumenēn] : “The whole inhabited earth,”⁵⁹ with reference to those portions which are populated by humans, the region to which the gospel of the kingdom will be preached to all nations prior to the end (Mat. 24:14). “The whole world lies under the sway of the wicked one” (1Jn. 5:19). By the sorcery of Babylon, the nations were deceived (Rev. 18:23+).

His first target of deception was Eve (Gen. 3:4-5; 2Cor. 11:3; 2Ti. 2:14), but he has been at work deceiving nations all through history. He is the father of lies, there is no truth in him (John 8:44). Those through whom he deceives are most effective because they themselves are deceived (2Ti. 3:13).

Educated and ignorant, king and pauper, male and female, Jew and Gentile, strong and weak, young and old, black and white—all are deceived by him. All the world’s high-sounding philosophies, conceived ever so brilliantly by profound thinkers—whether pragmatism, idealism, gnosticism, determinism, hedonism, materialism, transcendentalism, existentialism, deism, or any of countless others, and regardless of the eminence of the geniuses with whose names they are associated—Aristotelianism, Platonism, Hegelianism, Marxism, Maoism, Confucianism, Buddhism, Kantianism, Freudianism—all are man-originated, man-centered, and man-honoring, rather than God-originated, God-centered, and God-honoring [Col. 2:8-9].⁶⁰

His ultimate deceiving tool at the time of the end is the False Prophet who performs great signs to deceive those who dwell on the earth (Rev. 13:13-14+), those who receive the mark of the beast and worship his image (Rev. 19:20+). See commentary on Revelation 13:11. Satan empowers both the Beast and the False Prophet as two mighty deceivers. In a similar way that God gives power to the two witnesses who testify of God (Rev. 11:3+), these two are empowered by Satan as master deceivers during a time when deception will be the rule rather than the exception. The deception will be so strong that only by the power of the Holy Spirit will the regenerate avoid succumbing to the signs and lying wonders:

The coming of the lawless one is according to the working of Satan, with all power, signs, and lying wonders, and with all unrighteous deception among those who perish, because they did not receive the love of the truth, that they might be saved. And for this reason God will send them strong delusion, that they should believe the lie, that they all may be condemned who did not believe the truth but had pleasure in unrighteousness. (2Th. 2:9-12)

The False Prophet is the ultimate from among those Jesus warned of: “false prophets will rise and show great signs and wonders to deceive” (Mat. 24:24a.).

At the Second Coming of Christ, Satan is bound in the abyss so as to halt his deceiving ministry for the duration of the Millennium (Rev. 20:3+), but at the end he will be released to deceive the nations one final time (Rev. 20:8-10+).

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Now salvation, and strength, and the kingdom of our God and the power of His Christ have come

An equivalent statement to that which accompanied the sounding of the seventh trumpet (Rev. 11:15+), but which recognizes the removal of Satan from God’s heaven as a key signal of the beginning of the end. See commentary on Revelation 11:15. The seventh trumpet is yet future to our day and so the kingdom awaits and we continue to pray, “Your kingdom come, Your will be done on earth as it is in heaven” (Mat. 6:10).

How utterly idle is the discoursing of modernists and religious educationalists and social reformers about “the kingdom.” Their talk is full of “the kingdom this” and “the kingdom that”; whereas our Lord Jesus has not yet taken His kingdom. It has not yet been given Him of the Father. We are not living in kingdom days, but in days when Satan is the prince of this world and the god of this age, also, when he is accusing the saints before God. Only those born again ever see the kingdom of God; and “righteousness, peace, and joy in the Holy Ghost”—wholly a separate thing from human arrangements and reforms! is the only form of the kingdom of God now.⁶¹

See The Arrival of God’s Kingdom.

strength . . . and power

Δύναμις [Dynamis] . . . καὶ ἡ ἐξουσία [kai hē exousia] , better rendered power . . . and authority.⁶² Ἐξουσία [Exousia] in this context carries the idea of “Authority, absolute power, warrant . . . authority and commission.”⁶³

His Christ

An intentional allusion to the equivalent phrase from the OT: “The kings of the earth set themselves, and the rulers take counsel together, against the LORD and against His Anointed” [emphasis added] (Ps. 2:2). See commentary on Revelation 11:15.

have come

ἐγένετο [egeneto] , prophetic aorist. The kingdom does not arrive until the events of Revelation 19+. See The Arrival of God’s Kingdom. In the cutting off of Satan’s access to heaven, the kingdom is now so near (Rev. 12:12+) as to be considered an accomplished fact.

the accuser of the brethren

Ὁ κατήγωρ [Ho katēgōr] , present tense participle, the one presently accusing. Prior to his casting out, Satan was continuously active bringing charges against the elect. The term is used of bringing a legal charge before a judge, as in court.⁶⁴ He goes to and fro between this world and heaven as the “accuser of our brethren” (Rev. 12:10+). Yet even in his missions of slander and accusation, he is strictly limited (Job 1:6-12; Zec. 3:1-5; Luke 22:31).

Satan (along with the evil angels) has actively opposed both the holy angels and God’s people since his fall. In the Old Testament, demons sought to hinder the ministry of the holy angels to Israel (cf. Dan. 10:12-13). In the present age, Satan “prowls around like a roaring lion, seeking someone to devour” (1Pe. 5:8), opposes the spread of the gospel (Mat. 13:19, 37-39; Acts 13:10), oppresses individuals (Luke 13:10-16; Acts 10:38), and uses sin to disrupt and pollute the church (Acts 5:1-11). Believers are to be wary of his schemes (2Cor. 2:11), give him no opportunity (Eph. 4:27), and resist him (Jas. 4:7).⁶⁵

day and night

This phrase emphasizes the ongoing nature of his activity (Rev. 4:8+; 7:15+; 14:11+; 20:10+; 21:25+).

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they overcame

Αὐτοὶ ἐνίκησαν [Autoi enikēsan] , they, they overcame. Emphasis is placed upon the redeemed who overcame Satan by God’s work. They are among the true overcomers (Rev. 2:7+, 11+, 17+, 26+; 3:5+, 12+, 21+; 17:14+; 21:7+). See Who is the Overcomer?

by the blood of the Lamb

Satan is able to accuse the brethren continually because the brethren continually sin (1Jn. 1:8). Thankfully, the one-time sacrifice of the Lamb of God justifies them eternally. Satan’s accusations toward the believer are essentially made against the perfect righteousness of Christ. This is how “they overcame him by the blood of the Lamb.” In our initial appeal to Christ for salvation, His work on the cross takes into account all our sin, both past, present, and future. Our sin only affects our fellowship with Him, not our standing as a justified one (1Jn. 1:9). Once we come to faith, Satan now appeals to the Judge Who is also the Justifier (Rom. 8:33).

Concerning the blood, see the commentary on Revelation 1:5. Concerning the Lamb, see the commentary on Revelation 5:6.

testimony

The rest of her offspring have the testimony of Jesus Christ (Rev. 12:17+).

they did not love their lives

They did not love is οὐκ ἠγάπησαν [ouk ēgapēsan] , which speaks of “love, especially of love as based on evaluation and choice, a matter of will and action.”⁶⁶ Ἀγαπάω [Agapaō] speaks not so much about altruism, but intensity. Jesus said the Pharisees love (ἀγαπάω [agapaō] ) the best seats in the synagogue (Luke 11:43). John wrote that men loved (ἀγαπάω [agapaō] darkness (John 3:19).⁶⁷ Lives is ψυχήν [psychēn] , also translated souls (see below).

Among these are the ones “who had been beheaded for their witness to Jesus and for the word of God, who had not worshiped the beast or his image, and had not received his mark on their foreheads or on their hands” (Rev. 20:4+). These are they “of whom the world was not worthy” (Heb. 11:38), which include the martyrs of the fifth seal (Rev. 6:9+) and many coming out of the Great Tribulation who were martyred for their faith (Rev. 7:14+; 15:2+).

to the death

Ἄχρι θανάτου [Achri thanatou] , until death, the same phrase Jesus used when writing to the persecuted church at Smyrna (Rev. 2:10+). These overcomers followed His instructions and maintained their testimony to the point of death and obtained the “crown of life” (Rev. 2:10+). Their death was merely a gateway to the continuance of their eternal life—their souls were safe. They did not fear those who could only kill the body: “And do not fear those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul (ψυχην [psychēn] ). But rather fear Him who is able to destroy both soul (ψυχην [psychēn] ) and body in hell” (Mat. 10:28).

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rejoice, O heavens and those who dwell in them

The inhabitants of the heavens rejoice because the accuser has been cast down and the faithful overcomers have prevailed even through death. Heaven and her peoples also rejoice over the fall of Babylon when God avenges them (Rev. 18:20+; 19:1-3+). Even the fields and woods are said to rejoice over the eventual redemption of Israel (Isa. 44:23) and the arrival of Messiah to judge the earth in righteousness (Ps. 96:11-13).

Dwell is σκηνοῦντες [skēnountes] , The same root word is used to describe how Jesus dwelt (tabernacled) among men in the flesh (John 1:14). The ones in heaven are no longer within reach of the Beast who blasphemes God’s tabernacle and those which dwell (tabernacle) in heaven (Rev. 13:6+).

Those that dwell in the heavens include:

The elect angels.

The church which was “kept from the hour of testing” (Rev. 3:10+), having been taken in the Rapture.

Those coming out of the Great Tribulation through death, over whom God spread his tabernacle (Rev. 6:9-10+; 7:14-15+).

Ultimately, God will dwell (tabernacle) among men (Rev. 21:3+). See The Abiding Presence of God.

Woe to the inhabitants of the earth and the sea

These are the earth dwellers. They live in the same domain over which the mighty angel stood to declare the impending restoration of God’s dominion (Rev. 10:2+). Currently, it is the domain of Satan (Mat. 4:8-10; John 12:31; 14:30; 16:11; 2Cor. 4:4).

having great wrath

Wrath is “Θυμὸς [Thymos] , ‘Anger’ . . . a more turbulent word than ὀργή [orgē] , ‘wrath.’ ”⁶⁸ These will live through a time of double woe. They will experience the woe of the final trumpet judgments of God (Rev. 8:13+; 9:12+; 11:14+) combined with this woe due to the great wrath of the devil. This is part of the testing which is to come upon those who dwell upon the earth. See commentary on Revelation 3:20.

he knows that he has a short time

He knows is εἰδὼς [eidōs] , a perfect tense participle, having known. The emphasis is on the devil’s wrath at the time of being cast down which is based on his previous knowledge of limited time. A short time is ὀλίγον καιρὸν [oligon kairon] , denoting a limited opportunity. The intensity of his wrath reflects his desire to make the most of the short period which remains before he is bound and cast into the abyss (Rev. 20:1-3+). This corresponds to the pronouncement by the mighty angel that “there should be delay no longer, but in the days of the sounding of the seventh angel . . . the mystery of God would be finished” (Rev. 10:6-7+).

3.12.13 - Revelation 12:13 Open Bible at Rev. 12:13 Listen to Rev. 12:13

cast to the earth

See commentary on Revelation 9:9.

he persecuted

Ἐδίωξεν [Ediōxen] , which can also be rendered: “Drive away, drive out, run after, pursue.”⁶⁹

the woman who gave birth to the male child

See commentary on Revelation 12:2 and Revelation 12:5.

3.12.14 - Revelation 12:14 Open Bible at Rev. 12:14 Listen to Rev. 12:14

was given

Again, we see the sovereignty of God Who provides for her. See commentary concerning God’s sovereignty at Revelation 6:2.

two wings of a great eagle

This phrase speaks of supernatural assistance given by God in a time of human incapability. It describes God’s deliverance of Israel from Egypt by the parting of the Red Sea: “You have seen what I did to the Egyptians, and how I bore you on eagles’ wings and brought you to Myself” (Ex. 19:4). It also connotes supernatural protection and provision, patterned after the way in which an eagle, when training a youngster to fly, pushes it out of the nest but also flies with it and catches it to bear it upwards again when needed.

He found him in a desert land and in the wasteland, a howling wilderness; He encircled him, He instructed him, He kept him as the apple of His eye. As an eagle stirs up its nest, hovers over its young, spreading out its wings, taking them up, carrying them on its wings, so the LORD alone led him, and there was no foreign god with him. He made him ride in the heights of the earth, that he might eat the produce of the fields; He made him draw honey from the rock, and oil from the flinty rock. (Deu. 32:10-13)

The woman will be given supernatural assistance in her flight as well as supernatural protection and provision en route and upon arrival at her destination. Her strength shall be renewed so that she will not succumb to natural weariness (Isa. 40:31). Supernatural intervention had protected the Church from the entire “hour of trial which shall come upon the whole world” (Rev. 3:10+). Here, supernatural intervention protects the woman in the midst of the last half of the hour when “the LORD comes out of His place to punish the inhabitants of the earth for their iniquity” (Isa. 26:20-21 cf. Zep. 2:1-3).

Fearfulness and trembling have come upon me, and horror has overwhelmed me. So I said, “Oh, that I had wings like a dove! I would fly away and be at rest. Indeed, I would wander far off, and remain in the wilderness. Selah I would hasten my escape from the windy storm and tempest.” (Ps. 55:5-8)

fly into the wilderness to her place

It is her place: indicating a specific location set aside for her protection. It had been previously prepared by God. She will reside there during the last half of The 70th Week of Daniel.

Judean Wilderness and Lisan Peninsula

Judean Wilderness and Lisan Peninsula⁷⁰

The Lisan Peninsula separates the two basins of the Dead Sea at its narrowest point. This peninsula is a likely route from the Judean wilderness to Jordan, the area of Bozrah and Petra which some passages point to in relation to the preservation of a believing remnant and the Second Coming. See Sheep in Bozrah.

where she is nourished

She is nourished is τρέφεται [trephetai] , she is being “provided with food.”⁷¹ The same term describes how “your heavenly Father feeds” the wild birds (Mat. 6:26; Luke 12:24). At the Sheep and Goat Judgment, it is the sheep who fed Jesus’ “brothers” during their time of need. The term can also describe a place of nurturing (Luke 4:16). See commentary on Revelation 12:6.

for a time and times and half a time

This period is also described as “one thousand two hundred and sixty days” (Rev. 12:6+). It describes the final half of The 70th Week of Daniel. See commentary on Revelation 12:6. See Prophetic Year.

from the presence of the serpent

Presence is προσώπου [prosōpou] , she is protected from the “face, countenance”⁷² of the serpent. This denotes his inability to access her. It is used “in all kinds of more or less symbolic expressions which, in large part, represent OT usage, and in which the face is often to be taken as the seat of the faculty of seeing.”⁷³ She is hidden from his access, and possibly even from his knowledge.

3.12.15 - Revelation 12:15 Open Bible at Rev. 12:15 Listen to Rev. 12:15

like a flood after the woman

Flood is ποταμόν [potamon] , used to describe a large quantity of water, as during a natural disaster (Mat. 7:25; Luke 6:48; 2Cor. 11:26; Rev. 8:10+; 16:4+) or in great abundance (John 7:38; Rev. 22:1+). Since the origin of this flood is a sign (the mouth of the great dragon) and the text says like a flood, it is best to take this as a figure of speech denoting the overwhelming military force of an adversary (Ps. 65:7; 69:2-4; 124:1-5; Isa. 8:7; 59:19; Jer. 46:7-8; Dan. 9:26; 11:21-22).

The dragon’s pursuit of the woman may be a continuation of the Beast’s invasion of the glorious land. ⁷⁴ If so, the flight of the woman does not take place until after the abomination is set up (Mat. 24:15). Then, the invasion of the Antichrist continues in his pursuit of the woman.

Many commentators interpret Daniel 11:41 with reference to the occupation of the land of Palestine by the Beast. The event that causes the Beast to move in is the invasion of Palestine from the north by the King of the North (Dan. 11:40). The covenant made by the Beast (Dan. 9:27) has evidently guaranteed Israel an inviolate right to the land. Some event must be necessary to cause the Beast to abrogate his covenant. Since the covenant is said to be broken in the middle of the week (Dan. 9:27) and the invasion from the north is seen to be the cause of the breaking of the covenant (Dan. 11:41) it may be concluded that this invasion takes place in the middle of the week.⁷⁵

carried away by the flood

Carried away is Ποταμοφόρητον [Potamophorēton] , which denotes drowning.⁷⁶ Satan desires to drown her with his flood, but God has plans to regenerate her with His living water (Eze. 36:25-27; John 7:38-39).

3.12.16 - Revelation 12:16 Open Bible at Rev. 12:16 Listen to Rev. 12:16

the earth helped the woman

The earth itself is inanimate. This speaks of God’s help manifested through nature, a common aspect of God’s miraculous dealings with his people (Ex. 9:23-25; Jos. 10:11; Job 38:22-23; Isa. 11:15; Eze. 38:22). Perhaps the most dramatic example of the past is the parting of the Red Sea by an “unnatural” natural phenomenon: the east wind (Ex. 14:21).

the earth opened its mouth and swallowed up the flood

Swallowed is κατέπιεν [katepien] , a compound word meaning “drink down.”⁷⁷ Previously, God used the earth to literally swallow Korah and his household. “So they and all those with them went down alive into the pit; the earth closed over them, and they perished from among the assembly” (Num. 16:33 cf. Num. 26:10; Ex. 15:12). It seems likely that something similar will occur to those who pursue the woman.

3.12.17 - Revelation 12:17 Open Bible at Rev. 12:17 Listen to Rev. 12:17

he went to make war with the rest of her offspring who keep the commandments of God

This phrase is pregnant with anti-Semitism. Although the woman now hides, representing the hidden Jewish remnant, the dragon turns to pursue the rest of her offspring. This should not be taken as spiritual offspring for the context of this chapter and the identification of the woman argue that her offspring are physical descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. This is the distinction which Paul maintains when he describes the time of Israel’s spiritual restoration in preparation for the Millennial Kingdom (Rom. 11:25-26 cf. Eze. 37). It is inconsistent interpretation to make her offspring in the first portion of the chapter denote physical descendants (Jews) only and then take her offspring as spiritual descendants here.

In reference to the woman’s representation of Israel, some take her to be the faithful remnant within national Israel, the “Israel of God” (Gal. 6:16).⁷⁸ In this view, she represents the spiritually regenerate among the physical descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. This view encounters some difficulties:

Promised Redeemer - The promise of a redeemer, so central to her identification in this chapter, was given to the physical seed of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. It did not depend upon a continuous line of God-believing Jews for its fulfillment, it was a physical development. Paul says that “the adoption, the glory, the covenants, the giving of the law, the service of God, and the promises” were given to “my countrymen according to the flesh” [emphasis added] (Rom. 9:3-4). One of these promises was that national Israel would produce the Messiah, regardless of the spiritual condition of the Jews (Rom. 9:5).

Purpose of Persecution - It would seem that one purpose of the time of Jacob’s Trouble is found in the purging of unbelief from national Israel. If the woman represents only the faithful remnant, who among her is purged (Eze. 20:33-38; Hos. 2:14-17)?

Anti-Semitism - Once we make the woman to be the faithful remnant within national Israel, it becomes difficult to explain the nature of anti-Semitism by what is revealed here. If the woman represents only faithful Jews and she is persecuted, then shouldn’t faithful Jews be the main focus of anti-Semitism? Wouldn’t Christian Jews be purged by the dragon while Orthodox Jews remain relatively unscathed? Yet History reveals an even-handed persecution of the Jews, even where faith in Messiah Jesus is lacking. In some instances, such as the Crusades and the Inquisition, lack of faith in Messiah Jesus even brought greater persecution. This chapter explains the history of anti-Semitism—the persecution of Jews based on physical descent—better if the woman is national Israel. Even unbelieving Jews represent a dangerous potential for the dragon, for they carry forward God’s promises to continue the physical nation and offer continued hope of the spiritual regeneration which Scripture promises (Jer. 31:34; Rom. 11:25-26).

This is not to say that taking the woman as national Israel is without its difficulties. For when she flees to the wilderness, not all Jews are in her midst. Here we encounter a problem similar to that of the parables: they are meant to be illustrative, but if taken to a minute level of detail, they break down. Here, the woman represents the original promise to Eve of a redeemer, realized and carried forward through the nation of Israel up to the birth of Jesus by Mary. Beyond the birth and catching away, she represents national Israel in general up until the time of her flight. During the time of the end, a subset of the Jews in Judea flee to the wilderness, whereas others do not (the 144,000 of Revelation 7:4+ and Jews of the diaspora). At the point of her flight, she no longer represents all of national Israel for there will be numerous groups of Jews at the time of the end:

Jews protected in the wilderness, where God continues the work of purging idolatry from their midst (Hos. 2:14-17; Eze. 20:33-38).

The 144,000 Jews protected by God’s seal, probably engaged in the work of worldwide evangelism (Rev. 7+, 14+).

Jews in the diaspora who come to faith during this time who are unable to reach the wilderness with the woman.

Jews in the diaspora who receive the Antichrist and his mark (John 5:43).

The rest of her offspring speaks of all Jews who did not flee to the wilderness—both believing and unbelieving. The phrase is further restricted to the offspring who keep the commandments of God. This indicates that during the final half week unbelieving Jews are not the primary object of the dragon’s warfare—for they, like unbelieving Gentiles, will take his mark and give him due worship (Rev. 13:15-18+ cf. John 5:43).⁷⁹ It is believing Jews elsewhere around the world that are now his target. This will include the 144,000 of Israel who were sealed for protection (Rev. 7:4-8+). They are described as “ones who follow the Lamb wherever He goes,” which indicates they keep the commandments of God (Rev. 14:4+). Besides the specially sealed 144,000, there will be many other Jews who come to faith by their ministry and that of the two witnesses during the time of Jacob’s Trouble. “These are scattered followers of the Lamb who did not reach the appointed place in the wilderness prepared for the main body of people symbolized by the woman.”⁸⁰ These are those Jesus referred to as “My brethren,” (Mat. 25:40) which were provided for by the “sheep” (righteous Gentiles) who are afforded entry into the Millennial Kingdom to follow.⁸¹ These Jews will be involved in evangelism, because they have the testimony of Jesus Christ.⁸²

We are not saying that Gentile believers will not undergo persecution. Far from it! The many passages concerning the activities of the Beast and his image, the False Prophet, and the Harlot make it painfully clear that all believers—be they Jewish or Gentile will undergo extreme danger and persecution during this time (Rev. 6:9+; 7:14+; 20:4+). See #20 - Saints.

The wrath of the dragon has been building as he is frustrated at each of his attempts:

The dragon had to redirect his anger from the Son to the woman in Rev. 12:5+ when the Son escaped his clutches. That increased his rage. He lost his place in heaven in Rev. 12:8+, 9+, 12+, angering him even more. At this point the woman has escaped to a place of refuge leaving him only the woman’s remaining seed to vent his fury on. The repeated frustration of his efforts explains the furious persecution the dragon proceeds to inflict on the faithful.⁸³

But it will be doubly difficult for the Jewish believers because God has revealed the uniquely Jewish terror of this time:

At that time Michael shall stand up, the great prince who stands watch over the sons of your people; and there shall be a time of trouble, such as never was since there was a nation, even to that time. And at that time your people shall be delivered, every one who is found written in the book. (Dan. 12:1)

Alas! For that day is great, so that none is like it; and it is the time of Jacob’s trouble, but he shall be saved out of it. (Jer. 30:7)

In the Holocaust under Hitler, one-third of the world’s Jewish population died. Under the fierce persecution of the Antichrist, controlled and energized by Satan, two-thirds of the Jewish population will die [Zec. 13:7-9]. This will be the largest and most intense persecution of the Jews ever known in history.⁸⁴

Zechariah 13:8-9 indicates that only one-third of Israel will survive the tribulation and enter the millennium. This will result in an “all saved” Israel as prophesied by Romans 11:26. At the beginning of the last decade of the twentieth century there are approximately fifteen million Jews worldwide, so, if this is a guide, it suggests that about five million Jews will enter the millennium and ten million Jews will perish in the Great Tribulation.⁸⁵

However, the dragon will not succeed in his “ultimate solution.” As in the days of the Assyrian, God will protect a believing remnant:

And it shall come to pass in that day That the remnant of Israel, and such as have escaped of the house of Jacob, will never again depend on him who defeated them, but will depend on the LORD, the Holy One of Israel, in truth. The remnant will return, the remnant of Jacob, to the Mighty God. For though your people, O Israel, be as the sand of the sea, A remnant of them will return; the destruction decreed shall overflow with righteousness. For the Lord GOD of hosts will make a determined end in the midst of all the land. (Isa. 10:20-23) [emphasis added]

The dragon fights a battle he can never win, for God has sworn that Israel will continue before Him (Jer. 31:35-37). Her continued existence is also required in order to fulfill aspects of the Abrahamic, Land, Davidic, and New Covenants which have yet to find fulfillment.⁸⁶ By the end of Jacob’s time of trouble, the terms Israel and Israel of God (Gal. 6:16) will be synonymous for “all Israel will be saved” (Rom. 11:26). At that time, the only Israel will be a believing Israel:

No more shall every man teach his neighbor, and every man his brother, saying, ‘Know the LORD,’ for they all shall know Me, from the least of them to the greatest of them, says the LORD. For I will forgive their iniquity, and their sin I will remember no more. (Jer. 31:34)

have the testimony of Jesus Christ

They have the testimony provided by Jesus Christ which they witness to others concerning Him. See commentary on Revelation 1:1 and Revelation 1:2.

Notes

¹ J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), Rev. 12:1.

² Elwood McQuaid, ed., Israel My Glory (Westville, NJ: Friends of Israel Gospel Ministry, September/October 2001), 34.

³ John MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 2000), Rev. 12:1.

⁴ Monty S. Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John (Dallas, TX: 3E Ministries, 1987), Rev. 12:1.

⁵ “Medieval scholastic theologians . . . looked for excuses to find Mary, the mother of Jesus, in unsuspecting places. They saw her in Revelation 12+, where they envisioned her incorruptibility and bodily transfiguration. Clothed with the sun, that woman, they said, is ‘the transfigured mother of Christ.’ ”—Mal Couch, “How Has Revelation Been Viewed Interpretively?,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 38. “The woman cannot mean, literally, the virgin mother of Jesus, for she did not flee into the wilderness and stay there for 1260 days, while the dragon persecuted the remnant of her seed.”—A. R. Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” in Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997, 1877), Rev. 12:1.

⁶ James Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Ontario: Woodside Bible Fellowship, 1996), H224.

⁷ Concerning heaven and earth serving as witnesses: Gen. 1:1; Deu. 4:26; 30:19; 31:28; 32:1; Ps. 50:4; Isa. 1:2; Jer. 6:19; Jas. 5:12; Heb. 6:17.

⁸ Note that Jacob interprets the moon as representing Leah rather than Rachel. Rachel was already dead. The dream was not fulfilled until much later in Egypt while Leah was presumably still alive (Gen. 44:14). Her death is not mentioned until later (Gen. 49:31). “Rachel died . . . giving birth to Benjamin . . . Leah, no doubt, raised Joseph and Benjamin. . . Clearly, [in Gen. 37:10] Jacob was referring to Leah.”—McQuaid, Israel My Glory, 34.

⁹ Yet how fashionable it is in our day for seemingly highly educated Christian theologians to dismiss all possibility that Genesis 3:15 speaks of the promised redeemer. They denounce the protevangelium (first gospel), almost as if in concert with Judaism they seek to deny the unity of both NT and OT. They would do well to reconsider the words of Jesus (Luke 24:27, 44; John 5:39, 46).

¹⁰ An odd phrase for an offspring in a Jewish genealogy, which hints at His virgin origin.

¹¹ Arnold Fruchtenbaum discusses evidence that Eve expected the promised redeemer in Cain: “Literal translation: ‘I have gotten a man: Jehovah’. The common English translation is not based on the Hebrew text but on the Greek Septuagint which reads ‘through God.’ This was followed by the Latin Vulgate which also reads ‘through God.’ The Jerusalem Targum, an Aramaic translation, reads ‘I have gotten a man: the angel of Jehovah.’ The rabbis also gave a reading here which is much closer to the original Hebrew text. The Targum Pseudo-Jonathan reads, ‘I have gotten for a man the angel of the Lord.’ Another Aramaic translation is the Targum Onqelos which says ‘from before the Lord.’ The Midrash Rabbah (on Gen. 22:2), the rabbinic commentary, says of Gen. 4:1 ‘with the help of the Lord.’ Rabbi Ishmael asked Rabbi Akiba, ‘Since you have served Nahum of Gimzo for 22 years and he taught that every ach and rach is a limitation but every et and gam is an extension, tell me what is the purpose of the et here.’ He replied, ‘if it is said “I have gotten a man: the Lord” it would have been difficult to interpret, hence et “with the help of the Lord” is required.’ The footnote on page 181 of this Midrash says ‘it might imply that she had begotten the Lord.’ The rabbis clearly understood the implications of the construction and so had to make the necessary adjustments in their translation.”—Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, Messianic Christology (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 1998), 16.

¹² Merrill F. Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), Isa. 66:7-9.

¹³ Jerry Falwell, Edward D. Hindson, and Michael Woodrow Kroll, eds., KJV Bible Commentary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1997, c1994), Isa. 66:5-9.

¹⁴ William R. Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1994,c1935), Rev. 12:1.

¹⁵ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, Rev. 12:3.

¹⁶ Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 246-247.

¹⁷ M. R. Vincent, Vincent’s Word Studies (Escondido, CA: Ephesians Four Group, 2002), Rev. 12:4.

¹⁸ John F. Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1966), Rev. 12:3.

¹⁹ Albrecht Durer (1471 - 1528). Image courtesy of the Connecticut College Wetmore Print Collection. This woodcut does not accurately portray all that is taught concerning the dragon and its horns. The ten horns should all appear on only one of its head—the head representing the final kingdom. See Beasts, Heads, and Horns.

²⁰ Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 8-22 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1995), Rev. 12:3.

²¹ Frederick William Danker and Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 794.

²² Timothy Friberg, Barbara Friberg, and Neva F. Miller, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2000), 379.

²³ “Seeking to produce a mongrel, half-human half-demon and thus unredeemable race of men, Satan sent demons (‘sons of God’; the same Hebrew phrase refers to angels in Job 1:6; 2:1; 38:7; Ps. 29:1; 89:6) to cohabit with human women (Gen. 6:1-4).”—MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 12:4.

²⁴ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 12:4.

²⁵ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 683.

²⁶ Ibid.

²⁷ Jerome Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1992), Rev. 12:5.

²⁸ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 109.

²⁹ “The flight of the woman may in part reflect the escape of the Palestinian church to Pella at the outbreak of the Jewish war in A.D. 66 (Eusebius, hist. Eccl. iii.5; cf. Mark 13:14).”—Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977), Rev. 12:6.

³⁰ Alva J. McClain, The Greatness Of The Kingdom (Winona Lake, IN: BMH Books, 1959), 136-137.

³¹ Walter Scott, Exposition of The Revelation (London, England: Pickering & Inglis, n.d.), 258.

³² Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 12:6.

³³ Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament, Zec. 13:8.

³⁴ MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 12:13.

³⁵ Henry Morris, The Revelation Record (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1983), Rev. 12:6.

³⁶ Copyright © 2003 www.BiblePlaces.com. This image appears by special permission and may not be duplicated for use in derivative works.

³⁷ E. W. Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1984, 1935), Rev. 12:16.

³⁸ They perish to join the ranks of the second resurrection who remain in Hades for the duration of the Millennial Kingdom only to be resurrected for judgment at the Great White Throne and subsequent condemnation in the Lake of Fire (Rev. 20:11-15+).

³⁹ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 12:14.

⁴⁰ Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament, Isa. 15:4.

⁴¹ [Ibid., Isa. 16:1.] “Selah is generally supposed to be the same as Petra, which in Greek signifies a rock, the celebrated capital of Arabia Petraea.”—Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, 2K. 14:7.

⁴² “The passage [Dan. 11:41] states that while Antichrist will conquer the whole world, there nations will escape his domination: Edom, Moab, and Ammon. All three of these ancient nations currently comprise the single modern kingdom of Jordan.”—Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 297.

⁴³ Image courtesy of the Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection, University of Texas at Austin. [www.lib.utexas.edu/maps]

⁴⁴ Ulrich Hart and HÜbner, “Bozrah in Edom,” in David Noel Freeman, ed., The Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York, NY: Doubleday, 1996, c1992), 1:774.

⁴⁵ Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament, Hab. 3:3-7.

⁴⁶ Ibid., Ps. 60:9.

⁴⁷ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 296-297.

⁴⁸ Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament, Mic. 2:12-13.

⁴⁹ The difficulty and risk of their actions at the time of the end are a demonstration of their faith.

⁵⁰ It is provocative to consider some of the parallels between the temptation of Jesus and the testing of the Jewish remnant at the time of the end: Jesus is the Son of God (Mat. 4:3), the Jewish remnant is the son of God (Hos. 11:1; Mat. 2:15). Jesus is led to the wilderness by the Holy Spirit (Mat. 4:1), the Jewish remnant is led to the wilderness by God (Hos. 2:14). Jesus is tempted to worship Satan (Mat. 4:9), the Jewish remnant is tempted to worship Satan (Rev. 13:4+ cf. John 5:43). Jesus refuses Satan’s kingdom in favor of the kingdom of God (Mat. 4:10), the Jewish remnant refuses Satan’s kingdom in favor of the Millennial Kingdom (Hos. 2:18; Isa. 16:1-5). Jesus is fed by God (Mat. 4:11), the Jewish is remnant fed by God (Rev. 12:6+). Jesus is tempted to command that stones become bread (Mat. 4:3), in the midst of the rock city (Sela, Isa. 16:1; 42:11) the Jewish Remnant finds bread (Rev. 12:6+), much in the same way their fathers were fed upon fleeing Egypt (Deu. 8:16 cf. Rev. 2:17+). During the time of Jesus’ testing, Satan brings Jesus to the pinnacle (wing) of the Temple. During the time of testing of the Jewish remnant, Satan empowers Antichrist’s abomination on the wing of the Temple (Dan. 9:27). (Commentators differ as to whether “wing” (Dan. 9:27, NKJV, NASB) refers to a physical location within the Temple. Nevertheless, Jesus and Paul make plain the abomination will involve a desecrating authority over the Temple (Mat. 24:15; Mark 13:14; 2Th. 2:4).)

⁵¹ “Satan knows that once Messiah returns, his freedom ends. Satan also knows that Jesus will not come back until the Jewish leaders ask Him to come back. So if Satan can succeed in destroying the Jews once and for all before they come to national repentance, then Jesus will not come back and Satan’s career is eternally safe.”—Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 311-312.

⁵² Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament, Hos. 5:15-6:2.

⁵³ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 321.

⁵⁴ Although Scripture does not say, perhaps it was Michael who protected Daniel while in the lion’s den (Dan. 6:22)?

⁵⁵ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 12:8.

⁵⁶ Albrecht Durer (1471 - 1528). Image courtesy of the Connecticut College Wetmore Print Collection.

⁵⁷ Scott, Exposition of The Revelation, Rev. 12:7.

⁵⁸ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, 12:9.

⁵⁹ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 561.

⁶⁰ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 12:9.

⁶¹ Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter, Rev. 12:10.

⁶² NASB.

⁶³ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 278.

⁶⁴ Ibid., 423.

⁶⁵ MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 12:7.

⁶⁶ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 30.

⁶⁷ For other negative uses of ἀγαπάω [agapaō] , see John 12:43 and 2Pe. 2:15.

⁶⁸ Vincent, Vincent’s Word Studies, Rev. 12:12.

⁶⁹ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 201.

⁷⁰ Copyright © 2003 www.BiblePlaces.com. This image appears by special permission and may not be duplicated for use in derivative works.

⁷¹ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 825.

⁷² Ibid., 720.

⁷³ Ibid.

⁷⁴ “This invasion of Israel sent by Satan was described in Daniel 11:41 as: He shall enter also into the glorious land. This is the same invasion spoken of in Revelation 11:1-2+ by which the Antichrist will succeed in taking control of both Jerusalem and the Temple and will commit the Abomination of Desolation.”—Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 267.

⁷⁵ J. Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1958), 352.

⁷⁶ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 694.

⁷⁷ Ibid., 416.

⁷⁸ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 12:1.

⁷⁹ It is unclear whether the acceptance of the mark by some Jews will guarantee their survival under the Beast. Isaiah describes a “covenant with death” which God annuls: “When the overflowing scourge passes through, then you will be trampled down by it” (Isa. 28:15-18). Perhaps the rage of the dragon will be so great against the Jews that the Beast will make an exception and exterminate even those Jews who take his mark.

⁸⁰ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 12:17.

⁸¹ Those who take “My brethren” as denoting the family of faith face the difficulty of explaining who the sheep are? If His brothers are both Jews and Gentiles in the faith, then how can the sheep be separate from them and yet also inherit the kingdom? The actions of the sheep and their reward of entry to the kingdom demonstrate them to be among the saved. The differentiation between Jesus’ brothers and the sheep cannot be based upon spiritual regeneration, but must reflect a national Jew/Gentile distinction concerning persecution at the time of the end.

⁸² Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 297.

⁸³ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 12:17.

⁸⁴ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 289.

⁸⁵ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 12:15.

⁸⁶ Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 291-292.

3.11 - Revelation 11

3.11.1 - Revelation 11:1 Open Bible at Rev. 11:1 Listen to Rev. 11:1

a reed like a measuring rod

Reed is κάλαμος [kalamos] , the same word which described the mock scepter given to Jesus along with His crown of thorns (Mat. 27:29). The soldiers used this “scepter” to beat Him on the head (Mat. 27:30; Mark 15:19).

Kalamos (measuring rod) refers to a reedlike plant that grew in the Jordan Valley to a height of fifteen to twenty feet. It had a stalk that was hollow and lightweight, yet rigid enough to be used as a walking staff (cf. Eze. 29:6) or to be shaved down into a pen (3Jn. 1:13). The stalks, because they were long and lightweight, were ideal for use as measuring rods.¹

Later, one of the seven angels (having one of the seven bowls of the seven last plagues) talks with John and uses a golden reed to measure the heavenly Jerusalem (Rev. 21:15+). Measuring rod is ῥάβδῳ [hrabdō] which is translated elsewhere by “rod,” “staff,” or “scepter.”² This is the word used for the rod of iron by which the rule of Jesus is asserted (Rev. 2:27+; 12:5+; 19:15+).

And the angel stood, saying

This phrase, the angel stood, is omitted by the MT and NU texts which render the voice speaking with John anonymously: “someone said.”³ If we follow the reading of the TR text, then the angel speaking with John would seem to be the angel of Revelation 10+ which told him he must “prophesy again about many peoples, nations, tongues, and kings” (Rev. 10:11+). A few verses later, the voice speaking with John asserts ownership of the two witnesses as if speaking for God in the first person: “And I will give power to my two witnesses” [emphasis added] (Rev. 11:3a+). Whether the voice is that of an angel or from the throne, the speaker has full divine authority.

measure

In Ezekiel’s vision of the mountain of the Lord’s house, an angelic messenger measures the Millennial Temple using a measuring rod (Eze. 40:2ff). Ezekiel is told to “look with your eyes and hear with your ears, and fix your mind on everything I show you, for you were brought here so that I might show them to you. Declare to the house of Israel everything you see.” (Eze. 40:4-5). Measurements were made of both the inner temple and common area (Eze. 42:15-20). Similarly, Zechariah sees a “man with a measuring line in his hand” (Zec. 2:1) who measures the dimensions of Jerusalem. The measurement appears to testify of its immense perimeter in a future time of blessing (Zec. 2:4-5).

John is told to “measure” three things: (1) the temple of God; (2) the altar; and 3) those who worship there. The temple and altar are to be literally measured whereas the presence of the worshipers is merely to be noticed and recorded.⁴ The act of measuring indicates a separation between a portion which God recognizes (the Temple, altar, and worshipers) versus a portion he rejects (the outer court, see below).

Verses 1 and 2 indicate there will be a distinction between Jew and Gentile in this period. The two earlier Jewish temples were divided into four areas: first, the sanctuary itself, which only priests (not even Levites) could enter (this is called the temple of God); second, the area the men of Israel could enter (this included the altar); third, the court of the women in which Israelite women worshiped God; and finally, the court of the Gentiles. John’s instruction was to measure the first three, thus symbolizing God’s interest in, and protection of, the Jewish nation. Chapter 12 confirms this interpretation, for it describes the divine protection symbolized here.⁵

temple of God

Τὸν ναὸν τοῦ θεοῦ [Ton naon tou theou] . The word for temple, ναὸν [naon] has two general meanings in relation to the house of God in Jerusalem. “(1) In a narrower sense, the inner sanctuary within a sacred precinct (τὸ ἱερόν [to hieron] ) where the divine being resides shrine, (inner) temple (Mat. 27.51); (2) in a broader yet specific sense, the sanctuary in Jerusalem consisting of the (outer) Holy Place and the (inner) Holy of Holies temple (Mat. 26.61).”⁶ The term probably refers to the Holy of Holies and the Holy Place, where only the priests were allowed access. The inner sanctuary, where the divine being resided, is where Jesus predicted the “abomination of desolation” would one day stand in the holy place (τόπῳ ἁγίῳ [topō hagiō] , Mat. 24:15). The man of sin, the son of perdition, will also sit in “the temple of God τὸν ναὸν τοῦ θεοῦ [ton naon tou theou] ” (2Th. 2:4). This refers to a rebuilt Temple yet future to our time, often called the Tribulation Temple.

Five distinct temples are alluded to by the Scriptures. Solomon’s temple was destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar in 587 B.C. Antiochus Epiphanes pillaged and consecrated to Jupiter the temple of Zerubbabel in 168 B.C. Herod’s magnificent temple was reduced to ashes by Titus in A.D. 70. The fourth temple, the edifice described in this chapter, is to be the focus of attention during the Great Tribulation. Finally, the fifth temple will be the Millennial Temple described in Eze. 40-47.⁷

Much confusion has been needlessly brought to bear upon this passage by interpreters who insist on ignoring the literal details of the description and spiritualizing nearly everything as pertaining to “the church.” Barnhouse summarizes:

One commentator has brought together on one page the interpretations of his fellows in a way that will explain much of the confusion that has arisen out of this passage. He points out that almost universally the commentators have tried to force the church into the picture that is painted here when, of course, the church is not in view at all. “The temple is here figuratively used of the faithful portion of the church of Christ.” The command is given to John “to measure the temple of God” in order to call his attention to “the size of the church of God.” The “altar” is again, in the mind of one commentator, “the church.” The “outer court” signifies “a part of the church of Christ.” The “Holy City,” according to these expositors is “always in the Apocalypse the title of the church.” The “two witnesses” represent “the elect church of God,” says one (embracing both Jew and Christian), “and the witness which she bears concerning God, especially in the Old and New Testaments.” “The twelve hundred and sixty days” constitutes the period “during which the church although trodden under foot, will not cease to prophesy.” Concerning the war of the beast against them we are told, “The whole vision is symbolical, and the intention is to convey the idea that the church, in her witness for God, will experience opposition from the power of Satan” and so on and on and on. . . . “What wonder, when such diverse expressions are forced to mean the same thing, if there be endless confusion. Literalism may not solve every perplexity, but it does not lead into any such inexplicable obscurity as this.”⁸

We can avoid much of this mischief by following the Golden Rule of Interpretation.

See Temple of God and Tribulation Temple. This Temple is to be contrasted with the “temple of God . . . in heaven” (Rev. 11:19+).

the altar

The altar was the location where sacrifices were offered. We know that the Tribulation Temple will have an altar because during The 70th Week of Daniel the Antichrist is said to make a covenant which appears to provide, in part, for sacrifices to be offered on such an altar. In opposition to his covenant “in the middle of the week he will put a stop to sacrifice and grain offering” (Dan. 9:27b). “By being mentioned separately from the Naos (in which was the golden altar of incense) it looks as though the brazen altar of sacrifice was intended. The word will suit either.”⁹

those who worship there

τοὺς προσκυνοῦντας [tous proskynountas] , present tense participle, the ones presently worshiping. At the time of the measurement, worship is in progress. There is an intentional contrast between John’s instructions to measure the ones worshiping in the temple versus to leave out the outer court which is given to the nations. Worship within the temple is recognized by God, whereas the activity of the outer court is dismissed.

3.11.2 - Revelation 11:2 Open Bible at Rev. 11:2 Listen to Rev. 11:2

leave out the court which is outside the temple

Τὴν αὐλὴν τὴν ἔζωθεν τοῦ ναοῦ ἔκβαλε ἔζωθεν [Tēn aulēn tēn ezōthen tou naou ekbale ezōthen] , a play on words: the courtyard outside the temple you throw outside. The phrase throw outside (ἔκβαλε ἔζωθεν [ekbale ezōthen] , expel outside, cast out¹⁰ ) emphasizes the rejection of the outer court, probably due to God’s disfavor.

Court is αὐλὴν [aulēn] : “An enclosed space, open to the sky, near a house, or surrounded by buildings.”¹¹ The LXX uses the identical term to describe God’s courts (αὐλὴν [aulēn] ) which are trampled (πατεῖν [patein] ) by those who are godless in behavior, yet come offering sacrifice at the temple (Isa. 1:12, also Ex. 27:9).

In the Temple which had been built by Herod, in which Jesus walked when He was here upon earth, the outer court was marked off from the inner one where Israel was permitted to go and it was separated by “the middle wall of partition” (Eph. 2:14). Beyond this no Gentile could go. Paul, accused of breaking this rule, and bringing Gentiles into the holy place, was almost destroyed by angry Jews (Acts 21:28).¹²

In the time of the Second Temple [the Jews] had erected a boundary fence, the Soreg, between the Court of the Gentiles and the Court of the Israelites, with a warning inscription promising death to any non-Israelite who passed beyond it into the Court of the Israelites. The New Testament (Acts 21:27-28) records a Jewish crowd’s violent reaction to Paul when they mistakenly believed that he had taken a Gentile proselyte (Titus) into the Temple to offer sacrifice.¹³

it has been given

The portion of the temple which is not under the control of the Jews has been given to the nations to tread. Once again, we see the sovereign purpose of God in the events surrounding the temple during the Tribulation. It is He who has ultimately given control of the outer court to the Gentiles. See commentary on Revelation 6:2.

When Asaph contemplated the apparent success of the wicked, he lamented how God’s “enemies roar in the midst of Your meeting place; they set up their banners for signs . . . They have defiled the dwelling place of Your name to the ground” (Ps. 74:1-7). Elsewhere, he decries, “the nations have come into Your inheritance; Your holy temple they have defiled” (Ps. 79:1). In the setting of Asaph, the temple had been completely destroyed (cf. Isa. 63:18). Here, only a portion of the temple is in the hands of the nations.

the Gentiles

Gentiles is ἔθνεσιν [ethnesin] , often translated as nations in Revelation (Rev. 2:26+; 5:9+; 7:9+; 10:11+; 12:5+; 13:7+; 14:6+; 15:4+; 16:19+; 17:15+; 18:3+; 19:15+; 20:3+; 21:24+; 22:2+). These are the nations which John was just told to prophesy about (Rev. 10:11+). Hence, he is already beginning to fulfill that command. The emphasis on a portion of the temple precincts being given to the Gentiles (or nations) supposes that the main part of the temple proper is under the jurisdiction of non-Gentiles, that is, the Jews.

This casting out of the court of the Gentiles because it is the court of the Gentiles, proves the present dispensation at an end. Now Gentiles and Jews stand on the same level. The one has no prerogatives or rights above the other. In the Church there is neither Greek nor Jew, Barbarian, Scythian, bond nor free; but all nationalities and conditions in life yield to one common brotherhood and heirship. The text, therefore, tells of a new order of things. . . . the Jew is again in the foreground for the fathers’ sakes, and the Gentiles are thrust back.¹⁴

they will tread the holy city underfoot

There is only one holy city within Scripture: Jerusalem (Ne. 11:1, 18; Isa. 48:2; 52:1-2; Dan. 9:24; Mat. 4:5; 27:53). In some cases, the phrase refers to the New Jerusalem which comes down from heaven (Rev. 21:2+; 22:19+), but here it is clearly the earthly Jerusalem because a portion of it has been given to the nations to tread . . . underfoot. The treading of the holy city is typified by the similar occupation and desecration of the sanctuary by Antiochus Epiphanes in the days of the Maccabees:¹⁵

Then I heard a holy one speaking; and another holy one said to that certain one who was speaking, “How long will the vision be, concerning the daily sacrifices and the transgression of desolation, the giving of both the sanctuary and the host to be trampled under foot?” And he said to me, “For two thousand three hundred days; then the sanctuary shall be cleansed.” (Dan. 8:13-14) [emphasis added]

As in Daniel 11, treading underfoot speaks of having authority over the city, just as when the mighty angel stands on the sea and land indicating his authority over the globe (Rev. 10:2+, 5+). Here, the Gentiles, or nations, exert authority over the holy city while the Jews have authority over the temple of God and the altar. The trampling of the holy city also speaks of occupation without appreciation—the occupiers treat that which is holy as a common thing, failing to understand its significance in the eyes of God (Heb. 10:29). God has promised to make the earthly Jerusalem “a praise in all the earth” (Isa. 62:7), but the nations steadfastly refuse to acknowledge God’s plan for Jerusalem which includes her ownership by Israel. In some settings, treading or trampling may also denote destruction (Isa. 63:18).

When Jesus responded to his disciples’ question concerning when Herod’s temple would be destroyed (Luke 21:7), he indicated that following the destruction of Jerusalem, the Jews would “be led away captive into all nations. And Jerusalem will be trampled by Gentiles until the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled” (Luke 21:24). Thus, this trampling is an indication that during the time period which John sees in his vision the “times of the Gentiles” have still not come to a close. “John indicates that Jerusalem is still in Gentile power and that from the beginning of the series of judgments, which this parenthesis interrupts, until the end of the Gentile dominion is three and one-half years.”¹⁶

Jesus indicated that the trampling would take place after the destruction of A.D. 70—which supports the futurist interpretation that takes this temple to be a tribulation temple yet to be built. The preterist interpretation holds that the trampling described here occurs before the temple is destroyed—for if this is Herod’s temple, as they maintain, then the nations are trampling while it still stands. Yet the sequence indicated by Jesus (Luke 21:24) is just the opposite: first Jerusalem is destroyed and the Jews dispersed among the nations, then the trampling begins. The trampling only ends when the “times of the Gentiles” are fulfilled and jurisdiction of Jerusalem returns fully and permanently to the Jews.¹⁷

The Times of the Gentiles can best be defined as that long period of time from the Babylonian Empire to the Second Coming of the Messiah during which time the Gentiles have dominion over the City of Jerusalem. This does not rule out temporary Jewish control of the city, but all such Jewish control will be temporary until the Second Coming. Such temporary control was exercised during the Maccabbean Period (164-63 B.C.), the First Jewish Revolt against Rome (A.D. 66-70), the Second Jewish Revolt (the Bar Cochba Revolt) against Rome (A.D. 132-135), and since 1967 as a result of the Six Day War. This too, is temporary, as Gentiles will yet trod Jerusalem down for at least another 3 1/2 years (Rev. 11:1-2+). Any Jewish takeover of the City of Jerusalem before the Second Coming must therefore be viewed as a temporary one and does not mean that the Times of the Gentiles have ended. The Times of the Gentiles can only end when the Gentiles can no longer tread down the City of Jerusalem.¹⁸

It is our belief that at the liberation of Jerusalem in the Six-Day War, the bizarre circumstance where the Jews gave control of the Temple Mount back into the hands of Muslims rather than retaining control of the Mount and removing the Dome of the Rock is a modern-example of the hand of God which has determined that the time has not yet been fulfilled for Israel to obtain exclusive and lasting control over all of Jerusalem. How significant it is today that most nations of the world refuse to recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel while pressuring the Jews to continue to subject this historic site of Judaism to support an Islamic religious site while at the same time restricting the religious access of their own people. One would think this situation sufficiently strange to obtain the attention of the atheist who denies the divine hand in history!

It is interesting that the same root word (πατεω [pateō] ) which denotes the trampling of the courts in Isaiah (LXX) appears in this chapter to describe the treading underfoot of the holy city by the nations. Even though the nations occupy the holy city, it would seem that God’s response to their activities may be akin to how he responded to the Jews when they offered sacrifices which appeared righteous externally, but when in fact their hearts were far from him:

When you come to appear before Me, who has required this from your hand, to trample My courts? Bring no more futile sacrifices; incense is an abomination to Me. The New Moons, the Sabbaths, and the calling of assemblies-I cannot endure iniquity and the sacred meeting. Your New Moons and your appointed feasts My soul hates; they are a trouble to Me, I am weary of bearing them. When you spread out your hands, I will hide My eyes from you; even though you make many prayers, I will not hear. Your hands are full of blood. (Isa. 1:12-15)

for forty-two months

The “holy city” which is to be tread underfoot is none other than the “holy city” upon which the seventy weeks of Daniel are determined (Dan. 9:24), of which one-half of the final week is mentioned here as “forty-two months” and as “one thousand two hundred and sixty days” (Rev. 11:3+).

The treading of the holy city is said to last forty-two months. This corresponds to half of the final week of the 70 weeks of Daniel (Dan. 9:24-27). But which half? John is told not to measure the outer court because it “has been given” (aorist tense, typically an event occurring prior to the time of the writer) to the Gentiles. Then John is told “They will tread” (future tense) the holy city for forty-two months. If the treading of the holy city by the Gentiles is taken to be simultaneous with their authority over the outer court, then it occurs while the Jews are allowed to worship in the temple and sacrifice on the altar. This would be the first half of the final week—before sacrifices are brought to an end (Dan. 9:27) and the two witnesses are overcome by the beast (Rev. 11:3+). If the treading is taken to follow the possession of the outer court by the Gentiles, then the forty-two months could denote the last half of the week: after the Antichrist has violated his covenant (Dan. 9:27), the Abomination of Desolation occurs (Mat. 24:15 cf. Dan. 11:31; Dan. 12:11),¹⁹ the Antichrist exerts his global authority (Dan. 7:25; 12:7, 11-12; Rev. 13:5-8+), and the Jews flee to the wilderness where they are protected by God (Mat. 24:16-20; Rev. 12:6+, 14+). See Events of the 70th Week of Daniel. The last half of the week is probably in view so that the termination of the forty-two months corresponds to the end of the “times of the Gentiles” (Luke 21:24) with the arrival of Christ and the introduction of the Millennial Kingdom. Jeremiah prophesied the restoration which would follow Jacob’s Trouble and the Great Tribulation:

‘Ask now, and see, whether a man is ever in labor with child? So why do I see every man with his hands on his loins like a woman in labor, and all faces turned pale? Alas! For that day is great, so that none is like it; and it is the time of Jacob’s trouble, but he shall be saved out of it. For it shall come to pass in that day,’ Says the LORD of hosts, ‘That I will break his yoke from your neck, and will burst your bonds; foreigners shall no more enslave them. But they shall serve the LORD their God, and David their king, whom I will raise up for them.’ (Jer. 30:6-9) [emphasis added]

Jeremiah explains the reason the times of the Gentiles will come to an end is so that the nation of Israel will be free to serve God under the Messianic economy of the Millennial Kingdom. It is God’s jealousy over His chosen nation which will bring this about. Woe to the nations who will fail to appreciate God’s zeal for Israel!

‘Therefore do not fear, O My servant Jacob,’ says the LORD, ‘Nor be dismayed, O Israel; for behold, I will save you from afar, and your seed from the land of their captivity. Jacob shall return, have rest and be quiet, and no one shall make him afraid. For I am with you,’ says the LORD, ‘to save you; Though I make a full end of all nations where I have scattered you, yet I will not make a complete end of you. But I will correct you in justice, and will not let you go altogether unpunished.’ (Jer. 30:10-11) [emphasis added]

The forty-two months correspond to 3 1/2 years of 360-days each. See Prophetic Year.

3.11.3 - Revelation 11:3 Open Bible at Rev. 11:3 Listen to Rev. 11:3

my two witnesses

The TR text indicates that it is an angel which is speaking with John (Rev. 11:1+). Yet here, the speaker speaks of the two witnesses as being his own. Either (1) the angel is speaking in the first person for God; (2) the angel speaking to John is the second person of the Trinity (see Divine Similarities); or (3) the voice is that of God directly from the throne.

These witnesses are said to be my witnesses because, like the prophets who preceded them, they are dedicated to speaking forth His word and judgments as His servants (Rev. 10:7+). There are two witnesses because two is the number of witness prescribed by the Law of Moses (Num. 35:30; Deu. 17:6; 19:5 cf. Mat. 18:16. 2Cor. 13:1.). See Two: Witness.

witnesses is μάρτυσιν [martysin] from which we get the word martyr. Like many of God’s witnesses during the Tribulation, these two individuals will be steadfast in their faith unto death (Rev. 11:7+ cf. Rev. 2:10+; 12:11+; 20:4+). They cannot be killed until “they finish their testimony (μαρτυρίαν [martyrian] )” (Rev. 11:7+). The saints and even the angels are witnesses in the sense that they share in the “testimony (μαρτυρίαν [martyrian] of Jesus” (Rev. 19:10+). The coming of the Holy Spirit on the Day of Pentecost was to empower the church to be a witness to Jesus (Acts 1:8; Acts 2:32; 3:15; 13:31).

Since their ministry is reminiscent of Moses (plagues, turning water to blood) and Elijah (consuming with fire, shutting off rain from heaven), their message will undoubtedly be that of both the law and the prophets—the writings which are frequently mentioned as a dual witness elsewhere (Mat. 5:17; 7:12; 11:13; 22:40; Luke 16:16, 29; 24:44; John 1:45; Acts 13:15; 24:14; 26:22; 28:23; Rom. 3:21).

The Jewishness of this chapter, and especially the ministry of these two witnesses, must be seen within the larger context of God’s promises to restore Israel. In an important parallel passage, the apostle Paul anguishes over Israel’s need of the gospel:

Brethren, my heart’s desire and prayer to God for Israel is that they may be saved. . . . How then shall they call on Him in whom they have not believed? And how shall they believe in Him of whom they have not heard? And how shall they hear without a preacher? And how shall they preach unless they are sent? . . . But I say, did Israel not know? . . . I say then, have they stumbled that they should fall? Certainly not! . . . For if their being cast away is the reconciling of the world, what will their acceptance be but life from the dead? [Eze. 37] . . . God is able to graft them in again . . . For I do not desire, brethren, that you should be ignorant of this mystery, lest you should be wise in your own opinion, that blindness in part has happened to Israel until the fullness of the Gentiles has come in. And so all Israel will be saved, as it is written: “The Deliverer will come out of Zion, and He will turn away ungodliness from Jacob.” (Rom. 10:1, 14-15, 19; 11:11, 15, 23, 25-26a)

These two witnesses are among the “beautiful feet” which preach the gospel of peace (Rom. 10:15) to Israel. Their ministry involves the entire earth, but takes place in Jerusalem and has all the markings of OT Jewish prophets. They are a key element in the plan of the Deliverer to “turn ungodliness from Jacob” (Rom. 11:26) in preparation for the Millennial Kingdom to come. “The purpose of God to make Israel and her land the centre round which He shall gather the nations, is not frustrated, but postponed. Our chapter presents the initial stages in the development of this glorious earthly purpose.”²⁰

The breadth of interpretations expositors have assigned to these two witnesses is legend: from literal individuals such as the apostles James and Peter²¹ to symbolic ideas such as the church preaching Christ in the two testaments.²²

There are two forks in the road of interpretation on the way to determining who these individuals might be. The first fork which separates interpreters is whether the text describes symbols, institutions, or individuals?

Symbols, Institutions, or Individuals?

Symbolic
Corporate
Literal

“Expositors within [the symbolic] category agree on one point: The witnesses are not human beings. These scholars vary, however, in their opinion of what the witnesses represent. The main interpretations in this group are these: (1) The two witnesses represent the testimony of the church from the Law and the prophets, (2) the Old and New Testaments, (3) the Word of God and the Spirit of God.”²³
“Ten views on the witnesses’ identity have been suggested in this category: (1) the church in its function of witness-bearing, (2) the church represented in the east by the Paulikians and the west by the Waldenses, (3) believers who suffer martyrdom, (4) a literal group of people (i.e., the number two may be symbolic of a large multitude), (5) the Christian church and the Christian state, (6) the line of witnesses in the Eastern and Western church against the papacy, for 1,260 years (taking each day for a year, Rev. 11:3+) until the sixteenth century, when it was exterminated, (7) Israel and the church, (8) the house of Israel and the house of Aaron, (9) the believing Jewish remnant during the tribulation, (10) the two nations descended from Abraham (i.e., the Arabs and the Israelites).”²⁴
“Expositors in this category agree that the witnesses are two individuals, but they disagree on who these people are, as exemplified by the following ten interpretations: (1) Elijah and Moses, (2) Elijah and Enoch, (3) Elijah and John the Baptist, (4) Elijah and John the Apostle, (5) Elijah and an unidentified person, (6) Peter and James, (7) Peter and John, (8) Peter and Paul, (9) the two high priests, Ananus and Jesus, who nobly withstood the zealots in Jerusalem, and were massacred by them, and (10) two unknown persons who will minister in the spirit and power of Moses and Elijah in the future.”²⁵ “These witnesses are individuals. No reader of the account, having no preconceived theory to defend, would ever think of taking them for bodies, or successions of people. All the early fathers, from whom we have any testimony on the subject, regarded them as two individual men.”²⁶

We concur with many other interpreters who see abundant evidence indicating the witnesses are to be understood as two individuals:²⁷

The classical use of μάρτυς [martys] is “in the sense of human attestation or testimonial.” The word thus implies that the “witnesses” (μάρτυσιν [martysin] ) are human beings. This consideration is further suggested by John’s use of the article τοῖς [tois] , which indicates specific persons. Elsewhere in the New Testament μάρτυς [martys] is always personal (Mat. 18:16; Luke 24:48; Acts 1:8; 1Ti. 5:19; Heb. 10:28; Rev. 1:5+). Therefore symbolic interpretations must be rejected. Second, Revelation 11:3+ states that the two witnesses “shall prophesy” . . . The activity of prophesying, then, is personal and involves personal beings. This too suggests that symbolic interpretations are inadequate. Third, the overall context in which the activity of the two witnesses is described (Rev. 11:3-12+) supports the preferred view. In these verses witnesses, depicted as individuals, speak (Rev. 11:3+, 6+ ); are given power to kill their enemies (Rev. 11:5+ ); are heard, handled, and hated (Rev. 11:3+, 7+, 10+ ); have mouths, ears, and feet (Rev. 11:5+, 11-12+ ); wear “sackcloth,” and after their martyrdom John saw their “dead bodies” (τό πτώματα αύτῶν [to ptōmata autōn] , Rev. 11:8-9+ ). By no stretch of the imagination, then, can an interpreter regard these witnesses as other than real persons.²⁸

3.11.3.1 - Who are the Witnesses?

Now we reach the second fork in the interpretive road: having established that the two witnesses are best understood as historic individuals, which individuals might they be? The most popular suggestions include: (1) the return of Moses and Elijah; (2) the return of Enoch and Elijah; (3) two future prophets who minister in the power and character of Moses and Elijah.

Identifying the Witnesses

Identity
Reasons For
Reasons Against

Moses and Elijah²⁹
“Based on the miracles they are to perform, some have said they are Elijah (commanding fire to devour enemies and shutting up the sky so that it does not rain, Rev. 11:5-6+; cf. 1K. 17:1; 2K. 1:10-14), and Moses (water turned to blood, the earth smitten with every plague, Rev. 11:6+; cf. Ex. 7:20; 9:14 ; etc.).”³⁰ “Some writers argue that Moses and Elijah must be the two witnesses because their return is prophesied in Deuteronomy 18:15-18 and Malachi 4:5-6.”³¹ “Both [Moses and Elijah] left the earth in unusual ways. Elijah never died, but was transported to heaven in a fiery chariot (2K. 2:11-12), and God supernaturally buried Moses’ body in a secret location (Deu. 34:5-6; Jude 1:9).”³² “Moses appeared with Elijah at the transfiguration (Mat. 17:13) . . . the law (Moses) and the prophets (Elijah) would be joining in witness unto Christ during the announcement of the coming of the King.”³³ The transfiguration is connected with the second coming (Mat. 16:28; Mark 9:1; Luke 9:27) which these prophets help usher in. Some claim that John the Baptist already fulfilled the coming of Elijah but, “The Lord’s statement that John was Elijah was a statement based on contingency. John was Elijah ‘if ye will receive it’ (Mat. 11:14). The Lord indicated that if they received the offered kingdom John would be the one to do the work of Elijah. But they rejected this offer (Mat. 17:12) and therefore John is precluded from being the one to fulfill the prophecy.”³⁴ John himself indicated he was not Elijah (John 1:21).
“There is nothing in Scripture that limits miracles such as these to Moses and Elijah. Elijah raised a person from the dead (1K. 17:17-24); but so did Jesus (Mark 5:35-42; Luke 8:49-56; John 11:14-44), Peter (Acts 9:36-41), and Paul (Acts 20:9-12). To argue that Moses and Elijah must be the witnesses because of the miracles mentioned, then, is weak.”³⁵ “The expression ‘like me’ in Deuteronomy 18:15 seems to preclude using that verse as a means of identifying the witnesses in Revelation 11:3+ [as Moses and Elijah], for the promised prophet was not Moses, but one ‘like’ Moses. Also, Jesus said, ‘For all the prophets and the Law prophesied until John. And if you care to accept it, he himself is Elijah, who was to come’ (Mat. 11:13-14). Christ later said, ‘Elijah is coming and will restore all things; but I say to you, that Elijah already came, and they did not recognize him, but did to him whatever they wished?’ (Mat. 17:11-12 ). These statements of Jesus show that John the Baptist was, in a real sense, the anticipated Elijah of Malachi, though there may yet be a future fulfillment of that prophecy. The point is that while the prophecy does speak of a literal witness, the person need not be Elijah himself but one who is like Elijah (cf. Luke 1:17). This apparently is the Lord’s interpretation of Malachi’s prophecy (Mat. 17:11-12). In view of this, it is not necessary to insist that Elijah the Tishbite must be one of the two witnesses.”³⁶ “The likelihood that Elijah and Moses appeared in glorified bodies (Luke 9:30-31) on the Mount of Transfiguration is a problem for the return of Elijah as well, for since Elijah has already received a glorified body, he cannot die. An exponent of the Elijah view might respond that Elijah’s appearance on the Mount of Transfiguration was not in a glorified body, for which death could never be a possibility, but ‘in glory’ (i.e., some other state such as the glorious characteristics manifested in Christ’s own natural body at that time). It might also be argued that Moses had died and that Scripture never records a special resurrection and glorification for him, so that he may have appeared at the Transfiguration only by some act of God’s power to visualize his old body in a ‘vision’ intelligible to the disciples (Mat. 17:9), or as Samuel was made to appear, though still actually in the state of death (1S. 28). By this logic, Elijah, like Moses, was on the Mount of Transfiguration in a vision and not a body at all. However, since Elijah was caught up into heaven in his natural body, it seems more likely that he appeared in that body (presumably glorified) on the mount. If Elijah was glorified, it would then be most appropriate to interpret Moses’ body as also glorified (though some may say that this requires the assumption of a resurrection for Moses, which Scripture nowhere records, and that this is too large an assumption). If Elijah was still in his mortal body preserved for centuries by powers known only to God and enabled to appear on the mount, then, in the interest of consistency, Moses also was there in person in his mortal body. However, the fact that Moses died, and his body was buried (Deu. 34:5-8; Jude 9), makes it less likely that he reappeared in that mortal body. It seems then that both Elijah and Moses probably have already received glorified bodies of some kind and so could not die. This rules them out as candidates for a future return.”³⁷ “An objection to this interpretation is that those blessed departed servants of God would have to submit to death (Rev. 11:7+, 8+), and this in Moses’ case a second time, which Heb. 9:27 denies.”³⁸ “No second coming of Moses is anywhere promised in the Word.”³⁹ “While the transfiguration is identified with the millennial age (2Pe. 1:16-19) it is nowhere identified with the tribulation period or the ministry of the witnesses.”⁴⁰

Elijah and Enoch⁴¹
“Some, on the basis of Jewish tradition and the wider context of Scripture, interpret the two witnesses as Elijah and Enoch. One reason is that according to an early rabbinic opinion it is believed that Enoch will rejoin Elijah for a ministry like that of the two witnesses (1 Enoch 90:31; cf. 4 Ezra 6:26). But this is simply an ancient Jewish opinion, not necessarily correct. Also there are many statements in 1 Enoch that are bizarre and questionable. Another reason for saying these witnesses will be Elijah and Enoch is that neither of these two men saw death but were translated to heaven (Gen. 5:24; 2K. 2:11). Since Hebrews 9:27 says that ‘it is appointed for men to die once and after this comes judgment,’ God, it is argued, must have reserved Enoch and Elijah as His witnesses for this future time. The merit of this argument is that it helps rule out Moses and others as possible candidates, for they have already died.”⁴² “Neither [Enoch] nor Elijah were given immortal bodies when they were translated, however, because it was necessary for Christ first to die for their sins and rise again. . . (1Cor. 15:22-23). Thus Enoch and Elijah have been waiting in heaven in their natural bodies through all the intervening ages since their respective translations.”⁴³ “In Revelation 11:4+ the word ‘standing’ suggests that they were already there in John’s day, and must be two people who have already been translated. Thus, it is held, only Elijah and Enoch could meet this requirement.”⁴⁴ “Even after His incarnation, on the mount with Peter, James, and John, [Jesus] was much arrayed in heavenly glory as Elijah who there appeared in converse with him; yet, from that holy mount, and glory, and sublime transfiguration, he came down, and suffered, and died. Paul was once in heaven, caught up, he knew not how, and saw and heard things he dared not tell; and yet, he came back, and preached, and suffered, and died. John was called up to heaven, to behold the wonders that are described in this Book; yet he also returned, and suffered, and died.”⁴⁵
“It should be pointed out, however, that since there will be a whole generation of believers who are raptured and thus will not die physically (1Cor. 15:51-57; 1Th. 4:16-17), the idea that Enoch and Elijah must return in order to die once to make Hebrews 9:27 absolutely all-inclusive, is without basis. It should also be noted that Hebrews 11:5 says that Enoch was translated ‘so that he should not see death.’ To allow a future return and death, then, would nullify God’s promise.”⁴⁶ “Those who claim them to be Enoch and Elijah base it on the fact that these two men never died, and so they will return to die in the Tribulation. Often, Hebrews 9:27 is used as evidence for ‘it is appointed unto men once to die.’ But it is a general principle and not an absolute rule. For example, take the word once: some people have died twice, namely, all those who had been resurrected in the Old and New Testaments apart from Messiah. Furthermore, what about the living Church saints? If indeed Hebrews 9:27 is an absolute rule, it would mean that all living Church saints at the Rapture will also have to die at some time. Both I Corinthians 15:51 and I Thessalonians 4:15-17 show that Hebrews 9:27 is only a general principle. Also in the light of Hebrews 11:5 [‘By faith Enoch was translated that he should not see death. . .’], it cannot be that Enoch will die in the future.”⁴⁷ “Enoch is clearly said to have been translated, and this involves corruption putting on incorruption and mortality putting on immortality (1Cor. 15:50-58). Since Elijah has already been taken into Heaven, the same is true of him, for no man in his physical state can enter Heaven (1Cor. 15:50). This means that neither Elijah nor Enoch can die, for they are now immortal.”⁴⁸ Enoch seems an unlikely candidate on the grounds that he is a type for the Church which is removed prior to the Tribulation as Enoch was taken before the flood.⁴⁹ “It is the stated purpose that Enoch was translated ‘in order that he might not see death’ (Heb. 11:5). In view of this it could hardly be stated that he will be returned to die. . . . It would seem that an antediluvian prophet would not be sent into a time when God is dealing with Israel.”⁵⁰ If the nature of their ministry serves to identify the individuals, and it may not, then we have no indication for Enoch: “A further difficulty for this view is Enoch’s failure to match the criteria assigned to the two witnesses.”⁵¹

Two Future Prophets⁵²
The two witnesses are taken as two unknown Jewish prophets who will minister at the time of the Tribulation. This view avoids the various problems which attend the other views. The passage does not positively identify the individuals so there is no need to find fulfillment in previous individuals having already died or been translated. “If God wished us to know He could have told us. The fact that He has not done so ought to stop our mouths.”⁵³ “There are great difficulties in all points of view identifying the two witnesses with historical characters.”⁵⁴
Although Jesus indicated that John the Baptist served in a capacity like that of Elijah who would come prior to the day of the LORD (Mat. 11:14), John himself indicated he was not Elijah (John 1:21). If Malachi is to be taken literally, then it is necessary for Elijah to come, not his likeness (Mal. 4:5). Both Moses and Elijah are connected with the coming of Christ in His kingdom (Mat. 16:28; Mark 9:1; Luke 9:27) by their appearance on the Mount of Transfiguration (Mat. 17:3; Mark 9:4; Luke 9:30). The character of the ministry of the witnesses seems to intentionally recall that of Moses and Elijah.

they will prophesy

Their ministry will be like that of John (Rev. 10:11+) in that their prophesy will be global in extent, for they shall not only prophesy (which includes correction and exhortation), but they shall also torment those who dwell on the earth (Rev. 11:5-7+, 10+).

one thousand two hundred and sixty days

This is the first half of the final week of the seventy weeks of Daniel, before the beast reaches ascendancy and is able to overcome them (Rev. 11:7+).⁵⁵ It cannot be the latter half of the week as some suggest:⁵⁶

It is the beast who is destroyed at the close of the week (Rev. 19:20+), not the witnesses. See Events of the 70th Week of Daniel.

It is more natural to understand the overthrow of the Jewish prophets as leading to the defilement of the Temple in the Abomination of Desolation to follow. Prior to their overthrow, they are invincible and almost certainly would not allow the beast to sit in the Holy Place to declare himself as god (2Th. 2:4).⁵⁷

Why would the two Jewish witnesses, who are key in the revival of the Jews during the Tribulation, be found in Jerusalem after the Jews have fled elsewhere due to the intense persecution of the dragon which begins at the midpoint of the final week (Mat. 24:15; Rev. 12:6+, 13-14+)?

How could the beast overcome the witnesses at the end of the 70th week and the world throw a big celebration at the very time Antichrist is heavily involved with the Campaign of Armageddon and Christ arrives?⁵⁸

The overthrow of the prophets would more naturally contribute to the rise and fame of the beast.⁵⁹

If Christ returns with the resurrected saints to the earth at the end of the 70th week, why do these two resurrected witnesses ascend to heaven?

These problems disappear if the 1,260 days mentioned here are understood as denoting the first half of the week, including a powerful witness to Jerusalem culminating in the ascent of the beast to overthrow the witnesses and exert full control over the Temple, as Paul relates of the man of sin (2Th. 2:4).

in sackcloth

Sackcloth was a rough, course cloth, or a bag-like garment made of such cloth which was worn as a symbol of mourning, grief, or repentance (e.g., Jer. 4:8; 6:26; 48:37; 49:3; Amos 8:10). Its association with mourning and sorrow may have been not only due to its coarseness on the wearer, but also because it was made from black goat hair. When prophets wore sackcloth, it indicated their own brokenness over the message of doom and judgment which they themselves were delivering. Prophets were never cavalier in their dire predictions, but grieved over the judgment they proclaimed (Isa. 20:2). In this sense, the sackcloth of the two witnesses is akin to the bitterness which attended John’s consumption of the little book of prophecy (Rev. 10:9-10+). The sackcloth indicates the message of the two witnesses is one of impending judgment to which their listeners should respond in repentance. Although this chapter records a rare case of repentance in the judgments of God at the time of the end, it is not directly due to the testimony of the witnesses (Rev. 11:13+). The pattern elsewhere is one of failure to repent (Rev. 9:21+; 16:11+).

These two witnesses are 1) clothed in sackcloth, 2) have a ministry matching that of previous OT Jewish prophets, and 3) minister in Jerusalem. These factors, along with the absence of the Church (see Rapture) and the sealing of the 144,000 Jews (Rev. 7:4-8+), argue for the Jewishness of the two witnesses.

3.11.4 - Revelation 11:4 Open Bible at Rev. 11:4 Listen to Rev. 11:4

These are

αὖτοι εἰσιν [autoi eisin] : These, they are, emphasizing the individuals.

the two olive trees

Israel is referred to by God as a “Green Olive Tree, Lovely and of Good Fruit” (Jer. 11:16a). The psalm writer referred to himself, one who trusted in God’s mercy, as “a green olive tree in the house of God” (Ps. 52:8). The definite article (the) is intended to denote a specific pair of olive trees (see below).

and the two lamp stands

Lamp stands is λυχνίαι [lychniai] , the same word which described the seven lampstands which were the Seven Churches of Asia (Rev. 1:12+, 20+; 2:1+, 5+). Evidently, these two lamp stands will serve a similar purpose to the seven lampstands (the churches). As in the previous phrase, the definite article (the) points to a pair of olive trees and lamp stands which would be known to John. The allusion is to Zechariah’s fifth vision (Zec. 4:1-14) wherein Zechariah is shown a lampstand of solid gold with seven pipes feeding seven lamps. The lamps are fed by a shared bowl of oil which stands between two olive trees into which the oil from the trees drips (Zec. 4:3, 12). When Zechariah asks an angel concerning the identity of the two olive trees and the fruitful oil-dripping branches which extend from them, the angel responds: “These are the two anointed ones [lit. “sons of oil”] who stand beside the Lord of the whole earth” (Zec. 4:14). They are two who are anointed by oil (a common figure for the Holy Spirit).

The candlestick itself—the central object of this vision—is doubtless a figurative representation of the seven-branched candlestick in the Temple. There it stood in the Holy Place . . . not only as the emblem and representation of what the whole redeemed family shall finally be “when in union with their risen, glorified Lord they shall for ever shine in the sanctuary of God,” but also as typifying Israel’s high calling in relation to the other nations. In his midst a great light had shone—the light of the self-revelation of the glory of Jehovah—not only for his own illumination, but that he might be the candlestick, the light-bearer, and light-diffuser all around. . . . We know how terribly and sadly Israel failed to respond to God’s purpose concerning Him.⁶⁰

It is most in harmony with the scope of these visions (one of the great objects of [the vision] was to encourage the two heads, or leaders, of the restored remnant of the nation in their task of rebuilding the Temple) to regard the olive trees as representing Joshua the high priest, and Zerubbabel the prince.⁶¹

The fourth (Zec. 3) and fifth (Zec. 4) visions of Zechariah are related. In the fourth vision, upon the stone which is laid before Joshua are seven eyes (Zec. 3:9). Similarly, the plumb line in the hand of Zerubbabel is seen by seven “eyes of the LORD which scan to and fro throughout the whole earth” (Zec. 4:10). As we have seen, these eyes represent the Holy Spirit, the “seven eyes, which are the seven Spirits of God sent out into all the earth” (Rev. 5:6b+). The fifth vision concerns seven lamps which also allude to the Holy Spirit: “Seven lamps of fire were burning before the throne, which are the seven Spirits of God” (Rev. 4:5+). Zechariah’s two visions concern the work of the Holy Spirit through two individuals during two restorations:

Two Individuals - The fifth vision ends with the statement that the two “sons of oil” stand beside the Lord of the whole earth. In the fourth vision, Joshua is said to be standing before the Angel of the LORD. Throughout the fourth vision, it is the high priest Joshua who is being encouraged. In the fifth vision, Zerubbabel is told that the construction of the temple will be completed “ ‘Not by might nor by power, but by My Spirit,’ Says the LORD of hosts” (Zec. 4:6). Thus, it is by the hand of Joshua and Zerubbabel that the Holy Spirit will accomplish the restoration of the second Temple. “While in relation to the remnant of Israel at that time, and to the Temple then in building, we are to understand by these two ‘sons of oil’ the actual persons of Joshua and Zerubbabel, it is certain that these two, considered merely as individuals, do not exhaust the symbol, for the simple reason that the supply of oil for the candlestick is a vision designed to describe the abiding, and especially the future position and mission of the congregation of Israel, could not be represented as dependent on the lives of two mortal men. They must therefore be viewed standing here as types or representatives of the kingly and priestly offices to which they respectively belonged.”⁶²

Two Restorations - In the immediate context of the fourth vision, Joshua is admonished to walk in God’s ways. There is also a distant context of the vision which indicates that God will bring forth his Servant “the BRANCH” (Zec. 3:8). This is a common title of Messiah (see Four Gospels) and results in the eventual cleansing of the land (Zec. 3:9). “ ‘In that day,’ says the LORD of hosts, ‘Everyone will invite his neighbor under his vine and under his fig tree.’ ” (Zec. 3:10). This speaks of a time of prosperity and peace—as in the Millennial Kingdom.⁶³ The fifth vision concerns the foundation of the temple (house) and communicates to Zerubbabel that “his hands shall also finish it” (Zec. 4:9). This speaks of the second temple which was underway at the time of the vision. Later, Zechariah indicates that a future individual, called “the BRANCH,” will build the temple and wear two crowns: ruling as both priest and king.⁶⁴ Concerning this individual, Zechariah relates, “So He shall be a priest on His throne” (Zec. 6:13b), yet no high priest ever ruled on a throne nor did any king of Israel function in the office of priest. When taken together, these passages indicate both a near-term restoration (the rebuilding of Jerusalem and the temple in the days of Zerubabbel and Joshua) and a distant restoration (the restoration of Jerusalem and the temple for the Millennial Kingdom under Messiah). The meager temple of the time of Zerubbabel, which caused those who remembered Solomon’s temple to weep in disappointment (Ezra 3:12-13), which was enhanced by Herod and saw the first advent of Messiah only to be destroyed by Rome in A.D. 70 due to the apostasy of the nation, would one day stand anew in the days of the Millennial Temple (Eze. 40-47). “But Zechariah’s prophecy also looks forward to the restoration of Israel in the Millennium (cf. Zec. 3:8-10). The olive trees and lampstands symbolize the light of revival, since olive oil was commonly used in lamps. . . . God will not bring salvation blessing from human power, but by the power of the Holy Spirit (cf. Zec. 4:6). Like Joshua and Zerubbabel, the two witnesses will lead a spiritual revival of Israel culminating in the building of a temple.”⁶⁵ “[The witnesses] are the corresponding Zerubbabel and Jeshua of the final restitution.”⁶⁶

The allusion back to Zechariah’s visions is further proof of the Jewishness of these individuals, but also underscores their function in bringing Israel toward the final restoration seen by Zechariah.⁶⁷ The Church Age having come to a close, the focus has shifted back to Israel in preparation of a faithful nation suitable for the Millennial Kingdom to come.

The history of corporate Gentile Christianity is not as the shining light that “shineth more and more unto the perfect day,” as some who boast in the supposed progress and speak of the conversion of the world before the glorious appearing of Christ ignorantly suppose, but rather that of a bright dawn, developing into an increasingly dark and cloudy day, and ending in blackness of darkness. And there is no hope for Christendom which continued not in the goodness of God when once it is “cut off”; nor is there any promise of the restoration and relighting of its candlestick when once its light has been quenched in anti-Christian apostasy. But it is different with Israel. There is always hope in his end. Not only shall the sceptre of governmental rule and the kingdom come back to the daughter of Jerusalem, after the long centuries of subjugation and oppression, but her candlestick, too, shall be restored after the long period of Israel’s spiritual darkness and blindness, to shine in more resplendent glory than even in the past. This is the meaning of Zechariah’s fifth vision, and it sets forth in symbol the great truth proclaimed by the former prophets in relation to Israel’s future glory as the centre of light and blessing to all the nations of the earth.⁶⁸

It is the role of the people of God, be they Israel or the Church, to shine forth so that those who do not God may “see your good works and glorify your Father in heaven” (Mat. 5:14). This mission was fulfilled in the life of John the Baptist (John 1:7-8; 5:35) and also in Jesus (John 1:9; 3:19). In the absence of Jesus, the Church had presented the light (Rev. 1:13+, 20+; 2:5+). Why the need for these two lampstands if the previous seven are still present on the earth? It is our view that this is additional evidence in favor of a pretribulational Rapture for the seven lampstands are not present on the earth during this period of time when the two lampstands minister.

standing before the God of the earth

Standing is ἐστῶτες [estōtes] , a perfect tense participle, while having stood. They took their place before God prior to John having seen them. Here the phrase is an intentional allusion to the nearly identical phrase in the related passage in Zechariah. “These are the two anointed ones who stand beside the Lord of the whole earth” [emphasis added] (Zec. 4:14).

Standing before the Lord describes a position of ministry to the Lord (Deu. 10:8; 1K. 17:1; Rev. 8:2+). These two stand before God and minister to Him by faithfully prophesying and witnessing His word. Although their ministry appears directed toward the earth dwellers, they are in fact focused upon being pure and faithful conduits for God to speak to the nations at the time of the end.

the God of the earth

The term for earth is γῆς [gēs] , which preterist interpreters generally prefer to interpret as designating the land of Israel or the surrounding geographical area in order to restrict the scope of the book of Revelation to Israel in the events of A.D. 70. The global scope of Revelation is seen again here in that these witnesses stand before the God of the entire earth and those which they torment include “peoples, tribes, tongues, and nations”—a global population (Rev. 11:9-10+).

3.11.5 - Revelation 11:5 Open Bible at Rev. 11:5 Listen to Rev. 11:5

if anyone wants to harm them

Although set forth as a conditional statement, the remainder of the passage implies that the vast majority of people strongly oppose their ministry and do desire to harm them, for they rejoice at their eventual death (Rev. 11:10+).⁶⁹ In the eyes of the earth dwellers who will hate these witnesses, the ability of the beast to kill them is a testimony to his invincibility. He is seen as a “savior” from these detestable prophets and their defeat no doubt elevates his status before the earth dwellers (Rev. 13:4+).

fire proceeds from their mouth

Those who seek to harm the two witnesses face a similar fate to the opponents of the army of the sixth trumpet (Rev. 9:18-19+). Fire speaks of judgment and in some cases is used figuratively to describe destruction (Jdg. 9:14, 20; Ps. 18:8). Frequently, judgment by God, in conformance to His Word, is described as being a weapon of His mouth (Isa. 11:4; 49:2; Hos. 6:5; 2Th. 2:8; Rev. 1:16+; 19:15+). In the passages just cited, there are normally clues in the context which indicate where figurative language is being employed. For example, in Judges 9 various men in the dispute are said to be “trees,” “brambles,” and “cedars” (Jdg. 9:14-15). In the Second Coming of Jesus, His eyes are like a flame of fire and He is said to be riding a horse through the sky. These textual clues prevent us from interpreting the sword that goes forth from His mouth as a literal sword extending from His face. Rather, we recognize the figurative language employed and understand the sword in His mouth as an allusion to the Word of God (Heb. 4:12) by which His enemies are judged and so justly killed. This is part of normative interpretation using the Golden Rule of Interpretation.

The passage before us is very similar to statements made by other prophets:

Therefore I have hewn them by the prophets, I have slain them by the words of My mouth; and your judgments are like light that goes forth. (Hos. 6:5)

Therefore thus says the LORD God of hosts: “Because you speak this word, behold I will make My words in your mouth fire, and this people wood, and it shall devour them.” (Jer. 5:14)

“Is not My word like a fire?” says the LORD, “And like a hammer that breaks the rock in pieces?” (Jer. 23:29)

Hosea likens the words spoken by God through the prophets to a weapon. The prophets spoke forth God’s judgments which eventually resulted in the literal death of those judged. The words of the prophets are likened to a sword (“I have hewn”), but there is no literal sword in the prophets’ mouths. Similarly, Jeremiah’s words are likened to fire and the people wood. It would be easy to conclude from these figurative uses of fire and the mouth as a weapon that such must be the case here too. But there are important differences between the previously cited passages and what is said here. Passages wherein figurative language occurs typically contain an indication of such. For example, Hosea says, “I have hewn them by the prophets.” Obviously, people were not literally cut in two by the prophets. This is an indication that figurative language is employed. Similarly, Jeremiah is told that the people will be made “wood”—another indicator that figurative language is in use. It is not good enough simply to establish that similar themes in related passages are figurative and therefore conclude that this passage must be too. The immediate context of the passage in question must itself provide indication that figurative language is in use.

It would seem there are three alternatives for interpreting the passage before us:

Purely Figurative - The fire which proceeds from their mouths speaks of general judgments which are spoken forth by the two witnesses. The judgments result in death, but not necessarily by literal fire.

Partly Figurative - Literal fire devours their enemies. The fire “proceeds from their mouth” in the sense that, like Elijah, they call forth fire from heaven upon their opponents (1K. 10:10-12).

Purely Nonfigurative - Literal fire actually proceeds directly from their mouths (like the demon horses of Rev. 9:17+).

Notice that all of these alternatives are possible within the boundaries of “literal interpretation,” because literal interpretation includes the recognition of figures of speech where the context so indicates. The question becomes, “Does the context indicate figurative language is employed?” Although figurative language describes the similarity of their identity to the “two olive trees” of Zechariah, the pattern of their ministry—and especially the judgments they bring forth—match that of non-figurative judgments found in the OT. It would seem that we must conclude that if figurative language is afoot, it is minimal. That is, literal fire comes forth directly out of their mouths or they employ their mouths to call literal fire down from heaven.⁷⁰ A question remains: if this passage is intended to describe the ability to call down fire from heaven upon their enemies, how do we explain the difference in description here from other passages where fire is explicitly said to be called down from heaven (2K. 1:10-12; Rev. 13:13+)?

Thus, several factors favor a purely nonfigurative interpretation regarding this judgment by fire of their enemies:

Clear indicators of figurative language concerning the nature of the fire or plagues are lacking.⁷¹

Literal judgments such as those described here are recorded as historical facts in the OT.

The fire is not said to originate in heaven as it is in other passages concerning Elijah (2K. 1:10-12) and the False Prophet (Rev. 13:13+).

Whether the fire comes directly from their mouths, or whether their words call it forth, it would seem that the unique miraculous authority which attends such a defensive ability is intended to manifest the divine source of their ministry (Num. 10:2; 16:35; Ps. 106:18; Heb. 12:29). The unusual nature of their response to their enemies brings to mind the incident in Numbers where Korah’s household is judged:

And Moses said: “By this you shall know that the LORD has sent me to do all these works, for I have not done them of my own will. If these men die naturally like all men, or if they are visited by the common fate of all men, then the LORD has not sent me. But if the LORD creates a new thing, and the earth opens its mouth and swallows them up with all that belongs to them, and they go down alive into the pit, then you will understand that these men have rejected the LORD.” Now it came to pass, as he finished speaking all these words, that the ground split apart under them, and the earth opened its mouth and swallowed them up, with their households and all the men with Korah, with all their goods. So they and all those with them went down alive into the pit; the earth closed over them, and they perished from among the assembly. (Num. 16:28-33) [emphasis added]

Moses explains that the unusual nature of the judgment serves a specific purpose. It provides unique testimony to the source of the judgment (God) and the authority of Moses as His spokesman. So will this fire-consuming ability testify that God is the one judging the opponents of His two witnesses and that they have His full authority in their ministry.

We should also remember the unique period in which these two individuals minister. This is a time in history during which demonic powers are at a peak (Rev. 9:1-2+, 13-19+; 12:12+) and the time of the lawless one, the Antichrist, whose coming “is according to the working of Satan, with all power, signs, and lying wonders, and with all unrighteous deception among those who perish” [emphasis added] (2Th. 2:9-10a). These are the days of the false prophet who “performs great signs, so that he even makes fire come down from heaven on the earth in the sight of men” (Rev. 13:13+).

These unique historic factors also argue for a completely nonfigurative interpretation because these two witnesses must exhibit miraculous powers which are on a par with, or even superior to, that of the man of sin and his false prophet in an age frequented by demonic manifestations.

3.11.6 - Revelation 11:6 Open Bible at Rev. 11:6 Listen to Rev. 11:6

shut heaven

Shut is κλεῖσαι [kleisai] : “shut, lock, bar.”⁷² The same root is used where Jesus informs us “many widows were in Israel in the days of Elijah, when the heaven was shut up three years and six months, and there was great famine throughout all the land” [emphasis added] (Luke 4:25b). Jesus described the ministry of Elijah the Tishbite who said to King Ahab, “As the LORD God of Israel lives, before whom I stand, there shall not be dew nor rain these years, except at my word” (1K. 17:1). Elijah, by the power of God, shut the atmospheric heaven from providing rain and dew.

so that no rain falls in the days of their prophecy

James refers to the similar event in Elijah’s life to underscore the power of prayer in the life of believers. “Elijah was a man with a nature like ours, and he prayed earnestly that it would not rain; and it did not rain on the land for three years and six months” (Jas. 5:17). Both Jesus and James inform us that the heaven was shut against rain for a period of three years and six months—a period of time matching the days of their (the two witnesses) prophecy: 1,260 days (Rev. 11:3+).

The third trumpet judgment resulted in the poisoning of one-third of the earth’s fresh water supply (Rev. 8:10-11+). Added to that, the three-and-one-half-year drought lasting throughout the 1,260 days of their preaching (Rev. 11:3+; cf. Luke 4:25; Jas. 5:17) brought by the two witnesses will cause widespread devastation of crops and loss of human and animal life through thirst and starvation.⁷³

The lack of water and the sackcloth worn by the prophets allude to a time of fasting and mourning on the earth which is intended to produce repentance.

See Who are the Witnesses? See Events of the 70th Week of Daniel.

power over waters to turn them into blood

The witnesses have power like that of Moses in Egypt (Ex. 4:9; 7:17-21; Ps. 78:44; 105:29). See Who are the Witnesses? See The Plagues of Egypt and the Tribulation. The results of this plague will emulate the effects of the second trumpet judgment and the second and third bowl judgments where the seas and springs of water “become blood” (Rev. 8:8+; 16:3-4+).

to strike the earth with all plagues

The two witnesses will be able to initiate numerous plague judgments upon the earth as they will. The full range of plagues is not described, but we can safely assume they are similar to the plagues with which Moses and Aaron tormented Egypt. See Who are the Witnesses? See The Plagues of Egypt and the Tribulation.

3.11.7 - Revelation 11:7 Open Bible at Rev. 11:7 Listen to Rev. 11:7

When they finish their testimony

As we have seen throughout the book of Revelation, the ability of the evil forces which manifest during the time of the end is entirely within God’s sovereignty. These two witnesses may not be killed until they have finished their God-given task (John 17:4). So it is with all believers (John 21:18-23; Acts 20:24; 2Ti. 4:7).

the beast

Beast is θηρίον [thērion] , which was used of wild animals (Rev. 6:8+), including those which fought in the Roman arena.⁷⁴ The term is also used to describe animals as revealed in visions, such as that of Daniel (LXX: Dan. 7:3, 5-7, 11-12, 17, 19, 23). It is the diminutive form of θήρ [thēr] but equivalent in meaning.⁷⁵ It is to be contrasted against the diminutive for Lamb, ἀρνίον [arnion] .⁷⁶ See Master Imitator.

This name “the Beast” contrasts the Antichrist from the true Christ as “the Lamb;” and it is a significant fact that by far the great majority of passages where the Lord Jesus is so designated are also found here in the Apocalypse. The “Lamb” is the Saviour of sinners; the “Beast” is the persecutor and slayer of the saints. The “Lamb” calls attention to the gentleness of Christ; the “Beast” tells of the ferocity of the Antichrist. . . Under the Law lambs were ceremonially clean and used in sacrifice, but beasts were unclean and unfit for sacrifices.⁷⁷

Revelation mentions two different beasts: Antichrist (Rev. 13:1+) and the False Prophet (Rev. 13:11+). Which beast is in view here? Evidence indicates it is Antichrist who slays the witnesses.

The “beast” most probably refers to the future Antichrist. Five facts support this view.

First, the persecutor of the witnesses is not “a beast” but “the beast” (τό θηρίον [to thērion] ). This use of a definite article indicates that he is a figure well known to the writer. Since teaching on the Antichrist was so familiar to Jews and Christians through Old and New Testament prophecy (Dan. 7:2-25; 9:27 ; 11:35-45 ; Mat. 24:15; Mark 13:14; 2Th. 2:3-12; 1Jn. 4:1-6), it is not impossible that John was thinking of him here.

Second, since the word “beast” (θηρίον [thērion] ) in the Apocalypse is always used with reference to the future Antichrist or his system (Rev. 13:1+ ; 14:9+, 11+ ; 15:2+ ; 16:2+ ; 17:3+ ; 19:20+ ; 20:10+ ) [we note one exception: Rev. 13:11+], the beast in 11:7+ should be seen in the same light.

Third, the beast will come up out of (ἐκ [ek] ) the abyss, that is, it will have a satanic, demonic source and character (cf. Rev. 9:1+). This feature corresponds with that of the coming Antichrist in 2 Thessalonians 2:9-10.

Fourth, the description of the beast as “coming up out of the abyss” (ἀναβαῖνον έκ τῆς ἀβύσσου [anabainon ek tēs abyssou] , Rev. 11:7+) corresponds with the beast “about to come from the abyss” (ἀναβαίνειν ἐκ τῆς ἀβύσσου [anabainein ek tēs abyssou] ) in Rev. 17:8+ (cf. Rev. 13:1+ ). This correspondence is illuminating, for since the beast in Rev. 17:8+ probably refers to the future Antichrist with his kingdom, the same is probably the case in Rev. 11:7+.

Fifth, νικάω [nikaō] (“to overcome”) is used three times in the Apocalypse with reference to the enemy of God’s people (Rev. 6:2+ ; 11:7+ ; 13:7+ ). Since other occurrences of the term are related directly to the coming Antichrist (Rev. 6:2+ ; 13:7+ ), the same may be true in Rev. 11:7+.⁷⁸

The definite article, the, implies at his first introduction here by John that he is a recognized figure:

This beast was not mentioned before, yet he is introduced as “the beast,” because he had already been described by Daniel (Dan. 7:3, 11), and he is fully so in the subsequent part of the Apocalypse, namely, Rev. 13:1+; 17:8+. Thus, John at once appropriates the Old Testament prophecies; and also, viewing his whole subject at a glance, mentions as familiar things (though not yet so to the reader) objects to be described hereafter by himself. It is a proof of the unity that pervades all Scripture.⁷⁹

The individual before us is found in many passages of Scripture and given many different titles. “Across the varied scenes depicted by prophecy there falls the shadow of a figure at once commanding and ominous. Under many different names like the aliases of a criminal, his character and movements are set before us.”⁸⁰

It is unfortunate that the great variety of names bestowed upon him has led some brethren to the conclusion that they must belong to separate persons, and has caused them to apportion these out to different individuals; only confusion can result from this. There is almost as much ground to make the Devil and Satan different persons, as there is to regard (as some do) the Beast and the Antichrist as separate entities. That the Devil and Satan are names belonging to the same person, and that the Beast and the Antichrist is the selfsame individual, is proven by the fact that identically the same characteristics under each is found belonging to the one as to the other.⁸¹

Pink cites the Teaching of the Apostles (said to be dated to the beginning of the 2nd century), the writings of Cyril (Bishop of Jerusalem in the fourth century), and Gregory of Tours (who wrote at the end of the 6th century) as evidence of the early view that the Beast is an individual rather than a system. He attributes the idea that the Antichrist was the Roman system to the Waldenses: “It is not until we reach the fourteenth century (so far as the writer is aware) that we find the first marked deviation from the uniform belief of the early Christians. It was the Waldenses,—so remarkably sound in the faith on almost all point of doctrine—who, thoroughly worn out by centuries of the most relentless and merciless persecutions, published about the year 1350 a treatise designed to prove that the system of Popery was the Antichrist.”⁸²

“This shows that these Witnesses are upon the earth during the thirteenth chapter; and that the Beast is on the Earth during the eleventh chapter.”⁸³ See The Beast.

ascends out of the bottomless pit

Bottomless pit is ἀβύσσου [abyssou] , the deep well within the earth where fallen angels are held. See commentary on Revelation 9:1. See Supernatural Origin? The beast is from the bottomless pit (Rev. 11:7+; 17:8+) whereas the Lamb is from heaven (John 3:13, 31; 6:33, 38, 41-42, 51).“We have not here his historical rise ‘out of the sea’ (Rev. 13:1+), but his satanic revival ‘out of the bottomless pit’ or abyss (Rev. 11:7+).”⁸⁴

make war

A trademark of the beast, and the dragon who empowers him, is his incessant opposition to the people of God. In addition to these two witnesses, he makes war against the saints in general (Dan. 7:21, 25; Rev. 7:9-16+; 12:11+; 13:7+; 20:4+), and against the Jews in particular (Jer. 30:7; Dan. 8:24; 12:1; Rev. 12:13+, 17+). See Jacob’s Trouble and the Great Tribulation.

overcome them, and kill them

Overcome is νικήσει [nikēsei] from νικάω [nikaō] . Here is the one who rides forth “conquering and to conquer” (Rev. 6:2+). See commentary on Revelation 6:2. This is another external similarity between the beast and the Lamb. See Master Imitator. He appears to overcome in the eyes of the world, but those he kills are the true overcomers (Rev. 2:11+; 12:11+). See Who is the Overcomer? He overcomes the witnesses after he is restored from his deadly wound:

That this incident will happen after his resurrection from the dead is clear from the statement, the beast that comes up from the abyss, and he will come back from the Abyss by means of his resurrection by Satan. Along with his resurrection, the act of killing the Two Witnesses will provide another reason why mankind will worship him. All previous attempts to kill the Two Witnesses fail.⁸⁵

Immediately upon his resurrection, he kills . . . the Two Witnesses. Consequently, their 1,260 days must just overlap into his 42 months. They must have witnessed, therefore, for nearly 1,260 days during his mortal stage, before his assassination.⁸⁶

See Events of the 70th Week of Daniel.

3.11.8 - Revelation 11:8 Open Bible at Rev. 11:8 Listen to Rev. 11:8

their dead bodies will lie in the street

Lack of burial is particularly repugnant to the Jews. “For a corpse to remain unburied or to be exhumed subsequent to burial, and thus become food for beasts of prey, was the climax of indignity or judgment (1K. 14:11; 16:4; 2K. 9:37; Ps. 79:3; Jer. 7:33; 8:1; 16:4, 6; 22:19; Eze. 29:5; Rev. 11:9+).”⁸⁷ The beast and earth dwellers purposefully leave the bodies of the witnesses unburied as an intentional dishonor and insult (Isa. 14:20; Jer. 8:2; 14:16). This is another indication of the Jewishness of the context.⁸⁸

the great city

The same phrase is used elsewhere to describe Babylon (Rev. 14:8+; 17:18+; 18:10+, 16+, 18+, 19+), earthly Jerusalem (Rev. 16:19+), and the heavenly Jerusalem (Rev. 21:10+).⁸⁹ Both Babylon and earthly Jerusalem have great significance in the scenario of the Tribulation. One is the center of the anti-God system of Babylon (Rev. 17+-18+) whereas the other is the earthly city where God has placed His name (1K. 11:36; 2Chr. 33:4, 7; Dan. 9:19). It is within this latter great city, Jerusalem, that the Tribulation Temple will stand which Antichrist desecrates (Rev. 11:1-2+). The identity of the city among the three possible locations (Babylon, earthly Jerusalem, heavenly Jerusalem) is established by its identification as the place “where also our Lord was crucified.”

spiritually

πνευματικῶς [pneumatikōs] meaning “in a manner consistent with the (divine) Spirit.”⁹⁰ “ ‘Spiritually’ . . . shows this to be the language of allegory or metaphor. Neither Sodom nor Egypt is the city’s real name.”⁹¹ One of the ministries of the Holy Spirit is to assess the true spiritual conditions of His subject. He is represented by “seven eyes which are the seven Spirits of God sent out into all the earth” (Rev. 5:8+). His omniscient gaze burns away the dross of external representation to reveal the true character below (Rev. 4:5+). It is in this sense, as seen by the Spirit, that Jerusalem is called “Sodom and Egypt.”

called Sodom and Egypt

Both Sodom and Egypt typify cities which were opposed and judged by God. Sodom was an exceedingly wicked city which was overthrown for her sins by God’s judgment (Gen. 13:13; 19:24). Egypt was the nation which held Israel in bondage and was judged by plagues prior to the Exodus (Ex. 1:13-14; 3:7; 20:2). Jerusalem, in her godless state, is likened to both the wicked city and the wicked nation. Even though the two witnesses exhibit a Jewish ministry located in Jerusalem, they are rejected by the majority of the inhabitants—their fellow Jews.

When Moses sang a song predicting the apostasy of Israel upon entering the Promised Land after his death, he referred to the Jewish nation as “a nation void of counsel,” whose “vine is of the vine of Sodom and of the fields of Gomorrah” (Deu. 32:28-32). Isaiah used a similar analogy when describing God’s rejection of Israel’s insincere sacrifices: “Hear the word of the LORD you rulers of Sodom; give ear to the law of our God, you people of Gomorrah: ‘To what purpose is the multitude of your sacrifices to Me?’ ” (Isa. 1:10). The sin of Jerusalem is said to be as the sin of Sodom in that it was flaunted openly (Isa. 3:8).⁹² Even the apostate prophets are likened to the inhabitants of Sodom and Gomorrah (Jer. 23:14). When rejected by the cities of the lost sheep of the house of Israel, Jesus indicated that the cities which did not receive the apostles or their words would be considered worse off than Sodom and Gomorrah in the day of judgment (Mat. 10:14-15; Luke 10:12). Although Jerusalem is here referred to as Sodom, Isaiah also indicated that Babylon’s eventual overthrow would be like that of Sodom and Gomorrah (Isa. 13:19). Elsewhere, Ezekiel describes the Northern Kingdom (Samaria) and the Southern Kingdom (Jerusalem) as idolatrous sisters, both of which committed harlotry in their youth while in Egypt (Eze. 23:2-4, 19, 27). Comparison with Egypt recalls the idolatrous golden calf which Israel made upon departure from Egypt (Ex. 32:4, 24).

where also our Lord was crucified

The MT and NU texts have their Lord instead of our Lord. Although the city has the spiritual attributes of Sodom and Egypt, its identity is clearly established as Jerusalem, the place of the crucifixion (Luke 13:33; John 19:20; Heb. 13:12). Concerning those who suggest some other location than Jerusalem, Bullinger observes: “A Sunday-school child could tell us where the Lord was crucified; but these learned men cannot.”⁹³

3.11.9 - Revelation 11:9 Open Bible at Rev. 11:9 Listen to Rev. 11:9

those from the peoples, tribes, tongues, and nations

A fourfold designation indicating global scope—all the peoples of the earth. See Four: the Entire World, the Earth. This is the global community which John was told he “must prophesy again about” (Rev. 10:11+), over which the beast is granted authority (Rev. 13:7+), and upon which the harlot sits (Rev. 17:2+, 15+).

will see their dead bodies

The phrase “from the peoples, tribes, tongues, and nations” generally speaks of a global community which is worldwide in scope and not necessarily restricted within a single city. It is unlikely that we are to understand this as describing a group of people from the global community who are resident in Jerusalem at the time,⁹⁴ but that the populace of the entire globe is aware of the events which are transpiring. Television or a similar technology would be a natural explanation in our own day. Bullinger, writing before 1913 and the advent of television said: “The older commentators might have felt a difficulty in understanding how the whole earth could rejoice at an event happening in Jerusalem. But in these days of electric inventions, telephones, and wireless telegraphy, we all know how the next day the whole world sympathises or rejoices together.”⁹⁵

three-and-a-half days

The global audience will not just see the dead bodies at the time they are slain, but will continue to observe the bodies over the three-and-a-half day period. That these are not to be taken as lengthy periods, but literal days, is seen from their lack of advanced decomposition at the time of their resurrection. Their bodies would have probably remained exposed and allowed to slowly decompose over an extended period, but God intervenes and resurrects them on the third day. See commentary on Revelation 11:11. Three days speaks of life and resurrection. See Three: Life, Resurrection, Completeness, the Trinity.

not allow their dead bodies to be put into graves

There are at least two reasons burial is withheld from the witnesses:

Jewish Sensibilities - One reason their bodies will remain unburied is as an intentional insult to Jewish sensibilities which consider lack of burial an indication of being judged or cursed. See commentary on Revelation 11:8.

Trophies to the Beast - Not only will their bodies be withheld from burial, but it seems likely they will be proactively protected from disturbance by scavengers, such as birds and dogs which would normally descend upon unguarded carcasses (2K. 9:10; Ps. 79:2; Jer. 7:33; Rev. 19:17-18+). They are prevented from burial and protected from scavengers because they serve as trophies which testify to the power of the beast and the victory of the world over the torment which they delivered at the hand of God. So long as they lie inert on the pavement they provide visual confirmation of the superiority of the beast (Rev. 13:4+).

Graves is μνῆμα [mnēma] which emphasizes the purpose of a tomb as a sign of remembrance.⁹⁶ Instead of having their own private memorial, they serve as a public memorial to the victory of the beast.

3.11.10 - Revelation 11:10 Open Bible at Rev. 11:10 Listen to Rev. 11:10

those who dwell on the earth

This technical phrase denotes the global populace of the time of the end who consistently oppose God (Rev. 9:20+), worship the beast (Rev. 13:8+), and reject the things of heaven in favor of the things of earth. They are the ones for whom the time of testing is purposefully designed (Rev. 3:10+).

make merry

εὐφραίνονται [euphrainontai] , the same root word describes “eat, drink, and be merry” [emphasis added] (Luke 12:19). It is used “of religious and spiritual jubilation rejoice, celebrate, be jubilant (Acts 2:26).”⁹⁷

Although they make merry for a few days, their triumph will be short-lived:

That the triumphing of the wicked is short, and the joy of the hypocrite is but for a moment? Though his haughtiness mounts up to the heavens, and his head reaches to the clouds, yet he will perish forever like his own refuse; those who have seen him will say, ‘Where is he?’ He will fly away like a dream, and not be found; yes, he will be chased away like a vision of the night. The eye that saw him will see him no more, nor will his place behold him anymore. (Job 20:5-9)

Although the time of the end is characterized by war and disruption, worldly enemies will unite in their hatred for these two witnesses and join hands rejoicing in their demise (Luke 23:12).⁹⁸

send gifts to one another

So great will be their elation over the death of these two prophets that they will declare a holiday and exchange gifts with one another in celebration (Ne. 8:10-12; Est. 9:19-22). The elation of the earth dwellers over the death of the two witnesses provides evidence of the seriousness of the plagues which they meted out during their ministry. These two witnesses were not hated solely because they represented God, but all the more so because of their effectiveness at tormenting those who were affected by their plagues.

because these two prophets tormented those who dwell on the earth

Tormented is ἐβασάνισαν [ebasanisan] , which can describe torture in judicial examination, general harassment, or any kind of severe distress, especially physical distress. It is used to describe the results of paralysis (Mat. 8:6), the torment inflicted by the demonic scorpions (Rev. 9:5+), the eventual torment feared by demons (Mat. 8:29), the pain of childbirth (Rev. 12:2+), and the final torment of the unsaved dead (Rev. 14:10+; 20:10+). As prophets, they joined a long list of God’s servants who were hated by those to whom they were sent (1K. 18:17; 21:20; 22:8; Jer. 38:4; Mat. 23:37; Luke 13:33-34; John 7:7, 25; Acts 5:33; Acts 7:54-57; Acts 17:5-7).

3.11.11 - Revelation 11:11 Open Bible at Rev. 11:11 Listen to Rev. 11:11

breath of life from God entered them

Breath is πνεῦμα [pneuma] , also rendered spirit. Here it speaks of the life-giving force which animates men’s bodies of clay (Gen. 2:7; Job 33:4). The return of the spirit by the power of God attended the raising of the daughter of Jairus (Luke 8:54).

Although there are significant parallels between the breath of life which animates the dead witnesses and that which will animate the nation of Israel (Eze. 37:5, 10), the spiritual restoration of the nation is not in view here. This is a literal resurrection of two individuals. The Jewish nation has not yet been spiritually revived as evidenced by the opposition to the witnesses by many residing in Jerusalem (Rev. 11:13+). At this point in the events of the end, the spiritual revival of the Jews is in progress, but not yet complete (Rom. 11:25-26). See commentary on Revelation 11:13.

great fear fell on those who saw them

Those who saw is θεωροῦντας [theōrountas] , a present tense participle, the ones presently observing them. The “peoples, tribes, tongues, and nations” were watching the bodies of the dead prophets for the entire period they lay in the street and now saw them stand as they watched! Their rejoicing is cut short as they witness the unthinkable—the two dead, partially decomposing corpses rise to their feet. What they see is manifestly impossible, yet impossible to deny. Unlike the resurrection of Jesus which was witnessed by relatively few, this resurrection is seen by an international audience of probably many more. The testimony to the superiority and victory of the beast unravels in a moment and exultation turns to great fear as the power of God is seen to overcome even the death inflicted by the beast. The demonstration of God’s power universally results in fear, especially for those who do not know Him (Jos. 2:9; Mat. 27:54; Acts 5:5, 11).

The phrase those who saw them seems to speak directly to the global community rather than denoting a subset of peoples who happen to be present in Jerusalem at the time of their resurrection. The implication is that their resurrection is seen as part of a global broadcast.

3.11.12 - Revelation 11:12 Open Bible at Rev. 11:12 Listen to Rev. 11:12

they heard

The MT text has ἤκουσα [ēkousa] instead of ἤκουσαν [ēkousan] indicating I heard—emphasizing what John heard said to the two witnesses rather than what they heard.⁹⁹

Come up here.

ἀνάβατε [anabate] , you all come up here. The same command was heard by John when he arose to heaven (Rev. 4:1+). See commentary on Revelation 4:1. See Rapture.

they ascended to heaven in a cloud

Their ascent to heaven is much like that of Jesus following His resurrection (Acts 1:9; Rev. 12:5+) and that of the Church at the Rapture (1Th. 4:17). Their ascent, having been resurrected from the dead, is part of the first resurrection:

Although the resurrection of the righteous is called “first” in Rev. 20:4+, it is not one event but embraces a series of resurrection events, “Every man in his own order: Christ the first fruits; afterward they that are Christ’s at his coming” (1Cor. 15:23). Under the single profile of the first resurrection, therefore, is to be comprehended the resurrection of Christ, the rapture-resurrection of church saints, and the resurrection of tribulation saints (such as the two witnesses of Rev. 11:1-19+). It also comprehends the resurrection of Old Testament saints at the end of the tribulation.¹⁰⁰

See commentary on Revelation 2:11.

their enemies saw them

We are specifically told that their resurrection is seen by their enemies. Their resurrection is perhaps the greatest moment of their ministry since they manifest the power and promise of God: the power to overcome death and the promise to raise believers from the grave. This, their greatest and last testimony, is not ineffectual for it contributes to the fear of those who survive the coming earthquake and results in their apparent salvation.

3.11.13 - Revelation 11:13 Open Bible at Rev. 11:13 Listen to Rev. 11:13

a great earthquake

There are numerous earthquakes during the Tribulation. A previous great earthquake attended the opening of the sixth seal (Rev. 6:12+). As great as this earthquake is, a still greater earthquake—the greatest of all recorded history—is yet to follow at the pouring forth of the seventh bowl judgment (Rev. 16:17+).

a tenth of the city fell

In the subsequent earthquake associated with the seventh bowl, Jerusalem is said to be “divided into three parts, and the cities of the nations fell” (Rev. 16:19+). In this lesser precursor to the final great earthquake, only one tenth of the city falls. Only a portion falls resulting in a relatively lesser death toll in order to provide opportunity for those remaining to respond in repentance and turn to God.

people

ὀνόματα ἀνθρώπων [onomata anthrōpōn] , names of men, as in the number of individuals. Some understand this as an allusion to the removal of their names from the Book of Life.¹⁰¹

the rest were afraid and gave glory to the God of heaven

Since the ministry of the two witnesses occurs during the first half of the final week of Daniel, they are overcome by the beast near the midpoint of the Tribulation (see The 70th Week in Relation to the Book of Revelation). During this period, it appears that the covenant of the Antichrist is in effect (Dan. 9:27) and the Jews have control of the Temple, except for the outer court, and are able to worship and offer sacrifices there (Rev. 11:1-2+). Thus, the covenant has not yet been broken, the Abomination of Desolation has not yet transpired, and the most intense Jewish persecution has not yet occurred (Mat. 24:15-21; Rev. 12:6+, 14+, 17+). Thus, it is likely that the majority of the population of Jerusalem is still Jewish up to the point that the two witnesses are killed and resurrected. This would make sense since, as we have noted, the ministry of the two witnesses is very similar to Jewish prophets of old, both in their God-given powers and their wearing of sackcloth. Although the ministry of the two witnesses obviously affects the entire world, it is uniquely Jewish and seemingly designed to have the greatest impact upon those who are Jews and who have not yet accepted Jesus as Messiah. When a tenth of the city falls, the remaining population is said to give glory to the God of heaven. Their response to the final ministry of the two witnesses—their resurrection—and the subsequent earthquake is markedly different than that of the earth dwellers in general as recorded elsewhere in the book of Revelation for these apparently repent. The text says they fear and give glory to God! In concert with the 144,000 sealed of Israel (Rev. 7:4-8+), this would appear to be further evidence of the ongoing spiritual regeneration of the Jews which Paul so plainly predicted:

For I do not desire, brethren, that you should be ignorant of this mystery, lest you should be wise in your own opinion, that blindness in part has happened to Israel until the fullness of the Gentiles has come in. And so all Israel will be saved, as it is written: “The Deliverer will come out of Zion, and He will turn away ungodliness from Jacob; for this is my covenant with them, when I take away their sins.” (Rom. 11:25-27)

The two witnesses are special servants of the Deliverer and through their ministry ungodliness was turned away from a portion of Jacob. In the midst of the time of Jacob’s trouble, remaining aspects of the New Covenant as it relates to the Jewish nation (Jer. 31:33-34) are being fulfilled in preparation for the Millennial Kingdom to follow.

Although some commentators connect the resurrection of the two witnesses with Ezekiel’s promise of the spiritual regeneration of Israel (Eze. 37), it is more correct to connect the repentance of this Jewish remnant in Jerusalem with Ezekiel’s passage, although complete fulfillment will not be realized until the Second Coming of Christ.

3.11.14 - Revelation 11:14 Open Bible at Rev. 11:14 Listen to Rev. 11:14

the second woe is past

The woes referred to here are the three woes which correlate with the last three trumpet judgments (Rev. 8:13+). These are more severe than the previous four trumpet judgments and target men rather than natural systems. The second woe refers to the judgments attending the sounding of the sixth trumpet. This verse provides a helpful indicator which correlates the events of Revelation 10+ and 11+ with the trumpet judgments which were underway in Revelation 8+ and 9+. Although the immediate effects of the second woe (the sixth trumpet judgment) come to a close with the ending of chapter 9+, we are here told that the events recorded in Revelation 10+ and 11+ transpire before the end of the second woe—that is during the times of the opening of the seven seals and the sounding of the first six trumpets. This confirms our observation that the “one thousand two hundred and sixty days” during which the two witnesses prophesy (Rev. 11:3+) coincides with the first half of The 70th Week of Daniel. See The 70th Week in Relation to the Book of Revelation.

the third woe is coming quickly

The third woe refers to the judgments attending the sounding of the seventh trumpet. This would seem to indicate that the sounding of the seventh trumpet follows the ministry of the two witnesses and their overthrow by the beast. The seventh trumpet must sound near the midpoint of the Tribulation or early in the second half. This would position all seven of the final bowl judgments in the last half of The 70th Week of Daniel. See The 70th Week in Relation to the Book of Revelation.

Each of the final seal and trumpet judgments is set off from the previous six by an interlude during which additional information and perspective is provided and the greater severity of that which is to come is emphasized. Between the opening of the sixth and seventh seal, we are informed of the 144,000 sealed of Israel and the multitude coming out of the Great Tribulation (Rev. 7:1-17+). Between the sounding of the sixth and seventh trumpet, we are told of the mighty angel standing upon the earth, the book of prophesy eaten by John, the Tribulation Temple, and the ministry of the two witnesses (Rev. 10:1+-11:13+).¹⁰²

3.11.15 - Revelation 11:15 Open Bible at Rev. 11:15 Listen to Rev. 11:15

seventh angel sounded

The seventh angel sounds the seventh trumpet (Rev. 8:2+). This last of the seven trumpets is not to be confused with the “last trump” which attends the Rapture.¹⁰³

This cannot be what is meant by the last trump [1Cor. 15:52]; at the time that I Corinthians was written, John had not written Revelation. The Corinthians would not have had any knowledge of the seven trumpets. The only knowledge they would have of trumpets are those spoken of in the Old Testament, especially those of the Feast of Trumpets. The last trump refers to the Feast of Trumpets and the Jewish practice of blowing trumpets at this feast each year. During the ceremony there are a series of short trumpet sounds concluding with one long trumpet blast which is called the tekiah gedolah, the great trumpet blast. This is what Paul means by the last trump.¹⁰⁴

This seventh trumpet is the last of this series of seven, but not the last absolutely, and is not to be confused with the “last trump” of 1Cor. 15:52. Chronologically, the trumpet of Mat. 24:31 must follow this seventh trumpet of Revelation, for it occurs after the Tribulation, at the open manifestation of Christ’s Second Advent (Mat. 24:30), which in the book of Revelation is recorded in Rev. 19:11-16+, which is after the time expressed here. In the book of Revelation the seventh trumpet is never called “last” (Rev. 1:11+, 17+; 2:8+, 19+; 15:1+. 21:9+; 22:13+).¹⁰⁵

The seventh trumpet covers an extended period of time, thus distinguishing it from the instantaneous (“in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye” event of the “last trumpet.” Instead of calling for the moment of the Rapture of the church, as the “last trumpet” does, the seventh trumpet calls for prolonged waves of judgment on the ungodly. It does not parallel the trumpet of 1 Corinthians 15:52, but does parallel the trumpet of Joel 2:1-2: “Blow a trumpet in Zion, and sound an alarm on My holy mountain! Let all the inhabitants of the land tremble, for the day of the Lord is coming; surely it is near, a day of darkness and gloom, a day of clouds and thick darkness.”¹⁰⁶

The seventh trumpet is typified by the seven trumpets of the conquest of Jericho by Joshua. See commentary on Revelation 8:2.

kingdoms of this world

MT and NU texts have kingdom (singular).¹⁰⁷

The use of the singular term kingdom of the world instead of the plural “kingdoms” introduces an important truth. All of the world’s diverse national, political, social, cultural, linguistic, and religious groups are in reality one kingdom under one king. That king is known in Scripture by many names and titles, including the accuser (Rev. 12:10+), the adversary (1 Pet. 5:8), Beelzebul (Mat. 12:24), Belial (2Cor. 6:15), the dragon (Rev. 12:3+, 7+, 9+), the “evil one” (John 17:15), the god of this world (2Cor. 4:4), the prince of the power of the air (Eph. 2:2), the roaring lion (1Pe. 5:8), the ruler of the demons (Mark 3:22), the ruler of this world (John 12:31), the serpent of old (Rev. 12:9+; 20:2+), the tempter (1Th. 3:5), and, most commonly, the devil (Mat. 4:1) and Satan (1Ti. 5:15).¹⁰⁸

The sounding of the seventh trumpet “proclaims the coming coronation of earth’s rightful king, the answer to the prayer of the ages, ‘thy kingdom come’ [Mat. 6:10].”¹⁰⁹ The seventh trumpet is typified by Zadok’s blowing of the horn when Solomon was anointed as King (1K. 1:39). The coming of the kingdom of God is connected with the overthrow of Satan (Rev. 12:10+) and involves the reclamation of the earth as the Lord’s, but now, Satan is “god of this age” (Mat. 4:8-9; 2Cor. 4:4). See commentary on Revelation 20:2.

The sounding of the seventh trumpet signals God’s answer to the prayer, “Your kingdom come. Your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven” (Mat. 6:10). That answer sweeps through chapters 12-22 as God finishes His mighty work of reclaiming creation from the usurper, Satan.¹¹⁰

See commentary on Revelation 5:1.

have become

ἐγένετο [egeneto] , singular, prophetic aorist. The event is so certain in the sounding of the seventh angel that it is treated as if already past. However, the kingdom will not have arrived in totality until all seven bowl judgments are poured forth (Rev. 16:17+) and the King Himself returns to earth to defeat the armies of the nations (Isa. 63:1-6; Zec. 12:1-9; 14:1-8; Rev. 19:11-21+). That day is described by many passages of which a small sample appears below:

All the ends of the world shall remember and turn to the Lord, and all the families of the nations shall worship before You. For the kingdom is the Lord’s, and He rules over the nations. (Ps. 22:27-28).

He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from the River to the ends of the earth. Those who dwell in the wilderness will bow before Him, and His enemies will lick the dust. The kings of Tarshish and of the isles will bring presents; the kings of Sheba and Seba will offer gifts. Yes, all kings shall fall down before Him; all nations shall serve Him. (Ps. 72:8-11)

Of the increase of His government and peace There will be no end, upon the throne of David and over His kingdom, to order it and establish it with judgment and justice from that time forward, even forever. The zeal of the LORD of hosts will perform this. (Isa. 9:7)

And in the days of these kings the God of heaven will set up a kingdom which shall never be destroyed; and the kingdom shall not be left to other people; it shall break in pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand forever. (Dan. 2:44)

Then to Him was given dominion and glory and a kingdom, that all peoples, nations, and languages should serve Him. His dominion is an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away, and His kingdom the one Which shall not be destroyed. (Dan. 7:14)

And the LORD shall be King over all the earth. In that day it shall be-“The LORD is one,” and His name one. All the land shall be turned into a plain from Geba to Rimmon south of Jerusalem. Jerusalem shall be raised up and inhabited in her place from Benjamin’s Gate to the place of the First Gate and the Corner Gate, and from the Tower of Hananeel to the king’s winepresses. The people shall dwell in it; and no longer shall there be utter destruction, but Jerusalem shall be safely inhabited. (Zec. 14:9-11)

He will be great, and will be called the Son of the Highest; and the Lord God will give Him the throne of His father David. And He will reign over the house of Jacob forever, and of His kingdom there will be no end. (Luke 1:32-33)

Not one of the above passages finds literal fulfillment in the present day Church as the adherents of Replacement Theology, Dominion Theology, and Covenant Theology claim because the sounding of the seventh trumpet remains future to our time. These passages do not speak of an invisible spiritual kingdom, but a visible earthly kingdom—the Millennial Kingdom of Revelation 20:4-6+. See The Arrival of God’s Kingdom.¹¹¹

All attempts to equate this glorious reign of Christ over the whole earth with any past event or with the church is utterly foreign and contradictory to the clear eschatological teaching of Scripture, including especially this passage. There is no way this text can be fulfilled except by the universal reign of Jesus Christ over the whole earth—as the prophets had for so long predicted.¹¹²

His Christ

Christ is Χριστοῦ [Christou] , an appellative the Anointed One, the Messiah.¹¹³ This speaks of His office as the promised Anointed One and is a direct allusion to the Father’s pronouncement concerning the Son: “Why do the nations rage and the people plot a vain thing? The kings of the earth set themselves and the rulers take counsel together against the LORD and His Anointed, saying, ‘Let us break Their bonds in pieces and cast away Their cords from us.’ ” [emphasis added] (Ps. 2:1-2). His Anointed is מְשִׁיחוֹ [mešîḥô] , the anointed of His and is a direct parallel to τοῦ Χριστοῦ αὐτοῦ [tou Christou autou] , the Christ of His. The seventh trumpet proclaims the impending fulfillment of Psalm 2, especially verses 7-9 which will be realized in the pouring forth of the final seven bowls:

“I will declare the decree: the LORD has said to Me, ‘You are My Son, today I have begotten You. Ask of Me, and I will give You The nations for Your inheritance, and the ends of the earth for Your possession. You shall break them with a rod of iron; You shall dash them to pieces like a potter’s vessel.’ ” (Ps. 2:7-9)

See commentary on Revelation 2:27.

forever and ever

εἰς τούς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων [eis tous aiōnas tōn aiōnōn] , into the ages of the ages. His kingdom is without end (Ex. 15:18; Ps. 10:16; 145:13; Isa. 9:7; Dan. 2:44; 4:3; 6:26; 7:14, 18, 27; Mic. 4:7; Luke 1:33; 1Ti. 1:17; 2Pe. 1:11; Rev. 11:15+).

3.11.16 - Revelation 11:16 Open Bible at Rev. 11:16 Listen to Rev. 11:16

the twenty-four elders

See commentary on Revelation 4:4.

their thrones

The thrones belong to the elders. This argues for their identification as the redeemed. See commentary on Revelation 4:4.

fell on their faces

The elders are repeatedly found prostrate before the throne in worship (Rev. 4:10+; 5:8+, 14+; 7:11+; 19:4+).

3.11.17 - Revelation 11:17 Open Bible at Rev. 11:17 Listen to Rev. 11:17

the Almighty

ὁ παντοκρατωρ [ho pantokratōr] , see commentary on Revelation 1:8.

who is and who was and who is to come

See commentary on Revelation 1:4. MT and NU texts omit and who is to come.¹¹⁴ Some see the omission of this phrase as support for the premillennial interpretation of the Second Coming, as an indication that He has already come at the time His reign is taken up.¹¹⁵ The expectation for the “Coming One” is clearly set forth at the first advent when Israel expected her coming King and His kingdom (Mat. 11:3; 21:9; Luke 7:19). They will not see the king until they ask for Him (Mat. 23:39; Luke 13:35).

reigned

ἐβασίλευσας [ebasileusas] , an ingressive aorist, did begin to reign.

3.11.18 - Revelation 11:18 Open Bible at Rev. 11:18 Listen to Rev. 11:18

the nations were angry and Your wrath has come

This refers to the rage of the nations (Ps. 2:1) exhibited throughout the Tribulation by an unrelenting opposition to God. The response of God to the anger of the nations was predicted long ago: “He shall speak to them in His wrath, and distress them in His deep displeasure” (Ps. 2:5). The nations of the Tribulation are ruled by unwise kings (Rev. 17:12+; 19:19+) who fail to “Kiss the Son, lest He be angry and you perish in the way when His wrath is kindled but a little” (Ps. 2:12).

The wrath of God speaks of the entire period of the judgments which are being loosed upon the earth, beginning with the first seal loosed by the Lamb (Rev. 6:1+). Even the earth dwellers understood that God’s wrath was being poured forth at the time of the opening of the sixth seal (Rev. 6:16-17+). Yet, this statement is made in response to the sounding of the seventh trumpet which proclaims a period of intensified judgment specifically characterized as seven “bowls of the wrath of God” (Rev. 15:7+; 16:1+). In these impending “seven last plagues . . . the wrath of God is complete” (Rev. 15:1+).

See Delivered from the Wrath to Come.

the time of the dead that they should be judged

Time is καιρὸς [kairos] . Here it denotes a “specific character of time”¹¹⁶ —the time during which God will judge the dead.

Every man, once dead, will face judgment (Heb. 9:27). To Daniel it was revealed that the time of Jacob’s trouble would precede the time of the judgment of the dead and that there would be two categories of resurrection: to everlasting life and to shame and everlasting contempt (Dan. 12:1-3). Later in the book of Revelation, we will find that the timing of these two categories of the resurrected dead differs by at least one thousand years. All the righteous dead are resurrected by the advent of the Millennial Kingdom in order to participate therein, whereas the unrighteous dead are not resurrected until after the final rebellion at the close of the Millennial Kingdom. The resurrection of the unsaved dead and their final judgment is referred to as “the second death.” For the saved dead who participate in the first resurrection preceding the Millennial Kingdom “the second death has no power, but they shall be priests of God and of Christ, and shall reign with Him a thousand years” (Rev. 20:6+). Although the righteous dead will stand before the judgment seat of Christ, it is for reward rather than punishment and those who trust in Christ cannot themselves be lost (1Cor. 3:13-15; 2Cor. 5:10). It is in this sense that Jesus said, “Most assuredly, I say to you, he who hears My word and believes in Him who sent Me has everlasting life, and shall not come into judgment, but has passed from death into life” (John 5:24). Believers will not undergo judgment for their sins because Christ has taken their sins upon Himself in their stead.

The judgment of all those throughout history who reject Christ occurs at the Great White Throne (Rev. 20:11+). This judgment cannot transpire until every last rejecter of Christ has met physical death. This is one of the purposes found in the loosing of Satan for the final rebellion at the end of the Millennium (Rev. 20:7-9+)—to manifest the last generation of Christ-rejecters prior to the judgment. The result of the Great White Throne Judgment is the assigning of varying degrees of punishment, based on works, and the casting of the unsaved dead into the Lake of Fire. “This is the second death” (Rev. 20:14+). See commentary on Revelation 20:11. Jesus promised that the overcomer would not participate in the second death. See commentary on Revelation 2:11.

Since the judgment of the dead does not occur until the close of the Millennial Kingdom, it can be seen that this passage is very forward-looking, taking in a long period of history within its purview. Thus, it is describing the results which flow from the outworking of the seventh trumpet. This includes the outpouring of the seven bowls of wrath (Rev. 16+), the return of Christ (Rev. 19+), the Millennial Kingdom (Rev. 20:4-6+), and the Great White Throne Judgment (Rev. 20:11-15+).¹¹⁷

that you should reward your servants the prophets and the saints

The reward of the prophets and saints is associated with Christ’s return (Rev. 3:11+; 22:12+) and is to be contrasted with the judgment of the dead just mentioned. The prophets refers to both OT and NT prophets.¹¹⁸

(1) “Thy servants the prophets” evidently points to those who have in all ages witnessed for God. . . . “Servants” is here qualified by the additional noun, “prophets.” “Thy servants the prophets.” To witness for God in a dark and evil day is a service which God never forgets. All such are peculiarly His servants. (2) “The saints.” This term is the common one in the New Testament to designate the general body of believers, and is nowhere used in the New Testament Scriptures to express a select company. It is the common appellation of the redeemed in both Testaments.¹¹⁹

The rewards include the many promises found throughout Scripture (Dan. 7:18; Mat. 5:12; 10:41; 16:27; 25:34; Luke 14:14; Rom. 2:7; 1Cor. 2:9; 2Ti. 4:8; Heb. 4:9; 11:10; 2Jn. 1:8) including those related to the inheritance of the believer (Acts 20:32; 26:18; Rom. 8:17; Eph. 1:11-14; 5:5; Col. 1:12; 3:24; Heb. 9:15; 1Pe. 1:4). This includes all the promises made to the overcomer (Rev. 2:7+, 11+, 17+, 26+; 3:5+, 12+, 21+; 21:7+) and the blessings which attend the Millennial Kingdom (see The Arrival of God’s Kingdom) and the eternal state (Rev. 21+, 22+).¹²⁰ See Believer’s Crowns.

those who fear Your name both small and great

A healthy, reverent fear undergirds the attitude of those who trust in the Lord (Jos. 24:14; 1S. 12:24; Ps. 34:9; 85:9; 102:15; 103:11; 115:13, 14; 147:11; Ecc. 8:12; 12:13; Mic. 6:9; Luke 1:50; Rev. 19:5+). Both small and great describes every category of mankind—all variations in physical stature, wealth, or position—are found in His kingdom (Ps. 115:13; Rev. 19:5+).¹²¹

destroy those who destroy the earth

Destroy is from διαφθείρω [diaphtheirō] which can denote either physical or moral destruction.¹²² Here is God’s assessment of modern environmentalism—which purports to radically care for the earth while denying the Creator behind the creation and creatures which it panders to. At the Second Coming, the condition of the earth has reached the equivalent of the time of the flood where “the earth is filled with violence” (Gen. 6:13). This corruption was due to the great wickedness of man in that “every intent of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually” (Gen. 6:5). This is the predictable end of unregenerate men once the Restrainer is removed and the mystery of lawlessness reaches full flower (2Th. 2:7).“The word ‘destroy’ is the same, actually, as ‘corrupt.’ Man had destroyed the earth by corrupting the earth, using it not for God’s glory, but instead to satisfy his own greed and lust.”¹²³

Some take those who destroy the earth as a separate category from the nations, as if denoting fallen angels which are under the rule of the Destroyer, that is “Abaddon” and “Apollyon” (Rev. 9:11+).¹²⁴ But the object of their destruction would seem to be men rather than the earth as stated here.

3.11.19 - Revelation 11:19 Open Bible at Rev. 11:19 Listen to Rev. 11:19

the temple of God was opened in heaven

This is the heavenly temple (Isa. 6:1-4; Rev. 7:15+; 14:15+, 17+; 15:5-6+, 8+; 16:1+, 17+), not the earthly temple in Jerusalem (Rev. 11:1-2+). The chapter begins and ends with Temples: the earthly Temple in Jerusalem and now this Temple in heaven is opened to reveal its contents to John (and subsequently to the reader). See Temple of God.

the ark of His covenant

The MT text has “the ark of the covenant of the Lord”. Ark is κιβωτὸς [kibōtos] , meaning “box, chest,”¹²⁵ and is used to describe both the Ark of the Covenant (Heb. 9:4; Rev. 11:19+) and Noah’s Ark (Mat. 24:38 cf. Gen. 6:14, LXX). The ark of His covenant refers to the box which stood in the Holy Place containing items which testified of God’s relationship with Israel.¹²⁶ This testimony had both positive and negative aspects:

The broken tablets of the Ten Commandments (Ex. 32:19) were a witness to the great spiritual defection and breaking of the covenant by the people—a defection which almost cost them their existence as Abraham’s seed (Ex. 32:10; Deu. 9:14). The pot of manna recalled the violations committed against its gathering (Ex. 16:20) and the complaints against its provision (Num. 11:16). The rod of Aaron was a visible reminder of the treasonous spirit that sought to replace God’s appointed leadership (Num. 16:1-50). . . . The pot of manna revealed God’s loyal love in that He continued His constant care of the nation by giving her ‘daily bread’ until everyone finally reached the Promised Land (Ex. 16:35; Jos. 5:12). Aaron’s budded rod was graciously given to validate God’s proper priesthood (Num. 17:5; 18:6-9, 23) and to preserve the lives of those who would otherwise have perished for their complaints (Num. 17:10). Finally, the book of the Law was present with the Ark to testify to every successive generation (Deu. 4:9) that God had chosen the nation not because of anything she had done but because of His own sovereign love and gracious choice (Deu. 7:6-9).¹²⁷

There has been much speculation concerning the location of the earthly Ark of the Covenant.

The ark of the covenant disappeared when Nebuchadnezzar destroyed the temple and carried Judah captive into Babylon 600 years before Christ. At that time “all the vessels of the house of God, great and small, and the treasures of the house of the Lord” were also taken to Babylon (2 Chronicles 36:18), as were the brass and other metals that adorned the temple (2 Kings 25:13-20). No mention, however, was made of the ark, the most important and perhaps most costly (the ark was overlaid with gold and the mercy seat and cherubim were of pure gold) item in the temple, as well as certainly the most significant item to the writers of the accounts in 2 Kings, 2 Chronicles, and Jeremiah (chapter 52, as well as the book of Lamentations). Neither was there any mention of the ark when Cyrus commissioned the rebuilding of the temple and sent back all its vessels as well (Ezra 1:1-11).¹²⁸

Numerous locations have been suggested for the earthly Ark of the Covenant:

Shishak took the ark to Egypt (1K. 14:25-26; 2Chr. 12:2-4, 9).

Nebuchadnezzar took the ark to Babylon (2K. 25:13-15; 2Chr. 36:17-19; Jer. 52:17-22; cf. Fourth Book of Ezra 10:19-22).

Jeremiah hid the ark in a cave (2 Maccabees 2:4-6; Ezra 1:9-11).¹²⁹

Antiochus IV (Epiphanes) took the ark to Syria (1 Maccabees 1:21-24, 57).

Titus took the ark to Rome.¹³⁰

The ark is hidden below the Temple Mount.¹³¹

The son of the Queen of Sheba took the ark to Ethiopia.¹³²

The ark no longer exists and will never appear again (Jer. 3:16).¹³³

The ark was taken to heaven by God (see below).¹³⁴

Some suggest that this passage proves that the ark has been relocated to heaven, but Scripture informs us that the earthly Temple was patterned after a greater heavenly reality (Heb. 8:4-5; Heb. 9:1-11). Thus, within the heavenly Temple we find many of the same implements as is the earthly Temple (Rev. 4:5+; 6:9+; 8:3+, 5+; 9:13+; 14:18+; 16:7+). The revelation of an ark in the heavenly Temple no more precludes the continued existence of the earthly ark then the existence of the heavenly altar of sacrifice means the earthly one has been relocated to heaven.

Leaving aside the question of the location of the earthly ark, as interesting as it might be, what is the significance of the ark revealed in heaven? As we noted in our commentary on Revelation 11:5, there is a unique relationship between the word of God and judgment. It is God’s word which establishes the righteous requirements for obedience and underwrites the definition of righteous judgment. The appearance of the Ark of His covenant emphasizes that which will be used as the standard for judgment. It is because of man’s willful disobedience and rebellion in the light of the standard of the law that God’s righteous judgment is required. His wrath is measured by the distance between the contents of the written requirements in the ark versus the actions of sinful men.

In a similar passage, “the temple of the tabernacle of the testimony in heaven was opened.” There, the tabernacle of the testimony is seen to be connected to the “seven angels having the seven plagues” (Rev. 15:5-6+). The mention of covenant and testimony indicate the righteous requirement of the law which judges those who are guilty and under judgment of God’s wrath (Rom. 2:12; 3:19-20). For “the law brings about wrath” (Rom. 4:15). Believers will not be subject to the written requirements which were taken away in Christ (Rom. 7:6; Col. 2:14). See commentary on Revelation 15:5.

Some believe the break between chapters 11 and 12 to be placed incorrectly and take this last verse of chapter 11 as being more closely associated with the opening verse of chapter 12.¹³⁵ Both verses begin with the same conjunction (καὶ [kai] ) offering numerous interpretive possibilities regarding their association. The suggestion is made that the Ark of the Covenant suggests God’s remembrance of Israel which explains the shift in focus to the woman with child of the next chapter. But God’s promises to Israel flow primarily from other covenants (Abrahamic, Davidic, New, Land) than the Law of Moses, which the ark recalls. The Law of Moses is said to have been broken which necessitated the establishment of the New Covenant (Jer. 31:31-34). Rather than a sign of God’s covenant faithfulness to Israel associated with the next chapter, it seems more natural to understand the appearance of the ark as denoting the standard of the law by which all the unredeemed stand guilty of impending righteous judgment. The mention of the manifestations of impending judgment would seem more naturally to be associated with the proclamation attending the sounding of the seventh trumpet bringing wrath than the scene of chapter 12 which sets forth Israel’s struggle to bring forth Messiah.

lightnings, noises, thunderings, an earthquake, and great hail

All of these manifestations speak of impending judgments of the seven bowls (Rev. 16+) which are in accord with the wrath of God based upon the righteous law as recorded in the Ark of the Covenant. See commentary on Revelation 4:5. The ark is revealed after the sounding of the seventh trumpet (Rev. 11:15+), but before the seven bowls of God’s wrath are poured out on the earth (Rev. 16:1-17+). When the final bowl is poured forth, the manifestations of judgment seen in this heavenly scene are delivered to earth: lightnings, noises, thunderings, an earthquake (Rev. 16:18+) and a plague of great hail (Rev. 16:21+). These manifestations underscore the connection between the heavenly Ark of the Covenant (containing the “testimony,” the Ten Commandments) and the final judgment of the God-rejecting world below. See commentary on Revelation 16:21.

Notes

¹ John MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1999), Rev. 11:1.

² James Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Ontario: Woodside Bible Fellowship, 1996), G4464.

³ NASB.

⁴ A figure of speech: “Zeugma. The verb measure is by this figure ‘yoked’ to a second object which does not fit it as equally as the first, for worshippers would not be measured but taken account of.”—Jerome Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1992), Rev. 11:1.

⁵ Monty S. Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John (Dallas, TX: 3E Ministries, 1987), Rev. 11:1.

⁶ Timothy Friberg, Barbara Friberg, and Neva F. Miller, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2000), 269.

⁷ W. A. Criswell and Paige Patterson, eds., The Holy Bible: Baptist Study Edition (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1991), Rev. 11:1.

⁸ Donald Grey Barnhouse, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1971), Rev. 11:1.

⁹ E. W. Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1984, 1935), Rev. 11:1.

¹⁰ Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, Rev. 11:2.

¹¹ Frederick William Danker and Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 121.

¹² Barnhouse, Revelation, Rev. 1:2.

¹³ Randall Price, The Coming Last Days Temple (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 1999), 484.

¹⁴ J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), Rev. 11:2.

¹⁵ “The best conclusion is that the twenty-three hundred days of Daniel are fulfilled in the period from 171 B.C. and culminated in the death of Antiochus Epiphanes in 164 B.C. The period when the sacrifices ceased was the latter part of this longer period. Although the evidence available today does not offer fulfillment to the precise day, the twenty-three hundred days, obviously a round number, is relatively accurate in defining the period when the Jewish religion began to erode under the persecution of Antiochus, and the period as a whole concluded with his death. The alternate theories produce more problems than they solve.”—John F. Walvoord, Daniel: The Key to Prophetic Revelation (Chicago, IL: Moody Bible Institute, 1971), Dan. 8:14.

¹⁶ J. Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1958), 213.

¹⁷ “The period termed by our Lord the ‘Times of the Gentiles’, commences with the capture of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar. It is a period coincident from its beginning to its close, with the treading down of Jerusalem.”—Arthur Walkington Pink, The Antichrist (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1999, 1923), s.v. “Israel and the Antichrist.”

¹⁸ Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 21.

¹⁹ Although Daniel 11:31 was fulfilled by Antiochus Epiphanes, it stands as an example of a future desecration which Jesus spoke of (Mat. 24:15).

²⁰ Walter Scott, Exposition of The Revelation (London, England: Pickering & Inglis, n.d.), 218.

²¹ “We have no hesitation in naming St. James and St. Peter as the persons indicated.”—J. Stuart Russell, The Parousia: The New Testament Doctrine of Our Lord’s Second Coming (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1999, 1887), 434.

²² Isbon T. Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2001), 324.

²³ Daniel Wong, “The Two Witnesses in Revelation 11,” in Bibliotheca Sacra, vol. 154 no. 615 (Dallas, TX: Dallas Theological Seminary, July-Sep 1997), 345.

²⁴ Ibid., 345-346.

²⁵ Ibid., 346-347.

²⁶ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, Rev. 11:3.

²⁷ Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 304-313.

²⁸ Wong, “The Two Witnesses in Revelation 11,” 348.

²⁹ So [Barnhouse, Revelation], [MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary], [Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 8-22 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1995)]. See [Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 248-249] for a summary of the writings of various church fathers in support of the coming of Elijah prior to the end.

³⁰ Wong, “The Two Witnesses in Revelation 11,” 349.

³¹ Ibid., 349-350.

³² MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 11:3.

³³ Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 306.

³⁴ Ibid., 311.

³⁵ Wong, “The Two Witnesses in Revelation 11,” 349.

³⁶ Ibid., 349-350.

³⁷ Ibid., 351-352.

³⁸ A. R. Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” in Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997, 1877), Rev. 11:3.

³⁹ Arno C. Gaebelein, The Revelation (Neptune, NJ: Loizeaux Brothers, 1961), Rev. 11:3-6.

⁴⁰ Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 306-307.

⁴¹ So [Henry Morris, The Revelation Record (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1983)], [Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation], “The ancient church, including such as Tertullian, Irenaeus, and Hippolytus, were consistent in identifying the two witnesses as Enoch and Elijah.”—Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 11:3. See [Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 248-249] for a summary of the writings of various church fathers in support of the coming of the Elijah prior to the end.

⁴² Wong, “The Two Witnesses in Revelation 11,” 350-351.

⁴³ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 11:3.

⁴⁴ Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 307.

⁴⁵ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, Rev. 11:3.

⁴⁶ Wong, “The Two Witnesses in Revelation 11,” 350-351.

⁴⁷ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 234-235.

⁴⁸ Ibid., 235.

⁴⁹ Barnhouse, Revelation, Rev. 11:3.

⁵⁰ Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 307.

⁵¹ Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 1-7 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1992), Rev. 11:3.

⁵² So [Wong, “The Two Witnesses in Revelation 11”], [John F. Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1966)], [Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 308].

⁵³ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 11:3.

⁵⁴ Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ, Rev. 11:3.

⁵⁵ “The duration of man is often reckoned in days (Gen. 47:9, 28; Ps. 90:10, 12; 119:84), whereas judgments are sometimes reckoned in months (Gen. 8:5; Rev. 9:5+, 10+; 13:5+).”—Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, Rev. 11:3.

⁵⁶ [MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary], [Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John]

⁵⁷ “The three-and-a-half year period of the prophecy of the two witnesses corresponds to the first half of the tribulation. . . . [The] absolute rule by the beast (Revelation 13:5+) apparently becomes possible only by the execution of the two witnesses by the beast (Revelation 11:7+) As long as the witnesses exercise such power over both men and nature, it is impossible for the beast to acquire world power.”—Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 11:6.

⁵⁸ “But here in revelation 11 instead of the awful advent of the Lord from heaven ‘immediately’ after the killing of these witnesses, we read of a hideous celebration of their death by the nations and tribes of the earth. . . . it is at the beginning of the Beast’s successful blasphemous career, that he kills these two witnesses.”—William R. Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1994,c1935), Rev. 11:14.

⁵⁹ Pentecost cites English: “There is thought-provoking logic in the argument that their testimony will be given during the first half of Daniel’s prophetic week, and that their martyrdom will be the first persecuting act of the Beast, after he breaks his covenant with the Jews (Dan. 9:27).”—Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 309.

⁶⁰ David Baron, Zechariah: A Commentary On His Visions And Prophecies (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1918), 131.

⁶¹ Ibid., 135.

⁶² Ibid., 136.

⁶³ “A picture is given of a day of similar gladness and joy of heart when, on account of sin pardoned, free access to God’s throne granted, and the Deliverer having come anointed with the plenitude of the Spirit and sealed by God the Father, each true Israelite would invite his friends as joyful guests to partake of festal cheer under his own vine and fig-tree. The days of peace once more are seen. The glorious era of the earthly Solomon has indeed returned in greater splendour under the reign of the Prince of Peace. ‘Paradise lost’ has become ‘Paradise regained.’ ”—Ibid., 122.

⁶⁴ The offices of both Joshua (priestly) and Zerubbabel (civil, or kingly) will be combined in one in Messiah and the counsel of peace shall be between both offices (Zec. 6:11-13).

⁶⁵ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 11:4.

⁶⁶ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, Rev. 11:4.

⁶⁷ We do not believe it to be coincidental that the subsequent vision of Zechariah is that of a flying-scroll wherein wickedness in the form of economic measures is transported “to build a house for it in the land of Shinar; when it is ready, the basket will be set there on its base” (Zec. 5:11). We see the corresponding fulfillment of Zechariah’s vision in subsequent events concerning Babylon in Revelation 17+ and 18+.

⁶⁸ Baron, Zechariah: A Commentary On His Visions And Prophecies, 134.

⁶⁹ “The verb θέλει [thelei] (‘desires’) is present indicative and makes the assumption that some will want to harm the two.”—Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 11:5.

⁷⁰ “These men are accorded miraculous power to bring fire down from heaven—they are filled with the Holy Spirit.”—J. Vernon McGee, Thru The Bible Commentary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1997, c1981), Rev. 11:5.

⁷¹ The only possible exception would be the source of the fire being their mouths. This could be construed as a possible indicator of figurative language. Then again, how else could God indicate literal fire directly originating in their mouths? It seems there will always be room for some uncertainty when interpreting potentially figurative passages which prophesy miraculous events because the boundary between normalcy and miraculous is highly elastic and subject to the purpose of God in any given setting.

⁷² Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 434.

⁷³ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 11:6.

⁷⁴ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 361.

⁷⁵ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 198.

⁷⁶ Therion describes the Antichrist in Rev. 11:7+; 13:1-4+, 12+, 14-15+, 17-18+; 14:9+, 11+; 15:2+; 16:2+, 10+, 13+; 17:3+, 7-8+, 11-13+, 16-17+; 19:19-20+; 20:4+, 10+. Arnion describes the Lamb in Rev. 5:6+, 8+, 12-13+; 6:1+, 16+; 7:9-10+, 14+, 17+; 12:11+; 13:8+, 11+; 14:1+, 4+, 10+; 15:3+; 17:14+; 19:7+, 9+; 21:9+, 14+, 22-23+, 27+; 22:1+, 3+.

⁷⁷ Pink, The Antichrist, s.v. “The Beast.”

⁷⁸ Wong, “The Two Witnesses in Revelation 11,” 353-354.

⁷⁹ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 11:7.

⁸⁰ Pink, The Antichrist, s.v. “intro.”

⁸¹ Ibid., s.v. “Names and Titles of the Antichrist.”

⁸² Ibid., s.v. “The Papacy Not the Antichrist.”

⁸³ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 11:7.

⁸⁴ Scott, Exposition of The Revelation, Rev. 19:18.

⁸⁵ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 250.

⁸⁶ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 17:12.

⁸⁷ J. B. Payne, “Burial,” in Geoffrey W. Bromiley, ed., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979, 1915), 1:556.

⁸⁸ The Jewishness of Revelation contributed to its lack of acceptance in the Eastern Church. See Acceptance into the Canon.

⁸⁹ The phrase “great city” in Revelation 16:19+ probably denotes Jerusalem: “The likelihood of Babylon’s being named twice (or even three times if ‘the cities of the nations’ refers to Babylon) in the same verse is quite remote. Revelation 11:8+ has a clear identification of Jerusalem as ‘the great city’ (Moffat, Ford). Furthermore, its separation from ‘the cities of the Gentiles (or nations)’ in the next phrase indicates that Jerusalem is in view. This interpretation that does justice to this context also concurs with predicted topographical changes that will take place around Jerusalem in conjunction with the second advent (Zec. 14:4) (Seiss). Jerusalem experienced a fairly severe earthquake earlier (Rev. 11:3+), but that was only partial. This earthquake will divine the city into three parts.”—Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 16:19.

⁹⁰ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 679.

⁹¹ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 11:8.

⁹² “The reference to Sodom may relate to Dan. 11:37; the Beast may well encourage homosexual orgies, thus God’s blast of ‘Sodom.’ ”—Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 11:8.

⁹³ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 11:8.

⁹⁴ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 11:8.

⁹⁵ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 11:9.

⁹⁶ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 524.

⁹⁷ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 181.

⁹⁸ Demonstrating the political parable: “My enemy’s enemy is my friend.”

⁹⁹ “Not only does the weight of external evidence favor ἤκουσαν [ēkousan] , but since the Seer constantly uses ἤκουσα [ēkousa] throughout the book (24 times), copyists were more likely to substitute ἤκουσα [ēkousa] for ἤκουσαν [ēkousan] than vice versa.”—Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament (Stuttgart, Germany: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1994), 672.

¹⁰⁰ Paul Lee Tan, The Interpretation of Prophecy (Dallas, TX: Bible Communications, Inc., 1993), 94-95.

¹⁰¹ “In the letter to the church in Sardis, the Lord stated that He would not blot out of the scroll of life the names of the overcomers (Rev. 3:5+). Is this not further proof that there is a book containing the record of every individual who is ever born into this lost world?”—Barnhouse, Revelation, Rev. 11:13.

¹⁰² This pattern does not extend to the sixth and seventh bowl judgments which are consecutive and lack any discernible gap (Rev. 16:12-21+).

¹⁰³ See [Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 188-192].

¹⁰⁴ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 149.

¹⁰⁵ Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, Rev. 11:15.

¹⁰⁶ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 11:15.

¹⁰⁷ “It should be noted that the word kingdom is singular, and so Messiah will gain the one-world kingdom of the Antichrist.”—Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 273.

¹⁰⁸ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 11:15.

¹⁰⁹ Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, Rev. 11:15.

¹¹⁰ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 11:15.

¹¹¹ Concerning the future aspect of the kingdom: Ps. 110:1; Dan. 7:11-14, 21-22, 25-27 (cf. Rev. 19:20+); Mat. 6:2; 7:21-22; 19:28; 25:31; 26:29; Mark 14:25; Luke 11:2; 19:11, 15; 21:31; 22:16-18, 29; 22:30; 23:51; Acts 1:6-7; 1Cor. 15:24; Heb. 2:8; 2Ti. 4:1; Rev. 3:21+; 12:10+; 11:15+, 17+; 19:20+ (cf. Dan. 7:11-14).

¹¹² MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 11:15.

¹¹³ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 886.

¹¹⁴ The arbitrariness of the heuristics behind textual criticism and the prevailing bias of Critical Text advocates against the Byzantine texts are demonstrated in the reason given for rejecting and who is to come from the Critical Text: “The addition of ὁ ἐρχόμενος ὅτι [ho erchomenos hoti] . . . is a typical Byzantine accretion, in imitation of the tripartite expression in 1.4, 8; cf. 4.8.”—Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament, 672. It seems when a longer reading is favored by advocates of the Critical Text they reason that omissions are a common copyist error. When a shorter reading is favored then the longer reading is dismissed as a “typical Byzantine accretion.” The fact that the former are errors of omission, whereas the latter are errors of commission, doesn’t seem to be considered. A copyist with any reverence for the text is much more likely to commit the former (resulting in the shorter reading) than the latter (resulting in the longer reading). Therefore, in lieu of other considerations, the longer reading should normally be favored.

¹¹⁵ “Millenarian writers have always insisted that a personal [Premillennial] Advent is to be witnessed under the seventh or last trumpet. Now, Bengel in his Gnomon has shown, that by the authority of the earliest MSS. the phrases ‘and art to come’ in Rev. 11:17+, and ‘and shalt be’ in Rev. 16:5+, are to be rejected. This criticism is fully sustained by the authoritative Sinaitic MSS. discovered by Prof. Tischendorf. . . . Thy should the title of ‘Who is to come,’ or ‘the Coming One’ given in Rev. 1:4+, 8 and 4:8 be omitted in 11:17+ and 16:5+? The reason, so corroborative of our faith, was given long ago by Ansbert (as quoted by Bengel): ‘They do not here subjoin, as they are accustomed, “and Who art to come;” they speak of Him as already present.’ This omission, as the weightiest MSS. (admitted by Anti-Millenarians, as Prof. Stuart, Com.) prove, is not accidental but intentional, showing that the Coming One is no longer expected to come, but has already come. It is a beautiful, incidental, and most powerful proof confirmatory of our position, indicative of a [Premillennial] arrival and presence.”—George H. N. Peters, The Theocratic Kingdom (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1978, 1884), 2:185.

¹¹⁶ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 395.

¹¹⁷ “The sounding of the seventh messenger is a prolonged blast which covers the announcement of events to take place in the distant future, even after the millennial reign of Christ has been completed.”—Barnhouse, Revelation, Rev. 11:2.

¹¹⁸ “The linking of prophets with apostles in Rev. 18:20+ and the angel’s reference to them as ‘your [John’s] brethren’ in Rev. 22:9+ shows the impossibility of excluding NT prophets from the term.”—Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 11:18.

¹¹⁹ Scott, Exposition of The Revelation, Rev. 11:18.

¹²⁰ The reward of the believer is a vast topic spanning innumerable Scriptures from which only a small sample is listed here.

¹²¹ So too are they found in Antichrist’s: Rev. 13:16+; 19:18+; 20:12+.

¹²² Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 190.

¹²³ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 11:18.

¹²⁴ “The event is a fulfillment of the double prophecy, “And it shall come to pass in that day, that the Lord shall punish the host of the high ones that are on high, and the kings of the earth upon the earth” (Isa. 24:21). There can be no doubt that here is a division that recognizes Satan and his followers on the one side and the earthlings on the other.”—Barnhouse, Revelation, Rev. 11:18.

¹²⁵ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 230.

¹²⁶ Concerning the contents of the ark: Ex. 16:34; 25:16, 21; 40:20; Num. 17:10; Deu. 10:2-5; 31:26; 1K. 8:9, 21; 2Chr. 5:10; 6:11; Heb. 9:4.

¹²⁷ Randall Price, In Search of Temple Treasure (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 1994), 53,54.

¹²⁸ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 11:19.

¹²⁹ The inventory in Ezra 1:9-11 lists gold and silver dishes, silver pans, gold and silver bowls, and other articles for a total of 5,400 items. The Ark of the Covenant is not specifically listed.

¹³⁰ “Vespasian resolved to build a temple to Peace, which he finished in so short a time, and in so glorious a manner, as was beyond all human expectations and opinion: for he having now by Providence a vast quantity of wealth, besides what he had formerly gained in his other exploits, he had this temple adorned with pictures and statues; for in this temple were collected and deposited all such rarities as men aforetime used to wander all over the habitable world to see, when they had a desire to see them one after another: he also laid up therein, as ensigns of his glory, those golden vessels and instruments that were taken out of the Jewish temple.”—Flavius Josephus, The Complete Works of Josephus (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1981), s.v. “Wars VII, v7.” Elsewhere, Josephus records the Holy of Holies was empty: “The inmost part of the temple of all was of twenty cubits. This was also separated from the outer part by a veil. In this there was nothing at all. It was inaccessible and inviolable, and not to be seen by any; and was called the Holy of Holies.” [emphasis added]—Ibid., s.v. “Wars V, v 5.”

¹³¹ “Certain Rabbis claim to have seen the Ark in a tunnel under the Temple ground in Jerusalem. The Israeli government sealed the entrance with cement because of protests from the Arabs, because it was near the Dome of the Rock. There is no proof that the Ark is there.” [www.bibleandscience.com]

¹³² “Supposedly, King Solomon had a son by the Queen of Sheba named Menelik. When he grew up Menelik returned to Jerusalem for a copy of the Ark of the Covenant which Solomon gave to him. But Menelik secretly switched the real Ark with the replica. Menelik took the real Ark back to Ethiopia. Traditionally, Sheba is located in Saudi Arabia not Ethiopia.—[www.bibleandscience.com]”

¹³³ “Certain it is, that the ark in the future is not to be brought to light, spite of speculation and guess-work to the contrary. On this Jeremiah speaks with no uncertain voice (Jer. 3:16). The ark, the sign of Jehovah’s presence and faithfulness, will no longer be needed in the palmy days of the kingdom, for that which it signified will then be an accomplished reality. Jehovah will have made good His unchanging grace to His people, and His throne and presence in their midst will gloriously supersede the ark in the tabernacle and temple of old.”—Scott, Exposition of The Revelation, Rev. 11:19.

¹³⁴ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 11:19.

¹³⁵ [Scott, Exposition of The Revelation, Rev. 11:19], [Gaebelein, The Revelation, Rev. 11:19].

3.21 - Revelation 21

3.21.1 - Revelation 21:1 Open Bible at Rev. 21:1 Listen to Rev. 21:1

In the previous chapter, John was shown an ideal time on earth when Satan was bound and Christ and the saints ruled for one thousand years. As wonderful as the Millennial Kingdom will be with many of God’s promises regarding Israel, the earthly Jerusalem, and the renovated earth coming to fulfillment, it is not the ultimate plan of God. After the Millennial Kingdom and the final rebellion of Satan, John saw the original earth and heaven flee away. In the process the earth and sea gave up the dead who stood before God for judgment (Rev. 20:11-13+).

During the Millennial Kingdom, sin and death had not yet been vanquished (Isa. 65:20; Rev. 20:9+). Now John sees the creation of a new heaven and earth which differs fundamentally from the old order. In a word, the new creation is perfect. There is no more sin or death. Those who populate the new earth enjoy full communion with God.

The OT prophets saw glimpses of the eternal state. The Holy Spirit revealed through them that there would be a new heavens and a new earth (Isa. 65:17; 66:22) and that death would eventually be no more (Isa. 25:8; Hos. 13:14). But their visions of the eternal state were often intertwined with revelation concerning the Millennial Kingdom making it difficult to draw a clear distinction between the two (e.g., Isa. 65:17-20).¹ Now, John is shown aspects of the eternal state which are markedly different from the Millennial Kingdom. Beginning with the first verse of this chapter, we are no longer in the Millennial Kingdom: there is no more sin, death, sea, or Temple.²

Now I saw a new heaven and a new earth

The conjunction, now (καὶ [kai] ), connects what follows with the previous chapter. The creation of the new heaven and new earth is in response to the destruction of the previous heaven and earth which fled away and gave up the dead (Rev. 20:11+). New is καινὸν [kainon] : “in the sense that what is old has become obsolete, and should be replaced by what is new. In such a case the new is, as a rule, superior in kind to the old.”³

An earth which no longer smarts and smokes under the curse of sin,—an earth which needs no more to be torn with hooks and irons to make it yield its fruits,—an earth where thorns and thistles no longer infest the ground, nor serpents hiss among the flowers, nor savage beasts lay in ambush to devour,—an earth whose sod is never cut with graves, whose soil is never moistened with tears or saturated with human blood, whose fields are never blasted with unpropitious seasons, whose atmosphere never gives wings to the seeds of plague and death, whose ways are never lined with funeral processions, or blocked up with armed men on their way to war,—an earth whose hills ever flow with salvation, and whose valleys know only the sweetness of Jehovah’s smiles,—an earth from end to end, and from centre to utmost verge, clothed with the eternal blessedness of Paradise Restored!⁴

The restorative work prior to the Millennial Kingdom was a regeneration (Mat. 19:28), not an entirely new created order as here. This is demonstrated by the fact that after the Millennial Kingdom (Rev. 20:4-6+), the earth and sea still contained all the unsaved dead of history. Although the millennial earth was renovated in order to recover from the judgments of the Tribulation and to restore Eden-like conditions, sin and death remained and the earth, in one sense, remained unclean. In the conflagration of the first heaven and earth, sin and death are completely purged from the created order (Rev. 20:14+).

It was revealed to the OT prophets that the first heavens and earth would perish (Ps. 102:25-26; Isa. 51:6) and be replaced by a new heavens and earth:

For behold, I create new heavens and a new earth; and the former shall not be remembered or come to mind. But be glad and rejoice forever in what I create; for behold, I create Jerusalem as a rejoicing, and her people a joy. I will rejoice in Jerusalem, and joy in My people; the voice of weeping shall no longer be heard in her, nor the voice of crying. No more shall an infant from there live but a few days, nor an old man who has not fulfilled his days; for the child shall die one hundred years old, but the sinner being one hundred years old shall be accursed. (Isa. 65:17-20)

As we mentioned, the visions of the OT prophets often intermingled elements from both the Millennial Kingdom and the eternal state—the different elements sometimes being presented out of their chronological sequence. Isaiah saw the new heavens and earth, but went on to describe a blessed time which includes death and sin. These latter characteristics are incompatible with the eternal state:

Isaiah’s vision, while glimpsing the Kingdom age, the last ordered age in time, is projected into eternity. He saw the Millennium merging into the final state of bliss and having an everlasting feature to it, according to the Davidic Covenant (2S. 7:13, 16). So the prophecy employs language that although applicable to a degree to millennial conditions, will be fully realized on the regenerated earth, which will follow upon the postmillennial renovation by fire (2Pe. 3:10-13; Rev. 21:1+; cf. Heb. 12:26-28).⁵

The prophets sometimes saw future events not only together; but in expanding their description of these events, they seem occasionally to reverse the time sequence in their record of the vision. An example of this may be seen in Isa. 65:17-25 . . . It is apparent, therefore, that Isaiah saw together on the screen of prophecy both the Millennial Kingdom and the Eternal Kingdom; but he expands in detail the former because it is the “nearest coming” event and leaves the latter for fuller description in a later New Testament revelation [Rev. 21:1-8+].⁶

Some interpreters, insisting upon a strict chronological order for Isaiah’s vision, mistake the creation described as the regeneration of the earth prior to the Millennial Kingdom:

Most interpreters understand the new heaven and new earth to be postmillennial, as this description succeeds the account of the last judgment. It is necessary, however, in interpreting prophecy to take into account all that the rest of the prophets have written. If this is done, it will be seen that the new heaven and new earth are distinctly revealed to be premillennial in the only other passages which contain the prediction (Isa. 65:17-19. 66:22. 2Pe. 3:13). Every student of prophecy knows that there are numerous instances of prophecies given out of their chronological sequence.⁷

No matter whether the interpreter takes the creation described here to be before the Millennium or after, he is forced to accept a reversal in order between prophetic vision and historical chronology in some passage. Either Isaiah’s vision of the new heavens and earth preceding the Millennium is in chronological order or John’s vision of the new heaven and earth following the Millennium is chronological. They cannot both be true. Fortunately, God has not left us to guess at the answer. He has left us a key with which to solve this conundrum: the destruction of death. Since the destruction of the first earth results in all the dead being given up and Death itself cast into the Lake of Fire (Rev. 20:14+), we can expect that death will be purged before the new earth is created. This is the chronological sequence of John’s vision: “And God will wipe away every tear from their eyes; there shall be no more death . . . for the former things have passed away” (Rev. 21:4+). Since Isaiah’s vision included death (Isa. 65:20) after the new creation (Isa. 65:17), it cannot be in chronological order. Nor does it describe a renovation prior to the Millennial Kingdom:

But one objection may be made to the supposition, that the prophet is here depicting the state of things in the millennium; viz., that this description is preceded by an account of the creation of a new heaven and a new earth. The prophet appears, therefore, to refer to that Jerusalem, which is represented in the Apocalypse as coming down from heaven to earth after the transformation of the globe. But to this it may be replied, that the Old Testament prophet was not yet able to distinguish from one another the things which the author of the Apocalypse separates into distinct periods. From the Old Testament point of view generally, nothing was known of a state of blessedness beyond the grave. Hades lay beyond this present life; and nothing was known of a heaven in which men were blessed. Around the throne of God in heaven there were angels and not men. And, indeed, until the risen Saviour ascended to heaven, heaven itself was not open to men, and therefore there was no heavenly Jerusalem whose descent to earth could be anticipated then. Consequently in the prophecies of the Old Testament the eschatological idea of the new Cosmos does unquestionably coincide with the millennium. It is only in the New Testament that the new creation intervenes as a party-wall between this life and the life beyond; whereas the Old Testament prophecy brings down the new creation itself into the present life, and knows nothing of any Jerusalem of the blessed life to come, as distinct from the new Jerusalem of the millennium.⁸

We see the same mix of revelation concerning the Millennium and the eternal state in another passage in Isaiah which mentions the new heavens and earth:

“For as the new heavens and the new earth which I will make shall remain before Me,” says the LORD, “So shall your descendants and your name remain. And it shall come to pass That from one New Moon to another, and from one Sabbath to another, all flesh shall come to worship before Me,” says the LORD. “And they shall go forth and look upon the corpses of the men who have transgressed against Me. For their worm does not die, and their fire is not quenched. They shall be an abhorrence to all flesh.” (Isa. 66:22-24)

There is nothing in this passage of Isaiah which states that the new heavens and earth must precede the Millennium. It merely states that as the new creation will endure before God, so shall the faithful of Israel continue.

the first heaven and the first earth had passed away

Since the previous heaven and earth which passed away were the first (πρῶτος [prōtos] ), this is the first and only true creation of heaven and earth since the original creation (Gen. 1:1). Therefore, the regeneration (παλιγγενεσίᾳ [palingenesia] , again genesis) spoken of by Jesus was a restoration of the original creation which occurred prior to the Millennial Kingdom.

Since the heaven and earth of the Millennial Kingdom were the first, it is not possible to interpret the passages by Isaiah (Isa. 65:17; 66:22) and Peter (2Pe. 3:10-13) as describing a creation event before the Millennium. If that were so, this would have been the second heaven and earth that had passed away. Moreover, the earth of the Millennial Kingdom contained the dead of all history (Rev. 20:13+) and so cannot be a new creation as described by Isaiah, Peter, and John.

An important aspect of the revelation given by Peter concerns the result of the conflagration of the first heaven and earth:

But the day of the Lord will come as a thief in the night, in which the heavens will pass away with a great noise, and the elements will melt with fervent heat; both the earth and the works that are in it will be burned up. Therefore, since all these things will be dissolved, what manner of persons ought you to be in holy conduct and godliness, looking for and hastening the coming of the day of God, because of which the heavens will be dissolved, being on fire, and the elements will melt with fervent heat? Nevertheless we, according to His promise, look for new heavens and a new earth in which righteousness dwells. (2Pe. 3:10-13) [emphasis added]

Here is another evidence that Peter cannot be describing the renovation preceding the Millennial Kingdom. Peter informs us that the new heavens and new earth will be characterized by true righteousness. Unlike the millennial earth, there will be no sin or death.

With the passing of the first heaven and earth, we find fulfillment of Jesus’ predictions concerning the permanence of God’s word:

For assuredly, I say to you, till heaven and earth pass away, one jot or one tittle will by no means pass from the law till all is fulfilled. (Mat. 5:18 cf. Luke 16:17)

Heaven and earth will pass away, but My words will by no means pass away. (Mat. 24:35 cf. Mark 13:30; Luke 21:33)

The purpose of God, as set forth by His written word, extends not just beyond this life, but beyond this entire created order. His words are more certain than the physical reality around us. The temporal nature of this present world is to be a powerful motivator for the Christian to invest in heavenly priorities:

But this I say, brethren, the time is short, so that from now on even those who have wives should be as though they had none, those who weep as though they did not weep, those who rejoice as though they did not rejoice, those who buy as though they did not possess, and those who use this world as not misusing it. For the form of this world is passing away. (1Cor. 7:29-31)

Therefore, since all these things will be dissolved, what manner of persons ought you to be in holy conduct and godliness, looking for and hastening the coming of the day of God, because of which the heavens will be dissolved, being on fire, and the elements will melt with fervent heat? Nevertheless we, according to His promise, look for new heavens and a new earth in which righteousness dwells. Therefore, beloved, looking forward to these things, be diligent to be found by Him in peace, without spot and blameless. (2Pe. 3:11-14)

no more sea

Some suggest the sea is omitted from the eternal state because of its negative connotation. It was the sea, overflowing with rain and the fountains of the deep, which judged the world at the flood (Gen. 7:11). The sea covered Pharaoh and his army at the Exodus (Ex. 14:28). Leviathan, the fleeing serpent who would be slain, made his home in the sea (Isa. 27:1). The wicked are compared to the troubled sea (Isa. 57:20). The four vicious Gentile powers seen by Daniel arose from the sea (Dan. 7:3). The final beastly ruler, the Antichrist arose out of the sea (Rev. 13:1+). Another possibility is that the sea represents the need of cleansing due to sin which will no longer be necessary in the eternal state.⁹

The lack of sea in the eternal state offers a helpful guide when interpreting the OT. In passages describing times of great blessing, if the sea is mentioned, then we know the passage cannot relate to the eternal state, but must describe conditions of the Millennial Kingdom.

3.21.2 - Revelation 21:2 Open Bible at Rev. 21:2 Listen to Rev. 21:2

Then I, John, saw the holy city

This is one of five places in the book of Revelation where John refers to himself by name (Rev. 1:1+, 4+, 9+; 21:2+; 22:8+). See Authorship.

The holy city is also called the holy Jerusalem (Rev. 21:10+). Throughout Scripture, Jerusalem is considered holy, although at times she plays the harlot (Isa. 1:21). Jerusalem is called the “city of the great King” (Ps. 48:2), “city of God” (Ps. 87:3), “the faithful city” (Isa. 1:21), and the “holy city” (Isa. 52:1). Joel predicted, concerning her final state: “Jerusalem shall be holy, and no aliens shall ever pass through her again” (Joel 3:17). Anyone who takes away from the words of the book of this prophecy will have his part in the holy city taken away (Rev. 22:19+).

New Jerusalem

New is καινὴν [kainēn] : new in quality, “by way of contrast with the old or obsolete better, superior, different . . . Substantivally new (and better) one.”¹⁰ Although the earthly Jerusalem had been restored for the Millennial Kingdom in accordance with God’s word (e.g., Isa. 62), it is not the ultimate city sought by those who follow Jesus. In a similar way to which the Temple on earth corresponds to a greater reality in heaven, the earthly Jerusalem will eventually be replaced by the New Jerusalem. Unlike the earthly Jerusalem, the New Jerusalem has never been subject to destruction or desolation. Nor has it ever needed watchmen on its walls to pray for its protection and reestablishment (Isa. 62:6).

Paul compared the earthly Jerusalem with the “Jerusalem above” when teaching of the superiority of the New Covenant over the Old (Gal. 4:24-26). Jesus called the New Jerusalem “the city of My God” and promised the overcomer that He would write upon him the name of the city (Rev. 3:12+). The New Jerusalem is the ultimate destination of all the saints. Those who follow Jesus have no continuing city on earth, but ultimately seek the one to come, the New Jerusalem (Heb. 13:14).

But you have come to Mount Zion and to the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem, to an innumerable company of angels, to the general assembly and church of the firstborn who are registered in heaven, to God the Judge of all, to the spirits of just men made perfect, to Jesus the Mediator of the new covenant, and to the blood of sprinkling that speaks better things than that of Abel. (Heb. 12:22-24)

Again, we meet with the tendency of many interpreters to take the description of the city as being symbolic of some deep spiritual truth rather than the description of a literal city which God has prepared as the ultimate dwelling place for the faithful in their glorified existence beyond this life (John 14:2-3). One danger of taking the description of the New Jerusalem as symbolism is the flexibility it affords for molding its meaning in accord with the desire of the interpreter. Symbolic interpretation has often been a useful tool of cults:

A symbolical New Jerusalem is crucial to at least three major cults—Christian Science, Mormonism, and the Swedenborgians. Christian Science symbolizes almost every detail of the New Jerusalem in order to fit it into the cult’s teachings. . . . Joseph Smith, founder of Mormonism, attempted to establish the symbolized New Jerusalem (“Zion”) in the State of Missouri. . . . The Swedenborgians . . . call themselves the Church of the New Jerusalem. Founder Swedenborg wrote voluminously, and his commentary on the book of Revelation [states] . . . “By the twelve thousand furlongs [in Rev. 21:16+] are signified all the goods and truths of that church.”¹¹

In order to prevent interpreters from waxing allegorical in their approach to the New Jerusalem, John is given a tour of the city by an angel who carefully measures its physical dimensions. The scene is reminiscent of the passage in Ezekiel where an angel (“man”) shows Ezekiel the Millennial Temple and provides detailed measurements concerning its physical layout (Eze. 40:3 ff). In both Ezekiel and here, the prophets behold structures vastly different than anything in history. Because of this, many are reluctant to take the details in a literal fashion and reduce the passages to teaching general spiritual principles.

These dimensions [of the city] should not be interpreted as providing architectural information about the city. Rather, we should think of them as theologically symbolic of the fulfillment of all God’s promises.¹²

One can wonder only how 12,000 stadia (Rev. 21:16+) and 144 cubits (Rev. 21:17+) could convey great “spiritual truths” or “theological insights!” If this were true, we should thank God that He chose not to give us truly important information, such as the requirements of salvation, in similar “theological symbolism” as these interpreters assume to be His mode of communication here! They are at a loss to explain the meaning of the details and why God would indicate that measurements be taken of immaterial objects. Those bold enough to hazard a guess at the symbolical meaning of the measurements have little agreement as to the insights of great magnitude and import which they purportedly represent. As is always the case with symbolic interpretation, the meaning of the text is rendered unknowable.

Unwilling to take the language of Scripture at face value, many seek for some hidden meaning behind John’s description. But if the words do not mean what they say, who has the authority to say what they do mean? Abandoning the literal meaning of the text leads only to baseless, groundless, futile speculation.¹³

If God gave these two chapters in symbolic form, then we dare say that man should not be held responsible for understanding their contents, for they mean whatever an interpreter wants them to mean! Instead, we believe the measurements are literal and the act of measuring is intended to indicate the physical reality of what is presented in the vision. Thus, the description of the New Jerusalem concerns a real, physical city. Tan identifies numerous reasons for taking the city literally:

First, . . . all the elements of an actual city—dimensions, foundations, walls, gates, streets—are indicated. . . . Second, although the apostle John sees this prophecy in a vision, he certainly does not resort to imagination nor indulge in exaggeration. . . . The fact that John records non-earthly things such as gate-sized pearls proves that he does not altar the form of the prophecy for the sake of reader comprehension. Third, . . . In the account of the New Jerusalem . . . the same angel [who identified the Harlot of Rev. 17+ as a symbol ( Rev. 17:18+ )] offers not a word or clue regarding its possible symbolism. Fourth, in the account of the New Jerusalem, the inhabitants of the city are differentiated from the city itself. If the New Jerusalem symbolizes the church, and its inhabitants are church members, how could the church separate from itself. Fifth, the patriarch Abraham . . . “looked for a city which hath foundations whose builder and maker is God” (Heb. 11:10). Moreover, the early Hebrew Christians were assured of their positional rights “unto the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem” (Heb. 12:22). And our Lord promises the disciples, “In my Father’s house are many mansions” (John 14:3). This hope of a city promised to so many people down the ages surely cannot be a symbol. Sixth, an actual, material city in eternity is proper and logical because of the constitution of the redeemed who will be in resurrected bodies throughout eternity. A resurrected body without any material point of reference would be highly unsatisfactory. Seventh, . . . a literal, material New Jerusalem . . . comes naturally and logically to the thinking of most uncritical laymen.¹⁴

We believe the approach which God intends is literal interpretation with spiritual application: every detail is to be taken literally, but also provides symbolism for spiritual learning, meditation, and application. See Interpreting Symbols.

coming down

Coming down is καταβαίνουσαν [katabainousan] , present tense: while coming down. John saw the city as it was in the process of descending. John sees the city descend in two separate visions. Here, he sees the New Jerusalem as part of the overall scene describing the newly recreated order. A few verses later, an angel gives John a detailed tour of the city which comprises the last half of the chapter (Rev. 21:9-27+).

prepared as a bride

Prepared is ἡτοιμασμένην [hētoimasmenēn] , perfect passive participle: having been prepared. The passive form of the participle indicates the bride had no part in her preparation. This is because the bride is inanimate: a city. This bride contrasts with the bride mentioned in Revelation 19:7+ who “made herself ready”, ἡτοίμασεν ἑαυτὴν [hētoimasen heautēn] . The bride at the marriage of the Lamb participated in her readiness—indicating she is made up of living beings: the saints who had previously been resurrected at the Rapture. See Church Betrothed to Christ. Here, the bride is an inanimate city which is prepared by God:

In My Father’s house are many mansions [dwelling places]; if it were not so, I would have told you. I go to prepare a place for you. And if I go and prepare a place for you, I will come again and receive you to Myself; that where I am, there you may be also. (John 14:2-3) [emphasis added]

By faith Abraham obeyed when he was called to go out to the place which he would receive as an inheritance. And he went out, not knowing where he was going. By faith he dwelt in the land of promise as in a foreign country, dwelling in tents with Isaac and Jacob, the heirs with him of the same promise; for he waited for the city which has foundations, whose builder and maker is God. (Heb. 11:8-10) [emphasis added]

Bride is νύμφην [nymphēn] , “a young woman engaged.”¹⁵ “It can also be the newly married woman.”¹⁶ In Revelation 19:7+, bride is γυνὴ [gynē] , meaning “woman.” There, her status as a bride was derived from the context. The two terms are made equivalent in Revelation 21:9+ where John is shown “the bride, the Lamb’s wife”: τὴν νύμφην τὴν γυναῖκα τοῦ ἀρνῖου [tēn nymphēn tēn gynaika tou arniou] , the bride, the woman of the Lamb.

At the time of the marriage of the Lamb (Rev. 19:7+), the OT saints had not yet been raised (Dan. 12:2; Isa. 26:19) and the earthly Jerusalem suffered under the trampling of the Gentiles (Rev. 11:2+). In the previous chapter, during the Millennial Kingdom (Rev. 20:4-6+), all the saints had been raised and the earthly Jerusalem restored in glory for one thousand years. Then the first heaven and earth passed away and a new order was created. The NT teaching of the Church Betrothed to Christ, the Lamb’s wife at the marriage (Rev. 19:7+), is now joined with the OT passages which indicate that Israel is married to Jehovah and Jerusalem is married to God. The New Jerusalem represents the ultimate consummation of the varied wedding motifs where all the people of God inhabit a city enjoying intimate communion with God face-to-face (Rev. 22:4+).

Without the saints, whose home and residence it is, it would not be the Lamb’s Wife; and yet it is the Lamb’s Wife in a sense which does not exclude the foundations, walls, gates, streets and constructions which contribute to make it a city. Mere edifices and avenues do not make a city; neither does a mere congregation or multitude of people make a city. You cannot have a living city without people to inhabit it and you cannot have a city without the edifices and avenues arranged in some fixed shape for the accommodation of those who make up its population. It is the two together, and the order in which the parts are severally disposed, the animate with the inanimate, which constitute a city.¹⁷

adorned for her husband

Adorned is κεκοσμημένην [kekosmēmenēn] , perfect passive participle: having been decorated. “Primarily to arrange, to put in order (English, cosmetic), is used of furnishing a room, Mat. 12:44; Luke 11:25, and of trimming lamps, Mat. 25:7.”¹⁸ Whereas the bride at the marriage of the Lamb wears linen for her covering (Rev. 19:8+), the city wears the glory of God and precious stones (Rev. 21:11+). The garments of the city are not given as clothing, nor related to righteousness, because the city is inanimate.

God is her husband because it is He who restores her and has promised that she would rejoice as a bride. Although He had adorned the earthly Jerusalem as a beautiful woman, she played the harlot (Eze. 16:1-16). Nevertheless, He promised that one day Jerusalem would wear beautiful garments again, for she would be holy and no unclean thing would come into her (Isa. 52:1). See Jerusalem Married to God.

3.21.3 - Revelation 21:3 Open Bible at Rev. 21:3 Listen to Rev. 21:3

a loud voice from heaven

The NU text has from the throne. A loud voice from heaven told John not to write what the seven thunders uttered (Rev. 10:4+). The same voice commanded John to take the little book from the hand of the angel which stood on the sea and earth (Rev. 10:8+). A loud voice from heaven called the two witnesses up to heaven at the time of their Rapture (Rev. 11:12+). A loud voice from heaven indicated that those who died at the time of the worship of the Beast would be blessed (Rev. 14:13+). A loud voice from heaven called God’s people out of Babylon prior to her destruction (Rev. 18:4+). In each case, the voice is probably that of God. Here, the voice refers to God in the third person which may indicate it is that of a mighty angel: “This is an announcement about God, not directly from Him.”¹⁹

Behold, the tabernacle of God is with men

Tabernacle is σκηνὴ [skēnē] , “lodging, dwelling, of the tents of nomads [Heb. 11:9] . . . [used] in the account of the Transfiguration . . . Mat. 17:4; Mark 9:5; Luke 9:33.”²⁰ The same term is used of the Tabernacle in the Wilderness (Acts 7:44) and of David (Acts 15:16). The Beast blasphemed the tabernacle of God (Rev. 13:6+). The temple of the tabernacle of the testimony was opened prior to the pouring forth of the seven bowls of wrath (Rev. 15:5+).

The tabernacle is the meeting place between sinful man and a holy God. Through His work on the cross, Jesus created the Temple of the Believer, the dwelling place of the Holy Spirit among believers in this age (1Cor. 6:19; 2Cor. 6:16; Eph. 2:19-22). But the spiritual union of believers with Christ is not the ultimate communion which the voice now declares. “For now we see in a mirror dimly, but then face to face. Now I know in part, but then I shall know just as I also am known” (1Cor. 13:12 cf. Rev. 22:4+).

Such an unveiled view of God is impossible for mortal men. No living person has ever seen God in the fullness of His glory (John 1:18; 6:46; 1Jn. 4:12); He is invisible (Col. 1:15; 1Ti. 1.17) and “dwells in unapproachable light” (1Ti. 6:16; cf. Ps. 104:2), exposure to which would mean instant death for any living person (Ex. 33:20). But in heaven, “the pure in heart . . . shall see God” (Mat. 5:8), since they will be perfectly holy.²¹

He will dwell with them and they shall be His people.

He will dwell is σκηνώσει [skēnōsei] , related to σκηνὴ [skēnē] , tabernacle. The same root word, σκηνοω [skēnoō] , describes God dwelling among men in the incarnation (John 1:14).

People is λαοὶ [laoi] : “peoples” (TR and NU texts), but λαὸς [laos] : “people” (MT text). If plural, it may refer to the nations (ἔθνη [ethnē] ) which bring their glory and honor into the city (Rev. 21:24-26+).²²

Of all the things which God could say concerning the blessings attending the eternal state, why is this emphasized by being the first? Because it is the greatest blessing found in all of Scripture. In this promise is found the culmination of the scarlet thread of redemption which runs from Genesis through Revelation. This has been the great purpose of the Kinsman-Redeemer, Jesus Christ (see commentary on Revelation 5:2). Since the rebellion of Adam, every tabernacle, every Temple, every correspondence between God and man has been with this ultimate goal in mind: the restoration of full fellowship between God and man.

Thus, the great multitude which John saw coming out of the Great Tribulation were blessed by being in God’s presence night and day: “And He who sits on the throne will dwell [tabernacle] among them” (Rev. 7:15+). Now, in the New Jerusalem, man will see God face-to-face (Rev. 22:4+)—without the encumbrance of sin which has separated man since the Fall in the Garden of Eden. See The Abiding Presence of God.

Being His people speaks of an intimate relationship between God and men (Lev. 26:11-12; Jer. 7:23-24; 11:4; 30:18-22; 32:38; Zec. 13:8-9). They are only His people because He has given them a heart to know Him. It is a work of God. This spiritual restoration had already begun for Israel in the Millennial Kingdom:

For I will set My eyes on them for good, and I will bring them back to this land; I will build them and not pull them down, and I will plant them and not pluck them up. Then I will give them a heart to know Me, that I am the LORD; and they shall be My people, and I will be their God, for they shall return to Me with their whole heart. (Jer. 24:6-7) [emphasis added]

But this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, says the LORD: I will put My law in their minds, and write it on their hearts; and I will be their God, and they shall be My people. No more shall every man teach his neighbor, and every man his brother, saying, “Know the LORD,” for they all shall know Me, from the least of them to the greatest of them, says the LORD. For I will forgive their iniquity, and their sin I will remember no more. (Jer. 31:33-34) [emphasis added]

During that time, God’s sanctuary had been in the midst of Israel (Eze. 37:24) within the Millennial Temple. Now, in the New Jerusalem, God is the Temple—the entire city is as the holy of holies of all previous temples. In the past, both Israel (Hos. 1:10; Rom. 9:26) and the Gentiles (Zec. 2:10-11) were “not his people.” In the eternal state, all the redeemed are His.

3.21.4 - Revelation 21:4 Open Bible at Rev. 21:4 Listen to Rev. 21:4

And God will wipe away every tear

Wipe away is ἐξαλείψει [exaleipsei] , also used of blotting out names from the Book of Life (Rev. 3:5+). Both the justice and mercy of God can be seen in this term: God blots out the names of unbelievers from the Book of Life even as He wipes away the tears of believers. God wiped away every tear from the eyes of those who came out of the Great Tribulation (Rev. 7:17+). God will minister to all those who previously suffered: “Blessed are those who mourn, for they shall be comforted” (Mat. 5:4). All the memories of pain and suffering will be forgotten in the wonder of the new order which God creates. The only exception will be those who were blotted out of the Book of Life. Having been cast into outer darkness, they will continually weep (Mat. 8:12).

there shall be no more death

Here is the fulfillment of the incredible promise of the OT prophets that death would be swallowed up (Isa. 25:8; Hos. 13:14). Death had not been a part of the original created order, but came by the curse at the disobedience of Adam (Gen. 3:19). Throughout history, with few exceptions,²³ death has been the common lot of the living. Although Christ abolished death de jure at His First Coming (2Ti. 1:10; Heb. 2:14-15), the shadow of death extended even beyond the Second Coming of Christ and into the Millennial Kingdom (Isa. 65:20).

Death and Hades were cast into the Lake of Fire at the Great White Throne Judgment (Rev. 20:14+). See commentary on Revelation 20:14. They were destroyed in the conflagration of the old order. The last enemy that would be destroyed was death (1Cor. 15:26).

Around our churches lie our graveyards, and all the highways are lined with cemeteries and depositories of the dead. We can scarcely open our eyes without seeing the gloomy hearse, the funeral procession, the undertaker’s warehouse, the shop full of mourning goods, or the stonecutter chiselling epitaphs. Every newspaper we pick up has its obituary lists, and every week brings forth its bills of mortality. On the right hand, on the left hand, before us, behind us, around us, beneath us, in all seasons, in all climes, everywhere is death. . . . The time will come with death itself shall die; not by the power of man, not by mortal skill or earthly medicines, but by the great redemption of God.²⁴

Now the curse which brought death is done away with in entirety and, with it, death (Rev. 22:3+ cf. Gen. 3:19). See commentary on Revelation 21:24.

nor sorrow, nor crying

Although there was great joy in the Millennial Kingdom (Isa. 65:18-20; Jer. 31:13), this will surpass it because there will be no death.

And the ransomed of the Lord shall return, and come to Zion with singing, with everlasting joy on their heads. They shall obtain joy and gladness, and sorrow and sighing shall flee away. (Isa. 35:10)

former things have passed away

Former things have passed away is τὰ πρῶτα ἀπῆλθαν [ta prōta apēlthan] : the first [things] departed. They departed when the “first (πρῶτη [prōtē] ) heaven and earth passed away (ἀπῆλθαν [apēlthan] )” (Rev. 21:1+).

Paul encouraged the Corinthians to retain an eternal perspective in their daily lives because “the form of this world is passing away” (1Cor. 7:29). “The things which are seen are temporary, but the things which are not seen are eternal” (2Cor. 4:17). See commentary on Revelation 20:11. One of the reasons believers are not to love the world is because, knowing the Scriptures, they realize that all that is in the world is ultimately transitory:

Do not love the world or the things in the world. If anyone loves the world, the love of the Father is not in him. For all that is in the world—the lust of the flesh, the lust of the eyes, and the pride of life—is not of the Father but is of the world. And the world is passing away, and the lust of it; but he who does the will of God abides forever. (1Jn. 2:15-17)

3.21.5 - Revelation 21:5 Open Bible at Rev. 21:5 Listen to Rev. 21:5

He who sat on the throne said

This is God the Father Who John saw when he first ascended in his vision to heaven (Rev. 4:2+, 9+; 5:1+).

Behold, I make all things new.

I make is ποιῶ [poiō] , present tense: I am making. New is καινὰ [kaina] , new in quality or kind, better. See commentary on Revelation 21:1.

What God creates in the new heaven and new earth will surpass anything which man has imagined: “But as it is written: ‘Eye has not seen, nor ear heard, nor have entered into the heart of man the things which God has prepared for those who love Him.’ ” (1Cor. 2:9 cf. Isa. 43:16-19). The old creation which had long groaned under corruption is delivered by a new creation:

For the earnest expectation of the creation eagerly waits for the revealing of the sons of God. For the creation was subjected to futility, not willingly, but because of Him who subjected it in hope; because the creation itself also will be delivered from the bondage of corruption into the glorious liberty of the children of God. For we know that the whole creation groans and labors with birth pangs together until now. Not only that, but we also who have the firstfruits of the Spirit, even we ourselves groan within ourselves, eagerly waiting for the adoption, the redemption of our body. (Rom. 8:19-23)

The redemption set forth in the book of Revelation is much broader than the individual redemption of sinful men. It extends to the redemption of the earth and even the entire creation. See commentary on Revelation 5:1.

Like the new birth, the new creation is a work of God: “Therefore, if anyone is in Christ, he is a new creation; old things have passed away; behold, all things have become new” (2Cor. 5:17).

Write, for these words are true and faithful

John is reminded of his task, to record that which he sees and hears for the benefit of the saints. See commentary on Revelation 1:11 and Revelation 1:19. The statements which God has just made, concerning the elimination of death and the making of all things new, are difficult for people living under the dominion of physical death to consider so God emphasizes the reliability of what John has been told (Rev. 19:9+; 22:6+). “Forever, O LORD, your word is settled in heaven” (Ps. 119:89). The word of God lives and abides forever (1Pe. 1:23).

The words spoken by the voice from heaven have the same characteristics as those of Jesus. Jesus referred to Himself as “the Amen, the Faithful and True Witness” (Rev. 3:14+). When He rode forth at the Second Coming, He was called “Faithful and True . . . the Word of God” (Rev. 19:11-13+). There is unity between the will of the Father and the Son.

3.21.6 - Revelation 21:6 Open Bible at Rev. 21:6 Listen to Rev. 21:6

It is done!

It is done is Γέγονε [Gegone] , perfect tense: it has become! The perfect tense emphasizes the completion of the task of creating the new order and the ongoing effects of that creative act which continue into the present as seen by John. The words of the Father are reminiscent of the words of the Son which resulted in redeemed saints being present to enjoy the new creation: “It is finished!” (John 19:30). It is finished is τετέλεσται [tetelestai] , perfect tense, it has come to an end, been completed, accomplished. Jesus’ words emphasize the closure which His death on the cross brought to the old order of things. The Father’s words emphasize the new beginning of blessing which flow from the work of the Son.

Now, the de jure (legally obtained) work of Christ on the cross becomes de facto (accomplished reality). The last enemy, death, has been destroyed and redemption, in its totality, extends throughout God’s creation.

I am the Alpha and Omega, the Beginning and the End.

I am is ἐγώ εἰμι [egō eimi] : I, am. Great emphasis is placed upon the One speaking and His uniqueness. This unique title of God is applied both to the Father (here) and the Son (Rev. 22:13+). The phrase is also applied to the Son in two parts (Rev. 1:11+; 2:8+). See commentary on Revelation 1:11. The same title, with the addition of “the First and the Last,” is taken by Jesus (Rev. 22:13+). Jesus and the Father are One (John 10:30)! Jesus is “the Beginning of the creation of God” (Rev. 3:14+). See commentary on Revelation 3:14.

I will give of the fountain of the water of life freely to him who thirsts.

Freely is δωρεάν [dōrean] : “as a gift, without payment, gratis . . . undeservedly, without reason.”²⁵ The water of life is redemption, portrayed in many different aspects throughout the Scriptures. “In that day a fountain shall be opened for the house of David and for the inhabitants of Jerusalem, for sin and for uncleanness” (Zec. 13:1). These are the wells of salvation which Isaiah spoke about (Isa. 12:3). The water of life is only available from God, the fountain of life (Ps. 36:6). He is the “fountain of living waters” (Jer. 2:13).

In the wilderness wandering, Moses’ struck the rock (representing Christ, 1Cor. 10:4) from which life-giving waters came forth (Ex. 17:6). The promise of redemption by the Holy Spirit is compared to life-giving water (Isa. 44:3; John 7:37-38).

Jesus answered and said to her, “If you knew the gift of God, and who it is who says to you, ‘Give Me a drink,’ you would have asked Him, and He would have given you living water.” The woman said to Him, “Sir, You have nothing to draw with, and the well is deep. Where then do You get that living water? Are You greater than our father Jacob, who gave us the well, and drank from it himself, as well as his sons and his livestock?” Jesus answered and said to her, “Whoever drinks of this water will thirst again, but whoever drinks of the water that I shall give him will never thirst. But the water that I shall give him will become in him a fountain of water springing up into everlasting life.” (John 4:10-14)

Those coming out of the Great Tribulation were led by the Lamb to living fountains of waters (Rev. 7:14+). During the Millennial Kingdom, living water flowed from the Millennial Temple (Eze. 47:1, 8-9; Joel 3:18; Zec. 14:8). A pure river of water of life flows from the throne of God and the Lamb in the New Jerusalem (Rev. 22:1+). The final invitation given by the Spirit and the bride in the book of Revelation is to take the water of life freely (Rev. 22:17+).

Because redemption is infinitely costly, only God could pay the price. The price was the death of God in the person of the Son of God (Rev. 1:18+). It was the Lamb who redeemed (ἀγοράζω [agorazō] , purchased) sinners from among men by His blood (Rev. 1:5+; 5:9+). Since the price has already been paid in full (John 19:30), no man can add to the finished work. To even suggest such a possibility is to devalue the life of the Son of God and declare His purchase inadequate. The joyous result of God’s work is that eternal life, which would otherwise be infinitely expensive, is now available simply for the asking:

Ho! Everyone who thirsts, come to the waters; and you who have no money, come, buy and eat. Yes, come, buy wine and milk without money and without price. (Isa. 55:1)

This is the essential difference between religion and relationship. Religion looks to find, in the puny self effort of man, something of value to present before God by which man may be justified. Relationship sees man’s utter incapability and throws itself upon the grace and mercy of God, accepting that which God has already provided as a remedy. Self-righteousness, which is no real righteousness, is the primary stumbling block leading to God for it recoils at the idea that restoration to God is completely without cost:

Independent, rebellious man says the opposite—“Something in my hand I bring.” This is the one thing common to all systems of religion. They quarrel and fight to the death over the question as to what that “Something” is to be: but they are all at one agreement that it must be something. and as the weary conflict has gone on, and will continue to the end.²⁶

If this gift is free, without cost, how can it be that so many refuse to accept it? The answer is found in their lack of thirst. It is free for him who thirsts! Do you know the Lamb as your redeemer? Are you thirsty for this water which will become a fountain in you springing up into everlasting life? It is available for the asking to all who come to Him in humility and need.

3.21.7 - Revelation 21:7 Open Bible at Rev. 21:7 Listen to Rev. 21:7

He who overcomes shall inherit all things

He who overcomes is ὁ νικῶν [ho nikōn] , by now familiar: the overcomer. The promises to the Seven Churches of Asia were given to “him who overcomes” (Rev. 2:7+, 11+, 17+, 26+; 3:5+, 12+, 21+). Through their identification with Jesus, the True Overcomer (John 16:33; 1Jn. 4:4), they inherit all the promises given to the overcomer and everything which Jesus is given. See Who is the Overcomer?

They inherit the kingdom of God prepared for them from the foundation of the world (Mat. 25:34). As children of God, believers are “heirs of God and joint heirs with Christ” (Rom. 8:15). What an incredible promise! Anything and everything which the Father has given to the Son is also the possession of the saints!

It is demeaning of the saints, given their eternal position, to compete and strive over earthly morsels when all the while they have bank accounts swelling with eternal value. Paul recognizes this and admonishes the Corinthians not to boast or become partisan in their thinking because “all things are yours: whether Paul or Apollos or Cephas, or the world or life or death, or things present or things to come—all are yours” (1Cor. 3:21).

In the same way as an earthly inheritance, the things which pass to the saints do so without reference of their merit or effort. They are attained solely because they stand as brothers of Christ. It is the value accumulated at the Father’s hand which passes to the sons in their inheritance:

In Him also we have obtained an inheritance, being predestined according to the purpose of Him who works all things according to the counsel of His will, that we who first trusted in Christ should be to the praise of His glory. (Eph. 1:11-12)

Not only is the inheritance bountiful beyond measure, it is also incorruptible. In this world we may lose our job, our savings, our home, our health, and our loved ones, but our inheritance in God is beyond the reach of disaster and loss:

Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who according to His abundant mercy has begotten us again to a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead, to an inheritance incorruptible and undefiled and that does not fade away, reserved in heaven for you. (1Pe. 1:3-4)

The MT and NU texts have “these [things]” instead of “all things”.

I will be his God and he shall be My son

He shall be is αὐτὸς ἔσται [autos estai] : He, he shall be. The position of the overcomer as a son of God is emphasized. This phrase emphasizes the reason for the overcomer’s inheritance: his position as a son of God.

The phrase son of God describes those who are of direct descent from God. The angels were created directly by God and are the sons of God (Gen. 6:2, 4; Job 1:6; 2:1; 38:7).Adam was created directly by God and is called the “son of God” (Luke 3:38). In His humanity, being born of the Holy Spirit, Jesus is the Son of God (Luke 1:35).²⁷ And the redeemed, born of God’s Spirit, are the sons of God:

But as many as received Him, to them He gave the right to become children of God, to those who believe in His name: who were born, not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God. (John. 1:12-13)

Being born of the Spirit, the overcomer has the Spirit of adoption Who identifies him as a son and therefore an heir:

For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, these are sons of God. For you did not receive the spirit of bondage again to fear, but you received the Spirit of adoption by whom we cry out, “Abba, Father.” The Spirit Himself bears witness with our spirit that we are children of God, and if children, then heirs—heirs of God and joint heirs with Christ, if indeed we suffer with Him, that we may also be glorified together. (Rom. 8:14-17)

And because you are sons, God has sent forth the Spirit of His Son into your hearts, crying out, “Abba, Father!” Therefore you are no longer a slave but a son, and if a son, then an heir of God through Christ. (Gal. 4:6-7)

Behold what manner of love the Father has bestowed on us, that we should be called children of God! Therefore the world does not know us, because it did not know Him. Beloved, now we are children of God; and it has not yet been revealed what we shall be, but we know that when He is revealed, we shall be like Him, for we shall see Him as He is. (1Jn. 3:1-2)

Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who has blessed us with every spiritual blessing in the heavenly places in Christ, just as He chose us in Him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and without blame before Him in love, having predestined us to adoption as sons by Jesus Christ to Himself, according to the good pleasure of His will. (Eph. 1:3-5)

The relationship between the overcomer and God is to be one of intimacy, modeled after that of the Son and the Father (John 1:1; 17:5). See commentary on Revelation 20:3.

3.21.8 - Revelation 21:8 Open Bible at Rev. 21:8 Listen to Rev. 21:8

But the cowardly

Cowardly is δειλοῖς [deilois] : “timid [ones],”²⁸ “persons showing fear in a shameful way.”²⁹ The word is used to describe lack of faith (Mat. 8:26; Mark 4:40).

During the Tribulation, the Beast worshipers took his mark, partly out of fear of losing their lives (Rev. 13:15+). They were among those who, because of fear, saved their lives, but ultimately lost both their soul and body in hell (Mat. 10:28). The wicked and lazy servant hid his talent in the ground out of fear rather than investing it for the Lord’s benefit. He was cast into outer darkness (Mat. 25:25; Luke 19:21). Those who deny Jesus before men, possibly out of fear, will not be confessed by the Son of Man before God and His angels (Luke 12:8-9). Many of the religious rulers believed in Jesus, but for fear of being put out of the synagogue by the Pharisees, would not confess Him. They loved the praise of men more than the praise of God (John 12:43).

This passage concerns those who are among the unredeemed, it is not a threat that believers who struggle with fear at times are in danger of the Lake of Fire. Those who are born-again have not been given a spirit of fear, “but of power and of love and of a sound mind” (2Ti. 1:7).

unbelieving

Unbelieving is ἀπίστοις [apistois] : ones without faith. Those who did not believe the truth are condemned (2Th. 2:12). Those who are unbelieving have a defiled mind and conscience. They often profess to know God, but by their works they deny Him (Tit. 1:15-16). Lack of faith in the Son results in eternal condemnation:

He who believes in the Son has everlasting life; and he who does not believe the Son shall not see life, but the wrath of God abides on him. (John 3:36)

He who believes in the Son of God has the witness in himself; he who does not believe God has made Him a liar, because he has not believed the testimony that God has given of His Son. (1Jn. 5:10)

There are no unbelieving among the overcomers: “And this is the victory which has overcome the world—our faith. Who is he who overcomes the world, but he who believes that Jesus is the Son of God?” (1Jn. 5:4b-5).

abominable

Abominable is ἐβδελυγμένοις [ebdelygmenois] : “abhorrent, detestable [ones],”³⁰ “loathsome [ones].”³¹ The passive participle indicates they have become abominable because they participated in activities which are considered abominable to God. They are considered unclean and, therefore, will never enter the holy city (Rev. 21:27+). The cup which the Harlot held was full of abominations and the filthiness of her fornication (πορνείας [porneias] , see below) (Rev. 17:4+).

Abominable activities under the Law of Moses include: partaking of unclean animals (Lev. 11:10-42); homosexual behavior (Lev. 18:22; 20:13); bestiality (Lev. 18:23-26); improper consumption of an offering (Lev. 19:7); idol worship (Deu. 7:25-26); child sacrifice (Deu. 12:31; Deu. 18:10); offering an imperfect sacrifice (Deu. 17:1); worshiping other gods, including astral bodies (Deu. 13:13-14; Deu. 17:3-4); sorcery, witchcraft, soothsaying, interpreting omens (Deu. 18:12); cross-dressing (Deu. 22:5); offering money gained through sinful practices in the house of the Lord (Deu. 23:18); taking a woman back after having divorced (Deu. 24:4); and many more. All of these activities have a common attribute: they are behaviors which arouses God’s anger because they contravene His law. In this sense, abomination and rebellion are related. See commentary on Revelation 17:4.

sexually immoral

Sexually immoral is πόρνοις [pornois] : fornicating ones³² , used of a man who has sexual intercourse with a prostitute (1Cor. 5:9). The same root word describes the Harlot: πόρνης [pornēs] . During the Tribulation, the earth dwellers refused to repent of their sexual immorality (Rev. 9:21+).

sorcerers

Sorcerers is φαρμάκοις [pharmakois] : “one who prepares and uses drugs for magical purposes or ritual witchcraft sorcerer, poisoner, magician.”³³ During the Tribulation, the earth dwellers refused to repent of their sorceries (Rev. 9:21+). See commentary on Revelation 9:21.

idolaters

Idolaters is εἰδωλολάτραις [eidōlolatrais] : those who take part in idol-worship or consult false prophets.³⁴ Jezebel seduced God’s servants to commit sexual immorality and eat things sacrificed to idols (Rev. 2:20+ cf. 1Cor. 10:19-20). See commentary on Revelation 2:20.

liars

Jesus told the Pharisees, “You are of your father the devil, and the desires of your father you want to do. . . . there is no truth in him. When he speaks a lie, he speaks from his own resources, for he is a liar and the father of it” (John 8:44). The coming of the lawless one, the Antichrist, was with all power, signs and lying wonders (2Th. 2:9). Those who continue to lie will ultimately fall prey themselves to lies: they will not come to the truth (2Th. 2:11-12). Eventually, their own conscience becomes seared (1Ti. 4:2). All who reject salvation are ultimately liars: “Who is a liar but he who denies that Jesus is the Christ?” (1Jn. 2:22). The truth of God has been made known to men through general revelation, but men actively suppress the truth (lie) in unrighteousness. Knowing the truth, they promote false ideas such as God doesn’t exist or that His existence cannot be known (Rom. 1:18). See commentary on Revelation 20:12.

shall have their part

Not having the Holy Spirit, these do not inherit the kingdom of God and, by nature, practice the works of the flesh (Rom. 8:1-5; Gal. 5:16):

Now the works of the flesh are evident, which are: adultery, fornication, uncleanness, lewdness, idolatry, sorcery, hatred, contentions, jealousies, outbursts of wrath, selfish ambitions, dissensions, heresies, envy, murders, drunkenness, revelries, and the like; of which I tell you beforehand, just as I also told you in time past, that those who practice such things will not inherit the kingdom of God. (Gal. 5:19-21)

For this you know, that no fornicator, unclean person, nor covetous man, who is an idolater, has any inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and God. Let no one deceive you with empty words, for because of these things the wrath of God comes upon the sons of disobedience. Therefore do not be partakers with them. (Eph. 5:5-7)

But we know that the law is good if one uses it lawfully, knowing this: that the law is not made for a righteous person, but for the lawless and insubordinate, for the ungodly and for sinners, for the unholy and profane, for murderers of fathers and murderers of mothers, for manslayers, for fornicators, for sodomites, for kidnappers, for liars, for perjurers, and if there is any other thing that is contrary to sound doctrine. (1Ti. 1:8-10)

Those described by this list are ones who continued in these activities without repentance. In writing to the church at Corinth, Paul emphasizes the forgiveness which remains available for the godless in this age of grace, if they would but turn to God in faith and be cleansed of their sin:

Do you not know that the unrighteous will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived. Neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor homosexuals, nor sodomites, nor thieves, nor covetous, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor extortioners will inherit the kingdom of God. And such were some of you. But you were washed, but you were sanctified, but you were justified in the name of the Lord Jesus and by the Spirit of our God. (1Cor. 6:9-11) [emphasis added]

the lake which burns with fire

Which burns is καιομένῃ [kaiomenē] , passive participle: the lake being presently burnt with fire. Emphasis is placed upon the ongoing reality of the fire. All the unsaved dead, who were not found written in the Book of Life, were cast into the Lake of Fire (Rev. 20:15+). See commentary on Revelation 20:15.

3.21.9 - Revelation 21:9 Open Bible at Rev. 21:9 Listen to Rev. 21:9

one of the seven angels who had the seven bowls with the seven last plagues

The seven last plagues were called last because “in them the wrath of God is complete” (Rev. 15:1+). This may be the same angel which showed John the Great Harlot (Rev. 17:1+).

Come, I will show you

The angel, having one of the seven bowls, refers back to the seventh bowl itself which destroyed Babylon (Rev. 16:19+) and invites a comparison between two great cities: Babylon, the Harlot and the New Jerusalem, the bride (Rev. 21:10+).

the bride, the Lamb’s wife

Bride is νύμφην [nymphēn] , used of the holy city, the New Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven (Rev. 21:2+). Wife is γυναῖκα [gynaika] , used of the wife of the Lamb at His marriage (Rev. 19:7+). Concerning Jesus’ title as Lamb, see commentary on Revelation 5:6. See commentary on Revelation 21:2. See commentary on Revelation 19:7. See Jerusalem Married to God.

Some expositors take the remainder of this chapter and the first part of the following chapter as a recapitulation which describes the participation of the New Jerusalem within the Millennial Kingdom hovering over the earth.³⁵ They interpret the nations on the earth (Rev. 21:24-26+) as being millennial nations which access the New Jerusalem above. In particular, they point to the existence of the tree of life in the New Jerusalem as evidence that the millennial nations will receive healing from it.

There are significant problems with the recapitulation view:

If the millennial nations have access to the tree of life, why then is there still death during the thousand years (Isa. 65:20)? Although, the millennial nations will have access to all kinds of trees (plural) which provide fruit for food and leaves for medicinal purposes, these are not the tree of life (Eze. 47:12). Nor do the location of these trees correspond with that of the tree of life in the eternal city (Rev. 22:2+).

Within this vision of the city, the curse is said to be no more (Rev. 22:3+). Yet the curse continues during the Millennium (Isa. 65:20; Rev. 20:8-9+).

This is not a recapitulation, but a further refinement of the overview which John saw in Revelation 21:1-8+.³⁶

3.21.10 - Revelation 21:10 Open Bible at Rev. 21:10 Listen to Rev. 21:10

he carried me away in the Spirit

The identical phrase described John’s journey with the angel who showed him the Harlot (Rev. 17:3+). An intentional contrast is being made between the Harlot, the great city Babylon, and the bride, the great city, the New Jerusalem.

It is the Holy Spirit who transports John while the angel journeys with him. See commentary on Revelation 17:3. John was “in the Spirit” on the Lord’s Day when he had his first vision of the glorified Lord (Rev. 1:10+). He was also “in the Spirit” when he was called up to the throne room to see the things yet future (Rev. 4:2+). See commentary on Revelation 4:2.

to a great and high mountain

In the twenty-fifth year of the Babylonian captivity, the hand of the LORD was upon Ezekiel and took him in the visions of God to a very high mountain upon which there was “something like the structure of a city” (Eze. 40:2). Ezekiel was shown the millennial Jerusalem, not the New Jerusalem as here. Like John, he was attended by an angel (man) with a measuring rod who then measured aspects of the city for Ezekiel to record.³⁷

The high mountain may merely be the vantage point from which John is shown the holy Jerusalem. Or, it may reflect the terrain upon which the holy city alights. This would correspond to the mountain of the Lord’s house, the site of the Temple during the Millennial Kingdom (Isa. 2:2-4; Zec. 8:3-4). This seems likely because, as in the Millennium, a river goes forth from beneath the throne (Rev. 22:1+). Thus, the area of the New Jerusalem must be elevated above the surrounding region.

the great city, the holy Jerusalem, descending out of heaven from God

Descending is καταβαίνουσαν [katabainousan] , present tense: while coming down. John saw the city as it was in the process of descending. It appears John sees the city descend twice. First, he sees it descending as part of the general presentation of the eternal order (Rev. 21:2+). Now, the vision recapitulates the descent prior to a detailed tour with the angel. The appearance of the city’s descent twice in the same chapter does not necessitate taking the descents as two different points in history (one a millennial descent, the other in the eternal state). As we discussed above, lack of the curse (Rev. 22:2+) is conclusive evidence against any idea that Revelation 21:9+-22:7+ concerns the New Jerusalem in the Millennium. See commentary on Revelation 21:9.

3.21.11 - Revelation 21:11 Open Bible at Rev. 21:11 Listen to Rev. 21:11

having the glory of God

This is the Shekinah, the visible manifestation of God’s presence. Because of His presence, the eternal city has no need for the light of the sun or moon (Isa. 66:19-20; Rev. 22:5+). See commentary on Revelation 22:5. See The Abiding Presence of God.

Her light was like a most precious stone

Her light will be like “a city that is set on a hill” which “cannot be hidden” (Mat. 5:14).

like a jasper stone

Her walls are of jasper (Rev. 21:18+) and her first foundation is adorned with jasper (Rev. 21:19+).

clear as crystal

Because of how jasper (ἰάσπιδι [iaspidi] ) is described by Scripture, some think it is not the jasper we know, but perhaps diamond. See commentary on Revelation 4:3. The purity and clarity of the city is consistently emphasized (Rev. 21:18+, 21+; 22:1+). The description of her pure light recalls the sea of glass under the heavenly throne (Eze. 1:22; Rev. 4:6+; 15:2+).

As we have seen, there is a close analogy between the Church and the New Jerusalem, both being the Lamb’s wife (Rev. 19:7+; 21:2+, 9+). The purity and preparation of the New Jerusalem are closely analogous to Christ’s purification and preparation of the Church:

Husbands, love your wives, just as Christ also loved the church and gave Himself for her, that He might sanctify and cleanse her with the washing of water by the word, that He might present her to Himself a glorious church, not having spot or wrinkle or any such thing, but that she should be holy and without blemish. (Eph. 5:25-27)

3.21.12 - Revelation 21:12 Open Bible at Rev. 21:12 Listen to Rev. 21:12

she had a great and high wall

Isaiah saw a time of peace for Jerusalem when the people of God would “call your walls Salvation and your gates Praise” (Isa. 60:18).

This wall doubtless was a memorial to God’s protection of His people throughout their long history. The New Testament saints would well remember how their lives were “hid with Christ in God” (Col. 3;3). Now, the wall does not need to serve as a means of protection for God Himself dwells in the city. This is further proven by the fact that each of the four walls of the city has three gateways which never will be shut.³⁸

with twelve gates

Gates is πυλῶνας [pylōnas] : used “of the large gate at the entrance of temples and palaces . . . at the place of the rich man (Luke 16:20) . . . of the magnificent city gates of Babylon.”³⁹ There are three gates on each of the four sides of the city (Rev. 21:13+). Each gate is of one pearl (Rev. 21:21+). None of the gates will ever be shut (Rev. 21:25+) and the glory of the nations and kings of the earth shall be transported through them (Rev. 21:24+). See Twelve: Jewish Tribes, Completeness.

twelve angels at the gates

Those who do not have the right to the tree of life are unable to pass through the gates into the city (Rev. 22:14+). The gates may remain open because there is no possibility of the unclean approaching the city. They are eternally relegated to the Lake of Fire which is the “outer darkness” (Mat. 8:12; 22:13; 25:30).

twelve tribes of the children of Israel

Children is υἱῶν [huiōn] : sons. Within Scripture, the sons of Israel are the literal, physical offspring of the man Jacob (Rev. 7:4-8+). Those who deny any distinction between the Church and Israel in God’s purposes are hard-pressed to account for the distinction here, carried into the eternal state, between the twelve tribes of Israel and the twelve apostles of the Lamb (Rev. 21:14+).

Mounce is typical of those who read past the plain distinction in the text and interpret it to mean just the opposite: “The juxtaposition of the twelve tribes with the twelve apostles shows the unity of ancient Israel and the NT church.” [emphasis added]⁴⁰ If the Church is the “new Israel” as Replacement Theology claims, then why the distinction between the names of the tribes of Israel and the names of the apostles of the Church—as two separate groups—memorialized in eternity? The names of the tribes on the gates and the names of the apostles on the foundations (Rev. 21:14+) are a memorial to two different peoples of God who occupied different roles in God’s redemptive plan, both of which are found in the eternal city: Israel and the Church.

It is significant that John brings together the twelve tribes of Israel and the twelve apostles here, and makes a distinction between them. Jesus did the same earlier (Mat. 19:28; Luke 22:30). This distinction shows the wrongness of identifying the twelve tribes in Rev. 7:4-8+ with the church.⁴¹

Even though the twelve apostles were all Jewish, and therefore physical descendants of Jacob, their names are distinguished from the twelve tribes. This reflects the reality that the Church did not exist prior to the Day of Pentecost when the Holy Spirit first began His baptizing work forming the body of Christ (Mat. 16:18; Acts 1:5). Although the apostles are all Jewish and will rule over the twelve tribes (Mat. 19:28), their greater affinity is as members of the Church.

Once more we see the Scriptural declaration that all twelve tribes of Israel are known to God (Rev. 7:4+). None of the tribes are lost. See Ten Tribes Lost?

3.21.13 - Revelation 21:13 Open Bible at Rev. 21:13 Listen to Rev. 21:13

three gates on the east . . . north . . . south . . . west

The layout of the gates around the holy city is similar to the Camp of Israel around the Tabernacle in the Wilderness. In the wilderness, three tribes camped in each compass direction around the Tabernacle. The Levites camped in the center and served as a buffer between the glory of God (in the Tabernacle) and the tribes. See Camp of Israel. See Tabernacle in the Wilderness.

If the heavenly layout were to follow the encampment in the wilderness around the Tabernacle, then:

The gates on the east would be named for Judah, Issachar, and Zebulun.

The gates on the north would be named for Dan, Asher, and Naphtali.

The gates on the south would be named for Reuben, Simeon, and Gad.

The gates on the west would be named for Ephraim, Manasseh, and Benjamin.

In the camp in the wilderness, Jacob and Levi are omitted in favor of listing Jacob’s two half tribes: Ephraim and Manasseh. Since Levi encamped around the Tabernacle in the center, and Manasseh and Ephraim comprise all of Joseph, every individual in all twelve tribes is accounted for.

However, in the heavenly scene, there is no encampment around the sanctuary which is the entire New Jerusalem (Rev. 21:22+). Therefore, the names of the gates may be according to the plan of the millennial city (Eze. 48:30-35):

The gates on the east would be named for Joseph, Benjamin, and Dan.

The gates on the north would be named for Reuben, Judah, and Levi.

The gates on the south would be named for Simeon, Issachar, Zebulun.

The gates on the west would be named for Gad, Asher, Naphtali.

With Joseph including both Ephraim and Manasseh, Levi is explicitly listed and all twelve tribes are accounted for. It may be that an entirely new order occurs in the New Jerusalem as Scripture does not give us these details.

3.21.14 - Revelation 21:14 Open Bible at Rev. 21:14 Listen to Rev. 21:14

the wall of the city had twelve foundations

The foundations are adorned with precious stones (Rev. 21:19+). See commentary on Revelation 21:19.

By faith Abraham obeyed when he was called to go out to the place which he would receive as an inheritance. And he went out, not knowing where he was going. By faith he dwelt in the land of promise as in a foreign country, dwelling in tents with Isaac and Jacob, the heirs with him of the same promise; for he waited for the city which has foundations, whose builder and maker is God. (Heb. 11:8-10)

See Twelve: Jewish Tribes, Completeness.

on them were the names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb

The MT and NU texts have the twelve names of the twelve apostles. Regarding the distinction between the names of the tribes of Israel and the apostles of the Lamb, see commentary on Revelation 21:12.

The question arises as to which twelve names are represented? Eleven of the twelve seem clear enough, but who will be listed as the twelfth? Will it be Judas, the original apostle chosen by Jesus (John 6:70)? Or perhaps Matthias, chosen by the eleven to replace Judas (Acts 1:26)? The third possibility is Paul, chosen by the Lord (Acts 9:3-6, 15-16). While it is impossible to know, and perhaps not of great importance, we are inclined to think the twelfth name will be that of the Apostle Paul, for it seems impossible that his name would not appear on a foundation as a major contributor to the early church and the New Testament. On the other hand, like the scars which remain on Jesus’ glorified body (John 20:27 cf. Rev. 5:6+), perhaps the name of Judas will be retained as a memorial of Christ’s atoning work on the cross.

The apostles, along with the prophets, are considered the foundation of the spiritual temple in the Lord (Eph. 2:19-22 cf. Eph. 3:5; 4:11).

Concerning Jesus’ title as Lamb, see commentary on Revelation 5:6.

3.21.15 - Revelation 21:15 Open Bible at Rev. 21:15 Listen to Rev. 21:15

a gold reed to measure the city

Reed is μέτρον κάλαμον [metron kalamon] .Μέτρον [Metron] is “an instrument for measuring.”⁴² Κάλαμον [Kalamon] is “the (dried) stalk of tall plants.”⁴³ The reed is a golden staff made for measurement.

Ezekiel was shown the Millennial Temple and told to record the dimensions measured by an angel (Eze. 40:3-5). Previously, John was instructed to measure the Tribulation Temple (Rev. 11:1+). The New Jerusalem is measured to highlight its importance to God and indicate its real physical dimensions.

Zechariah saw an angel who measured Jerusalem. The precise dimension were not given, but the measurement indicated that God’s attention was directed toward the city for enlargement and restoration (Zec. 2:1-5). See commentary on Revelation 21:2.

3.21.16 - Revelation 21:16 Open Bible at Rev. 21:16 Listen to Rev. 21:16

The city is laid out as a square

Although the land dedicated for the millennial city had the dimensions of five thousand cubits wide and twenty-five thousand cubits long (Eze. 45:6), the portion where the city itself stood was, like the eternal city, also square: four thousand five hundred cubits on a side (Eze. 48:16, 30-35).

twelve thousand furlongs

Furlongs is σταδίων [stadiōn] , each of which is equivalent to 400 cubits or 1/8 mile. The dimension is equivalent to 4,800,000 cubits or approximately 1,500 miles.⁴⁴ Morris takes the stadia as 600 Greek feet or approximately 607 English feet resulting in a dimension of 1,380 miles.⁴⁵

The city itself is gargantuan; it is a cube of 12,000 stadia (i.e., with sides of 1,380 miles each [depending upon the value taken for 1 stadia]). Now, the base of the city is staggering enough, for its area is 63% of that of the forty-eight contiguous states of the USA, yet it is 1,380 miles high as well. Now, as we are given no details, we cannot say what significance the height has, but by way of comparison, this city would only need 102 levels to equal the surface area of the earth, i.e., the combined areas of the oceans and the land masses (this last figure would require each level to be separated by 70,000 feet, considerably higher than commercial jet airplanes operate in 1998). These hypothetical 102 levels would have a combined area 340% larger than the total land area, deserts and vast frozen wastes included, of the present earth. The point of all this comparison is to emphasize that the city God describes is actually many times more commodious than the earth we know.⁴⁶

Its length, breadth, and height are equal.

The eternal city is over 1,060 times larger in each dimension than the millennial city proper and has a total square area over 1.1 million times larger. The gargantuan proportions of the city are such that many seem unable to take them as the description of a literal city. But how is this huge city any more difficult to believe than a totally new heaven and earth (Rev. 21:1+)? And how often is skepticism over God’s prophecy based on our limited experience in the present reality—none of which need attend the scene before us?

The equal dimensions of the city recall the holy of holies in the Temple where the ark of the covenant resided, which was twenty cubits long, twenty cubits wide, and twenty cubits high (1K. 6:19). The entire New Jerusalem is the eternal “holy of holies” (Rev. 21:22+).

For a detailed estimate of the ability of the city to accommodate the redeemed of history, see [Morris, The Revelation Record].

3.21.17 - Revelation 21:17 Open Bible at Rev. 21:17 Listen to Rev. 21:17

one hundred and forty-four cubits

Each Cubit is a “forearm; as a measure of length . . . equivalent to 17.5 inches, 1.5 feet, or 0.46 meters.”⁴⁸ The wall measures one hundred and forty-four cubits, or approximately 216 feet (65.8 meters). Since the wall is said to be “great and high” (Rev. 21:12+) and the city itself is of immense height, this dimension is most likely the width.⁴⁹

3.21.18 - Revelation 21:18 Open Bible at Rev. 21:18 Listen to Rev. 21:18

The construction of its wall was of jasper

Jasper was the last stone in the breastplate of the high priest (Ex. 28:20; 39:13). It was also one of the stones which was Satan’s covering in the garden of God (Eze. 28:13). The light of God’s glory in her midst shines through the jasper walls (Rev. 21:11+).

pure gold, like clear glass

Pure and clear are from the same word, καθαρός [katharos] : clean, pure, free from dirt.⁵⁰ Solomon’s Temple was overlaid with gold (1K. 6:22). The New Jerusalem is considered the queen in relation to the King, the Lamb. “At Your right hand stands the queen in gold from Ophir” (Ps. 45:9). See Jerusalem Married to God.

The purity of the gold speaks of that which has been tested and refined by fire to remove the dross (Job 23:10; Zec. 13:9; 2Cor. 4:17-18; 1Pe. 1:7). Those who inhabit the New Jerusalem are now without sin. No mention is made of lesser metals, such as silver or bronze (Isa. 60:17).

3.21.19 - Revelation 21:19 Open Bible at Rev. 21:19 Listen to Rev. 21:19

The foundations of the walls of the city were adorned with all kinds of precious stones

Were adorned is κεκοσμημένοι [kekosmēmenoi] , perfect passive participle: having been decorated. She was adorned in the past in preparation for her husband. See commentary on Revelation 21:2.

O you afflicted one, tossed with tempest, and not comforted, behold, I will lay your stones with colorful gems, and lay your foundations with sapphires. I will make your pinnacles of rubies, your gates of crystal, and all your walls of precious stones. (Isa. 54:11-12)

There is some uncertainty as to the relationship between the names of the stones in the original languages (Greek and Hebrew) versus our modern equivalents. The interested reader is encouraged to refer to more extensive treatments concerning their identity in recommended reference works.⁵¹

3.21.19.1 - Tribal Stones

The description of the foundations of the New Jerusalem mentions twelve different stones. Immediately, this brings to mind the twelve stones on the high priest’s breastplate. Each stone represented one of the twelve tribes:

On the outside of the breastplate and placed in gold settings were twelve precious stones in four rows of three stones each. On each of the stones was inscribed the name of one of the tribes of Israel, presumably in the order of their births, as was the case with the onyx stones on the shoulders (Ex. 28:10). The order and names of the stones are listed in Exodus 28:17-20.⁵²

A survey of various Bible translations(ASV,⁵³ DBY,⁵⁴ ESV,⁵⁵ KJV,⁵⁶ MKJV,⁵⁷ NASB95,⁵⁸ NET,⁵⁹ NIV,⁶⁰ NKJV,⁶¹ NRSV,⁶² TNK,⁶³ YLT⁶⁴ ) indicates some uncertainty surrounding the identification of several of the stones associated with the twelve tribes as found in the high priest’s breastplate.

Stones of the Tribes of Israel

Birth Order | Tribe | Majority Stone⁶⁵ | Alternate Stones
1 | Reuben | sardius | ruby (NASB95, NIV, NET), carnelian (NRSV, TNK)
2 | Simeon | topaz | chrysolite (NRSV, TNK)
3 | Levi | carbuncle | emerald (DBY, NASB95, NKJV, NRSV, TNK), beryl (NET, NIV)
4 | Judah | emerald | turquoise (NASB95, NET, NKJV, NRSV, TNK), carbuncle (DBY)
5 | Dan | sapphire | -
6 | Naphtali | diamond | emerald (NET, NIV), moonstone (NRSV), amethyst (TNK)
7 | Gad | jacinth | opal (DBY, MKJV, YLT), ligure (KJV)
8 | Asher | agate | -
9 | Issachar | amethyst | crystal (TNK)
10 | Zebulun | beryl | chrysolite (DBY, NET, NIV, MKJV)
11 | Joseph | onyx | lapis lazuli (TNK)
12 | Benjamin | jasper | -

Attempts to correlate the tribal stones with the stones on the foundations of the New Jerusalem meet with several difficulties:

The correlation between the Hebrew names of the stones of the breastplate and the Greek names of the stones is uncertain.

The foundations are named according to apostles and not tribes and therefore there may not be a precise correlation between the stones on the foundations and the stones of the tribes.

Thus, attempts to connect the foundation stones with the stones of the breastplate have generally been unproductive:

Eight of the stones are the same as in the breastplate, with the four remaining ones being words that are unused in the LXX: χαλκηδῶν [chalkēdōn] , χρυσόπρασος [chrysoprasos] , ὑάκινθος [huakinthos] , σαρδόνυξ [sardonyx] (Swete). The symbolism is rich in meaning. The old covenant confined the privilege of direct fellowship with God to the high priest, but in the new city the privilege will belong to all the people of God (cf. Rev. 21:22+) (Moffatt). A difference in the order of the stones’ listing in the two situations is not a serious problem for this view.⁶⁶

There seems no way, however, of identifying the stone that corresponds to each apostle. Similarly, there is no apparent correlation with the order of the precious stones in the priestly breastplate (Exodus 28:17-20) or the stones in the heavenly garden (Ezekiel 28:13), although a number of the stones are the same in both instances. . . . No particular patterns or reasons for the particular sequence seem discernible at this time.⁶⁷

What we can be sure of is that God will have chosen the foundation stones to achieve a visually stunning result! It may well be that the stones are chosen more for visual effect than any relationship to the stones on the breastplate of the high priest:

A close study of the colors of these precious stones will bring to mind the colors of the rainbow, and how God used the rainbow as a promise to Noah that he would never again destroy the earth by water (Gen. 9:12-17).⁶⁸

Each foundation will be composed of different precious stones with its own dominant color. They can be delineated as follows: 1. Jasper—green; 2. Sapphire—blue; 3. Chalcedony—greenish; 4. Emerald—green; 5. Sardonyx—red and white; 6. Sardius—fiery red; 7. Chrysolite—golden yellow; 8. Beryl—aqua green; 9. Topaz—greenish yellow; 10. Chrysoprase—golden green; 11. Jacinth—violet; 12. Amethyst—purple.⁶⁹

3.21.20 - Revelation 21:20 Open Bible at Rev. 21:20 Listen to Rev. 21:20

See Tribal Stones

3.21.21 - Revelation 21:21 Open Bible at Rev. 21:21 Listen to Rev. 21:21

The twelve gates were twelve pearls: each individual gate was of one pearl.

Being made of pearl speaks, primarily, of great value (Rev. 17:4+). Pearls, coming from an unclean animal (an oyster, Lev. 11:10), may also carry a secondary association of unclean or Gentile.

In order to move the gospel out from the Jews to the Gentiles, Peter was given a vision of a sheet containing many unclean animals and told to kill and eat them. When he refused to partake of the unclean animals, God responded, “What God has cleansed you must not call common (κοίνου [koinou] )” (Acts 10:13). This was preparatory to Peter entering the household of a Gentile, Cornelius, so that the gospel could go forth to the Gentiles. Here, John is told that nothing that defiles (κοινουν [koinoun] , common) will be allowed to enter through the gates of the city (Rev. 21:27+).

Jesus paid for both a treasure hidden in a field (Israel) and a pearl of great price (the Gentiles) (Mat. 13:45-56). The pearl Jesus bought was considered unclean, but also of great value. The pearls may stand as a testimony that the redeemed from among the Gentiles, who responded to God in faith, are no longer considered unclean and can pass through the gates.

the street of the city was pure gold, like transparent glass

The street of the city is like the sea of glass (Rev. 4:6+; 15:2+; 21:18+). See commentary on Revelation 4:6 and Revelation 15:2.

3.21.22 - Revelation 21:22 Open Bible at Rev. 21:22 Listen to Rev. 21:22

But I saw no temple in it

The word for temple, ναὸν [naon] has two general meanings in relation to the house of God in Jerusalem. “(1) In a narrower sense, the inner sanctuary within a sacred precinct (τὸ ἱερόν [to hieron] ) where the divine being resides shrine, (inner) temple (Mat. 27.51); (2) in a broader yet specific sense, the sanctuary in Jerusalem consisting of the (outer) Holy Place and the (inner) Holy of Holies temple (Mat. 26.61).”⁷⁰

for the Lord God Almighty and the Lamb are its temple

For most of history, God had purposed that there be a Temple to mitigate His holy presence in the midst of sinful men. Now there is no more sin and man and God can enjoy full fellowship without separation (John 1:1). It was the redemptive work of Jesus on the cross which ultimately restored full fellowship between man and God (Mat. 27:39; John 2:19; Col. 1:19; Rev. 5:9+). See Temple of God.

Significantly, God the Father and God the Son are equally considered to be the Temple. Again, we see the equivalency of Jesus Christ with the Father. Jesus is God (John 10:30; Col. 2:9; Rev. 1:8+, 18+)! See commentary on Revelation 1:8 and Revelation 1:18.

Almighty is παντοκράτωρ [pantokratōr] . See commentary on Revelation 1:8.

Concerning Jesus’ title as Lamb, see commentary on Revelation 5:6.

3.21.23 - Revelation 21:23 Open Bible at Rev. 21:23 Listen to Rev. 21:23

The city had no need of the sun or of the moon to shine in it

Although most take this passage to indicate there will be no more sun or moon, the passage need not preclude the existence of the sun and moon. It merely indicates that the city had no need of their light because of the Shekinah glory of God in the midst of the city.

The form of expression would not make impossible the existence of the sun and the moon, as this scripture merely says there is no need of them.⁷¹

Neither the sun nor the moon will ever really be destroyed, of course, since God has promised that they, as well as all the starry heavens, will endure forever (Psalm 148:3-6; Daniel 12:3). It is just that their light is no longer needed to illumine the holy city, for the city itself radiates light to all the surrounding regions (Rev. 21:24+). However, the sun and moon will continue to serve their present functions with respect to the nether regions of the earth, serving there as lights by day and night, respectively.⁷²

It is difficult to be dogmatic as to whether the sun and moon will necessarily exist in the eternal state. It may be that there is no sun and moon, as in the early part of creation week.⁷³ “The city will be bright enough to supply illumination for the whole new creation (Alford, Lee).”⁷⁴ God created light on the first day (Gen. 1:3), but the sun and moon were not created until the fourth day (Gen. 1:14):

On the fourth day the luminaries were made; because God, who possesses foreknowledge, knew the follies of the vain philosophers, that they were going to say, that the things which grow on the earth are produced from the heavenly bodies, so as to exclude God. In order, therefore, that the truth might be obvious, the plants and seeds were produced prior to the heavenly bodies, for what is posterior cannot produce that which is prior.—Theophilus of Antioch⁷⁵

Here we see one of the primary characteristics of the eternal state: it stands as the restoration of many things from the early creation. See Genesis and Revelation as Bookends.

Several passages use the sun and moon as witnesses of eternal promises:

Thus says the LORD, Who gives the sun for a light by day, the ordinances of the moon and the stars for a light by night, Who disturbs the sea, and its waves roar (The LORD of hosts is His name): “If those ordinances depart from before Me, says the LORD, then the seed of Israel shall also cease from being a nation before Me forever.” Thus says the LORD: “If heaven above can be measured, and the foundations of the earth searched out beneath, I will also cast off all the seed of Israel for all that they have done, says the LORD.” (Jer. 31:35-37) [emphasis added]

“Once I have sworn by My holiness; I will not lie to David: His seed shall endure forever, And his throne as the sun before Me; it shall be established forever like the moon, even [like] the faithful witness in the sky.” Selah. (Ps. 89:35-37) [emphasis added]

These passages tie God’s faithfulness in promises regarding Israel and the Davidic throne to the continuance of the sun and moon: “It shall be established forever like the moon.” Whether these promises are meant to extend only to the end of the present order (Rev. 21:1+) or beyond into the eternal order is difficult to determine. The specifics of these promises may no longer pertain after the Millennial Kingdom, once Israel’s promises have been fulfilled and the Lamb’s Davidic throne is merged with the Father’s throne (Rev. 22:3+). The reliance of these promises on the sun and moon may infer their continued existence in the eternal state.

Another piece of evidence which points to the continuance of the moon in the eternal state is the tree of life. The tree is said to yield its fruit every month (Rev. 22:2+). Month is μῆνα [mēna] : “using the moon’s cycle as a measure of time month (Luke 1:24); in reference to religious festivals held at the time of the new moon new moon (Gal. 4:10).”⁷⁶ Mention of a monthly cycle implies that the moon may still be present and continue to serve for “signs and seasons” (Gen. 1:14). The existence of the moon for calendrical reasons would imply the continuance of the sun as well, since the moon reflects the light of the sun.

the glory of God illuminated it. The Lamb is its light.

Isaiah saw a day, after the punishment of the “host of exalted ones” (probably fallen angels), when the brightness of the Shekinah glory would make the moon disgraced and the sun ashamed (Isa. 24:23). Now, the glory of the Lord serves in their stead. Whether or not the sun and moon actually cease to exist, the Shekinah glory of God will serve in their place in the city and its vicinity:

The sun shall no longer be your light by day, nor for brightness shall the moon give light to you; but the Lord will be to you an everlasting light, and your God your glory. Your sun shall no longer go down, nor shall your moon withdraw itself; for the Lord will be your everlasting light, and the days of your mourning shall be ended. (Isa. 60:19-20)

Similarly, the glory of the Lord illuminated the holy of holies within the original Tabernacle:

The dwelling-place of God’s glory in the Tabernacle and the Temple on earth had no light of sun or moon; for the Shechinah or glory of God was sufficient.⁷⁷

What has happened? Man has been brought fully into the holy of holies which is lit only by God’s glory! Again, we see the emphasis on the communion of man with a holy God. There is no longer any separation of any sort because sin has been completely done away with. This is why there was still a Millennial Temple during the thousand years, but not Temple building in the New Jerusalem. In the Millennium, sin still existed (Isa. 65:20; Rev. 20:7-10+).

In our own day, the Lamb serves as the spiritual light bringing revelation to men (Luke 2:32; John 1:4-5; 8:12). “God is light and in Him is no darkness at all” (1Jn. 1:5). God’s glory had been seen in the millennial Jerusalem, but the New Jerusalem will eclipse everything from the previous order:

Arise, shine; for your light has come! And the glory of the LORD is risen upon you. For behold, the darkness shall cover the earth, and deep darkness the people; but the LORD will arise over you, and His glory will be seen upon you. The Gentiles shall come to your light, and kings to the brightness of your rising. (Isa. 60:1-3)

3.21.24 - Revelation 21:24 Open Bible at Rev. 21:24 Listen to Rev. 21:24

And the nations of those who are saved shall walk in its light

The MT and NU texts omit of those who are saved. The term nations (ἔθνη [ethnē] ) denotes the diversity of the redeemed, from every tribe, tongue, people, and nation (Rev. 5:9+; 13:7+; 14:6+). In the place of the sun and moon, the nations walk in the light provided by God’s glory which emanates from the city and illuminates the earth (Rev. 21:23+; 22:5+). Questions which arise in our mind concerning the curvature of the earth, how far the glory of God shines upon the earth, and whether there is darkness anywhere upon the earth are not answered in this brief description. The nature of the new heaven and earth could be so radically different from anything we know as to render our questions baseless. Perhaps the Shekinah glory extends its radiant beauty from the city outward over the entire earth.

the kings of the earth shall bring their glory and honor into it

This had already been the experience of the earthly Jerusalem during the Millennial Kingdom (Isa. 60:3-12; 66:12). Here is evidence that “heaven” will be much different than is commonly conceived. These kings are of the earth: having their primary place of activity upon the earth rather than within the city. They bring their glory from outside the city into (εἰς [eis] ) it. The glory and honor of the kings probably describes gifts of value and beauty which are brought as presents of worship to God and the Lamb in the midst of the city.

Some have seen this as evidence of two categories of the faithful: those who reside within the city (glorified saints) and those who reside outside the city on the earth (those left living at the end of the Millennial Kingdom).

Those nations, during the Millennium, that walk in the Divine light of the earthly Jerusalem, are transferred to the new earth, to walk in the Heavenly light of the New Jerusalem.⁷⁸

Is there any way, however, that these could be nations of people still in a natural state (say, like Adam and Eve before the fall) continuing over from the millennium? . . . Admittedly, however, the Scriptures do not deal with this particular subject directly . . . one must certainly be tentative on this point, that this particular group of saints, some from each millennial nation, may have been (like Enoch and Elijah long before) translated to the heavenly Jerusalem still in the flesh. In such a hypothetical situation, they would then be in that state in the city when it descended to the earth. . . . This interpretation of this text, doubtful and fraught with difficulties though it may be, would help in answering certain other questions.⁷⁹

I . . . hold it to be a necessary and integral part of the Scriptural doctrine of human redemption, that our race, as a self-multiplying order of beings, will never cease either to exist or to possess the earth. . . . Ransomed nations in the flesh are therefore among the occupants of the new earth, and the blessed and happy dwellers in it, as Adam and Eve dwelt in Paradise.⁸⁰

This is an issue on which the text of Revelation is silent, but there is one . . . theory which seems to satisfy the available criteria best. . . . This opinion holds that “the nations” are composed of saved people who survive the millennial kingdom without dying and without joining Satan’s rebellion and who undergo some sort of transformation that suits them for life in the eternal state. They will be like Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden prior to the Fall (cf. Govett, Seiss). They will be unresurrected human beings who will inhabit the new earth, Paradise restored (Rev. 22:1-5+), throughout eternity.⁸¹

Shall not God then during the “Renovation of the Earth by Fire,” in some manner, not as yet revealed, take off righteous representatives of the Millennial nations that he purposes to save, and when the earth is again fit to be the abode of men, place them back on the New Earth, that they may increase and multiply and replenish it, as Adam (Gen. 1:27-28), and Noah (Gen. 9:1), were told to multiply and replenish the present earth.⁸²

This surprising suggestion is not without complications. See commentary on Revelation 22:2.

3.21.25 - Revelation 21:25 Open Bible at Rev. 21:25 Listen to Rev. 21:25

Its gates shall not be shut at all

Not . . . at all is the double negative, οὐ μὴ [ou mē] , indicating there is no possibility of their ever needing to close. Shut is κλεισθῶσιν [kleisthōsin] , they would be locked. The same word describes the locking away of Satan in the bottomless pit (Rev. 20:3+). In the Millennial Kingdom, the gates of the earthly Jerusalem were never shut day or night (Isa. 60:11). Now, there is no night and the gates remain continually open. The gates remain open for those outside the city to freely enter into it, where God and the Lamb are in its midst, and where they may access the leaves of the tree of life. See commentary on Revelation 22:2.

no night there

The glory of God will provide a continuous source of light within the city. The text does not say “there shall be no night,” but “there shall be no night there”—that is, in the New Jerusalem. Whether night exists elsewhere on the earth is not said. Many assume there is no night anywhere on the earth as if the mere existence of darkness were an indication of sin.⁸³ But the text only says there will be no night there—in the neighborhood of the holy city and region of the earth which the Shekinah glory illuminates.

The city itself will radiate light as bright as daylight, so night will ever come, even when the earth’s rotation carries the city away from the sun.⁸⁴

Of course, we are in speculative territory supposing that the new earth is much like today: a sphere which rotates subject to physics as we know it today. The text tells us the barest minimum concerning many aspects of the new heaven and earth. They may be radically different from that which we assume from our experience today.

3.21.26 - Revelation 21:26 Open Bible at Rev. 21:26 Listen to Rev. 21:26

they shall bring the glory and the honor of the nations into it

The MT text adds: that they may enter in. See commentary on Revelation 21:24.

3.21.27 - Revelation 21:27 Open Bible at Rev. 21:27 Listen to Rev. 21:27

there shall by no means enter it anything that defiles

Defiles is κοινὸν [koinon] : common. This speaks of those things which are unclean. At one time, the Gentiles had been considered unclean (κοίνου [koinou] , Acts 10:13). All who inhabit the eternal state and access the city have been washing in the blood of the Lamb (Rev. 1:5+) and are now clean. There is no more sin. See commentary on Revelation 21:21.

Isaiah saw a “Highway of Holiness” over which nothing unclean would pass and upon which the redeemed would walk, those who had been ransomed (Isa. 35:8-10). A day was coming when the uncircumcised and the unclean would no longer come to Jerusalem (Isa. 52:1). “Jerusalem shall be holy, and no aliens shall ever pass through her again” (Joel 3:17). See commentary on Revelation 21:8.

only those who are written in the Lamb’s Book of Life

This does not imply that some outside the city may be refused entry at the gates. The gates remain open at all times because only the redeemed and (now) sinless inhabit the new heaven and new earth. What this phrase is saying is that all who participate in the eternal state are the redeemed who were written in the Lamb’s Book of Life and that none of the lost will ever enter the city because they are eternally incarcerated in the Lake of Fire.

These are the overcomers of all history, including those during the Tribulation who refused to worship the Beast. Jesus promised the overcomer in the church at Sardis that his name would not be blotted out of the Book of Life. The Beast worshipers were never written in the book (Rev. 13:8+; 17:8+). The unrighteous dead were judged by this book: those who were not written in the Book of Life were cast into the Lake of Fire at the passing away of the old order (Rev. 20:12-15+). See commentary on Revelation 20:15. See Book of Life.

Notes

¹ See Millennial Passages where we discuss keys to identifying millennial passages from those which describe the eternal state.

² There may also be that there is no more sun and moon (see commentary on Revelation 21:23).

³ Frederick William Danker and Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 394.

⁴ J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 487-488.

⁵ Merrill F. Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), Isa. 65:17-25.

⁶ Alva J. McClain, The Greatness Of The Kingdom (Winona Lake, IN: BMH Books, 1959), 138.

⁷ Jerome Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1992), Rev. 21:1.

⁸ Carl Friedrich Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Commentary on the Old Testament (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2002), 7:624-625.

⁹ “Water, for example, was used for cleansing—hence, the laver in the tabernacle and the sea in the temple. There is no more need for cleansing in the new earth, however.”—Henry Morris, The Revelation Record (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1983), Rev. 15:3.

¹⁰ Timothy Friberg, Barbara Friberg, and Neva F. Miller, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2000), 212.

¹¹ Paul Lee Tan, The Interpretation of Prophecy (Dallas, TX: Bible Communications, Inc., 1993), 288-289.

¹² Alan F. Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 200.

¹³ John MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 2000), Rev. 21:12.

¹⁴ Tan, The Interpretation of Prophecy, 289-292.

¹⁵ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 273.

¹⁶ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 545.

¹⁷ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 496.

¹⁸ W. E. Vine, Vine’s Expository Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words (Nashville, IL: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1996), G2885.

¹⁹ Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 8-22 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1995), Rev. 21:3.

²⁰ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 754.

²¹ MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 21:3.

²² “A noticeable change from the singular to the plural λαοί [laoi] , ‘peoples,’ makes an expansion beyond the boundaries of Israel, usually referred to by the singular λαός [laos] , ‘people.’ ”—Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 21:3.

²³ Enoch, Elijah, translated saints at the Rapture.

²⁴ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 489-490.

²⁵ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 210.

²⁶ E. W. Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1984, 1935), Rev. 22:5.

²⁷ He is the eternal Son of God—even before the incarnation.

²⁸ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 173.

²⁹ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 105.

³⁰ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 138.

³¹ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 89.

³² Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 693.

³³ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 397.

³⁴ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 221.

³⁵ [Walter Scott, Exposition of The Revelation (London, England: Pickering & Inglis, n.d.)], [Arno C. Gaebelein, The Revelation (Neptune, NJ: Loizeaux Brothers, 1961)].

³⁶ It is analogous to the way in which Genesis 2 expands upon the creation of man on day six of Genesis 1.

³⁷ The devil took Christ up on an exceedingly high mountain to show Him all the kingdoms of the world and their glory (Mat. 4:8).

³⁸ Donald Grey Barnhouse, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1971), Rev. 21:12.

³⁹ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 729.

⁴⁰ Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977), Rev. 21:14.

⁴¹ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 21:14.

⁴² Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 515.

⁴³ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 213.

⁴⁴ Trent C. Butler, Chad Brand, Charles Draper, and Archie England, eds., Broadman and Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary (Nashville, TN: Broadman and Holman Publishers, 2003), 1666.

⁴⁵ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 21:16.

⁴⁶ Monty S. Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John (Dallas, TX: 3E Ministries, 1987), Rev. 21:16.

⁴⁷ Morris, The Revelation Record.

⁴⁸ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 312.

⁴⁹ So [MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary], [Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John], [Morris, The Revelation Record].

⁵⁰ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 388.

⁵¹ [Geoffrey W. Bromiley, ed., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979, 1915)], [Butler, Broadman and Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary], [Merrill K. Unger, R. Harrison, Frederic F Vos, and Cyril J. Barber, The New Unger’s Bible Dictionary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1988)], [Ronald F. Youngblood and R. K. Harrison, eds., Nelson’s New Illustrated Bible Dictionary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1997, c1995)], and [David Noel Freeman, ed., The Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York, NY: Doubleday, 1996, c1992)].

⁵² William Varner, Jacob’s Dozen: A Prophetic Look at the Tribes of Israel (Bellmawr, NJ: Friends of Israel Gospel Ministry, 1987), s.v. “The Ephod and the Breastplate.”

⁵³ American Standard Version.

⁵⁴ Darby’s Translation.

⁵⁵ English Standard Version.

⁵⁶ King James Version.

⁵⁷ Modern King James Version.

⁵⁸ New American Standard Bible, 1995 Update.

⁵⁹ New Electronic Translation : NET Bible, electronic edition (Dallas, TX: Biblical Studies Press, 1998).

⁶⁰ New International Version.

⁶¹ New King James Version.

⁶² New Revised Standard Version.

⁶³ Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures: A New Translation of the Holy Scriptures According to the Traditional Hebrew Text (Philadelphia, PA: Jewish Publication Society, 1997, c1985).

⁶⁴ Young’s Literal Translation.

⁶⁵ Unless listed under the Alternate Stones column, each of the Bible translations listed above give the majority identification.

⁶⁶ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 21:19.

⁶⁷ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 21:18.

⁶⁸ Barnhouse, Revelation, 407.

⁶⁹ Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 537.

⁷⁰ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 269.

⁷¹ John F. Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1966), Rev. 21:23.

⁷² Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 21:23.

⁷³ “Sun and moon, the luminaries of the first creation (Gen. 1:14) have no place in the second; cf. Isa. 60:19.”—Henry Barclay Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1998, 1906), Rev. 21:23.

⁷⁴ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 21:23.

⁷⁵ Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe, Ante-Nicene Fathers Vol. II (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Company, 1885), s.v. “ECF 1.2.3.1.2.13.”

⁷⁶ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 262.

⁷⁷ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 21:23.

⁷⁸ Ibid., 668.

⁷⁹ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 21:24.

⁸⁰ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 483, 492.

⁸¹ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 21:24.

⁸² Clarence Larkin, The Book of Revelation (Glenside, PA: Rev. Clarence Larkin Estate, 1919), Rev. 21:24.

⁸³ “The existence of darkness was another result of the curse on the earth at Satan’s fall (Gen. 1:2). During the six days of creation, there was only a partial removal of the darkness (the sun by day) and the night (the moon and the stars provided limited light) that existed. But in the Eternal Order, since all the effects of sin are to be removed forever, there will be no night.”—Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 538.

⁸⁴ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 21:25.

4.3 - Beasts, Heads, and Horns

Both Daniel and John are given important information concerning the identity of various symbols employed in the book of Revelation. In his night vision, Daniel sees four beasts, one of which has ten horns (Dan. 7:1-28). In John’s vision, he sees two beasts, one of which has seven heads and ten horns (Rev. 13:1+; 17:3+, 7+) and another which has a single head with two horns (Rev. 13:11+). Although the fact that both Daniel and John saw beasts and horns does not necessarily mean their visions are related, there are a number of other characteristics concerning their visions which indicate that God was showing each of them different aspects of the same kings and kingdoms related to Gentile dominion throughout history and the final form of Gentile power at the return of Messiah (Dan. 7:13-14, 26-27; Rev. 19:11-20+).

Perhaps the single most difficult aspect for interpreters of passages involving the beasts, heads, and horns is accounting for their differences while at the same time appreciating their similarities. In various passages, all three symbols—beasts, heads, and horns—are said to be “kings” (Dan. 7:14, 24; Rev. 17:10+). In addition, sometimes kings represent sequential rulers and their representative kingdoms and other times contemporaneous kings within a single kingdom (Dan. 7:6; 8:8; Rev. 17:10+). And if that were not enough, the distinction between an individual king and the kingdom which he represents is not always readily discerned.

4.3.1 - Nebuchadnezzar’s Dream and Daniel’s Vision

In order to understand the significance of the symbols which John saw in the book of Revelation, we need to first become familiar with some of the things which Daniel was shown pertaining to Gentile dominion and the time of the end. Although the book of Daniel contains a tremendous amount of material which bears upon the book of Revelation and the activities of the Antichrist, we will limit our examination to two main passages which deal with the sequence of kingdoms leading to the second return of Christ.(See our discussion of The 70th Week of Daniel elsewhere.) The first of these is Nebuchadnezzar’s dream consisting of an image made up of differing metals which Daniel interprets (Dan. 2:31-45). The second is Daniel’s night vision of four vicious beasts which arise from the sea (Dan. 7:1-28).

When these two passages are compared, it becomes evident that they represent two different perspectives on the same subject: four major world kingdoms which constitute the times of the Gentiles during which Israel will be precluded from full control of her land and her promised blessing in the Messianic Kingdom. Each of the passages begins with a description of the Babylonian kingdom of which Daniel was currently a captive (having been deported from Jerusalem, Dan. 1:1-6) and closes with the final Gentile kingdom being destroyed by God’s kingdom on earth.

Several aspects are seen from a comparison of the related passages:

Perspective - Nebuchadnezzar’s dream describes the series of kingdoms from man’s perspective. They appear as a beautiful image comprised of various metals, some precious. Daniel’s night vision describes the same kingdoms from God’s perspective. They appear as a series of vicious beasts.¹

Downward Trend - In both passages, the sequence shows a downward trend. In Nebuchadnezzar’s dream, the head of the image is gold, the chest and arms of silver, the belly and thighs of bronze, the legs of iron, and the feet of iron and partly clay. The value of each metal reduces as the kingdoms advance. At the same time, the strength of each metal grows stronger with each kingdom until the last kingdom which contains two extremes: the strength of iron and the weakness of clay. In Daniel’s night vision, the last beast is uniquely terrible compared with the preceding beasts and much additional information is given concerning this last beast.²

Broken by God - Both the image and the last beast are destroyed directly by God. This tells us that the kingdoms represented by the series of precious metals and the ferocious beasts spans from Daniel’s time until God’s kingdom comes on earth. (See The Arrival of God’s Kingdom.)

Most conservative interpreters, who believe the book of Daniel to be inspired (Mat. 24:15; Mark 13:14), interpret the four metals and four beasts as representing the kingdoms of Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, and Rome.³

Gentile Kingdoms⁴

Kingdom
Beautiful Statue
(Seen by Nebuchadnezzar: Man’s Perspective)
Dan. 2:31-35
Vicious Beast
(Seen by Daniel: God’s Perspective)
Dan. 7:1-28

Babylon (Dan. 2:38).
Head of gold (Dan. 2:32, 37).
Like a lion with eagle’s wings (Dan. 7:4).⁵

Medo-Persia (Dan. 2:39).
Chest and arms of silver (Dan. 2:32).
Like a bear with three ribs (Dan. 7:5).⁶

Greece (Macedonian, Dan. 2:39).
Belly and thighs of bronze (Dan. 2:32).
Like a leopard with four wings and four heads (Dan. 7:6).⁷

Rome (Dan. 2:40).
Legs of iron (Dan. 2:33).
A unique beast dreadful and terrible (Dan. 7:7, 19-20, 23-25).⁸

Rome divided and dispersed (Dan. 2:41-43).
Feet party of iron and partly of clay, [ten] toes (Dan. 2:33, 41).
Ten horns, a little horn, slain (Dan. 7:8, 11; Rev. 19:20+).

Millennial Kingdom (Dan. 2:44-45).⁹
Stone cut without hands, strikes image, fills entire earth (Dan. 2:32).
Son of Man (Dan. 7:13-14, 18, 22, 26).

4.3.2 - Symbols of Kingdoms

Having compared Nebuchadnezzar’s dream and Daniel’s night vision, we are now better prepared to take in the “big picture” concerning the various beasts, heads, and horns seen by John in the book of Revelation. The diagram below illustrates the major symbols in the visions given to Daniel and John concerning the beasts, heads, and horns which contribute to an understanding of the book of Revelation. The beasts, heads, and horns represent kings and kingdoms.

Seven Heads and Ten Horns of Daniel and Revelation

The chart above is called an entity-relationship diagram. It contains entities (within rounded rectangles) and relationships (shown as arrows between entities). The main purpose of the diagram is to identify each entity from the prophetic Scriptures and to show how it relates to the other entities. Each entity is numbered for identification.

When reading the diagram, the following points should be born in mind:

Numbers - Each symbol is identified by a unique sequential number. For example, the Sea (upper right) is #2. This number can be used to locate the description pertaining to the item below: #2 - Sea. In some cases, symbols are grouped within a larger symbol which is described by its own sequence number. For example, both the #2 - Sea and the #3 - Earth are within the #1 - Whole World.

Relationships - Arrows indicate relationships between symbols. The type of relationship depends upon the type of arrow, as seen in the legend.

Identifying Arrows - In the descriptions which follow, arrows are identified by a pair of numbers within brackets separated by a dash. The first number identifies the symbol where the arrow originates and the second number identifies the symbol where the arrow terminates. For example, the arrow between #2 - Sea and #8 - Four Beasts/Kings is designated by [#2-#8].

Identity - With the exception of symbols colored gray, symbols which appear in the same color are understood to represent different aspects of the same entity. In our diagram, #13 - Seventh King, #16 - Beast, and #25 - Little Horn all appear in the same color since each symbol denotes different aspects of the reign of the same individual: Antichrist.

The descriptions follow in the numeric order given in the diagram.

4.3.2.1 - #1 - Whole World

The whole world consists of the sea which the four beasts rise out of [#2-#8] (Dan. 7:3) and the earth or land from which the four kings [#3-#8] (Dan. 7:17) and the False Prophet [#3-#18](Rev. 13:11+) arise. The Harlot “who sits on many waters” (Rev. 17:17+) is supported, in some sense, by the “peoples, multitudes, nations, and tongues” upon which she sits [#2-#21] (Rev. 17:15+).¹⁰

The False Prophet causes the whole world to make an image of the beast [#1-#19] (Rev. 13:14+). The terrible beast is said to devour the whole earth [#12-#1] (Dan. 7:23) and the beast is given authority over every tribe, tongue, and nation [#16-#1] (Rev. 13:7+).

See Symbols of Kingdoms.

4.3.2.2 - #2 - Sea

Together with the earth, the sea makes up the whole world. Both land and sea together denote all regions of the earth. At times, the sea denotes Gentile nations whereas the earth (or land) denotes the Jews. See commentary on Revelation 10:2. See Symbols of Kingdoms.

4.3.2.3 - #3 - Earth

Together with the sea, the earth makes up the whole world. Both land and sea together denote all regions of the earth. At times, the earth (or land) denotes the Jews whereas the sea denotes the Gentile nations. See commentary on Revelation 10:2. See Symbols of Kingdoms.

4.3.2.4 - #4 - Seven Heads/Kings

In the book of Daniel, all we find mentioned in relation to the sequence of kingdoms is the four beasts and the corresponding four metals of Nebuchadnezzar’s dream. There, we find that the fourth beast has ten horns, but nowhere is there explicit mention of seven heads (but see Daniel saw Seven Heads). We do find one helpful bit of information related to our topic because the ten horns were said to be on the head of the fourth beast. This is helpful when we come to the book of Revelation because it hints at a correlation between beasts and heads and indicates that the ten horns are found upon the head of the last beast, not distributed across several heads. When Daniel sees his vision, the duration of all four beast/kings is yet future. Thus, he was shown four beasts, which are said to be “four kings which arise out of the earth” (Dan. 7:17).¹¹

At the time John wrote Revelation, all four beasts had already arisen. Babylon, Medo-Persia, and Greece had already come and gone and the initial phase of the Roman empire was in progress. Thus, John’s vision in relation to the identity of the kings is from a perspective of his day, taking in the entire sweep of history—past, present and future. John’s beast has seven heads [#16-#4] (Rev. 13:1+; 17:3+, 7+).

Daniel makes the number less; but he started with his own times, and looked only down the stream. Here the account looks backward as well as forward. That which is first in Daniel is the third here, and that which is the sixth here is the fourth in Daniel. Only in the commencing point is there any difference. The visions of Daniel and the visions of John are of the same Divine Mind, and they perfectly harmonize, only that the latest are the amplest.¹²

John’s view takes in seven heads which are said to be seven kings (Rev. 17:9-10+). John is told:

Here is the mind which has wisdom: The seven heads are seven mountains on which the woman sits. They are (εἰσιν [eisin] ) seven kings. Five have fallen, one is, and the other has not yet come. (Rev. 17:9-10+).¹³

The heads are mountains upon which the woman sits. They are also kings. Some attempt to identify these as literal kings or emperors of Rome:

The view is promising only until one tries to apply it to specific kings. Does one begin counting with Julius Caesar or with Caesar Augustus? The answer to this is purely arbitrary. Are all the emperors counted or just the ones that emphasized emperor worship? This, too, is arbitrary. Are Galba, Otho, and Vitellius excluded because of the shortness of their reigns? If so, this is quite arbitrary. For those who resort to counting emperors, the text is enigmatic beyond hope. If John wrote Revelation during Nero’s reign, the Roman emperors are too few. If he wrote it during Domitian’s reign, they are too many.¹⁴

Aune enumerates nine different schemes for counting the kings. Beale designates five such schemes.¹⁵

We have seen elsewhere in Scripture that kingdoms are often represented by their kings or as mountains (e.g., Jer. 51:25; Dan. 2:35).¹⁶ We also note that the Harlot, who sits on the heads is considered to be the “mother of harlots and of the abominations of the earth” (Rev. 17:5+). This implies her origin in distant history past and argues for an understanding of the kings as kingdoms spanning long periods of time.

Yet wisdom is required to identify the heads which are kings: which kings or kingdoms do they represent? We take the heads/mountains/kings to represent kingdoms rather than individual kings associated with a single kingdom. Regardless of the identity of the first two of the fallen kingdoms (Babel and Egypt or Egypt and Assyria, see #5 - Five Fallen Kings), the next four are identified by Daniel’s vision (#8 - Four Beasts/Kings) making Rome the sixth which ruled at the time of the Revelation. John is shown two additional kings yet future, a seventh and an eighth:¹⁷

These are seven kings. Five have fallen, one is, and the other has not yet come. And when he comes, he must continue a short time. The beast that was, and is not, is himself also the eighth, and is of the seven, and is going to perdition. (Rev. 17:10-11+)¹⁸ [emphasis added]

The eighth king is not one of the seven heads/mountains/kings, but arises from the seven (Rev. 17:11+). This passage is somewhat confusing because it is accounting for the fact that a single king will represent both of the kingdoms which are future to John’s vision. The Antichrist, the Beast, arises out of the seventh kingdom, but also suffers a wound and is revived to rule as an undisputed eighth king:

The preferred scheme is that the five who have fallen are the kingdoms of the past which have persecuted God’s people [see #5 - Five Fallen Kings] . . . The one that remains is Rome, the persecutor of God’s people when John was writing. The seventh is the final great persecutor, the reunited Roman Empire headed up by Antichrist, and the eighth is the final form of Gentile world rule—the final empire of Antichrist, which will arise from the seventh after the Antichrist dies and comes back to life.¹⁹

The seven heads are said to have names of blasphemy (Rev. 13:1+; 17:3+). “The ‘names of blasphemy’ . . . on the beast’s heads are names that amounted to words or conduct injurious to God’s honor and holiness.”²⁰ The heads themselves—the kingdoms they represent—blasphemed God. The tendency of great kings to regard themselves as divine, their rule having been gained by their own hand, and their opposition to God and his people is legend (e.g., 2K. 19:6; Ps. 74:10; Isa. 37:6; 52:5; Dan. 4:30; 5:23).

4.3.2.4.1 - Daniel saw Seven Heads

There is another possibility for understanding the seven heads which removes the need for John’s vision backward in history to take in vistas earlier than Daniel’s day. How can that be? John sees seven heads which are said to represent seven kings, but Daniel only sees four beasts. Yet one of Daniel’s beasts, the leopard, is said to contain four heads. We also are told that the fourth beast has a single head (Dan. 7:20). If we add the heads of the other two beasts, then this would account for seven heads: one each on the first, second, and fourth beasts, and four heads on the third. This view has the advantage of removing the need to identify kingdoms prior to the time of Daniel to account for all seven heads which John sees. It seems to provide a solution which allows both John’s and Daniel’s visions to have the same historic scope, but from different perspectives—John looks backward in time, but no further back then the time of Daniel.

Unfortunately, there are several problems with taking the seven heads implicitly seen by Daniel as the seven heads explicitly shown to John:

Five Fallen - John is told, concerning the seven heads: “They are seven kings. Five have fallen, one is, and the other has not yet come” [emphasis added] (Rev. 17:10+). If we understand the first three beasts of Daniel to represent kingdoms which had passed from view in John’s day (e.g., Babylon, Medo-Persia, and Greece) and the fourth beast to be Rome, then we would have expected John to be told, “Six have fallen, one is, and none is to come!” For at the time of John, three of the four beasts had passed from the stage of history and six of the seven heads should have been accounted for.

Beasts are Kings - Daniel is explicitly told that the four beasts (having seven implicit heads) are four kings (Dan. 7:17). John is told that his seven heads are seven kings (Rev. 17:10+). If each of Daniel’s beasts is a king, how can we take the four heads of one of the beasts and make them kings in the same sense as the beasts? John’s seven heads cannot be the same as the seven heads on Daniel’s beasts because the seven heads implicitly seen by Daniel only represent four kings. For Daniel, it is the beasts which represent kingdoms, whereas for John, it is the heads. The four heads seen upon Daniel’s third beast provide additional information concerning the internal workings of the third beast kingdom (e.g., correspond to the four notable horns, Dan. 8:8), but are not to be included in a tally of heads as seen by John.

Sequential Kingdoms - Another problem with this view is the inconsistency of treating the four heads of the third beast—which are typically understood to be four contemporaneous rulers who follow upon Alexander the Great (Dan. 8:8)—the same as John’s seven heads which appear to be sequential in their relationship.

Historical Span - This view limits the historical span of the seven heads which the Harlot sits upon to extend no earlier than the reign of Nebuchadnezzar, the first beast. If so, then the Scripturally-significant kingdoms of Babel, Egypt, and Assyria cannot be accounted for in the ride of the Harlot. Yet aspects of her identity argue for her ride to extend back to very early history, for she is the “mother of harlots and of abominations of the earth” [emphasis added]. How could she be considered the true mother if she only began to ride as late as Babylon (in the sense of excluding the kingdom of Babel under Nimrod, Gen. 10:8-10)? In that case, she too would be a daughter rather than the mother.

While there is great attraction in the potential simplification of finding all seven of John’s heads upon Daniel’s four beasts, there are significant hurdles to doing so. It seems better to take the seven heads, which are found upon both the Beast and upon the dragon, as denoting seven historic kingdoms under the sway of Satan:

Then the devil, taking Him up on a high mountain, showed Him all the kingdoms of the world in a moment of time. And the devil said to Him, “All this authority I will give You, and their glory; for this has been delivered to me, and I give it to whomever I wish. Therefore, if You will worship before me, all will be Yours.” (Luke 4:5-7) [emphasis added]

See #16 - Beast. See the commentary on Revelation 17:10. See Symbols of Kingdoms.

4.3.2.5 - #5 - Five Fallen Kings

The five kings which had fallen by John’s day (Rev. 17:10+) appear to represent kingdoms (see #4 - Seven Heads/Kings). Assuming Rome is the kingdom which “is” at the time of John, then five kingdoms precede it and one will follow. We know from the book of Daniel that the three kingdoms which precede Rome are Greece, Medo-Persia, and Babylon (see #8 - Four Beasts/Kings). Yet two more are required.

If we limit our scope of inquiry to kingdoms of special relevance to Israel, then two additional candidates immediately come to mind: Assyria and Egypt. Since Israel was born as a nation in the Exodus from Egypt, the five fallen kings represent all fallen kingdoms of significance which oppressed Israel from her birth to John’s time—the time of Rome. The most likely candidates are Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Medo-Persia, and Greece.

The five kingdoms of the past are the ones who have persecuted God’s people (Egypt, Eze. 29-30; Nineveh or Assyria, Nah. 3:1-19; Babylon, Isa. 21:9 and Jer. 50-51; Persia, Dan. 10:13 and 11:2; Greece, Dan. 11:3-4). The persecutor of God’s people during John’s lifetime was Rome. . . . So the angel’s clarifying word to John about the seven heads [Rev. 17:9-11+] spans essentially the entire history of Gentile world empires.²¹

Five empires ruled the known world in succession before John the Apostle wrote his book of Revelation. The empires of Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Media-Persia and Greece each ruled the known world. . . The Roman Empire ruled in John’s day.²²

At the moment John wrote, Israel was in subjection to Rome. It had been in subjection to Greece, Persia and Babylon. But in its still earlier history, Israel had been in slavery to Assyria, and, in its beginnings was in slavery to Egypt. So Isaiah writes, “For thus saith the Lord God, My people went down aforetime into Egypt to sojourn there; and the Assyrian oppressed them without cause” (Isa. 52:4).²³

The view which takes Egypt as the first kingdom is based, in part, on understanding the seven heads as Gentile kingdoms and the context of Revelation 17+ as favoring a Jewish/Gentile distinction. Evidence for such an emphasis can be found in the broader context of Revelation, especially chapters 7+, 11-12, and 14. It also recognizes the well-documented opposition each of these kingdoms represented to God’s people. But limiting the kingdoms to only those which existed after the calling of Abraham, the father of the Jews, has the weakness of being unable to account for the full history of the Harlot. If it can be shown that she predates the Jewish nation, then upon what head can she be said to have ridden upon prior to Egypt and the events of the Exodus?

Taking the first two kingdoms to be Egypt and Assyria does not seem to do full justice to the description of the Harlot who sits on the seven heads which are the seven kings (Rev. 17:7-10+). She is given the name Babylon and is identified as the “mother of harlots and of the abominations of the earth” (Rev. 17:5+). In order to be the mother of harlots and abominations (which denote spiritual idolatry), she would have to be the source from which her daughter harlots were born. Thus, it seems best to see the Harlot as having ridden upon the Beast, sitting upon its seven heads, throughout history. This would argue for understanding the five fallen kingdoms as stretching back beyond Egypt to the time of the construction of the first major city recorded in Scripture: Babel (Gen. 11:1-9).²⁴

Cush begot Nimrod; he began to be a mighty one on the earth. He was a mighty hunter before the LORD; therefore it is said, “Like Nimrod the mighty hunter before the LORD.” And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, Erech, Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar. From that land he went to Assyria and built Nineveh, Rehoboth Ir, Calah, and Resen between Nineveh and Calah (that [is] the principal city). (Gen. 10:8-12) [emphasis added]

If the kingdom of Babel²⁵ is taken to be the first kingdom and the five kingdoms span from the time of the tower of Babel through the initial appearance of Rome, the most likely candidates for the second kingdom would be either Egypt or Assyria. Of the two, Egypt had a greater significance as a repressor of God’s people and introducing them to idolatry (Ex. 32:4; Eze. 23:2-4). The view that Babel is the first kingdom has the advantage of providing a head for the Harlot to sit upon all the way back to the initial rebellion of mankind manifested by the great city: Babel.

Just as impossible was it [as Rome] for the Babylon of Nebuchadnezzar’s day [to be the mother of harlots, Rev. 17:5+]; and for the same reason. It does not date back far enough. We must go further back, and find it in Gen. 10:8-10 and 11:9. There we find it in the land of Shinar. Under Nimrod began the work in the spirit of Anti-christ; his object being to build a city, and make for his People a name, so that they might not be scattered. Babylon [Babel] was founded in rebellion against God.²⁶

This would accord with the identification of the Harlot as “that great city which reigns over the kings of the earth” [emphasis added] (Rev. 17:18+).²⁷

See commentary on Revelation 17:10. See Symbols of Kingdoms.

4.3.2.6 - #6 - First King

The first of the five fallen kings probably represents either the kingdom of Babel or Egypt. See #5 - Five Fallen Kings. See #7 - Second King. See Symbols of Kingdoms.

4.3.2.7 - #7 - Second King

The second of the five fallen kings probably represents Egypt or Assyria. If the first king is taken as representing the kingdom of Babel, then the second king is most likely Egypt. If the first king represents Egypt, then the second king is most likely Assyria. See #5 - Five Fallen Kings. See #6 - First King. See Symbols of Kingdoms.

4.3.2.8 - #8 - Four Beasts/Kings

Daniel sees these four beasts in his night vision in the first year of the reign of Belshazzar (Dan. 7:1-28). Daniel’s vision pertains to the future, not the past, and so the first of the four beasts he is shown represents Babylon, the kingdom within which he found himself captive at the time of the vision. Daniel is shown a sequence of beasts with differing characteristics culminating in a unique and particularly terrible final fourth beast. The four beasts of Daniel’s vision appear to represent four major kingdoms which dominate the history of the Jews from Daniel’s day until the time Messiah sets up His kingdom (Dan. 2:34-35, 44-45). The four beasts are said to originate from the sea [#2-#8] (Dan. 7:2). They are also said to be four kings which arise out of the earth [#3-#8] (Dan. 7:17). Each king represents a kingdom. The four beasts of Daniel’s night vision correspond to the four metals of the image in Nebuchadnezzar’s dream (Dan. 2:32-45).

The four beasts Daniel sees are a subset of the seven heads which John sees throughout Revelation (Rev. 12:3+; 13:1+; 17:3+, 7+, 9+). Three of the beasts/kings shown to Daniel had already fallen by the time John saw his vision. These three beasts/kings, along with two other kings which predate Daniel’s vision, form the five fallen kings shown John (Rev. 17:10+).

See #9 - Lion Beast, #10 - Bear Beast, #11 - Leopard Beast, and #12 - Terrible Beast. See Symbols of Kingdoms.

4.3.2.9 - #9 - Lion Beast

The first beast of Daniel’s night vision: “The first was like a lion, and had eagle’s wings. I watched till its wings were plucked off; and it was lifted up from the earth and made to stand on two feet like a man, and a man’s heart was given to it” (Dan. 7:4). This beast appears to correspond to the head of gold in Nebuchadnezzar’s dream (Dan. 2:32, 38). “Interpreters of the book of Daniel, whether liberal or conservative, generally have agreed that chapter 7 is in some sense a recapitulation of chapter 2 and covers the same four empires. Likewise, there is agreement that the first empire represents the reign of Nebuchadnezzar or the Neo-Babylonian Empire. . . . Daniel in his vision sees the wing’s plucked and the lion made to stand upon his feet as a man, with a man’s heart given to it. This is most commonly interpreted as the symbolic representation of Nebuchadnezzar’s experience in chapter 4 when he was humbled before God and made to realize that, even though he was a great ruler, he was only a man.”²⁸ The lion beast is the third of seven kingdoms which oppressed God’s people through history.

Dominion is taken from this beast, but its life is prolonged “for a season and a time” (Dan. 7:12). This is reflected in the contribution of its attributes to the final Beast who is the eighth head [#9-#16] (Rev. 13:2+). See Symbols of Kingdoms.

4.3.2.10 - #10 - Bear Beast

“And suddenly another beast, a second, like a bear. It was raised up on one side, and had three ribs in its mouth between its teeth. And they said thus to it: ‘Arise, devour much flesh!’ ” (Dan. 7:5). This beast appears to correspond to the chest and arms of silver in Nebuchadnezzar’s dream (Dan. 2:32, 39). “Taken as a while, the prophecy of the second beast accurately portrays the characteristics and history of the Medo-Persian Empire which, although beginning in Daniel’s day, continued for over 200 years until the time of Alexander the Great, 336 B.C.”²⁹ The kingdom represented by the bear beast follows upon the overthrow of the lion beast: Medo-Persia overthrew Babylon [#9-#10]. The bear beast is the fourth of seven kingdoms which oppressed God’s people through history.

Dominion is taken from this beast, but its life is prolonged “for a season and a time” (Dan. 7:12). This is reflected in the contribution of its attributes to the final Beast who is the eighth head [#9-#16] (Rev. 13:2+). See Symbols of Kingdoms.

4.3.2.11 - #11 - Leopard Beast

“After this I looked, and there was another, like a leopard, which had on its back four wings of a bird. The beast also had four heads, and dominion was given to it” (Dan. 7:6). This beast appears to correspond to the belly and thighs of bronze in Nebuchadnezzar’s dream (Dan. 2:32, 39). “The third beast is commonly identified as the empire of Greece. . . . On the face of it, . . . the history of Greece under Alexander the Great corresponds precisely to what is here revealed. . . . It is a well-established fact of history that Alexander had four principle successors. . . . Lysimachus, who held Thrace and Bithynia; Cassander, who held Macedonia and Greece; Seleucus, who controlled Syria, Babylonia, and territories as far east as India; and Ptolemy, who controlled Egypt, Palestine, and Ariba Petrea.”³⁰ The kingdom represented by the leopard beast follows upon the overthrow of the bear beast: when Alexander overthrew Medo-Persia [#10-#11]. The leopard beast is the fifth of seven kingdoms which oppressed God’s people through history.

Dominion is taken from this beast, but its life is prolonged “for a season and a time” (Dan. 7:12). This is reflected in the contribution of its attributes to the final Beast who is the eighth head [#10-#16] (Rev. 13:2+). See Symbols of Kingdoms.

4.3.2.12 - #12 - Terrible Beast

This beast appears to correspond to the legs of iron, its feet partly of iron and partly of clay in Nebuchadnezzar’s dream (Dan. 2:33, 40-43). The beast is said to be uniquely dreadful and terrible (Dan. 7:7, 19, 23). It is said to have iron teeth (the fourth metal in Nebuchadnezzar’s dream was iron) and great emphasis is placed upon its trampling and breaking to pieces—corresponding to the feet in Nebuchadnezzar’s dream (Dan. 7:7, 19). The beast is said to have ten horns, which correspond to the ten toes of Nebuchadnezzar’s dream [#12-#22] (Dan. 7:7, 20). At the demise of this beast, when its dominion is taken away and its body is destroyed and burned (Dan. 7:11, 26), the saints will possess the kingdom [#12-#14] (Dan. 7:18). This kingdom devours the whole earth [#12-#1] (Dan. 7:23). Although some interpreters take this beast to be Greece (the kingdom of Alexander the Great), most conservative scholars (who believe in the inspiration of Daniel) identify the fourth beast as Rome:

Probably the most decisive argument in favor of interpreting the fourth empire as Roman is the fact . . . that the New Testament seems to follow this interpretation. Christ, in His reference to the “abomination of desolation” (Mat. 24:15) clearly pictures the desecration of the temple, here prophesied as a future event. . . . the Grecian view would require fulfillment in the second century B.C. The New Testament also seems to employ the symbolism of Daniel in the book of Revelation, presented as future even after the destruction of the temple.³¹

From the standpoint of history the identification of the fourth empire as Rome can be traced to early times: Josephus (The Antiquities of the Jews 11:7); 4 Ezra 12:10-12 in A.D. 80-120; the Assumption of Moses, chapters 8-9 in A.D. 7-30; 2 Baruch 39:3-4 before A.D. 70; and later Jewish writings cited in the Jewish Encyclopedia, 10.394.³²

A problem arises in relation to the ten kings and the description of how the fourth beast is overthrown as this does not correspond with the demise of the Roman empire. This difference explains why we are discussing the beasts of Daniel in our treatment of the book of Revelation. Aspects of the prophetic passages both in Daniel and Revelation suggest that this fourth beast continues beyond its initial appearance, but in a fragmented form:

Whereas you saw the feet and toes, partly of potter’s clay and partly of iron, the kingdom shall be divided, yet the strength of the iron shall be in it, just as you saw the iron mixed with ceramic clay. And as the toes of the feet were partly of iron and partly of clay, so the kingdom shall be partly strong and partly fragile. As you saw iron mixed with ceramic clay, they will mingle with the seed of men; but they will not adhere to one another, just as iron does not mix with clay. And in the days of these kings the God of heaven will setup a kingdom which shall never be destroyed. (Dan. 2:41-44a). [emphasis added]

For an unspecified period of time after the breakup of the fourth kingdom, it continues in a distributed form until the time of the end when God establishes his kingdom on earth—when the stone smashes the feet of the image, including its ten toes (Dan. 2:34-35, 44-45). “The destruction of the fourth beast here described refers to a time yet future in connection with the second advent of Christ.”³³ The kingdom represented by the terrible beast follows upon the demise of the leopard beast: when the Roman empire obtained control of the areas previously under the control of Alexander and the four kings who arose after his death [#11-#12]. John was told that the seven heads of the beast of Revelation 17+ were seven mountains and seven kings: “They are seven kings. Five have fallen, one is, and the other has not yet come” [emphasis added] (Rev. 17:10+).³⁴ As we discussed above, the five that have fallen are five kings representing five kingdoms prior to Rome. The king that “is” probably represents the form of the Roman empire which existed at the time of John’s vision.

The terrible beast is the sixth of seven kingdoms which oppressed God’s people through history and follows upon the five kings who had fallen prior to John’s vision (Rev. 17:10+). This final beast Daniel sees is the same beast which John sees rising from the sea in Revelation 13+:

Preterists are correct in relating the beast of Revelation 13+ with the fourth beast of Daniel 7. Many interesting parallels exist between the two. For example, both have a worldwide empire (Daniel 7:7, 23; Revelation 13:8+), both rule for three-and-one-half years (Daniel 7:25; Revelation 13:5+), both dominate the saints for three-and-one-half years (Daniel 7:25; Revelation 12:14+; 13:7+), and both are characterized by their arrogant and blasphemous words (Daniel 7:8, 11, 20, 25; Revelation 13:5+). Because of these parallels, many scholars have concluded that both beasts are one and the same.³⁵

They both will come out of the sea (Dan. 7:3; Rev. 13:1+), both will have ten horns (Dan. 7:7, 20; Rev. 13:1+), and both will be succeeded by the kingdom of Christ (Dan. 7:11, 26, 27; Rev. 17:14+; 19:20+; 20:4-6+). . . . the symbolism of the lion, the bear, and the leopard (Dan. 7:4-6) is evident in the beast in Revelation 13:2+.³⁶

See Symbols of Kingdoms.

4.3.2.13 - #13 - Seventh King

The seventh king is the last of seven kingdoms which oppressed God’s people through history and follows upon the last terrible beast shown to Daniel (Dan. 7:7, 19-20). The seventh king is the king which had “not yet come” at the time of John’s vision (Rev. 17:10+). Concerning the seven heads which are seven kings, John is told, “They are seven kings. Five have fallen, one is, and the other has not yet come. And when he comes, he must continue a short time” (Rev. 17:10+).³⁷ The seventh king is said to be future to John’s day, but when he arrives, he will only continue a short time. This probably corresponds to the relatively short period between the rise of the Antichrist and his initial demise by a fatal wound (Rev. 13:3+ cf. Zec. 11:17). Thereafter, he is revived as an eighth head or king (Rev. 17:11+).

In our diagram of Symbols of Kingdoms, we have drawn the seventh king within the sixth king because it is evident from the revelation given Daniel concerning the fourth beast (which corresponds to the sixth king) that after its initial appearance and rule, the kingdom of the fourth beast fragments but continues to exist until the time of its ultimate overthrow to establish the Millennial Kingdom (Dan. 2:35, 44-45). Therefore, in some sense, the seventh king is a continuation of the sixth king, represented by the terrible beast. This understanding requires the emergence of an empire at the time of the end which is in some way a continuation of the Roman empire of John’s day (Dan. 2:40-44).

The seventh king is related to the eighth head, the Beast. “The beast that was, and is not, is himself also the eighth, and is of the seven, and is going to perdition” (Rev. 17:11+). It appears the seventh king, having received a fatal wound, enters the abyss [#13-#17] (Rev. 17:18+) prior to his revival as Beast (Rev. 13:3+, 14+). This view recognizes that the passage which describes the relationship between the seventh king and the Beast (the eighth head), employs the phrase, “that was, and is not,” which is associated with the wounding and subsequent ascent of the beast from the abyss (Rev. 17:11+ cf. Rev. 17:8+).

See #16 - Beast. See Symbols of Kingdoms.

4.3.2.14 - #14 - Millennial Kingdom

The Millennial Kingdom is the kingdom of God on earth which, when it comes, destroys all previous kingdoms (Dan. 2:35, 44-45; 7:14, 22, 26-27; Rev. 19:11-21+). In Daniel’s vision of the four beasts which were said to be kings (representing kingdoms), God’s kingdom on earth follows upon the destruction of the fourth, terrible beast [#12-#14]. Thereafter, Christ will reign on the throne of David for one thousand years from Jerusalem (Rev. 20:4-6+). See The Arrival of God’s Kingdom. See Millennial Temple. See Millennial Kingdom. See Symbols of Kingdoms.

4.3.2.15 - #15 - Dragon

We are told that the dragon is, “that serpent of old, called the Devil and Satan, who deceives the whole world” (Rev. 12:9+). The dragon is said to have seven heads and ten horns [#15-#4] [#15-#22] (Rev. 12:3+). The heads of the dragon are said to wear diadems (Rev. 12:3+), a further indication that the heads represent kings (Rev. 17:9-10+). The Beast, who also has seven heads and ten horns (Rev. 13:1+; Rev. 17:3+, 7+), is closely identified with the dragon. This reflects the dragon’s empowerment of the Beast [#15-#16] (Rev. 13:2-4+). This empowerment is likely related to the healing of the fatal wound resulting in the Beast’s rise from the Abyss to be marveled at by the world (Rev. 13:3+; 17:8+). See Supernatural Origin?. See commentary on Revelation 20:4. See Symbols of Kingdoms.

4.3.2.16 - #16 - Beast

The Beast is probably the most confusing entity in a consideration of the symbols representing kingdoms and individuals of the visions given to both Daniel and John. This confusion stems from several overlapping aspects of the revelation concerning the Beast:

The term “beast” is used by Daniel to describe several kings (Dan. 7:17). Of these four, the last is unique and especially terrible.

The term “beast” is used both to denote the final kingdom and the final king which leads the kingdom among the ten horns (Dan. 7:11; Rev. 16:10+; 17:11-13+).

The revival of the Beast makes him both a ruler of the seventh kingdom (Rev. 16:10+) and the final eighth head. The Beast is said to have seven heads and ten horns, yet he is also “of the seven” heads and “himself also an eighth” (Rev. 17:11+).

Sometimes the term “beast” denotes a kingdom (Dan. 7:7, 11, 19; Rev. 13:1-2+). Other times an individual (Rev. 11:7+; 13:4+, 12-14+, 17-18+; 16:10+, 14+; 19:19-20+). Elsewhere, the same individual is represented as a horn (Dan. 7:8) and a head (Rev. 17:11+).

John sees two “beasts,” one rising from the sea (Rev. 13:1+) and another from the earth (Rev. 13:11+). The first, more prominent beast is the one whom we describe here. We refer to the second beast from the earth using his alternate title as the False Prophet.

Because of these complexities, our diagram of Symbols of Kingdoms is necessarily imprecise in some aspects because it is nearly impossible to accurately capture all the relationships between the various symbols which denote the Beast and his kingdom in a diagram. In our diagram, #13 - Seventh King, #16 - Beast, and #25 - Little Horn all appear with the same color since we believe each symbol denotes different aspects of the reign of the same individual: Antichrist.

The Beast has seven heads and ten horns [#16-#4] [#16-#22] (Rev. 13:1+; 17:3+, 7+). In this characteristic, he is identical with the dragon who gives him his power, throne and authority [#16-#15] (Rev. 13:2-4+; 16:10+). This empowerment likely also includes the healing of the fatal wound resulting in the Beast’s rise from the Abyss to be marveled at by the world (Rev. 13:3+; 17:8+). He also is identified closely with the dragon in that he and the dragon both receive worship (Rev. 13:4+).

The beast is, “like a leopard, his feet were like the feet of a bear, and his mouth like the mouth of a lion” (Rev. 13:2+). The leopard denotes attributes of the leopard beast [#11-#16], the bear denotes attributes of the bear beast [#10-#16], and the lion denotes attributes of the lion beast [#9-#16] (Dan. 7:12; Rev. 13:2+). Two aspects should be noted:

Terrible Beast Missing - In Revelation 13+, no mention is made of the terrible beast which followed these three beasts in Daniel’s vision (Dan. 7:2-7). This is an indication that the Beast is an embodiment of that final terrible beast—consisting of the revival of the seventh king from his fatal wound out of the abyss [#17-#16] (Rev. 13:3+; 17:8+, 11+, 14+). The Beast ascends from the Abyss both temporally and physically (see Supernatural Origin?).

Sequence of Beasts Reversed - In Daniel’s vision of the four beasts which are said to be kings, the sequence is first lion, then bear, then leopard, and finally the terrible beast. John relates the first three in opposite order. This reflects the different vantage points of Daniel and John. In Daniel’s day, the lion, bear, and leopard had not yet fallen. In John’s day, they have all fallen, but contribute to the final Beast. Daniel looks forward in time, whereas here John looks back.

The Beast is said to have ten horns, which are ten kings, but will rule over them: they are of one mind and give their authority to the beast [#16-#22] (Rev. 17:12-13+, 17+). The ruler of this final beastly kingdom was seen by Daniel as a little horn (Dan. 7:8). See #25 - Little Horn. The description of the Beast is remarkably similar to the little horn.³⁸

This is because the Beast is the final eighth head (kingdom) and the little horn is the prominent horn (king) of the time of the end. The final kingdom is ruled by the prominent king of the end:

Daniel’s Little Horn versus The Beast of Revelation

Characteristic | Daniel’s Little Horn | Beast of Revelation
Mouth | Speaks pompous words (Dan. 7:8, 11, 20, 25; 11:36). | Blasphemes against God, His name, His tabernacle, and those who dwell in heaven (Rev. 13:6+).
Duration of Authority³⁹ | Saints given into his hand for time, times, and half a time (Dan. 7:25). | Given authority for 42 months (Rev. 13:5+).
Persecutes the Saints | Prevails over saints [#25-#20] (Dan. 7:21, 25). | Overcomes saints [#16-#20] (Rev. 12:11+; 13:7+, 15+; 20:4+).
Global Rule | Dan. 7:21-25 | Rev. 13:7+ [#16-#1]
A King | Dan. 7:24 | Rev. 17:10-11+
A Man | Eyes like a man (Dan. 7:8, 20). | The number of a man (Rev. 13:18+).
Destined for Perdition | Dan. 7:11 | 2Th. 2:3; Rev. 17:8+, 11+; 19:20+; 20:10+
Time of Destruction | When saints receive kingdom (Dan. 7:26-27). | When saints receive kingdom (Rev. 20:4-6+).

A key difference between what John sees concerning the Beast and what Daniel is shown about the little horn is the relationship between the Beast and the False Prophet (or second beast from the earth, Rev. 13:11+). The Beast supports the False Prophet and apparently is the source of his power (ultimately derived from the dragon). Scripture mentions that the False Prophet “exercises all the authority of the first beast in his presence” [emphasis added] [#16-#18] (Rev. 13:12+a).

Although initially, the Harlot is supported by (rides upon) the Beast [#16-#21] (Rev. 17:3+, 7+) and she rules over the kings of the earth (Rev. 17:18+), the ten horns who receive authority with the Beast (Rev. 17:12+) eventually join forces to turn on her and consume her [#22-#21] (Rev. 17:16+).(The MT and NU texts indicate that the Beast also turns on her [#16-#21]. See commentary on Revelation 17:16.) If she includes an apostate religious system (as her title as mother of harlots and of abominations infers), then this opens the way for the Beast to garner all worship in her absence. As the final form of all world kingdoms, the Beast receives global worship (Dan. 11:37; 2Th. 2:4; Rev. 13:4+, 8+, 12+; 14:9+; 16:2+; 19:20+; 20:4+) which involves his subjects taking his number, the infamous mark of the beast (Rev. 13:17+; 14:9+, 11+; 15:2+; 16:2+; 19:20+; 20:4+; see commentary on Revelation 13:18.) This probably occurs shortly after he overcomes the two Jewish witnesses (see commentary on Revelation 11:7) and installs himself within the Holy Place in the Temple (2Th. 2:4). See Temple of God.

In the reign of the Beast, the heads (sequential kingdoms spanning history) and the horns (contemporary kings of the last kingdom) intersect in a single individual. He is Daniel’s little horn which puts down the three horns, but is also “the eighth head, and is of the seven heads,” having been wounded as the seventh and revived as the eighth (Rev. 17:11+).

So as one of the seven, the beast is a kingdom, but as an eighth, he is the king of that kingdom who sustains the wound and ascends from the abyss after his wound (cf. Rev. 17:8+). When this occurs, he is king over an eighth kingdom because his reign following his ascent from the abyss will be far more dynamic and dominant than before. This is the sense in which he is one of the seven, but also an eighth.⁴⁰

When destroyed, he is bound for perdition (Dan. 7:11, 26; 8:25; 9:27; 11:25; 2Th. 2:3-8; Rev. 17:8+, 11+; 19:20+; 20:10+).⁴¹

For additional background concerning the Beast, see The Beast and Nero. See commentary on Revelation 13.

4.3.2.17 - #17 - Abyss

The Abyss, the “bottomless pit,” is a deep compartment within the earth where fallen angels are held (Rev. 9:1-2+, 11+). See commentary on Revelation 9:1. The Beast is said to ascend from the Abyss [#17-#16] (Rev. 11:7+; 17:8+), probably after being revived from his deadly wound as the seventh king [#13-#17] (Rev. 17:11+). See Supernatural Origin?

The Abyss is also the holding place for the dragon (Satan) during the Millennial Kingdom (Rev. 20:1-3+).

See Symbols of Kingdoms.

4.3.2.18 - #18 - False Prophet

The False Prophet is the second beast which John sees which comes up out of the earth [#3-#18] having two horns like a lamb and who spoke like a dragon (Rev. 13:11+). His appearance is benign, like that of a lamb, but his prophecies and commands have their source in the devil. This is why Scripture refers to him as the “False Prophet” (Rev. 19:20+; 20:10+).

The False Prophet performs great signs and miracles which are used to witness to the Beast from which he derives his power. “He exercises all the authority of the first beast in his presence and causes the earth and those who dwell in it to worship the first beast” [#16-#18] (Rev. 13:12+). He causes those on the earth to worship the Beast and to make an image to the beast [#18-#19] (Rev. 13:14+). He is even granted power “to give breath to the image of the beast” (Rev. 13:15+). It appears that the miracles he performs are genuine, but what they attest to is false. It is the False Prophet who causes all men to receive a mark in order to be able to buy or sell (Rev. 13:16-17+).

Along with the dragon and the Beast, he forms an antitrinity wherein the dragon occupies a position like that of the Father, the Beast like that of the Son, and the False Prophet like that of the Holy Spirit, but testifies to the false son. All three are the source of demons which gather the kings of the earth to battle (Rev. 16:13-14+). (See Campaign of Armageddon.) Both the False Prophet and the Beast are taken at the Second Coming of Christ and cast into the Lake of Fire as its first populace (Rev. 19:20+). They are still there one thousand years later when joined by the devil (Rev. 20:10+).⁴²

No doubt the False Prophet plays a key role in the deception which Paul described in his letter to the church at Thessalonica:

The coming of the lawless one is according to the working of Satan, with all power, signs, and lying wonders, and with all unrighteous deception among those who perish, because they did not receive the love of the truth, that they might be saved. And for this reason God will send them strong delusion, that they should believe the lie, that they all may be condemned who did not believe the truth but had pleasure in unrighteousness. (2Th. 2:9-12) [emphasis added]

He is an instrument of both the dragon and the Beast, but ultimately of God. See Symbols of Kingdoms. See commentary on Revelation 13:11.

4.3.2.19 - #19 - Image of Beast

Scripture indicates that the Beast who attains worldwide worship (Rev. 13:8+) “opposes and exalts himself above all that is called God or that is worshiped, so that he sits as God in the temple of God, showing himself that he is God” (2Th. 2:4). But there is a catch—the Beast is not God. In particular, he lacks God’s unique attribute of omnipresence. So as long as he himself remains sitting in the Temple, he is unable to venture forth on the various campaigns which are associated with his activities at the time of the end. This seems to be the motivation behind the instructions by the False Prophet that the earth dwellers should “make an image to the beast who was wounded by the sword and lived” [#1-#19] (Rev. 13:14+b). Having established the image, the False Prophet is “granted power to give breath to the image of the beast, that the image of the beast should both speak and cause as many as would not worship the image of the beast to be killed” [#18-#19] (Rev. 13:15+ cf. 14:9+). This is perhaps one of the most remarkable statements in all of Scripture as it appears that the False Prophet is allowed, by the sovereignty of God’s permissive control of evil, to give the image life.

Although we can’t be sure, it seems reasonable to think that one purpose of the image is to continue to occupy the holy place within the Temple allowing the Beast to venture forth to attend to his many responsibilities—leaving an icon present as the focal point of worship. Notice that both the Beast and his image are the objects of worship (Rev. 13:15+; 19:20+). Those who refuse to worship the image are killed [#19-#20]!

Although the man of sin himself first sits in the Temple (2Th. 2:3-4), Jesus infers that something inanimate is set up in the holy place: “Therefore, when you see the abomination of desolation, spoken of by Daniel the prophet standing in the holy place. . .” (Mat. 24:15). The abomination in this verse is not a person (masculine or feminine) but a thing (neuter). Perhaps it is the image of the Beast?⁴³ It is impossible to know for certain. Yet, this would help explain one purpose of the image of the Beast.

Following the judgments of the sixth trumpet “the rest of mankind, who were not killed by these plagues, did not repent of the works of their hands, that they should not worship demons, and idols . . .” [emphasis added] (Rev. 9:20+). Interestingly, the image of the Beast is the ultimate work of their hands since the False Prophet “deceives those who dwell on the earth . . . to make an image to the beast” (Rev. 13:14+). Thus, they themselves make the ultimate idol (icon) of their own worship!

The image of the Beast is typified by Nebuchadnezzar’s gold image which his subjects were required to worship on penalty of death:

Nebuchadnezzar spoke, saying to them, “Is it true, . . . that you do not serve my gods or worship the gold image which I have set up? . . . if you do not worship, you shall be cast immediately into the midst of a burning fiery furnace. And who is the god who will deliver you from my hands?” (Dan. 3:14-15)

In the same way that Nebuchadnezzar’s image received worship on his behalf, so will the image of the beast receive worship together with the Beast himself.

See Tribulation Temple. See commentary on Revelation 13:14. See Symbols of Kingdoms.

4.3.2.20 - #20 - Saints

At the time of the end, the saints consist of Jewish believers who are hidden in the wilderness (see commentary on Revelation 12:6), the 144,000 sealed from the Jewish tribes (see commentary on Revelation 7:4 and Revelation 12:17), and other Jews and Gentiles who come to faith after the rapture of the church. These saints will live in the midst of a time of intense persecution. Many will be martyred (Rev. 6:9-10+; 7:14+; 12:11+; 13:7+; 20:4+). They will be persecuted by the little horn [#25-#20] (Dan. 7:21, 25), the Harlot [#21-#20] (Rev. 17:6+; 19:2+), the Beast [#16-#20] (Rev. 13:7+), and the image of the Beast [#19-#20] (Rev. 13:15+). The church will not be among these saints. See commentary on Revelation 3:10. See Rapture. See Symbols of Kingdoms.

4.3.2.21 - #21 - Harlot

The Great Harlot rides upon the Beast who has seven heads and ten horns [#16-#21] (Rev. 17:1+, 7+). The seven heads of the Beast are said to be seven mountains upon which the Harlot sits [#4-#21] (Rev. 17:9+). The Great Harlot sits upon “peoples, multitudes, nations, and tongues” [#2-#21] (Rev. 17:15+). She rules over the kings of the earth [#21-#22] (Rev. 17:18+), but the ten kings of the last kingdom will hate her and eventually turn on her, making her desolate and naked, eating her flesh, and burning her with fire [#22-#21] (Rev. 17:16+).(The MT and NU texts indicate that the Beast also turns on her [#16-#21]. See commentary on Revelation 17:16.) The Great Harlot is an incessant persecutor of the saints throughout history, being “drunk with the blood of the saints and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus” [#21-#20] (Rev. 17:6+).

See The Great Harlot. See commentary on Revelation 17. See commentary on Revelation 12:1. See Symbols of Kingdoms.

4.3.2.22 - #22 - Ten Horns/Kings

The ten horns first appear in Daniel’s night vision—arising from the fourth, terrible beast [#12-#22] (Dan. 7:24). From these horns an eleventh little horn arises [#22-#15] (Dan. 7:8). This little horn overcomes three of the previous ten horns (Dan. 7:8, 24).

John sees the same ten horns upon the dragon [#15-#22] (Rev. 12:3+) and upon the Beast [#16-#22] (Rev. 13:1+; 17:3+, 7+). Indicating:

The horns are empowered by the dragon for the ultimate purpose which the dragon has for the Beast. This is seen in their submission to the Beast.

The Beast is the final stage of Daniel’s fourth terrible beast out of which the ten horns arose [#12-#22] (Dan. 7:24).

The ten horns are ten kings (Rev. 17:12+) of the time of the end who had not received authority by the time of John’s vision “but they receive authority for one hour as kings with the beast. These are of one mind, and they give their power and authority to the beast.” [#16-#22] (Rev. 17:12-13+). Although the Harlot reigns over the kings of the earth [#21-#22] (Rev. 17:18+), these kings hate the Harlot and destroy her in accordance with God’s will [#22-#21] (Rev. 17:16-17+).(The MT and NU texts indicate that the Beast also turns on her [#16-#21]. See commentary on Revelation 17:16.)

Although both the seven heads and the ten horns are said to be “kings,” there is an important distinction between the two. The seven heads span a long period of history whereas the ten horns are contemporaries at the time of the end:

While both the ten horns and seven heads are representative of kings, there is a difference between them. The ten horns are kings that are contemporary with each other. They all rise and reign at the same time. But the seven heads are chronological or sequential. One follows the other in chronological sequence, and no two are ever contemporary.⁴⁴

There is an intentional correlation between the horns of Daniel’s night vision and the feet and toes of the image in Nebuchadnezzar’s dream (Dan. 2:22-34, 41-42):

Both horns and toes are ten in number.

Both are outgrowths of the last Gentile kingdom (Dan. 2:41-42; 7:8; Rev. 17:12+).

Both are destroyed by the arrival of God’s kingdom on earth, the Millennial Kingdom (Dan. 2:34; Rev. 17:14+ cf. Rev. 16:14+).

See Nebuchadnezzar’s Dream and Daniel’s Vision.

See #4 - Seven Heads/Kings. See #25 - Little Horn. See Symbols of Kingdoms.

4.3.2.23 - #23 - Seven Horns

Of the ten horns, seven are not overcome by the little horn (Dan. 7:8, 24). See #26 - Eight Horns/Kings. See Symbols of Kingdoms.

4.3.2.24 - #24 - Three Horns

Of the ten horns, three are overcome by the little horn [#25-#24] (Dan. 7:8, 24). See #26 - Eight Horns/Kings. See Symbols of Kingdoms.

4.3.2.25 - #25 - Little Horn

In Daniel’s night vision, an eleventh “little horn” rises up among the ten horns of the fourth and final terrible beast (Dan. 7:8, 24). This eleventh, little horn, has an appearance greater than the other horns (Dan. 7:20). He eventually overcomes three of the ten horns [#25-#24] (Dan. 7:8, 24), leaving only seven horns with himself as an eighth (Dan. 7:8). The little horn which was eleventh—now eighth—corresponds to the eighth head. Although the heads represent sequential kingdoms of history and the horns represent contemporary kings of the last kingdom, these are one and the same in the little horn. For he is both the ruler of the final kingdom (head) and the primary king (horn) among the kings of the end.

Since the Beast and little horn are one and the same individual, we are not surprised to observe that the little horn has a number of personal attributes which identify him with the final Beast who is the revived ruler from among the seventh kingdom, the form of the terrible beast at the time of the end. See #16 - Beast. See Symbols of Kingdoms.

4.3.2.26 - #26 - Eight Horns/Kings

Even though the #22 - Ten Horns/Kings give their authority to the Beast (Rev. 17:13+, 17+), the Beast still overthrows three horns. This reduces the number of horns to 7 to which the little horn is added for a total of eight horns (Dan. 7:8).

See Symbols of Kingdoms.

Notes

¹ “How sobering a thought that God sees the nations of the earth as wild beasts.”—Donald Grey Barnhouse, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1971), 236.

² “The preciousness of the metal deteriorates from the top of gold to the clay of the feet, and there is a corresponding lower specific gravity; that is, the gold is much heavier than the silver, the silver than the brass, the brass than the iron, and the clay in the feet is the lightest material of all. The approximate specific gravity of gold is 19, silver 11, brass 8.5, and iron 7.8. . . .While the materials decrease in weight, they increase in hardness with the notable exception of the clay in the feet. The image is obviously top heavy and weak in its feet.”—John F. Walvoord, Daniel: The Key to Prophetic Revelation (Chicago, IL: Moody Bible Institute, 1971), 63.

³ “The interpretation of the royal image of Nebuchadnezzar (Dan. 2:31-43) and of the four corresponding beast figures of the night vision of Daniel (Daniel 7) as the Babylonian, Persian, Grecian, and Roman world empires is found as early as Irenaeus (died A.D. 202) and in Josephus and the Jewish Rabbis. Luther says: ‘Upon this interpretation and the meaning all the world is harmonious, and fact and history strongly prove it.’ ”—Erich Sauer, The Dawn of World Redemption (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdman’s Publishing Company, 1951, c1964), 172. Although no longer popular with Roman Catholic interpreters, this was the interpretation of Jerome: “Formerly the four kingdoms of Dn were commonly understood as being the Babylonian, the Medo-Persian, the Greco-Seleucid, and the Roman empires. Although this theory, defended by Jerome, was once regarded as the ‘traditional’ Catholic interpretation (in connection with the attempt to explain the ‘seventy weeks of years’ in 9:24-27 as culminating in the death of Jesus Christ), it would now find few modern Catholic exegetes to support it.”—R. E. Brown, J. A. Fitzmyer, and R. E. Murphy, The Jerome Biblical Commentary (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1996, c1968), Dan. 2:33.

⁴ See [Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, Charting the End Times (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2001), 88].

⁵ See also Rev. 13:2+.

⁶ See also Dan. 8:20; Rev. 13:2+.

⁷ See also Dan. 8:21-22; 10:20; 11:2-4; Rev. 13:2+.

⁸ See also Dan. 9:26.

⁹ See also Rev. 20:4-6+.

¹⁰ We have denoted this relationship as between the sea and the Harlot, but that which she sits upon is called “many waters” (Rev. 17:1+, 15+) rather than “sea.” Perhaps a subset of the sea is meant.

¹¹ It is significant that the text does not say “four kings which shall arise out of the earth.” The first king (Nebuchadnezzar) had already arisen at the time of the vision.

¹² J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), Rev. 17:10.

¹³ Concerning inaccuracies in the KJV and NKJV, see commentary on Revelation 17:10.

¹⁴ Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 8-22 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1995), Rev. 17:10.

¹⁵ Andy Woods, What is the Identity of Babylon In Revelation 17-18?.

¹⁶ “Adding to the case for identifying these as kingdoms is the appropriateness of the verb ἔπεσαν [epesan] to speak of a kingdom’s fall (e.g., Rev. 14:8+; 18:2+) (Alford).”—Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 17:10.

¹⁷ Fruchtenbaum offers a unique interpretation of the seven heads as types of Roman Government: the Tarquin Kings (753-510 B.C.); the Counsulors (510-494 B.C.); the Plebians or Dictators (494-390 B.C.); the Republicans or Decimverse (Oligarchy of Ten, 390-59 B.C.); the Triumvirate (59-27 B.C.); imperialism (27 B.C. - present); absolute imperialism (the Antichrist). [Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 42] Scott offers a related view, “The seven heads on the Beast represent seven successive forms of government from the rise of the fourth universal empire on through its history till its end. ‘Five have fallen.’ These are Kings, Consuls, Dictators, Decemvirs, and Military Tribunes. ‘One is.’ This is the sixth, or imperial form of government set up by Julius Caesar, and under which John was banished to Patmos under Domitian.”—Walter Scott, Exposition of The Revelation (London, England: Pickering & Inglis, n.d.), Rev. 17:9-13. Neither view provides a head for the beast which the Harlot sits upon if she is a mother of harlots that predates the early Rome.

¹⁸ Concerning inaccuracies in the KJV and NKJV, see commentary on Revelation 17:10.

¹⁹ Mark Hitchcock, “The Stake in the Heart—The A.D. 95 Date of Revelation,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 145.

²⁰ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 13:1.

²¹ Ibid., Rev. 17:10.

²² James O. Combs, Rainbows From Revelation (Springfield, MO: Tribune Publishers, 1994), 184.

²³ Barnhouse, Revelation, 329.

²⁴ Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), Rev. 17:9-10.

²⁵ “Sumeria: Under Nimrod, Babel in the land of Shinar became the first postdiluvian center for human rebellion.”—Henry Morris, The Revelation Record (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1983), Rev. 13:2.

²⁶ E. W. Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1984, 1935), Rev. 17:5.

²⁷ To be sure, there is a sense in which the kingdom of Babel (under Nimrod) and the kingdom of Babylon (under Nebuchadnezzar) share identity for they are in the same region and much that became Babylon undoubtedly originated in Babel.

²⁸ Walvoord, Daniel: The Key to Prophetic Revelation, Dan. 7:4.

²⁹ Ibid., Dan. 7:5.

³⁰ Ibid., Dan. 7:6.

³¹ Ibid., Rev. 7:7-8.

³² Daniel K. Wong, “The Beast From The Sea in Revelation 13,” in Bibliotheca Sacra, vol. 160 no. 639 (Dallas, TX: Dallas Theological Seminary, July-September 2003), 341.

³³ Walvoord, Daniel: The Key to Prophetic Revelation, Dan. 7:11-12.

³⁴ Concerning inaccuracies in the KJV and NKJV, see commentary on Revelation 17:10.

³⁵ Andy Woods, “Revelation 13 and the First Beast,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 238.

³⁶ Wong, “The Beast From The Sea in Revelation 13,” 339.

³⁷ Concerning inaccuracies in the KJV and NKJV, see commentary on Revelation 17:10.

³⁸ “Both will have a worldwide kingdom (Dan. 7:7, 23; Rev. 13:8+); both will speak blasphemies against God (Dan. 7:8, 11, 20, 25; Rev. 13:5+); both will have victory over the saints for forty-two months (Dan. 7:25; Rev. 12:14+; 13:5+); both will be destroyed by Christ at the Second Advent (Dan. 7:11, 26; Rev. 17:14+; 19:20+); and immediately after their destruction the kingdom will be given to God’s saints (Dan. 7:22, 27; Rev. 20:4-6+).”—Wong, “The Beast From The Sea in Revelation 13,” 338.

³⁹ See Prophetic Year.

⁴⁰ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 17:10.

⁴¹ “Destruction, ruin, or waste, especially through the eternal destruction brought upon the wicked by God (Heb. 10:39; 2Pe. 3:7). Jesus contrasted the broad way that leads to life with the difficult way that leads to destruction (Mat. 7:13). The apostle Paul contrasted perdition with salvation (Php. 1:28).”—Ronald F. Youngblood and R. K. Harrison, eds., Nelson’s New Illustrated Bible Dictionary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1997, c1995), s.v. “Perdition.”

⁴² Their continued existence in the lake one thousand years later provides irrefutable evidence against annihilationism. Those whose destiny is the Lake of Fire are not consumed, but continue to suffer forever.

⁴³ The gender of the words used is not a foolproof means of determining the nature of the image because the gender of words does not always match their object. For example, although Jesus says to watch for the abomination (neuter), that which the earth dwellers make is an image (feminine) of the Beast (neuter). Still, Jesus’ words imply that an object rather than a person will stand in the holy place.

⁴⁴ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 41-42.

3.19 - Revelation 19

3.19.1 - Revelation 19:1 Open Bible at Rev. 19:1 Listen to Rev. 19:1

In Revelation 16+, John was shown the pouring forth of the final seven bowls which contained God’s wrath. At the pouring of the seventh bowl, God’s voice was heard from the Temple saying, “It is done!” (Rev. 16:17+). Even though judgment is said to be complete at the pouring of the final bowl, we saw that several more chapters were still ahead before the kingdom of God finally arrives on earth and Satan is bound in preparation for the Millennial Kingdom to follow (Rev. 20:1-3+). Revelation 17+, 18+, and 19+ provide additional background concerning the judgment of Babylon and the overthrow of the kingdoms of man in favor of the kingdom of God and His Christ (Rev. 11:15+).

In Revelation 17+ and 18+ John is shown the Harlot, Babylon the Great (Rev. 17:5+, 18+)—both her background and ultimate destruction. In this chapter, John sees the exultation in heaven at the destruction of the Harlot on the earth below. Then he sees the marriage of the Lamb which is followed by the return of Jesus Christ to earth at His victorious Second Coming. Revelation 19+ can be considered the apex of the book of Revelation because it describes the most important event remaining in history.

The kingdom of the Beast has wasted the earth (Isa. 14:16-17) and great darkness prevails. Those who follow God have been more intensely exterminated than at any time in history past. The saints that remain on earth lack the mark of the Beast needed for commercial activity (Rev. 13:17+) and place their lives in danger by refusing to worship the Beast (Rev. 13:15+). They are either in hiding, living off the black market, or they are in the special place of protection provided by God (see Sheep in Bozrah). All appears to be lost.

Then, at the darkest hour—which is always just before the dawn—heaven is opened and the long-awaited Saviour is seen riding forth with the armies of heaven in glorious array! Millennia of expectant waiting finally comes to fruition in the arrival of the “KING OF KINGS AND LORD OF LORDS” to slaughter the rebellious at the Campaign of Armageddon and to institute the glorious age of righteous rule that is the Millennial Kingdom. (See The Arrival of God’s Kingdom.)

Not only is the Second Coming of Christ perhaps the most dramatic event in Scripture, it ends the continually downward trend of history. Although sin and death remain for another one thousand years (Isa. 65:20-25), the coming of the Righteous King to earth starts history on an upward path. The age of the Millennium on earth demonstrates what all of earth’s history should have been—with truly righteous rule by a righteous Man. Even this, in all its fullness, is to be surpassed in the final state when both sin and death are vanquished and the new heavens and new earth become the final abode for the righteous of all ages with full communion with God (Rev. 21:4+).

This is the sweep of history before us and explains why this chapter is the Alleluia chorus—the word alleluia appearing four times in this chapter and nowhere else in the NT.¹

After these things

After these things is Μετὰ ταῦτα [Meta tauta] , the common phrase which separates portions of John’s vision. The phrase indicates a sequential relationship between portions of John’s vision as they are given, but the various portions are not necessarily chronological in their historical sequence. For example, John is shown the destruction of Babylon under the seventh bowl judgment (Rev. 16:19+) before he is shown additional details concerning Babylon (Rev. 17+).

I heard a loud voice of a great multitude in heaven

John heard a similar voice (or noise) from heaven when the 144,000 redeemed of Israel learned the new song (Rev. 14:2-3+). There, the voice (or noise) was not explicitly identified as a multitude, but mention was made of numerous harps so it is probably a similar heavenly multitude in both scenes. The voices are of all those in heaven including: (1) the voices of the Church, having been raptured before the Tribulation, (2) the voices of the Tribulation saints, many of whom were martyred (Rev. 6:9+; 7:14+; 12:11+; 13:7+, 15+; 15:2+; 16:6+; 20:4+), and (3) the voices of various ranks of angels. They sing in unison as one mighty, thunderous voice (Rev. 19:6+).

Alleluia!

A transliteration of the Hebrew, הַלְלוּ־יָהּ [hallû–yāh] , a command: You all praise Jah! (e.g., Ps. 106:48).² The first occurrence of the word Hallelujah in the OT corresponds with the context of its usage here: “Sinners shall be consumed out of the earth, and the wicked shall be no more. Bless Jehovah, O my soul. Hallelujah!” (Ps. 104:35, Darby’s Translation).³

Salvation and glory and honor and power

The great multitude, who came out of the Great Tribulation, attributed salvation to both God and the Lamb (Rev. 7:9-10+). Salvation from God is said to have come at the casting out of Satan, the accuser of the brethren, from heaven (Rev. 12:10+). Glory and honor and power are attributed to God by the twenty-four elders because of His act of creation (Rev. 4:11+). Every creature in heaven and on earth gives glory and honor and power to both God the Father and the Lamb (Rev. 5:13+). Their praise recognizes the salvation found in the redemption provided by the Lamb: “You are worthy to take the scroll, and to open its seals; for You were slain and have redeemed us to God by Your blood” (Rev. 5:9+) and “Worthy is the Lamb who was slain” (Rev. 5:12+). Here, salvation is probably broader than personal redemption, but includes the rescue of all of creation, and especially the earth, from the corrupting influence of the Harlot (Rev. 19:2+). See Worship of God.

3.19.2 - Revelation 19:2 Open Bible at Rev. 19:2 Listen to Rev. 19:2

true and righteous are His judgments

The same attributes attributed to the Father here are attributed to the Lamb Who rides forth on the white horse Who is “Faithful and True, and in righteousness He judges” [emphasis added] (Rev. 19:11+). See commentary on Revelation 19:11.

The judgments of God are accurately assessed (true), utterly just, even required (righteous). “Righteous are You, O LORD, and upright are Your judgments” (Ps. 119:137). At the pouring forth of the third bowl, the angel from the altar made the same declaration, “true and righteous are Your judgments” (Rev. 16:7+). When we consider the great upheaval and destruction which is the Tribulation, how quick we are to question God’s righteous punishment of sin! As the text reminds us time and time again, the severity of the judgments described in the book of Revelation are not evidence of God’s unfairness. Rather, their severity is a testimony to His righteousness—for only He knows the full breadth and depth of the sin which He now judges. “The judgments of the LORD are true and righteous altogether. More to be desired are they than gold, yea, than much fine gold; sweeter also than honey and the honeycomb” (Ps. 19:9b-10). See commentary on Revelation 16:5 and Revelation 16:7.

He has judged

In the praise of the multitude is found the fulfillment of God’s reply to the cry of the martyrs of the fifth seal:

And they cried with a loud voice, saying, “How long, O Lord, holy and true, until You judge and avenge our blood on those who dwell on the earth?” Then a white robe was given to each of them; and it was said to them that they should rest a little while longer, until both the number of their fellow servants and their brethren, who would be killed as they were, was completed. (Rev. 6:10-11+) [emphasis added]

The cry of the martyrs reminds God that He is holy and true. His holiness requires judgment of sin. His true character guarantees He will deliver judgment. If He withheld judgment, He would be neither holy nor true.

the great harlot

The great harlot is τὴν πόρνην τὴν μεγάλην [tēn pornēn tēn megalēn] : the harlot, the great [one]. Although there have been many harlots upon the earth, this is a unique harlot among them—“the mother of harlots” (Rev. 17:5+). John was told by an angel that he would be shown “the judgment of the great harlot” (Rev. 17:1+). Her judgment is the subject of Revelation 17+ and 18+, and is not complete until the events of both chapters have transpired. The multitude declares the events of both chapters as a single judgment of the Harlot, which is the city. There is no intimation of two judgments, as if the Harlot was some other entity than the city itself. If the Harlot is taken as being something other than the city, then Scripture fails to record any heavenly exultation over the destruction of the city itself. This exultation over the great Harlot is in response to the destruction of the city. See The Great Harlot.

who corrupted the earth with her fornication

Corrupted is ἔθειρεν [etheiren] : she ruined: “Ruin, destroy; . . . in morals and religion seduce, corrupt. mislead.”⁴ She made all the nations drink of the wine of the wrath of her fornication (Rev. 14:8+). See commentary on Revelation 14:8. She committed fornication both with the kings of the earth and its inhabitants (Rev. 17:1+). See commentary on Revelation 17:1. The entire earth was involved because of her influence: sitting on peoples, multitudes, nations, and tongues (Rev. 17:15+).

He has avenged on her the blood of His servants shed by her

The servants of God include saints, prophets, and apostles—all those who fear and trust Him (Rev. 10:7+; 11:18+; 15:3+; 19:5+; 22:3+). The book of Revelation was given to His servants (Rev. 1:1+; 22:6+). It was God’s servants who were seduced to commit sexual immorality by Jezebel in the church at Thyatira (Rev. 2:20+). Those who serve God have been a prime target of persecution throughout history, but never more so than during the Tribulation. The Harlot was “drunk with the blood of the saints and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus” (Rev. 17:6+). In her “was found the blood of prophets and saints, and of all who were slain on the earth” (Rev. 18:24+). See commentary on Revelation 18:24.

Since she rode upon the Beast with seven heads throughout history and sat upon all nations, she influenced those on the earth to persecute the saints. Her persecuting role found its climax in the Tribulation when she influenced the earth dwellers to execute multitudes of martyrs who had the testimony of Christ (Rev. 6:9+; 7:14+; 12:11+; 13:7+, 15+; 15:2+; 16:6+; 20:4+).

It is God Who shall avenge His servants—they are not to avenge themselves (Mat. 26:51-53). Yet Scripture records times when God’s judgment is carried out through human intermediaries. In the days of Jezebel, God anointed Jehu as king and avenged His servants at the hand of the king: “Thus says the LORD God of Israel: ‘I have anointed you king over the people of the LORD, over Israel. You shall strike down the house of Ahab your master, that I may avenge the blood of My servants the prophets, and the blood of all the servants of the LORD, at the hand of Jezebel’ ” (2K. 9:6b-7). Similarly, God’s judgment against the Harlot was carried out by the Beast and his ten kings (Rev. 17:16+). See commentary on Revelation 17:16 and Revelation 18:20.

3.19.3 - Revelation 19:3 Open Bible at Rev. 19:3 Listen to Rev. 19:3

Alleluia!

See commentary on Revelation 19:1.

Her smoke rises up

Rises up is ἀναβαίνει [anabainei] , present tense: it presently rises. The same verb tense appears in Revelation 14:10+ which describes the ongoing torment of the Beast worshipers in the Lake of Fire: “And the smoke of their torment [presently] ascends forever and ever” (Rev. 14:11+a). Like the torment of the Beast worshipers, the smoke of Babylon’s destruction continually rises to emphasize the ongoing reality of her destruction.

forever and ever!

εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων [eis tous aiōnas tōn aiōnōn] : into the ages of the ages. From the time of her destruction and throughout the Millennial Kingdom, the area which was once Babylon will be burning pitch and a prison for demons (Rev. 18:2+). The text implies that her destruction is so permanent that the land itself will be continually dangerous and unavailable to humans:

Its streams shall be turned into pitch, and its dust into brimstone; its land shall become burning pitch. It shall not be quenched night or day; its smoke shall ascend forever. From generation to generation it shall lie waste; no one shall pass through it forever and ever. (Isa. 34:9-10)

Forever and ever has several aspects: (1) the destruction of the city is permanent—it will never be found again; (2) those destroyed in her will suffer eternally in the Lake of Fire; (3) the area occupied by the city will continually burn until the new heavens and the new earth, when the first earth passes away (Rev. 21:1+). See The Destruction of Babylon.

3.19.4 - Revelation 19:4 Open Bible at Rev. 19:4 Listen to Rev. 19:4

the twenty-four elders

The elders were first seen seated on thrones around God’s throne (Rev. 4:4+). They are probably representatives of the Church. See commentary on Revelation 4:4.

the four living creatures

The four living creatures were first seen by John in the midst of the throne. They are of a high angelic order, probably cherubim. See commentary on Revelation 4:6.

fell down and worshiped God who sat on the throne

The scene is much like that which John first saw when he was transported to heaven in the Spirit to see the twenty-four elders and living creatures worshiping before God’s throne. The elders are found near the throne and continually falling in worship in recognition of the great acts of God. When John first saw the elders, they were falling before God, casting their crowns before the throne, and extolling His greatness in creation (Rev. 4:10+). Later, when the Lamb took the scroll prior to loosing its seals, the elders fall in worship and adoration while singing a song of redemption (Rev. 5:7-9+, 14+). When the great multitude who came out of the Great Tribulation give praise to God and the Lamb, the elders fall on their faces in worship (Rev. 7:9-11+). At the sounding of the seventh trumpet, when the kingdoms of this world are declared to have become the kingdom of God and His Christ, the elders fall in worship (Rev. 11:15-16+). The participation of the elders falling in worship here indicates the great importance attached to the destruction of Babylon by heaven. God gains glory by her destruction, an important step on the way to establishing the Millennial Kingdom on earth.

Amen! Alleluia!

Amen means truly, as when expressing agreement. See commentary on Revelation 3:14. Alleluia means praise God. See commentary on Revelation 19:1. The elders and living creatures agree with the statement of the multitude and add their own praise.

3.19.5 - Revelation 19:5 Open Bible at Rev. 19:5 Listen to Rev. 19:5

a voice came from the throne

The voice comes from near the throne. It is not the voice of God Himself, as indicated by what is said: “Praise our God.” It is probably the voice of an angel of high rank, such as one of the living creatures.

Praise our God all you His servants

Praise is αἰνεῖτε [aineite] , second person, plural, imperative command: you all praise! “You who fear the LORD, praise Him! All you descendants of Jacob, glorify Him, and fear Him, all you offspring of Israel” (Ps. 22:23). Many of those who praise are the very servants who’s blood was shed by the Harlot (Rev. 19:2+). They praise all the more because God has avenged their martyrdom. Having experienced greater depths of persecution, they have greater ability to extol and elevate God.

Behold, bless the LORD, all you servants of the LORD, who by night stand in the house of the LORD! Lift up your hands in the sanctuary, and bless the LORD. The LORD who made heaven and earth bless you from Zion! (Ps. 134:1-3)

Praise the LORD! Praise the name of the LORD; praise Him, O you servants of the LORD! You who stand in the house of the LORD, in the courts of the house of our God, praise the LORD, for the LORD is good; sing praises to His name, for it is pleasant. (Ps. 135:1-3)

and those who fear Him, both small and great!

Some manuscripts omit and (καὶ [kai] ). If included, it should probably be translated as even since the clause which follows provides additional description of the servants and does not denote a separate category of persons. Fear of God is an important aspect of understanding Who He is (Acts 10:2). See commentary on Revelation 11:18. The company of the redeemed knows no boundaries and includes those who have had considerable influence and power in life, as well as those who are entirely unknown to the world. The cross of Christ is the great equalizer among men.

3.19.6 - Revelation 19:6 Open Bible at Rev. 19:6 Listen to Rev. 19:6

the voice of a great multitude

See commentary on Revelation 19:1.

as the sound of many waters

This phrase describes the roar which attends heavenly voices and noises of great magnitude (Eze. 1:24; 43:2). John heard Christ’s voice as the “sound of many waters” (Rev. 1:15+).

as the sound of mighty thunderings

The voice of mighty heavenly creatures (Rev. 6:1+; 10:3-4+) and the sound of the multitude of voices is like that of powerful thunder. The heavenly multitude which attended the song of the 144,000 redeemed from among Israel also was like loud thunder (Rev. 14:2+). The loudest electronic amplification system of any earthly praise will dwindle to insignificance in comparison to the thunderous praise from heaven at the accomplishment of God in His omnipotence!

Alleluia!

See commentary on Revelation 19:1.

Imagine the largest stadium in the world, filled to overflowing with a thundering crowd. Now multiply that by one thousand, ten thousand, even myriad of myriads (Rev. 5:11+)! Gather all the world’s instruments together with all the heavenly instruments—instruments and sounds and voices of unimaginable purity, power, and magnificence. On command, they all shout forth: ALLELUIA!

Surely, in the spiritual realm, this thunderous praise is already beginning to erode the strength of the dragon and his unclean spirits who, at this very hour, are gathering the kings of the earth to their impending slaughter below (Rev. 16:13-14+).

the Lord God Omnipotent reigns

Omnipotent is παντοκράτωρ [pantokratōr] . See commentary on Revelation 1:8.

God is omnipotent, all-powerful: none of His purposes can be withheld or frustrated. “I know that You can do everything, and that no purpose of Yours can be withheld from You” (Job 42:2). “Ah, Lord GOD! Behold, You have made the heavens and the earth by Your great power and outstretched arm. There is nothing too hard for You” (Jer. 32:17). Jesus said, “With God all things are possible” (Mat. 19:26b).

Who has measured the waters in the hollow of His hand, measured heaven with a span and calculated the dust of the earth in a measure? Weighed the mountains in scales and the hills in a balance? Who has directed the Spirit of the LORD, or as His counselor has taught Him? With whom did He take counsel, and who instructed Him, and taught Him in the path of justice? Who taught Him knowledge, and showed Him the way of understanding? Behold, the nations are as a drop in a bucket, and are counted as the small dust on the scales; look, He lifts up the isles as a very little thing. (Isa. 40:12-15)

Reigns is ἐβασίλευσεν [ebasileusen] : “rule over, control completely.”⁵ “The aorist ἐβασίλευσεν [ebasileusen] is proleptic and ingressive. Looking back from the future point when the climactic battle of Rev. 19:19-21+ is complete, the verb tense sees God’s assumption of power in reigning over the earth.”⁶ In one sense, God has and always will reign supreme. His rule over all creation has never been, nor ever will be in question: “Your throne is established from of old” (Ps. 93:2a), “The LORD reigns: let the peoples tremble! . . . He is high above all the peoples” (Ps. 99:1a-2). In another sense, the physical reign of God on earth has been corrupted by fallen men and usurped by Satan. It is in this sense—the mediatorial rule of God on earth through men—that events are now rapidly moving to bring God’s kingdom to earth.

Our Father in heaven. Hallowed be Your name. Your kingdom come. Your will be done. On earth as it is in heaven. (Mat. 6:9b-10). [emphasis added]

The worship of the multitude restates the announcement which attended the sounding of the seventh trumpet: “The kingdoms of this world have become the kingdoms of our Lord and His Christ, and He shall reign forever and ever!” (Rev. 11:15+). In the destruction of Babylon, the world is but a hair-breadth away from the institution of God’s literal earthly kingdom. All that remains is the destruction of the Beast and the kings of the earth at the Campaign of Armageddon (Rev. 19:17-21+).

3.19.7 - Revelation 19:7 Open Bible at Rev. 19:7 Listen to Rev. 19:7

Let us be glad and rejoice and give Him glory for . . .

Their gladness and rejoicing is because the marriage has come. As in the First Coming of Christ, a long period of waiting is about to conclude (Zec. 9:9). The hopes and dreams of his servants will find consummation in His approaching intimacy.

The marriage of the Lamb has come

The time has arrived for Christ to marry His bride. We believe the bride is the Church, having been previously taken to heaven in the Rapture.Eve, having been formed from Adam’s body, was organically united with him (Gen. 2:21-24). In a similar way, the Church, consisting of all those baptized into the body of Christ by the Spirit (1Cor. 12:13), is spiritually joined with Christ in a unique way. She is His Church (Mat. 16:18) which He now weds. See Marriage of the Lamb.

His wife has made herself ready

Has made herself ready is ἡτοίμασεν ἑαυτὴν [hētoimasen heautēn] : she has prepared herself. She is both the subject and the object (herself) of the preparation. The puzzling aspect of her having prepared herself is answered in an understanding of the relationship between faith and works. Scripture teaches that true Biblical works are the result of faith (Jas. 2:17-18). Scripture also teaches that faith is a gift from God (John 6:44; Acts 11:18; Rom. 12:3; Eph. 2:8; Php. 1:29). Thus, she made herself ready by the power of God working in her. Paul said this very same thing: he labored, even striving, but that which was working in Him was of God. So it is with the wife of the Lamb.

To them God willed to make known what are the riches of the glory of this mystery among the Gentiles: which is Christ in you, the hope of glory. Him we preach, warning every man and teaching every man in all wisdom, that we may present every man perfect in Christ Jesus. To this end I also labor, striving according to His working which works in me mightily. (Col. 1:27-29) [emphasis added]

Later, John will be shown the New Jerusalem which is also said to be the wife of the Lamb. Like the church, she too is prepared:

Then I, John, saw the holy city, New Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband. (Rev. 21:2+).

Then one of the seven angels who had the seven bowls filled with the seven last plagues came to me and talked with me, saying, “Come, I will show you the bride, the Lamb’s wife.” And he carried me away in the Spirit to a great and high mountain, and showed me the great city, the holy Jerusalem, descending out of heaven from God. (Rev. 21:9-10+)

When the Marriage of the Lamb takes place, the descent of the New Jerusalem is at least one thousand years in the future. The city will eventually be presented as a bride, but does not participate in the marriage described here.

The bride is a figure for a material city yet to come as well as for the inhabitants of that city. The bride-figure cannot be limited to the individuals who will live in the city. It must also include the literal city with her physical characteristics (Alford).⁷

The New Jerusalem is the bride of the Lamb in the sense of the promised restoration of Jerusalem having found its ultimate fulfillment. See Jerusalem Married to God. See commentary on Revelation 21:9.

The participation of the bride in her own preparation argues against any view which takes the bride as being merely the New Jerusalem (Rev. 21:2+, 9+) because the city on its own is inanimate.

The preparation of the bride includes her judgment at the judgment seat (bema) of Christ:

Believers have to make themselves ready ere they enter on their eternal glory. That is, the story of earth has to be gone over again in the presence of Him who is Christ (2Cor. 5:10). The light of the throne will be cast over and upon every moment of our lives, discovering the hidden, and bringing out the true character of acts, and words, and service. . . . This, and more is the application of the judgment seat of Christ to the heavenly saints and precedes the marriage. . . The light of the throne has done its blessed word, bringing out into bold relief the whole story of her history on earth.⁸

Many references in the New Testament present the truth that the church will be judged by Christ Himself (Rom. 14:10-12; 1Cor. 3:11-16; 4:1-5; 9:24-27; 2Cor. 5:10-11; 2Ti. 4:8). Inasmuch as the translation of the church, from the pretribulational point of view, has already separated the righteous from the unrighteous, only saved people will be involved in the judgment of Christ in connection with the church. The judgment will have as its supreme question the matter of reward.⁹

3.19.8 - Revelation 19:8 Open Bible at Rev. 19:8 Listen to Rev. 19:8

And to her it was granted to be arrayed in fine linen

It was granted is εδόθη [edothē] , often translated: it was given. To be arrayed is Ἵνα περιβάληται [Hina peribalētai] , middle voice, subjective mood: so that she might clothe herself.

In one of His parables, Jesus compared the kingdom of heaven to a king who gave a wedding feast for his son (Mat. 22:2-14). Those who were invited to the feast would not come. So the king sent his servants out to invite whoever would come. At the time of the supper, the king encountered a man who did not have on a wedding garment. Because of his lack of proper clothing, he was cast out into outer darkness.

In this parable, the king is Father God and His Son is Jesus Christ, the Lamb. The wedding feast is the wedding feast of the Lamb. Those who were invited are the nation of Israel. Those from the nations who eventually attend are those who accept the gospel as it went forth to all nations after the rejection of Jesus by Israel. The importance of having the wedding garment is seen in the response of the king to the man. The proper wedding attire is provided by the redemption of Christ. It is the imputed righteousness of God (Rom. 3:21-26). The man who was cast out of the marriage feast was ignorant of God’s righteousness and sought to establish his own righteousness. He rejected the wedding garment provided by the king and so was ultimately found unfit to participate.

The bride is given the fine linen by her groom:

Husbands, love your wives, just as Christ also loved the church and gave Himself for her, that He might sanctify and cleanse her with the washing of water by the word, that He might present her to Himself a glorious church, not having spot or wrinkle or any such thing, but that she should be holy and without blemish. (Eph. 5:25-27) [emphasis added]

Some suggest that the marriage itself does not take place in heaven—that the statement, “the marriage of the Lamb has come,” is to be understood as a proleptic statement which has the Millennial Kingdom in view.¹⁰ This view fails to explain the plain meaning of the text which implies that the bride is being attired prior to Christ’s return. The bride is granted her wedding garments now and found to be wearing them when she rides forth with Christ at the Second Coming (Rev. 19:14+). This indicates that the wedding itself takes place in heaven prior to the Second Coming:

One further matter of reconciliation requires a separation of the wedding itself (Rev. 19:7+) from the wedding feast (Rev. 19:9+). It is necessary to have the marriage initiated in heaven after the Rapture of the saints, because when Christ’s army of saints return with Him to earth, they will have already put on their wedding apparel (Rev. 19:8+, 14+). So the initiation of the union happens in heaven, but the celebration of that union with a grand wedding feast ensues on earth.¹¹

clean and bright

The twenty-four elders are clothed in white robes (Rev. 4:4+) as are the angels (Luke 24:4; Acts 1:10; Rev. 15:6+). Those coming out of the Great Tribulation were also seen in white robes, having washed them white in the blood of the Lamb (Rev. 7:13-14+).

The bride of the Lamb is to be contrasted with the Harlot. Both wear fine linen, but of different colors. The bride’s is clean and bright, denoting her sinlessness before God, having been washed in the blood of the Lamb (Rev. 1:7+). The Harlot wore purple and scarlet indicating her sinful luxurious living (Rev. 18:12+). The clean and bright linen which the bride wears corresponds to the clothing promised to the overcomers in the church at Sardis (Rev. 3:4+). Jesus told the Laodicean church that the white garments are to be obtained from Christ (Rev. 3:18+).

The cleansing of the stain of sin in the lives of the faithful is illustrated in a passage from Zechariah. Joshua stands before the Lord clothed in filthy garments and the accuser of the brethren stands near, no doubt pointing to the filthiness of Joshua. The Lord responds rebuking Satan and removing Joshua’s iniquity after which he is given rich robes to wear:

Then he showed me Joshua the high priest standing before the Angel of the LORD, and Satan standing at his right hand to oppose him. And the LORD said to Satan, “The LORD rebuke you, Satan! The LORD who has chosen Jerusalem rebuke you! Is this not a brand plucked from the fire?” Now Joshua was clothed with filthy garments, and was standing before the Angel. Then He answered and spoke to those who stood before Him, saying, “Take away the filthy garments from him.” And to him He said, “See, I have removed your iniquity from you, and I will clothe you with rich robes.” (Zec. 3:1-4)

It is by this same means—by God’s provision of the blood sacrifice of the Lamb—that the bride will obtain her clothing.“We can wear the divine righteousness because He, first of all, wore the blood-stained garment.”¹²

for the fine linen is the righteous acts of the saints.

Righteous acts is δικαιώματα [dikaiōmata] : righteous [things]. Her righteous acts are not found on their own. Truly righteous acts are always found in company with and motivated by faith:

But do you want to know, O foolish man, that faith without works is dead? Was not Abraham our father justified by works when he offered Isaac his son on the altar? Do you see that faith was working together with his works, and by works faith was made perfect? And the Scripture was fulfilled which says, “Abraham believed God, and it was accounted to him for righteousness.” And he was called the friend of God. You see then that a man is justified by works, and not by faith only. (Jas. 2:20-24) [emphasis added]

Pentecost suggests the plural δικαιώματα [dikaiōmata] does not denote imparted righteousness, but righteousnesses which have survived judgment at the judgment seat of Christ:

It must be observed that the “righteousness of the saints” is plural and can not refer to the imparted righteousness of Christ, which is the believer’s portion, but the righteousnesses which have survived examination and have become the basis for reward [1Cor. 3:9-15].¹³

It is the bride which wears the fine linen which is identified as the righteous acts of the saints. The characteristics described of the bride: her making herself ready, her requiring clean clothing, and her linen being the righteous acts of the saints, identify those who have been redeemed.

I will greatly rejoice in the LORD, My soul shall be joyful in my God; for He has clothed me with the garments of salvation, He has covered me with the robe of righteousness, as a bridegroom decks himself with ornaments, and as a bride adorns herself with her jewels. (Isa. 61:10) [emphasis added]

3.19.9 - Revelation 19:9 Open Bible at Rev. 19:9 Listen to Rev. 19:9

Then he said to me, “Write: Blessed are those . . . ”

The person speaking is the angel who showed John “the judgment of the great harlot who sits on many waters” (Rev. 17:1+). Since the same angel has been with John throughout Revelation 17+, 18+, and the first part of 19, it is best to understand Revelation 17:1+ through Revelation 19:4+ as a unified passage wherein the angel shows John the judgment (singular) of the great harlot (singular). This is more evidence indicating the identity of the Harlot as the city—that there are not two judgments, but only one. The Harlot which is the city is judged by God at the hand of the Beast and his ten kings (Rev. 17:16+). See One or Two Babylons?

The angel reminds John of his original commission, to write down the things which he is being shown (Rev. 1:19+; 2:1+, 8+, 12+, 18+; 3:1+, 7+, 14+; 10:4+; 14:13+).

Those who are called to the marriage supper of the Lamb are blessed because the supper will take place in the kingdom of God: “Now when one of those who sat at the table with Him heard these things, he said to Him, ‘Blessed is he who shall eat bread in the kingdom of God!’ ” (Luke 14:15). Attendance at the supper is equivalent to finding entry into the kingdom of God. This is one of seven blessings given in the book of Revelation. See commentary on Revelation 1:3.

who are called to the marriage supper of the Lamb

See Marriage of the Lamb. The Lamb is the Lion of the tribe of Judah, Jesus Christ, who prevailed to open the scroll with seven seals (Rev. 5:5-6+).¹⁴ Are called is κεκλημένοι [keklēmenoi] , perfect passive participle: while having been called. They were called in the past and now stand as invited guests.

Jesus’ response to the faith of the Roman centurion (a Gentile) indicates who was invited:

When Jesus heard it, He marveled, and said to those who followed, “Assuredly, I say to you, I have not found such great faith, not even in Israel! And I say to you that many will come from east and west, and sit down with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob in the kingdom of heaven. But the sons of the kingdom will be cast out into outer darkness. There will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.” (Mat. 8:10-12)

The “sons of the kingdom” are the Jews. They are the ones who were initially invited to the marriage supper, but refused to come. Therefore, the invitation went out to all nations (Mat. 22:2-14).

The ones who are blessed are not the ones who were invited, but refused to come. It is the ones who were called according to God’s election and predestination. See commentary on Revelation 17:14. They are the ones who are not only invited, but accept the invitation and turn to faith in Christ. Jesus indicated that although many would be called (κλητοί [klētoi] ) to the marriage feast, few were chosen (εκλεκτοί [eklektoi] ) (Mat. 22:14). Only the chosen ones come to faith in Christ and actually attend the feast. This includes the saints of all ages who will sit down and eat with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

Since the bride needs no invitation to the marriage supper,¹⁵ those mentioned here are a separate body of saints who are not part of the church, having never been baptized into the body of Christ. They are the saved who died before the Day of Pentecost or who came to faith after the Restrainer was removed in the Rapture of the Church. See Who is the Restrainer?

Since the banquet includes the saints of all ages (not just the bride), this also indicates the feast will be held during the Millennial Kingdom. In order for Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob to participate, it will have to follow their resurrection (Isa. 26:19; Dan. 12:2). In order for the Tribulation martyrs to participate, it will also have to follow their resurrection (Rev. 20:4+).

It is with the Marriage Feast that the Millennium will begin, . . . the invitations . . . go out to all the redeemed who are not members of the Church, i.e., the Old Testament and Tribulation saints soon to be resurrected.¹⁶

It is in the kingdom of God, when the Messianic Kingdom comes on earth, that Jesus will once again eat the Passover:

Then He said to them, “With fervent desire I have desired to eat this Passover with you before I suffer; for I say to you, I will no longer eat of it until it is fulfilled in the kingdom of God.” Then He took the cup, and gave thanks, and said, “Take this and divide it among yourselves; for I say to you, I will not drink of the fruit of the vine until the kingdom of God comes.” (Luke 22:15-18)

Since the marriage supper consistently is used in reference to Israel on the earth, it may be best to . . . view the marriage of the Lamb as that event in the heavens in which the church is eternally united to Christ and the marriage feast or supper as the millennium, to which Jews and Gentiles will be invited, which takes place on earth, during which time the bridegroom is honored through the display of the bride to all His friends who are assembled there.¹⁷

Jesus promised those in the church at Laodicea who opened to His knock that he would dine with them and that they would sit with Him on His throne. Since His throne, the throne of David, is taken up during the Millennial Kingdom, the promise likely extends to participation in the marriage supper. See commentary on Revelation 3:20.

Some see the need to include the millennial saints and the mention of the New Jerusalem as the bride of the Lamb as an indication that the feast will be prolonged into the eternal state:

[The marriage feast] cannot transpire on earth in a completed sense until after the Millennium when the rest of the faithful from the thousand-year period combine with the martyrs and other saints to complete the body of the redeemed (Charles). The language of Rev. 21:2+, 9+ is quite explicit regarding the bride in the new heaven and the new earth (Lee). The better part of wisdom is to include both the Millennium and the new heaven and the new earth as the prolonged wedding feast of the Lamb and His bride (cf. Rev. 19:9+). It will commence with Christ’s glorious appearance to initiate His kingdom on this present earth.¹⁸

These are the true sayings of God

That which John sees, hears, and records is inspired by the Holy Spirit, and therefore true. John bore witness to all the things which he saw and recorded (Rev. 1:2+), angels bear witness of their truth (Rev. 19:9+; 22:6+), and even God Himself bears witness to the words of this revelation as being true and faithful (Rev. 21:5+). See commentary on Revelation 1:2.

3.19.10 - Revelation 19:10 Open Bible at Rev. 19:10 Listen to Rev. 19:10

I fell at his feet to worship him . . . see that you do not do that!

Later, after seeing the revelation of the New Jerusalem and the eternal state, John falls again before an angel to worship (Rev. 22:8+). The events John sees, the glory of the angel, and the desire for John to worship are such that he is apparently overcome. Perhaps what transpires is best explained by the divine purpose in what results: a stronger emphasis on the prohibition of the worship of angels.

In our own day, many confuse the uniqueness of the Creator with that which He has created. Angels, like men, are created beings. Thus, they are not to be objects of worship: “Let no one cheat you of your reward, taking delight in false humility and worship of angels, intruding into those things which he has not seen, vainly puffed up by his fleshly mind” (Col. 2:18). When we see people placing great emphasis upon angels, even worshiping them (Satan being an angel), we see the effects of the reprobate mind which rejects God. Those who exchanged the truth of God for the lie “worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator” (Rom. 1:25). This Creator/creature distinction is the ultimate reason why Jesus refused to yield to the temptation of Satan—for it would have meant the Creator worshiping one of His creatures (Mat. 4:9-10)!

Unlike John, no rebuke was given when Joshua fell on his face to worship the Commander of the army of the LORD. In fact, the Commander said, “Take your sandal off your foot, for the place where you stand is holy” (Jos. 5:15b). Earlier, when John first saw the glorified Jesus, he fell at His feet as dead (Rev. 1:17+). The absence of any rebuke in the foregoing situations indicates that the object of worship was none other than God—Jesus Christ!

I am your fellow servant, and of your brethren

Like the people of God, the elect angels are His servants and do His will (Ps. 103:20; Dan. 7:10; Luke 1:19; Heb. 1:14). Angels can be considered to be John’s brothers in the sense that they share in the mission of carrying out God’s will. They can also be considered his brothers because, like believers, they are “sons of God.” Angels are called “sons of God” (Gen. 6:2, 4; Job 1:6; 2:1; 38:7) because, like Jesus (Luke 1:35) and Adam (Luke 3:38), they were created by a direct act of God. This can be said for all those who are spiritually born of God (Luke 20:36; John 1:12; Rom. 8:14, 19; Gal. 3:26). It is in this dual sense of doing God’s will and having their genesis in God that the angel could say he was of John’s brethren, the saints.

who have the testimony of Jesus

Although John bore witness to the testimony of Jesus, the testimony provided by Jesus (subjective genitive, Rev. 1:2+), he suffered exile to Patmos because of what he testified concerning Jesus (objective genitive, Rev. 1:9+). Later, when John attempts to worship the angel who shows him the New Jerusalem (Rev. 22:9+), the angel reminds John once again that he is of John’s brethren. Here, the brethren “have the testimony of Jesus.” There, the angel refers to the brethren as those who “keep the words of this book”. If the two phrases are equivalent, then the testimony emphasizes the preservation of the revelation provided by Jesus to John (Rev. 1:1+). Preservation of the words is of little value if they are not promulgated to those who have yet to hear. Those who come to faith believe the testimony of the Father concerning the Son (1Jn. 5:9-10). See commentary on Revelation 1:2.

Worship God!

When Cornelius met Peter, he fell down and worshiped him, but Peter stood him on his feet and explained that, like Cornelius, he was just a man like Cornelius (Acts 10:25-26). After seeing a miraculous healing by Paul, the people of Lystra attempted to sacrifice to Barnabas and Paul. Paul explained that he and Barnabas were also men of the same nature (Acts 14:10-15). The first of the Ten Commandments written by the finger of God specifies that men “shall have no other gods before Me” (Ex. 20:3). The second commandment prohibits the making of carved images nor bowing down to them. This includes any likeness of something in heaven, on the earth, in the sea, or under the earth (Ex. 20:4). Therefore, the worship of angels is prohibited. When Satan tempted Jesus to worship him, Jesus replied, “Away with you, Satan! For it is written, ‘You shall worship the LORD your God, and Him only you shall serve’ ” (Mat. 4:10).

For the testimony of Jesus

Testimony is μαρτυρία [martyria] : “attestation,”¹⁹ “with Christ as the content . . . witness of (or about) Jesus.”²⁰ The phrase testimony of Jesus can be understood in two ways. If Jesus is the subject, then Jesus is the source of the testimony (subjective genitive). If Jesus is the object, then the testimony concerns Jesus (objective genitive). Does this verse teach that the testimony from Jesus is the spirit of prophecy? Or that the testimony about Jesus is the spirit of prophecy? Both of these statements are certainly true. For it is the Holy Spirit, the Spirit of Christ (John 14:18; Rom. 8:9; 1Pe. 1:11) Who is the source of all prophecy (see below) and the primary focus of the revelation He provides concerns Jesus. See commentary on Revelation 1:1 and Revelation 1:2.

In the book of Revelation, the testimony (or witness) to Jesus dominates as the reason for the persecution and martyrdom of the saints (Rev. 1:9+; 6:9+; 11:7+; 12:11+, 17+; 20:4+). Scripture records the volume of the book is written of Him (Ps. 40:7; Heb. 10:7). On the road to Emmaus, Jesus said, “O foolish ones, and slow of heart to believe in all that the prophets have spoken! Ought not the Christ to have suffered these things and to enter into His glory?” (Luke 24:25a). Then Luke records, “And beginning at Moses and all the Prophets, He expounded to them in all the Scriptures the things concerning Himself” (Luke 24:25b). Later, Jesus appeared to His disciples and explained, “all things must be fulfilled which were written in the Law of Moses and the Prophets and the Psalms concerning Me” (Luke 24:44). Jesus told the Pharisees, “You search the Scriptures, for in them you think you have eternal life, and these are they which testify of Me” (John 5:39). Paul said that to Jesus, “all the prophets witness” (Acts 10:43a). Peter said, “Of this salvation [through Jesus] the prophets have inquired and searched carefully, who prophesied of the grace that would come to you, searching what, or what manner of time, the Spirit of Christ who was in them was indicating when He testified beforehand the sufferings of Christ and the glories that would follow” (1Pe. 1:10-11).

is the spirit of prophecy.

All revelation given by God through His prophets was by the Spirit. “The Spirit of the LORD spoke by me, and His word was on my tongue” (2S. 23:2). “But truly I am full of power by the Spirit of the LORD, and of justice and might, to declare to Jacob his transgression and to Israel his sin” (Mic. 3:8). When Jesus referred to David’s statement in Psalm 110, He said, “How then does David in the Spirit call Him “Lord”?” (Mat. 22:43). Peter said, “this Scripture had to be fulfilled, which the Holy Spirit spoke before by the mouth of David concerning Judas” (Acts 1:16). Jesus said it would be by “the Spirit of truth who proceeds from the Father” that the apostles would receive testimony concerning Him (John 15:26), “He will tell you things to come” (John 16:13). The NT prophet Agabus “stood up and showed by the Spirit that there as going to be a great famine throughout all the world” (Acts 11:28). Later, he took Paul’s belt, bound his own hands and feet, and said, “Thus says the Holy Spirit, ‘So shall the Jews at Jerusalem bind the man who owns this belt, and deliver him into the hands of the Gentiles’ ” (Acts 21:11). Two passages written by Peter, by the power of the Spirit, are of particular importance:

Of this salvation the prophets have inquired and searched carefully, who prophesied of the grace that would come to you, searching what, or what manner of time, the Spirit of Christ who was in them was indicating when He testified beforehand the sufferings of Christ and the glories that would follow. To them it was revealed that, not to themselves, but to us they were ministering the things which now have been reported to you through those who have preached the gospel to you by the Holy Spirit sent from heaven—things which angels desire to look into. (1Pe. 1:10-12)

Peter indicates that it was “the Spirit of Christ who was in” the prophets that testified. Thus, the Spirit of Jesus was the empowering source of their testimony. Yet Peter also indicates that the Spirit “testified beforehand the sufferings of Christ and the glories that would follow.” In other words, the message which the Spirit testified concerned Jesus Christ.

And so we have the prophetic word confirmed, which you do well to heed as a light that shines in a dark place, until the day dawns and the morning star rises in your hearts; knowing this first, that no prophecy of Scripture is of any private interpretation, for prophecy never came by the will of man, but holy men of God spoke as they were moved by the Holy Spirit. (2Pe. 1:19-21)

Peter indicates that all prophecy came by the Spirit. When the prophets spoke, God spoke by His Spirit. They were moved (φερόμενοι [pheromenoi] ) by the Holy Spirit. It was not their own will, but God’s initiative which produced their inspired testimony. They were born along by God’s Spirit much like a ship is driven by wind and weather (Acts 27:15). They were not in ultimate control, but were vessels which God moved according to His purpose (John 3:8).

3.19.11 - Revelation 19:11 Open Bible at Rev. 19:11 Listen to Rev. 19:11

Now I saw heaven opened

Opened is ἠνεῳγμένον [ēneōgmenon] , perfect tense participle: having been opened. Heaven was now open when John saw it, having been previously opened. Just like the door which John saw by which he first ascended in his vision (Rev. 4:1+). See commentary on Revelation 4:1.

a white horse

The overcomer who rode forth at the opening of the first seal also rode a white horse (Rev. 6:2+). He was the one who was granted authority by God to overcome the saints for a season (Rev. 13:5+) and to appear initially as a peacemaker (Dan. 9:27). Now, the peace that he brought is seen to be a false peace and the time has arrived for the True Overcomer to ride forth to defeat him (Rev. 19:20+). See commentary on Revelation 6:2.

He who sat on him

This is the Lamb, riding forth as a glorified man. Previously, He stood in the midst of the throne opening the seven seals (Rev. 5:6-8+). Before that, He had been seated at the right hand of the Father (Rev. 3:21+) awaiting the time to initiate the sequence of events which would culminate in His ride.

called Faithful and True

Previously, He was called the “faithful witness” (Rev. 1:5+). His witness is faithful because it is impossible for Him to lie (Num. 23:19; Rom. 3:4; Tit. 1:2; Heb. 6:18). Therefore, He alone is a reliable witness to Himself (John 8:14). He referred to Himself as “truth” (John 14:6). Because God alone is truly faithful, Jesus is holy—unique, like no other (Rev. 3:7+). See commentary on Revelation 1:5.

Because He is faithful [Rev. 19:11+] He must discharge His office as judge, not shrinking from the administration of discipline or punishment where it is needed. Because He is true [Rev. 19:11+] He cannot alter the standards of God which condemn sin. Favoritism and laxity cannot be found in Him, for He is the perfect administrator of justice in a world where injustice has long since reigned. . . . The meekness of Calvary and the sternness of Armageddon may seem inconsistent, but wherever sin exists, they may both be found.²¹

in righteousness He judges and makes war

Both are present-tense verbs: He is judging and making war. These are activities which take place at the time of His ride. Because His judgment is righteous, the Campaign of Armageddon will be a just war: “Gird Your sword upon Your thigh, O Mighty One, with Your glory and Your majesty. And in Your majesty ride [on a horse!] prosperously because of truth, humility, and righteousness” (Ps. 45:3-4a). The psalmist said, “For He is coming, for He is coming to judge the earth. He shall judge the world with righteousness and the peoples with His truth” (Ps. 96:13). The horrible slaughter, unique in all history (Rev. 14:20+), will be completely just and a reflection of the absolute truth of man’s sinfulness and rebellion. Although man rationalizes his sinful condition with relativistic truth so as to deny his depravity, the judgment of God will assess his true condition. Man judges on a curve. God judges on an absolute scale. It is this difference which explains the magnitude of the slaughter as true justice.

His righteous judgment in the Campaign of Armageddon is the prelude to His righteous reign during the Millennial Kingdom to follow as the “Branch of righteousness” (Jer. 23:5-6): “Of the increase of His government and peace There will be no end, upon the throne of David and over His kingdom, to order it and establish it with judgment and justice from that time forward, even forever. The zeal of the LORD of hosts will perform this” (Isa. 9:7). “In mercy the throne will be established; and One will sit on it in truth, in the tabernacle of David, judging and seeking justice and hastening righteousness” (Isa. 16:5).

Even now, our own land languishes under unjust judgment. Having rejected the cornerstone of our judicial system, we are rapidly tilting toward calling that which is evil good and that which is good evil (Isa. 5:20). By the time of the end, the earth will utterly yearn for true justice.

Makes war is πολεμεῖ [polemei] , the same root which is translated as the “battle of that great day of God Almighty” [emphasis added] (Rev. 16:14+). See commentary on Revelation 16:14. See Campaign of Armageddon.

Incredibly, many preterists do not see the Second Coming of Christ in the chapter before us:

There are some fully-realized preterists who do not believe that the Bible speaks of Christ coming to earth in the future [this is heresy]. They believe that all the references to the “Second Coming” in the Bible were fulfilled in A.D. 70. . . Most preterist commentators, however, seem to expect an actual coming of Christ in the future—much as do those who take other approaches to Revelation. Even these expositors, however, do not generally see the Second Coming of Christ in the passage before us. The coming of Christ on the white horse may be thought of by many as the quintessential vision of the Second Coming at the end of the present age, but most preterists agree with Jay Adams, who believes it applies to the continuing warfare of the church through the proclamation of the gospel following the fall of Babylon in the previous chapters.²²

It is difficult to know how to respond to such an unwillingness to take God’s word plainly. If most preterists don’t see the Second Coming of Christ in the passage before us, we wonder what, if anything, they do see? If the events of Revelation 19+ do not describe the Second Coming of Christ, then we search in vain elsewhere in Scripture for a more detailed and dramatic account of this, the second most important event in history.

[This passage] answers specifically the theme verse of Rev. 1:7+ which tells of the worldwide audience this event will have (cf. Mat. 24:27-31). In fact, this is the only event in Revelation that corresponds to that coming narrowly construed to refer to Christ’s personal coming.²³

See Preterist Interpretation.

3.19.12 - Revelation 19:12 Open Bible at Rev. 19:12 Listen to Rev. 19:12

His eyes were like a flame of fire

His eyes match the description which John saw in his first vision of the glorified Christ (Rev. 1:14+ cf. Rev. 2:18+). His gaze is absolutely piercing and impossible to hide from. His absolute righteousness and the justice of His judgment would be impossible to endure except through identification with Him as one of His own: “Who can endure the day of His coming? And who can stand when He appears? For He is like a refiner’s fire and like launderers’ soap” (Mal. 3:2). See commentary on Revelation 1:14.

on His head were many crowns

Crowns is διαδήματα [diadēmata] . He no longer wears the crown of thorns (Mat. 27:29; Mark 15:17; John 19:2, 5). He is crowned with glory and honor and has been set by the Father over the works of His hands (Heb. 2:7-9). MacArthur suggests the many crowns are an indication of the crowns He will gather when He vanquishes the kings of the earth:

Many indicates His collecting of all the rulers’ crowns, signifying that He alone is the sovereign ruler of the earth. Collecting the crown of a vanquished king was customary in the ancient world. After defeating the Ammonites, David “took the crown of their king from his head . . . and it was placed on David’s head” (2S. 12:30).²⁴

More likely, the many crowns worn by Christ are an indication of His right to rule and the many facets of the character of His rule.Zechariah saw two of these crowns: His simultaneous role as priest and king. Only in Messiah, the BRANCH, will these two rules coincide:

Then take silver and gold, and make crowns,²⁵ and set them upon the head of Joshua the son of Josedech, the high priest; and speak unto him, saying, thus speaketh the LORD of hosts, saying, behold the man whose name is The BRANCH; and he shall grow up out of his place, and he shall build the temple of the LORD: Even he shall build the temple of the LORD; and he shall bear the glory, and shall sit and rule upon his throne; and he shall be a priest upon his throne: and the counsel of peace shall be between them both. (Zec. 6:11-13, KJV) [emphasis added]

The high priest wore a crown above the miter (Zec. 3:5; Lev. 8:9). Messiah shall wear many crowns, one surmounting the other (Rev. 19:12+). It was a thing before unknown in the Levitical priesthood that the same person should wear at once the crown of a king and that of a high priest (Ps. 110:4; Heb. 5:10). Messiah shall be revealed fully in this twofold dignity when He shall “restore the kingdom to Israel” (Acts 1:6).²⁶

The plurality of crowns also indicates He is the King par-excellence, the “KING OF KINGS”. See commentary on Revelation 19:16. See Crowns.

He had a name written

Had a name written is γεγραμμένον [gegrammenon] , perfect passive participle: a name having been written. The name was written upon Him in the past. The MT text has having names written, and a name written. In other words, having many names written, but one specific name which no man has known.

no one knew except Himself

Οὐδὲς οἶδεν εἰ μὴ αὐτός [Oudes oiden ei mē autos] : no one knew if not Him.²⁷ All the guessing of men throughout history will prove to no avail in identifying this name or else the Word of God would be broken. His unknown name is the subject of a proverb written by Agur the son of Jakeh:

Surely I am more stupid than any man, and do not have the understanding of a man. I neither learned wisdom nor have knowledge of the Holy One. Who has ascended into heaven, or descended? Who has gathered the wind in His fists? Who has bound the waters in a garment? Who has established all the ends of the earth? What is His name, and what is His Son’s name, if you know? (Pr. 30:2-4)

This riddle surfaces numerous times in various attempts to identify the Angel of the Lord. When Jacob wrestled with the man at Peniel, he asked the name of the man, but the man (the Angel of the Lord) did not provide it (Gen. 32:29). When Jehovah instructed Israel to follow the Angel He would send before them, He warned them not to provoke the angel, “for my name is in Him” (Ex. 23:21). When the Angel of the Lord appeared to Samson’s mother-to-be, she mentions He did not tell her His name (Jdg. 13:6). Later, when Samson’s father met the Angel and asked for His name, the Angel replied, “Why do you ask My name, seeing it is wonderful?” (Jdg. 13:18). (Wonderful is one of the known names of Messiah, Isa. 9:6.)

Agur interpreted his ignorance of the name of the Son as a lack of knowledge of the Holy One. To this we could add the words of Jesus, “no one knows the Son except the Father” (Mat. 11:27; Luke 10:22). We believe the mysterious name of Jesus is a secret shared between only He and the Father and is intended to indicate their inviolate unity. God only shares His secrets with those who have intimacy with Him (e.g., Daniel, John). The secret name of Jesus will not be revealed until He and the Father choose to do so, possibly at His Second Coming. Whatever the name is, it will undoubtedly reveal some splendor concerning His character, like His many other names.

Overcomers in the church at Philadelphia were promised to have the name of the Father and of the New Jerusalem written upon them as well as Jesus’ new name (Rev. 3:11+). Perhaps Jesus’ new name is this secret name.

This same idea that shared secrets demonstrate intimacy is found in the promise to the overcomers in the church at Sardis who were promised a white stone with a new name written upon it which no one knows except God and the one receiving it (Rev. 2:17+).

3.19.13 - Revelation 19:13 Open Bible at Rev. 19:13 Listen to Rev. 19:13

robe dipped in blood

Dipped is βεβαμμένον [bebammenon] , perfect passive participle: having been dipped. This verb is from βαπτω [baptō] : to baptize. But here, it probably denotes garments stained in blood.²⁸ Used of “coloring cloth dip into dye, dye (Rev. 19:13+).”²⁹ Patristic evidence and a few manuscripts have variations of ῥαντίζω [hrantizō] : to “sprinkle someone or something,”³⁰ but the evidence is weak and ambiguous.³¹

Some suggest the blood is His own:

Notice how Jesus will be proudly arrayed in His garment which is covered in blood; this will be the basis of divine judgment—that the world has spurned His blood. Jesus wears it proudly; we will be dressed in our white garments—He will be arrayed in His bloody one. The host that will accompany Jesus is proof positive of the effectiveness of His blood.³²

As attractive as this idea may be, it has several weaknesses: (1) nowhere in Scripture is there indication that Jesus wears His own blood; (2) His blood was spilled at the cross during His First Coming for redemption. This is a picture of His Second Coming which is in judgment and wrath. This is not His own atoning blood which is associated with His First Coming (Lev. 14:51; Rev. 1:5+; 5:9+). This is the blood of His enemies from His trampling them in the “winepress of the fierceness and wrath of Almighty God” (Isa. 63:3; Luke 19:27; Rev. 14:20+; 19:15+).³³ See Blood Stained Garments.

called the Word of God

Called is κέκληται [keklētai] , perfect passive: having been called. This is a unique title of Jesus used by John the Apostle (John 1:1; 1Jn. 1:1; 2:14; 5:7 TR; Rev. 1:2+; Rev. 19:13+) and provides evidence that he is the author of the book of Revelation. See Authorship.

Like God’s literal word which He has magnified above His name (Ps. 138:2), God highly exalted Jesus and has given Him the name above every name (Php. 2:9). Scripture informs us: “By the word of the LORD the heavens were made and all the host of them by the breath of His mouth” (Ps. 33:6 cf. Heb. 11:3; 2Pe. 3:5). Elsewhere, John uses this title to emphasis Jesus as the revelation of God in His incarnation:

That which was from the beginning, which we have heard, which we have seen with our eyes, which we have looked upon, and our hands have handled, concerning the Word of life— the life was manifested, and we have seen, and bear witness, and declare to you that eternal life which was with the Father and was manifested to us— that which we have seen and heard we declare to you, that you also may have fellowship with us; and truly our fellowship is with the Father and with His Son Jesus Christ. (1Jn. 1:1-3)

The Logos or Word is the expression of God’s nature in understandable terms, and whether those terms be mercy or judgment they are both equally the message of God.³⁴

This title also emphasizes Jesus’ role in creation (John 1:1-3; Eph. 3:9; Col. 1:16; Heb. 1:2; Rev. 3:14+)—a key theme explaining why God has ultimate dominion to retake the earth at His Second Coming (Rev. 3:14+; 4:11+; 10:6+).

3.19.14 - Revelation 19:14 Open Bible at Rev. 19:14 Listen to Rev. 19:14

armies in heaven

Armies is στρατεύματα [strateumata] : “troops,”³⁵ “armed force.”³⁶ The army is composed of “saints” which denotes those who are set apart and dedicated to God. This term includes both angels (e.g., Dan. 8:13) and men (e.g., Ps. 16:3; 34:9; Acts 9:13). Joel indicates that God’s “mighty ones” will be among them—almost certainly a reference to angels (Joel 3:11).

Scripture records rare glimpses into the abilities of these mighty ones. When Hezekiah petitioned the LORD for defense against Sennacherib, the king of Assyria, the LORD sent His angel who killed 185,000 Assyrians in one night (2K. 19:35). When forces came against Elisha and his servant became alarmed, Elisha prayed that the LORD might open his eyes: “And behold the mountain was full of horses and chariots of fire all around Elisha” (2K. 6:14 cf. Ps. 68:17).

Paul also indicates that angels will attend the revealing of Christ to those upon whom He will take vengeance:

. . . since it is a righteous thing with God to repay with tribulation those who trouble you, and to give you who are troubled rest with us when the Lord Jesus is revealed from heaven with His mighty angels, in flaming fire taking vengeance on those who do not know God, and on those who do not obey the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ. These shall be punished with everlasting destruction from the presence of the Lord and from the glory of His power, when He comes, in that Day, to be glorified in His saints and to be admired among all those who believe, because our testimony among you was believed. 2Th. 1:7-10 [emphasis added]

We also know, from what the angel previously told John, that “those who are with Him are called, chosen, and faithful” (Rev. 17:14+). This describes believers. Thus, those returning with Christ include both angels and believers, although it may be that only believers are on horses: “A factor which causes hesitation in identifying the armies as angels, however, is the unlikelihood that they would be on white horses as their leader is.”³⁷ See commentary on Revelation 17:14.

The word [armies] is in the plural number, meaning that at least two separate armies will return with Him. One army is known as hosts of the Lord, or the angelic army [Mat. 16:27]. . . . Another army that will return with Jesus is the army of the Church saints who had been raptured previously, . . . [Jude 1:14-15].³⁸

Although it is possible that the plural form, armies, denotes two categories of soldiers, this is not necessarily so because the same force is later referred to as “His army (στρατεύματος [strateumatos] , singular)” (Rev. 19:19+).

Since The 70th Week of Daniel is not over until Christ has returned to earth, it seems that the OT saints have not yet been resurrected (Dan. 12:2). Therefore, they are not a part of the army which rides forth. If the resurrection of the Tribulation saints occurs at the institution of the Millennial Kingdom (“they lived,” Rev. 20:4+)—and the Tribulation has not yet officially ended—neither will they have been resurrected to participate in the army. This infers that the human element of the army is limited to the previously-raptured Church.

clothed in fine linen, white and clean

All the saints, both angels and believers, appear in bright, white attire (Rev. 3:4+; 15:6+). The white clothing of the angels is a reflection of their elect status and the glory of God. The white clothing of the believers indicates the righteousness of Christ which is attributed to them on account of His redeeming blood (Rev. 1:5+; 7:14+). See commentary on Revelation 19:8.

3.19.15 - Revelation 19:15 Open Bible at Rev. 19:15 Listen to Rev. 19:15

Now out of His mouth goes a sharp sword

Out goes is ἐκπορεύεται [ekporeuetai] : it is presently coming out. The MT text has a two-edged sword.

He should strike the nations

He should strike is πατάξῃ [pataxē] : “Strike down, slay.”³⁹ “As inflicting a heavy or fatal blow.”⁴⁰ Nations is ἔθνη [ethnē] which can also be translated Gentiles. With one exception (Rev. 11:2+), the context in the book of Revelation indicates that the Jewish nation is included in this term.⁴¹ Those among Israel who reject Jesus as Messiah will be included among the slain at His Second Coming (Eze. 20:34-38).

If Jesus literally and physically slays His enemies at His Second Coming (Rev. 19:21+), how is it that the sword is figurative—coming out of His mouth? It represents the sword of the Spirit, the word of God: that which God has set forth as His spoken will (Eph. 6:17). Those who are slain meet their doom because they are judged by God’s righteous word (Heb. 4:12). They have consistently violated its precepts and standards and their destruction has been prophesied. In many ways, the action of their slaying is the unavoidable result of what God has said. This is why Jesus slays His enemies with His lips: “He shall strike the earth with the rod of His mouth, and with the breath of His lips He shall slay the wicked” (Isa. 11:4). His mouth is like a sharp sword (Isa. 49:2). Hence, when Antichrist is destroyed, he is consumed “with the breath of [the Lord’s] mouth” (2Th. 2:8). The ultimate reason they are slain is found in God’s testimony—the law written in stone found in the ark of the covenant (Rev. 11:19+; 15:5+). The written law is His word, thus the weapon is said to come forth from His mouth. See commentary on Revelation 1:16.

They are actually slain twice by His word. First, the enemies of Christ are physically killed at His Second Coming (Rev. 19:21+). This is the first death. Next, the enemies of Christ are judged by God’s word before the Great White Throne and cast into the Lake of Fire (Rev. 20:12+). This is the second death. See commentary on Revelation 2:11.

He Himself will rule them with a rod of iron

He Himself will rule is αὐτὸς ποιμανεῖ [autos poimanei] : He, He shall rule. Emphasis is placed upon the identity of the One Who will rule in contrast to the thousands of years during which usurpers and unfit substitutes have clamored for that which alone is His. This is the promised rule of the male child which the woman who fled to the wilderness bore (Rev. 12:5+). See commentary on Revelation 12:5. He shall rule is ποιμανεῖ [poimanei] which speaks of herding, nurturing, or tending as a shepherd. But his initial rule is violent because “they shall be dashed to pieces like the potter’s vessels” (Ps. 2:9):

The LORD said to my Lord, “Sit at My right hand, till I make Your enemies Your footstool.” The LORD shall send the rod of Your strength out of Zion. Rule in the midst of Your enemies! (Ps. 110:1-2)

Revelation indicates that the conquest of evil will be a crisis and not a process, nor will the evil be removed by the gradual improvement of civilization. The outward manifestation of the kingdom will occur only when Christ Himself returns.⁴²

See Trouble Ahead.

Rod is ῥάβδῳ [hrabdō] which can be translated by “rod,” “staff,” or “scepter.”Balaam saw this scepter which was to rise out of Israel: “I see Him, but not now; I behold Him, but not near; a Star shall come out of Jacob; a scepter shall rise out of Israel, and batter the brow of Moab, and destroy all the sons of tumult . . . Out of Jacob One shall have dominion” (Num. 24:17-19). This prophecy of Balaam is widely interpreted of Messiah:

I see him, but not now; I behold him, but he is not near; when a king shall arise out of Jacob and be anointed the Messiah out of Israel. He shall slay the princes of Moab and reign over all mankind.—Targum Onkelos⁴³

I see him, but he is not at the present time, I behold him but he is not near: but when a mighty king of the house of Jacob shall reign, and shall be anointed Messiah, wielding the mighty scepter of Israel. He shall slay the Moabite princes and shall bring to naught all the sons of Seth, the armies of Gog, destined to wage war against Israel, and their dead bodies shall fall before him.—Targum Pseudo-Jonathan⁴⁴

The scepter (rule) of Messiah from the line of Judah is also the subject of the prophecy of Jacob on his deathbed: “The scepter shall not depart from Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his feet, until Shiloh comes; and to Him shall be the obedience of the people” (Gen. 49:10). Shiloh means to Him Whose right it is and refers to Messiah:

The transmission of dominion shall not cease from the house of Judah, nor the scribe from his children’s children, forever, until the Messiah comes. to whom the kingdom belongs, and whom nations shall obey.—Targum Onkelos⁴⁵

THE SCEPTRE [STAFF] SHALL NOT DEPART FROM JUDAH alludes to the Messiah, son of David, who will chastise the State with a staff, as it says, Thou shalt break them with a rod [staff] of iron (Ps. 2:9).—Midrash Rabbah, Genesis XCVII, New Version.⁴⁶

UNTIL SHILOH COMETH: he to whom kingship belongs (shelo). Rather than transliterating into English “Shilo” as though it were a proper name, the Rabbis translated the exact meaning of “Shilo” as “to whom it belongs/pertains.”—Midrash Rabbah, Genesis XCIX, 8-9.⁴⁷

He [the Messiah] will come and set on edge (makheh) the teeth of the nations of the world. . . He will upbraid them and show them how wrongly they had acted.—Midrash Rabbah, Genesis XCVIII, 8.⁴⁸

As was shown to Nebuchadnezzar in his dream and interpreted by Daniel, Messiah smashes all earthly opposition with His rod of iron:

And in the days of these kings the God of heaven will set up a kingdom which shall never be destroyed; and the kingdom shall not be left to other people; it shall break in pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand forever. Inasmuch as you saw that the stone was cut out of the mountain without hands, and that it broke in pieces the iron, the bronze, the clay, the silver, and the gold-the great God has made known to the king what will come to pass after this. The dream is certain, and its interpretation is sure. (Dan. 2:44-45) [emphasis added]

Daniel’s night vision also predicted Messiah’s Second Coming. This is the time when all dominion is handed to the Son of Man and to the saints of the Most High:

I was watching in the night visions, and behold, One like the Son of Man, coming with the clouds of heaven! He came to the Ancient of Days, and they brought Him near before Him. Then to Him was given dominion and glory and a kingdom, that all peoples, nations, and languages should serve Him. His dominion is an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away, and His kingdom the one Which shall not be destroyed. (Dan. 7:13-14)

Then the kingdom and dominion, and the greatness of the kingdoms under the whole heaven, shall be given to the people, the saints of the Most High. His kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and all dominions shall serve and obey Him. (Dan. 7:27)

This is the culminating phase of Nebuchadnezzar’s Dream and Daniel’s Vision, when the Messianic King will finally reign. See The Arrival of God’s Kingdom.

Jesus promised the overcomer in the church of Laodicea that he would co-rule with Christ (Rev. 2:27+). See commentary on Revelation 2:27.

He Himself treads the winepress

He Himself treads is αὐτὸς πατεῖ [autos patei] : He, He is presently treading. As with His rule, His identity as the One Who treads is emphasized. His rule is future tense whereas His treading is present tense. This indicates He is treading the winepress at His Second Coming before He takes up His rule over the nations. This provides further evidence that His rule upon the throne of David begins after His return (Mat. 25:31).

Although the armies of heaven are with Him (Rev. 19:14+, 19+), it appears that He alone does the work of judgment: “I have trodden the winepress alone, and from the peoples no one was with Me. . . . I looked, but there was no one to help, and I wondered that there was no one to help, and I wondered that there was no one to uphold; therefore My own arm brought salvation for Me” [emphasis added] (Isa. 63:3-5).

Isaiah 63:1-6 made it clear that although the armies of saints and angels will return with him, they will not participate in the fighting. Messiah will fight this battle by Himself.⁴⁹

He is responding to the command recorded by Joel: “Come, go down; for the winepress is full, the vats overflow—for their wickedness is great. Multitudes, multitudes in the valley of decision! For the day of the LORD is near in the valley of decision” (Joel 3:13b-14). When John saw Him in His glory, He had feet like fine brass, “as if refined in a furnace” (Rev. 1:15+). This glowing hot feet foreshadow His trampling the winepress in judgment which John sees now. See commentary on Revelation 1:15. See Grapes of Wrath.

of the fierceness and wrath of Almighty God

Fierceness and wrath are τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς ὀργῆς [tou thymou tēs orgēs] .Θυμοῦ [Thymou] describes a shorter-term, intense anger.ὀργῆς [orgēs] refers to a longer-term steady smoldering desire for revenge. See commentary on Revelation 14:10.

Almighty is παντοκράτορος [pantokratoros] . See commentary on Revelation 1:8.

This is the “great winepress of the wrath of God” (Rev. 14:19+). The NU and MT texts have “fierceness of the wrath.”

3.19.16 - Revelation 19:16 Open Bible at Rev. 19:16 Listen to Rev. 19:16

He has on His robe and on His thigh a name written

Thigh is μηρὸν [mēron] : “The part of the leg somewhere above the knee.”⁵⁰ Written is γεγραμμένον [gegrammenon] , perfect tense: having been written. Like the name written that no one knew except Himself (Rev. 19:12+).

KING OF KINGS AND LORD OF LORDS

King of kings is βασιλεὺς βασιλέων [basileus basileōn] . Lord of lords is κύριος κυρίων [kyrios kyriōn] . Each phrase involves two words which have the same lexeme⁵¹ in a relationship indicating the supreme member: the supreme King among kings, the supreme Lord among lords.⁵² This usage is carried over from the OT (Deu. 10:17; Ps. 136:3) and reflects the lack of comparative and superlative forms in Hebrew.⁵³

When the final bowl of judgment is poured forth, then the proclamation attending the sounding of the seventh trumpet will be an accomplished reality: “The kingdoms of this world have become the kingdoms of our Lord and of His Christ, and He shall reign forever and ever!” (Rev. 11:15+).⁵⁴

All the crowns of history will be recognized for what they are: usurpers who were unqualified to rule in the place of Messiah. The dragon had seven heads, each with a crown (Rev. 12:3+). One of the heads had ten horns which were also found on the Beast. Each of the horns had a crown (Rev. 13:1+). The crowned heads on the dragon represent seven world empires. The crowned horns (all on the seventh head) of the Beast represent ten kings at the time of the last Beastly empire. All of these various heads and horns had contested for the position which alone belongs to Christ, the King of kings. Christ will obtain the kingdom, but it will be achieved according to the will of the Father (John 4:34) and not by the avenue offered by Satan (Luke 4:5-8).

The assumption of the rule of the world will likewise bring with it the great desideratum of the race. When Adam was in Eden God was king. In the days of Israel’s greatest triumph it was the same. And until the original Theocracy is restored, and the powers of heaven again take the rulership and control of the nations, there is no peace, no right order for man. There is no earthly blessing like that of good, wise, and righteous government; but there is no such government outside of the government of the Father and the Son. Some are better than others, but none are satisfactory. Men have experimented with power for 6,000 years, and yet there is no department in which there is more disability, corruption, and unsatisfactoriness than in the administrations of government.⁵⁵

Previously, the angel explained to John that Christ would overcome the Beast and his ten kings, “for He is Lord of lords and King of kings” (Rev. 17:14+).

3.19.17 - Revelation 19:17 Open Bible at Rev. 19:17 Listen to Rev. 19:17

standing in the sun

Standing is ἐστῶτα [estōta] , perfect tense: having stood. The angel had taken his position prior to John seeing him. Fausset suggests his position in the sun is “so as to be conspicuous in sight of the whole world.”⁵⁶ “Though some have taken this as a very unusual phenomenon, the most natural explanation is that the angel is standing in the light of the sun with the angel himself possibly shining with even greater brilliance.”⁵⁷

the birds that fly in the midst of heaven

In the midst of heaven is ἐν μεσουρανήματι [en mesouranēmati] : in “the highest point of the sun’s circuit in the sky zenith . . . directly overhead [Rev. 8:13+; 14:6+].”⁵⁸

supper of the great God

Supper is δεῖπνον [deipnon] , the same word which describes the marriage supper of the Lamb. Both suppers are hosted by God, but with dramatically different guests and foods. Those who are slaughtered for this supper share in the curse of Deuteronomy: “Your carcasses shall be food for all the birds of the air and the beasts of the earth, and no one shall frighten them away” (Deu. 28:26). Jesus indicated at His Second Coming there would be great bloodshed upon which birds would feast: “For as the lightning comes from the east and flashes to the west, so also will the coming of the Son of Man be. For wherever the carcass is, there the eagles will be gathered together” (Mat. 24:27-28). Those who are served to the birds following the Campaign of Armageddon suffer the same fate as those taken in judgment “when the Son of Man is revealed”:

“I tell you, in that night there will be two men in one bed: the one will be taken and the other will be left. Two women will be grinding together: the one will be taken and the other left. Two men will be in the field: the one will be taken and the other left.” And they answered and said to Him, “Where, Lord?” So He said to them, “Wherever the body is, there the eagles will be gathered together.” (Luke 17:34-37)

Jesus’ answer to the disciples’ question alluded to a passage in Job:

Does the eagle mount up at your command, and make its nest on high? On the rocks it dwells and resides, on the crag of the rock and the stronghold. From there it spies out the prey; its eyes observe from afar. Its young ones suck up blood; And where the slain are, there it is. (Job 39:27-30) [emphasis added]

3.19.18 - Revelation 19:18 Open Bible at Rev. 19:18 Listen to Rev. 19:18

the flesh of kings, the flesh of captains, the flesh of mighty men . . . free and slave, both small and great

Captains is χιλιάρχων [chiliarchōn] : leaders over a thousand troops. The same word is translated commanders in Revelation 6:15+. These same categories of men previously hid in caves from God’s wrath (Rev. 6:15-17+). See commentary on Revelation 6:15.

Normally, men are to offer up animals in sacrifice to God. Here, as when God judges Gog on the mountains of Israel, He reverses the normal roles and offers up men as a sacrifice to animals (Eze. 39:17-20 cf. Isa. 34:6-7).

Goliath threatened David, “Come to me, and I will give your flesh to the birds of the air and the beasts of the field!” (1S. 17:44). David replied, “This day I will give the carcasses of the camp of the Philistines to the birds of the air and the wild beasts of the earth, that all the earth may know that there is a God in Israel” (1S. 17:46).

The repetition of the word flesh, occurring five times over, flesh, flesh, is very revealing. The race has walked in carnal enmity against God, living after the flesh, and now the day of His patience is at an end.⁵⁹

3.19.19 - Revelation 19:19 Open Bible at Rev. 19:19 Listen to Rev. 19:19

I saw the beast

This is the Beast who rose from the abyss in a miraculous restoration from death and was worshiped by the earth dwellers. See The Beast. See #16 - Beast. See commentary on Revelation 13:1. The angel previously told John, “These [the Beast and the ten kings] will make war with the Lamb, and the Lamb will overcome them” (Rev. 17:14+).

the kings of the earth

Beyond the ten kings allied with the Beast, Scripture mentions “the kings from the east” as well as “the kings of the earth” (Rev. 16:12+, 14+). The Beast and his ten kings destroyed Babylon (Rev. 17:16-18+) while the rest of the kings of the earth lamented her destruction (Rev. 18:9+).

It is these specific kings of history, the kings of the earth at the time of the end, which provide the ultimate fulfillment of Psalm 2: “The kings of the earth set themselves and the rulers take counsel together against the LORD and against His Anointed [Messiah = Christ], saying, ‘Let us break their bonds in pieces and cast away their cords from us’ ” (Ps. 2:2-3). These are the final kings of history who fail to “kiss the Son, lest He be angry” so they “perish in the way” (Ps. 2:12).

gathered together to make war against Him

Gathered together is συνηγμένα [synēgmena] , perfect tense: having already gathered together. This is the gathering which was initiated by the three unclean spirits like frogs “which go out to the kings of the earth and of the whole world, to gather them to the battle of that great day of God Almighty” (Rev. 16:14+). Having unknowingly followed Joel’s instructions, they have beat their plowshares into swords and their pruning hooks into spears (Joel 3:9). This is Gods’ assembly of kingdoms upon which He promised to pour out His indignation and fierce anger (Zep. 3:8). See Campaign of Armageddon.

We may wonder how rational men could be carried with one impulse into an attempt so daring and so absurd; but when people put the truth from them, and submit themselves to the Devil’s lead, what is there of delusion and absurdity into which they are not liable to be carried?⁶⁰

3.19.20 - Revelation 19:20 Open Bible at Rev. 19:20 Listen to Rev. 19:20

the beast was captured

Captured is ἐπιάσθη [epiasthē] : “seize, arrest, take into custody.”⁶¹

and with him the False Prophet who worked signs in his presence

False prophet is ψευδοπροφήτης [pseudoprophētēs] , a compound word made up of ψευδής [pseudēs] (false) and προφήτης [prophētēs] (prophet). This is the second beast which John saw rise up out of the earth (Rev. 13:1+). The False Prophet is found with the Beast because his power can only be exercised in the presence of the Beast (Rev. 13:12+). See commentary on Revelation 13:12. See #18 - False Prophet.

by which he deceived those who received the mark of the beast and worshiped his image

The False Prophet “had two horns like a lamb and spoke like a dragon” (Rev. 13:11+). He was a dragon in lamb’s clothing! See commentary on Revelation 13:11. The main purpose of the False Prophet was to deceive the earth dwellers into worshiping the first Beast who was miraculously restored and to cause them to receive his mark and worship his image (Rev. 13:12-17+). He was empowered by Satan to perform lying signs and wonders for the purpose of “unrighteous deception among those who perish, because they did not receive the love of the truth” (2Th. 2:9). Their rejection of the love of the truth and salvation resulted in the compounding of their deception at the hands of God: “And for this reason God will send them strong delusion, that they should believe the lie, that they all may be condemned who did not believe the truth but had pleasure in unrighteousness” (2Th. 2:11-12).

These two were cast alive into the lake of fire

These two were cast alive is ζῶντες ἐβλήθησαν οἱ δύο [zōntes eblēthēsan hoi dyo] : while living they were thrown, these two. Their being cast alive is emphasized by appearing first in the Greek. The repetition of they ... these also emphasizes the uniqueness of their treatment when compared with all others who reject God. This is also seen in the opening phrase of the next verse. They are given unique treatment. Rather than being killed, they become the only two individuals in history to be cast alive directly into hell (the Lake of Fire)!⁶² Their responsibility as leaders of the great opposition to God in the Tribulation results in their being denied access to stand at the Great White Throne Judgment. This may indicate their torment differs from that of the rest of the unsaved, which is by degrees based on their works. The Beast and False Prophet appear to receive unmitigated torment. See commentary on Revelation 20:11.⁶³

They may also receive this unique treatment in order to serve as a witness to the horrors of eternal damnation. In a passage in Isaiah, which appears to describe the Millennial Kingdom, all flesh goes forth to look upon corpses which appear to be in a location matching the description of the Lake of Fire:

“And it shall come to pass That from one New Moon to another, and from one Sabbath to another, all flesh shall come to worship before Me,” says the LORD. “And they shall go forth and look upon the corpses of the men who have transgressed against Me. For their worm does not die, and their fire is not quenched. They shall be an abhorrence to all flesh.” (Isa. 66:23-24)

This is probably not the eternal state, after the Great White Throne Judgment, when all the unsaved dead have been cast into the Lake of Fire (Rev. 20:15+) because there is mention of New Moons and keeping Sabbath. If so, then the Beast and False Prophet are among the occupants of the Lake of Fire during the Millennial Kingdom.

Today, no one is in the Lake of Fire (hell).⁶⁴ The Lake of Fire becomes populated as follows:

The Beast and the False Prophet are cast alive into the Lake of Fire at the Second Coming of Christ (Rev. 19:20+).

After the Second Coming, immediately prior to the Millennial Kingdom, the non-believing goats among the nations are sent “into the everlasting fire prepared for the devil and his angels” (Mat. 25:41).⁶⁵

The devil is cast into the Lake of Fire at the end of the Millennial Kingdom (Rev. 20:10+). His angels, having been imprisoned in the scorched regions of Babylon and Edom during the Millennial Kingdom (see commentary on Revelation 18:2), are probably also cast into the Lake of Fire at this time (Mat. 25:41).

After the Millennial Kingdom and the Great White Throne Judgment, the unsaved dead, who are not written in the Book of Life, are cast into the Lake of Fire (Rev. 20:15+). These awake from the dust of the earth to everlasting contempt (Dan. 12:2).

Although the Beast and False Prophet are cast while alive into the Lake of Fire, the process results in their death: “I watched then because of the sound of the pompous words which the horn was speaking; I watched till the beast was slain, and its body destroyed and given to the burning flame” (Dan. 7:11). Paul told the church at Thessalonica, “And then the lawless one will be revealed, whom the Lord will consume (ἀνελεῖ [anelei] ) with the breath of His mouth and destroy with the brightness of His coming” (2Th. 2:8). Consume is ἀνελεῖ [anelei] : “take away, do away with, destroy . . . of persons kill, murder, usually in a violent way.”⁶⁶ Since the Lake of Fire only contains individuals and not systems or institutions, their destination provides additional evidence of their identity as individuals.

The contrast between the false overcomer (Rev. 6:2+; 13:7+) and the true overcomers (see Who is the Overcomer?) can now be seen. The Beast overcame physically for a time. Yet, in the end he lost both soul and body in hell. The saints whom he killed lost their physical lives, but their souls were immune to his persecution. “Do not fear those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul. But rather fear Him who is able to destroy both soul and body in hell” (Mat. 10:28).

burning with brimstone

The Lake of Fire continually burns with brimstone, yet its occupants are never consumed. After one thousand years, the Beast and the False Prophet are still there when Satan joins them after his final rebellion (Rev. 20:10+). Everyone has eternal existence, although for the unsaved it is better described as eternal death for they are tormented continually and eternally (Rev. 20:10+). The same breath which destroyed the Beast (2Th. 2:8) also provides a stream of brimstone which kindles their torment (Isa. 30:33). The Lake of Fire provides everlasting torment. It is unquenchable (Mat. 3:12; 25:41, 46; Mark 9:43-46; 2Th. 1:9; 2Pe. 2:17; Jude 1:13; Rev. 14:11+; 20:10+).

3.19.21 - Revelation 19:21 Open Bible at Rev. 19:21 Listen to Rev. 19:21

The rest were killed

The rest emphasizes the unique treatment of the previous two in comparison with these. Unlike the Beast and the False Prophet, the rest of those who war against Christ are killed. Their destination is Hades (Luke 16:22-23) where they undergo immediate torment while awaiting the Great White Throne Judgment (Rev. 20:11+). They will be in Hades awaiting judgment for the one thousand year period of the Millennial Kingdom.

with the sword which proceeded from the mouth of Him who sat on the horse

As we saw earlier, Jesus Himself treads the winepress (Rev. 19:15+) and does all the killing at His Second Coming. The sword proceeding from His mouth is a figure pointing to the word of God as the basis for the death of those who oppose Him. See commentary on Revelation 19:15.

The bloodshed is enormous (Rev. 14:20+):

Now see that I, even I, am He, and there is no God besides Me; I kill and I make alive; I wound and I heal; nor is there any who can deliver from My hand. For I raise My hand to heaven, and say, “As I live forever, if I whet My glittering sword, and My hand takes hold on judgment, I will render vengeance to My enemies, and repay those who hate Me. I will make My arrows drunk with blood, and My sword shall devour flesh, with the blood of the slain and the captives, from the heads of the leaders of the enemy.” (Deu. 32:39-42)

Come near, you nations, to hear; and heed, you people! Let the earth hear, and all that is in it, the world and all things that come forth from it. For the indignation of the Lord is against all nations, and His fury against all their armies; He has utterly destroyed them, He has given them over to the slaughter. Also their slain shall be thrown out; their stench shall rise from their corpses, and the mountains shall be melted with their blood. (Isa. 34:1-3)

See Campaign of Armageddon.

Jesus strikes the nations with the sword (Rev. 19:15+), including unbelievers from the nation of Israel. During the entire period which is Jacob’s Trouble and the Great Tribulation, God has said that two-thirds will be cut off and die with only one-third remaining (Zec. 13:8). As a result, the remaining third will “call on My name, and I will answer them” (Zec. 13:9). This is the horrible reality attending the spiritual regeneration of the nation of Israel (Eze. 37; Rom. 11:25-27). Truly, to whom much is given much is required! Heavy is the responsibility of the chosen nation.⁶⁷ Most of the Jews who survive the Second Coming are found in the special place which God has prepared for them. See Sheep in Bozrah.

It is shortly after this time when Jesus takes up the throne of David and all from among the nations who were not direct participants in the Campaign of Armageddon are gathered before Him. There, He will separate the sheep from the goats and judge their eternal destiny by how they have treated His brethren—the faithful Jews who suffered so terribly during Jacob’s Trouble and the Great Tribulation (Mat. 25:31-46).⁶⁸ Those who demonstrated their faith by providing for His brothers will be given entry into the kingdom, arriving in the kingdom just in time for the marriage feast to follow.

And all the birds were filled with their flesh

They were filled is ἐχορτάσθησαν [echortasthēsan] : “eat one’s fill, be satisfied.”⁶⁹

The most graphic portrayal of Christ’s second coming is found in Revelation 19:11-21+. In this extended passage Jesus Christ is described as leading a procession of angels and saints or armies in heaven to claim the earth, destroy the armies of the world, and defeat the Antichrist and False Prophet. This passage shows that Christ’s return will be one that entails great physical destruction and many deaths. For those who are not Christ’s own, it will be a terrifying and terrible event. For those of us who know Him as Savior, it will be a time of great joy, vindication, and anticipation. . . . Let us remember that for the believer this present life on Earth is the worst things will ever be for us. But, for the unbeliever, this present life will be the best they will ever experience.⁷⁰

People may indulge their unbelief and passions during these days of forbearance and grace, and see no disadvantages growing out of it. They may be angry at our earnestness, and account us croakers and fools when we put before them the demands and threatenings of the Almighty. But “woe to him that striveth with his Maker!” There is a deluge of bottled fury yet to be poured out on them that refuse to know God, and on the families that call not on his name, from which there is no escape, and from whose burning and tempestuous surges there is no deliverance. God help us to be wise, that we come not into that sea of death!⁷¹

Notes

¹ The equivalent phrase, הַלְלוּ־יָהּ [hallû–yāh] , is found in the OT.

² Piel imperative, masculine plural. An intensive command. יָהּ [yāh] is short for יָהוְה [yāhweh] (cf. Ps. 68:4).

³ “In the Hebrew text, it appears at the ends of Psalms 104, 105, 115, 116, 117, at the beginning of Psalms 111 and 112, and at the beginning and end of Psalms 106, 113, 135, and 146.”—Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 8-22 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1995), Rev. 19:1.

⁴ Timothy Friberg, Barbara Friberg, and Neva F. Miller, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2000), 398.

⁵ Ibid., 89.

⁶ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 19:6.

⁷ Ibid., Rev. 21:11.

⁸ Walter Scott, Exposition of The Revelation (London, England: Pickering & Inglis, n.d.), Rev. 19:7.

⁹ John F. Walvoord, The Millennial Kingdom (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1959), 277.

¹⁰ E. W. Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1984, 1935), Rev. 19:6-7.

¹¹ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 19:7.

¹² Donald Grey Barnhouse, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1971), 358.

¹³ J. Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1958), 220-221.

¹⁴ Concerning Jesus as the Lamb in Revelation: Rev. 5:6+, 8+, 12-13+; 6:1+, 16+; 7:9-10+, 14+, 17+; 12:11+; 13:8+; 14:1+, 4+, 10+; 15:3+; 17:14+; 19:7+, 9+; 21:9+, 14+, 22-23+, 27+; 22:1+, 3+.

¹⁵ “That they are invited guests marks them as a distinct group from the church, since a bride would hardly be invited to her own wedding.”—John MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 2000), Rev. 19:7.

¹⁶ Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 351.

¹⁷ Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 228.

¹⁸ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 19:7.

¹⁹ Frederick William Danker and Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 493.

²⁰ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 254.

²¹ Merrill C. Tenney, Interpreting Revelation (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1957), 130-131.

²² Steve Gregg, Revelation Four Views: A Parallel Commentary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1997), 448.

²³ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 19:11.

²⁴ MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 19:12.

²⁵ Some object to rendering the plural עֲטָרוֹת [ʿăṭārôṯ] as crowns. The thought is that it is impractical and out of step with OT practice for more than one crown to be placed upon the head of Joshua. They suggest it should be rendered by the crown (NKJV) and that what was made was a single ornate crown combining both silver and gold and indicating the unification of both the priestly and kingly station. This may be possible, but the natural rendering is the plural crowns. The same interpreters don’t express a similar reluctance to take the crowns as plural in the equivalent statement in the NT: : “on His head were many crowns (διαδηματα [diadēmata] )” (Rev. 19:12+).

²⁶ A. R. Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” in Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997, 1877), Zec. 6:11.

²⁷ Οἶδεν [Oiden] is a perfect tense verb with present tense force. See [Daniel B. Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics - Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House and Galaxie Software, 1999, 2002), 578].

²⁸ “In this case Rev. 19:13+ means a garment dyed in blood (see JAScott, Class. Journal 16, ‘20, 53f for examples of βαπτω [baptō] =’stain’ with blood from Batrachom. 220 and Lucian, Ver. Hist. 18 [2, 38 Teub.]).”—Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 132.

²⁹ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 87.

³⁰ Ibid., 341.

³¹ Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament (Stuttgart, Germany: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1994), Rev. 19:13.

³² Monty S. Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John (Dallas, TX: 3E Ministries, 1987), Rev. 19:13.

³³ Some suggest that mention of blood on His robe requires that it be so stained while He is yet in heaven, before He rides forth. But the entire scene is one of action in-progress. Within two verses of the mention of His robe, He is treading (present tense) the winepress. “The epithet of the garment dipped in blood is proleptic as is the symbolism of the white horse and the white robes of His followers. It looks forward, not backward.”—Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 19:13.

³⁴ Tenney, Interpreting Revelation, 131.

³⁵ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 770.

³⁶ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 357.

³⁷ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, s.v. “Rev. 19;14.”

³⁸ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 352.

³⁹ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 634.

⁴⁰ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 303.

⁴¹ Rev. 2:26+; 5:9+; 7:9+; 10:11+; 11:2+, 9+, 18+; 12:5+; 13:7+; 14:6+, 8+; 15:4+; 16:19+; 17:15+; 18:3+, 23+; 19:15+; 20:3+, 8+; 21:24+, 26+; 22:2+.

⁴² Tenney, Interpreting Revelation, 164.

⁴³ Tom Huckel, The Rabbinic Messiah (Philadelphia, PA: Hananeel House, 1998), Num. 24:7.

⁴⁴ Ibid.

⁴⁵ Ibid., Gen. 49:10.

⁴⁶ Ibid.

⁴⁷ Ibid.

⁴⁸ Ibid.

⁴⁹ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 352.

⁵⁰ James Swanson, Dictionary of Biblical Languages With Semantic Domains : Greek (New Testament), electronic ed. (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1997), G3382.

⁵¹ “Lexeme: n. A minimal unit in the semantic system of a language; the words listed in a lexicon, as opposed to all the grammatical variants that the lexeme can produce (buy in relation to buys, bought, buying, buyer, etc.).”—Matthew DeMoss, Pocket Dictionary for the Study of New Testament Greek (Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity Press, 2001), 79.

⁵² “A further subset of the genitive of subordination category might be ‘the genitive in relation to a par excellence noun’ (though, at times, the nuances depart some from the subordination notion). That is, rarely a genitive indicates the class of which the head noun is the supreme member. When this occurs, both head noun and genitive noun have the same lexeme. For example, note βασιλεὺς βασιλέων [basileus basileōn] in Rev. 19:16+; ἅγια ἁγίων [hagia hagiōn] in Heb. 9:3 (where the meaning is not strictly speaking that of subordination, just par excellence).”—Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics - Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament, 103.

⁵³ “Since Hebrew lacked the comparative and superlative forms, some sort of circumlocution was necessary to suggest this notion. Often a genitive having the same lexeme as the head noun (or adj.) was so used, as here. Such expressions were rare in Greek; most in the NT are due to Semitic influence and many are stock phrases from the OT.”—Ibid., 298.

⁵⁴ The MT and NU texts have kingdom rather than kingdoms: “The kingdom of the world has become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ, and He shall reign forever and ever” (Rev. 11:15+). See commentary on Revelation 11:15.

⁵⁵ J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 423.

⁵⁶ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 19:17.

⁵⁷ John F. Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1966), Rev. 19:17.

⁵⁸ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 259.

⁵⁹ Barnhouse, Revelation, 360.

⁶⁰ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 440.

⁶¹ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 657.

⁶² The Lake of Fire is what is often called hell. Unfortunately, there is some confusion on this matter because the KJV also translates Hades as hell. Hades is a holding place of torment for the unsaved between their death and the Great White Throne Judgment (Rev. 20:13+). It is not the final destination of the unsaved dead. After judgment, the unsaved dead are cast into the Lake of Fire, their final abode called “the second death” (Rev. 20:14+).

⁶³ [Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 19:20] suggests that both the Beast and the False Prophet are cast alive into the Lake of Fire because they ascended from the abyss and can no longer be slain as mortals. But Scripture says nothing about the False Prophet ascending from the abyss. Nor does the miraculous restoration of the Beast necessitate the conclusion that he cannot subsequently die.

⁶⁴ The unsaved dead are currently in Hades, a temporary holding place of torment (Luke 16:22-23) until they stand in judgment following the Millennial Kingdom (Rev. 20:12-13+).

⁶⁵ These are among the irredeemable Beast Worshipers.

⁶⁶ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 49.

⁶⁷ Concerning Israel as the chosen nation: Ex. 3:7, 15, 18; Ex. 6:6; 19:5-6; Lev. 20:26; Deu. 4:34, 37; 7:6-8; 10:15; 14:2; 26:18-19; 2S. 7:23; 1K. 8:53; 1Chr. 16:13; 17:21; Ps. 105:6; 106:6-7; 135:4; Isa. 41:8; 43:1, 10; 44:1; 45:4; Jer. 10:16; Mat. 24:22; Rom. 9:4; 11:5.

⁶⁸ Some try to make His brethren mean the redeemed in general. But this has the fatal objection of being unable to explain who the sheep are. If His brethren are the redeemed and the sheep inherit the kingdom (Mat. 25:34), then the sheep must be the redeemed as well and the distinction collapses. The Jewish context of Matthew 24 and 25 indicate that His brethren are the Jews of the Tribulation, among them the 144,000 sealed of God (Rev. 7:4+).

⁶⁹ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 883.

⁷⁰ Thomas Ice, “Some Glorious and Incomparable Promises of the Bible,” Pre-Tribe Perspectives, vol. 8 no. 10, February 2004, p. 5.

⁷¹ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 443.

3.16 - Revelation 16

3.16.1 - Revelation 16:1 Open Bible at Rev. 16:1 Listen to Rev. 16:1

In the previous chapter, John saw the seven angels having the seven last plagues wherein the wrath of God is complete (Rev. 15:1+). He was also shown those who had overcome the Beast and had refused to worship him or take his mark. These were undoubtedly martyred, filling up the cup of God’s wrath even further. The angels have been given the seven bowls of the wrath of God, and God has shut Himself within the Temple to be alone, undisturbed during the pouring forth of the bowls.

Now the scene depicts the actual pouring forth of the seven bowls upon the earth below. As each bowl is poured out, those on the earth receive a plague. Since the wrath of God is complete in these seven bowls, they span the remainder of the Tribulation period up until its end, when Christ returns and overthrows the enemies of God in the Campaign of Armageddon. Even though this chapter concludes with the pouring forth of the seventh bowl, at which the work of God’s wrath is complete, John’s vision will not be complete. For three more chapters (Revelation 17+, 18+, and 19+) remain within which John is shown details attending the judgments associated with these bowls culminating in the Second Coming of Christ and the binding of Satan prior to the Millennial Kingdom (Rev. 20:1-3+).

The primary purposes of the seven bowl judgments are: (1) to pour out God’s righteous wrath in judgment of the earth dwellers; (2) to graphically demonstrate the unrepentant nature of the earth dwellers who are already doomed by the mark they have taken (Rev. 14:9-11+). Whereas the trumpet judgments were partial and intended to produce repentance, the bowl judgments are completely punitive, the earth dwellers having passed the point of possible return.

a loud voice from the temple

Temple is ναοῦ [naou] , which generally describes the inner sanctuary. See commentary on Revelation 11:1. In the previous verse, the shekinah glory of God filled the Temple and no one could enter until the plagues were completed (Rev. 15:8+). Thus, this voice can only be that of God Himself. His voice is also heard announcing, “It is done!” at the completion of the pouring forth of the seven bowls (Rev. 16:17+). The angels had previously received their instructions from God’s throne within the Temple (Rev. 15:5+ cf. Rev. 16:17+). Now he gives the command to carry through with their assignment.

saying to the seven angels

These are the seven angels which were given seven bowls containing God’s wrath by the living creature. See commentary on Revelation 15:1.

go and pour out

Υʽπάγετε και ἐκξέετε [Hypagete kai ekxeete] , an imperative command, You all go and pour out! Numerous passages describe God’s judgment in terms of pouring out His indignation, fury, and wrath. This is no accident, for He has known all along that the bowl judgments would be the final in the sequence of judgments at the time of the end.

The psalmist decries the overthrow of Jerusalem by the nations, and asks God to pour out His wrath on the nations who do not know Him nor call upon His name:

O God, the nations have come into Your inheritance; Your holy temple they have defiled; they have laid Jerusalem in heaps. The dead bodies of Your servants they have given as food for the birds of the heavens, the flesh of Your saints to the beasts of the earth. Their blood they have shed like water all around Jerusalem, and there was no one to bury them. We have become a reproach to our neighbors, a scorn and derision to those who are around us. How long, LORD? Will You be angry forever? Will Your jealousy burn like fire? Pour out Your wrath on the nations that do not know You, and on the kingdoms that do not call on Your name. For they have devoured Jacob, and laid waste his dwelling place. (Ps. 79:1-7) [emphasis added]

“While Jerusalem more than once has experienced such desolations (under the Babylonians, Greeks, and Romans), these calamities in their prophetic aspect still point to that final and cataclysmic disaster that is yet to fall upon the city (Dan. 9:27; Zec. 14:12; Mat. 24:15; 2Th. 2:4; Rev. 11:1-3+; 13:11-18+).”¹ Jeremiah records a similar request:

Pour out Your fury on the Gentiles, who do not know You, and on the families who do not call on Your name; for they have eaten up Jacob, devoured him and consumed him, and made his dwelling place desolate. (Jer. 10:25) [emphasis added]

As in the Babylonian and Roman desolations of Jerusalem in history past, so shall desolation occur at the time of the end, in the middle of Daniel’s 70th Week. The “desolating one,”² the Antichrist, shall have judgment poured out upon him:³

Then he shall confirm a covenant with many for one week; but in the middle of the week He shall bring an end to sacrifice and offering. And on the wing of abominations shall be one who makes desolate, even until the consummation, which is determined, is poured out on the desolate. (Dan. 9:27) [emphasis added]

Zephaniah spoke concerning Israel’s lack of fear of God indicating a future time when God would pour His indignation upon the nations—thus gaining Israel’s attention and respect at the time of the end.

“Therefore wait for Me,” says the Lord, “Until the day I rise up for plunder; My determination is to gather the nations to My assembly of kingdoms, to pour on them My indignation, all My fierce anger; all the earth shall be devoured with the fire of My jealousy. For then I will restore to the peoples a pure language, that they all may call on the name of the Lord, to serve Him with one accord.” (Zep. 3:8-9) [emphasis added]

bowls of the wrath of God

These final seven judgments are especially severe and represent the final pouring forth of God’s wrath. The prime recipient of God’s wrath are those who worship the Beast (Rev. 14:10+ cf. Rev. 16:2+, 10+). See commentary on Revelation 15:1.

The mills of God grind slowly, but they grind exceeding fine, and the last of the grist is now to go through. The machinery of judgment has been set in motion, and the Creator Himself has said that it shall not be arrested until the last plagues of His wrath are finished.⁴

Because the bowl judgments, representing the final outpouring of God’s wrath prior to the Millennial Kingdom, are so severe, many have been unwilling to take them as describing literal events. As we have observed elsewhere, when one cuts the tether of literal interpretation, all manner of strange understandings result and it is nearly impossible for the actual text to adequately constrain the imagination of the interpreter. Also, it becomes impossible for God to describe cataclysmic judgments even if He wanted to, for interpreters would be forever reinterpreting them as symbolism or allegory. We believe the details given in the descriptions of the judgments point strongly in the direction of a literal interpretation:

These seven Vials and their effects we take to be literal; . . . They belong to no figures of speech. The language is clear and precise. There is nothing beyond our faith, though there may be beyond our reason. True, they are supernatural, but not unnatural. In the plagues of Egypt, which all take to be literal, we have many judgments exactly similar. Indeed, six out of the seven Vials are just the same as the plagues of Egypt, and God has again and again declared that their final judgments should be like, yea, should be worse than those (Ex. 34:10). . . . In the face of this, is it not strange that these Vials should ever be taken to mean: The first, the French Revolution; and the “sores” its infidelity, etc. The second, the naval wars of the French Revolution; The third, Napoleon’s campaign in Italy; The fourth, Napoleon’s military tyranny, etc., etc.? It is a waste of precious time and space even to chronicle such interpretations.⁵

So far as the naval battles of the French Revolution affected the sea [at the pouring of the second bowl], they killed nothing of the living things therein, but fattened them, and scarcely stained a single wave; so far were they from turning all the ocean’s waters into bloody clots.⁶

on the earth

Like previous judgments in the series of seals, trumpets, bowls, these target those living upon the earth at the time of the end, the Earth Dwellers. “Behold, the day of the Lord comes, Cruel, with both wrath and fierce anger, To lay the land desolate; And He will destroy its sinners from it” (Isa. 13:9).

3.16.2 - Revelation 16:2 Open Bible at Rev. 16:2 Listen to Rev. 16:2

foul and loathsome sore

Ἕλκος κακὸν καὶ πονηρὸν [Helkos kakon kai ponēron] . Sore, is ἕλκος [helkos] meaning: “Strictly wound; by metonymy ulcer, ulcerated sore, abscess.”⁷ Foul is κακὸν [kakon] , which in this context means “dangerous, pernicious . . . harmful.”⁸ Loathsome is πονηρὸν [ponēron] , meaning “painful, virulent, serious.”⁹ Thus, God strikes them with dangerous and pernicious, painful and virulent wound-like ulcers or abscesses.The Beast worshipers experience a similar condition to that of Job when he was struck with boils by Satan (Job 2:7). The plague which strikes the Beast worshipers is like that which Aaron and Moses caused upon the men and beasts of Egypt (Ex. 9:8-11). God promised to strike Israel with similar boils if they continued in disobedience toward Him (Deu. 28:27, 35), but also to strike their enemies if they returned and were obedient to Him (Deu. 7:15). God describes the similar plague with which He struck Egypt: “Tumors, with the scab, and with the itch, from which you cannot be healed” (Deu. 28:27). The sores will not only be painful, but they will be extremely irritating because of their itch and refusal to heal.“Lilje comments that those who once bore the mark of the beast are now visited by ‘marks’ of God.”¹⁰ See The Plagues of Egypt and the Tribulation.

came upon the men who had the mark of the beast and those who worshiped his image

Not two categories of people, but two ways of describing the same group. They are the enemies of God during the Tribulation, much as Egypt was the enemy of Israel (and God) during the Exodus. Their worship of the Beast and his image violates the second commandment, written on stone—the “testimony” in the ark of the covenant in the tabernacle which was mentioned just a few verses before (Rev. 15:5+): “You shall not make for yourself a carved image . . . you shall not bow down to them nor serve them” (Ex. 20:4). See commentary on Revelation 13:15, Revelation 13:16, and Revelation 14:9.

3.16.3 - Revelation 16:3 Open Bible at Rev. 16:3 Listen to Rev. 16:3

blood as of a dead man

Αἷμα ὡς νεκροῦ [Haima hōs nekrou] , blood as (a) dead (one). In the judgment of the second trumpet, a third of the sea became blood and a third of the living creatures in the sea died. See commentary on Revelation 8:8. Now, the remainder of the sea becomes blood, but not just blood, lifeless blood. Scripture indicates that the “life of the flesh is in the blood” (Lev. 17:11). Blood “banks” and “bloodmobiles” in our own day attest to this truth recorded by Scripture long before the medical discoveries of our time. The blood is the essential system by which nutrients arrive and waste is removed.

every living creature in the sea died

Now, the essential life-supporting mechanisms within the sea, the basis of the food chain, are destroyed. As in Egypt, the animal life within the water dies (Ex. 7:18, 21; Ps. 105:29). See The Plagues of Egypt and the Tribulation.“Imagine the chaos: all the dead marine life lying feet deep on the shores of the world and rotting there. The loss of marine life as a food source will be devastating after the destruction of vegetation that will occur as a result of Rev. 8:7+.”¹¹

3.16.4 - Revelation 16:4 Open Bible at Rev. 16:4 Listen to Rev. 16:4

they became blood

In the judgment of the third trumpet, a third of the rivers and springs of water became wormwood. See commentary on Revelation 8:10. The parallels between the second and third trumpet judgments and the second and third bowl judgments are striking. Nevertheless, they are different both in quantity (one-third versus all) and quality (blood versus wormwood). Similarity does not make identity. The bowl judgments do not recapitulate the trumpet judgements.

Overly subtle interpretations in the interest of recapitulation overlook the distinct differences between the two series. Among the more important are: (1) the trumpet-plagues are partial in their effect (one-third of the earth is burned, Rev. 8:7+; one-third of the sea becomes blood, Rev. 8:8+; see also Rev. 8:9-12+) while the bowls are universal (“every living soul died,” Rev. 16:3+; “every island fled away,” Rev. 16:20+) and final; (2) the trumpets are to a certain extent a call to repentance while the bowls are the pouring out of divine wrath; and (3) man is affected indirectly by the first four trumpets but is directly attacked from the outset by the bowls. It should also be noticed that the bowls are poured out in rapid succession with the customary interlude between the sixth and seventh elements of the sequence missing.¹²

See Literary Structure.

There is a close similarity between this judgment and that which afflicted Egypt prior to the Exodus when the rivers and streams of Egypt were turned to blood (Ex. 7:20). See The Plagues of Egypt and the Tribulation.

That, then, which has always been the symbol of salvation in the midst of life, becomes the symbol of condemnation in the midst of death. But now, the seas are turned to blood; the fish die; the winds of God blow death over all the earth. They had refused the salvation that would have come to them from the blood of the One who is Life; they now receive condemnation from the blood that symbolizes death.¹³

The destruction of what is left of the earth’s fresh water will cause unthinkable hardship and suffering. There will be no water to drink; no clean water to wash the oozing sores caused by the first bowl judgment; no water to bring cooling relief from the scorching heat that the fourth bowl judgment will shortly bring. The scene is so unimaginably horrible that people will wonder how a God of compassion, mercy, and grace could send such a judgment. And so there is a brief interlude in the pouring out of the judgments while an angel speaks in God’s defense.¹⁴

3.16.5 - Revelation 16:5 Open Bible at Rev. 16:5 Listen to Rev. 16:5

the angel of the waters

The angel who had poured forth the third bowl in the previous verse.¹⁵

You are righteous, O Lord . . . because You have judged

The angel proclaims God’s righteousness because He has judged. God is righteous because He alone possesses the perfect balance between grace and judgment. “The LORD is righteous in all His ways, gracious in all His works” (Ps. 145:17). “Righteous are You, O LORD, and upright are Your judgments” (Ps. 119:137). Because God is not willing that any should perish, He extends His patience and grace while horrible sin continues to abound on the earth. Because God is righteous, there will come a day when He must act against sin and bring judgment. We often confuse the relative calm of our own day for meekness and mildness on the part of God. In truth, God never changes and the strength which He acts against sin at the time of the end reflects the intensity He holds even now toward that which we often have a cavalier attitude toward.

who is and who was and who is to be

Ὁ ω῍ν καὶ ὁ ἦν, καὶ ἐσόμενος [Ho ōn kai ho ēn, kai esomenos] , the one who is and the “he was,” and the one to be. This unusual construction is likely a Hebraism. For a discussion of a closely-related grammatical phrase, see commentary on Revelation 1:4. Here, the future tense participle is based on the verb ειμι [eimi] , “to be,” whereas in Revelation 1:4+ it is based on the verb ἐρχομαι [erchomai] , “to come.” There, the emphasis is on His impending arrival. Here, upon his eternality. Most other manuscripts, including the majority of those in the MT text family and the NU text, have ὁ ο῝σιος [ho hosios] , “the holy,” instead of ἐσόμενος [esomenos] , “the one to be.”

3.16.6 - Revelation 16:6 Open Bible at Rev. 16:6 Listen to Rev. 16:6

they have shed the blood of saints and prophets

Those who had shed the blood of saints and prophets are the “peoples, multitudes, nations, and tongues” upon which the Harlot sits (Rev. 17:15+) for she is “drunk with the blood of the saints and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus” (Rev. 17:6+). The godless have shed the blood of saints and prophets throughout history (1K. 18:4; 19:4; 2K. 24:4; 2Chr. 24:21; Ps. 79:1-4; Jer. 2:30; Jer. 26:23; Lam. 4:13). At the First Coming of Christ, Israel was especially guilty of shedding the blood of her own righteous (Mat. 21:35-36; 23:35; Luke 11:49-53). Since the rejection of Messiah Jesus and the going forth of the gospel to the whole world, over 1900 years have transpired and the toll of the shed blood of the saints has escalated dramatically. It has been said in our own century that more have died for the cause of Christ than any previous century. Yet the persecutions of history will pale in comparison with that which befalls the saints in the Tribulation when the Beast (Dan. 7:21, 25; Rev. 13:7+, 10+), his image (Rev. 13:15+), and the Harlot (Rev. 17:6+; 19:2+) all slaughter the saints during Satan’s final attempt to overthrow the plan of God (Rev. 12:17+). This is why the book of Revelation has always been precious to the persecuted Church, for its pages are sprinkled with the blood of martyrs (Rev. 6:9-10+; 7:14+; 11:7+; 12:11+, 17+; 15:2+; 20:4+). See #20 - Saints.

You have given them blood to drink

Because they have shed the blood of the saints and prophets, in a wry twist of God’s hand of judgment, He gives them literal blood to drink. This is similar to how He stones those who are guilty of blasphemy. See commentary on Revelation 16:21.

I will feed those who oppress you with their own flesh, and they shall be drunk with their own blood as with sweet wine. All flesh shall know that I, the LORD, am your Savior, and your Redeemer, the Mighty One of Jacob. (Isa. 49:26) [emphasis added]

For it is their just due

Ἄξιοι γάρ εἰσι [Axioi gar eisi] , For worthy they are. By their works, they have demonstrated their worthiness of this righteous punishment.

3.16.7 - Revelation 16:7 Open Bible at Rev. 16:7 Listen to Rev. 16:7

I heard another from the altar saying

Probably the angel which officiated at the altar and offered the prayers of the saints (Rev. 8:3-4+ cf. Rev. 14:18+) including those of the martyrs John saw under the altar following the opening of the fifth seal (Rev. 6:9+). He is in agreement with giving the earth dwellers blood to drink, for he attends the altar where the martyrs cry for vengeance. They are among those whose blood was shed. The NU and MT texts omit another.“The Altar is either personified (for the prayers of the saints are upon it; and the martyrs are beneath it); or the words ‘[the angel of] the Altar’ must be supplied.”¹⁶

Almighty

Παντοκράτωρ [Pantokratōr] , see commentary on Revelation 1:8.

true and righteous are Your judgments

God’s righteous judgment is seen in His patient interaction with Abraham prior to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah where Abraham questioned God. “Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right?” (Gen. 18:25). Rather than being a blasphemous questioning of God’s inscrutable will, the passage serves as an intentional illustration of His just nature and righteous judgment. Not only are the Father’s judgments true and righteous during the pouring forth of the seven bowls, but upon the commencement of the Millennial Kingdom, the Son’s rule will be the same:

Of the increase of His government and peace There will be no end, upon the throne of David and over His kingdom, to order it and establish it with judgment and justice from that time forward, even forever. The zeal of the LORD of hosts will perform this. (Isa. 9:7)

The righteous nature of God’s judgment is taken up by Paul in his argument defending the sovereignty of God in election (Rom. 9:14-24). In fact, God’s judgment is required by His righteousness (2Th. 1:6), for if He were to forever delay judgment, then He would be in violation of His own righteous nature. For God to forego judgment when it is due is as impossible as it is for the Holy One to lie.

3.16.8 - Revelation 16:8 Open Bible at Rev. 16:8 Listen to Rev. 16:8

the fourth angel poured out his bowl on the sun

Again, we see similarities between the bowl and trumpet judgments. In the fourth trumpet judgment “a third of the sun was struck” (Rev. 8:12+). But the fourth trumpet also targeted the moon and stars, whereas the fourth bowl only affects the sun. This alternation in the sun’s normal operation will serve as one of many “signs in the sun, in the moon, and in the stars” during the time of the end (Luke 21:25). See commentary on Revelation 6:12.

to scorch men with fire

To scorch is καυματίσαι [kaumatisai] , to “be burned, be scorched of plants withering in the heat (Mat. 13:6).”¹⁷ The intense heat they endure is an indication of judgment (Rev. 14:18+). Those John saw coming out of the Great Tribulation “shall neither hunger anymore nor thirst anymore; the sun shall not strike them, nor any heat” (Rev. 7:16+). Although this may refer to tribulation in general, the possibility exists that it may also speak about the relief provided to those saints who lived on the earth at the time of the sun’s increased intensity prior to their martyrdom.¹⁸ See commentary on Revelation 7:16.

One purpose in God striking the sun is found in the ages-long idolatry of men where they have worshiped the sun, moon, and stars rather than acknowledging their Creator. Thus, that which men have worshiped now becomes the source of their curse.¹⁹ “Men are to be taught that the very things in which they have trusted or to which they have given their worship are to be the sources of their most terrible punishments.”²⁰

Another serious consequence of the sun’s intense heat will be the melting of the polar ice caps. The resulting rise in the oceans’ water level will inundate coastal regions, flooding areas miles inland with the noxious waters of the dead oceans. Widespread damage and loss of life will accompany that flooding, adding further to the unspeakable misery of the devastated planet. Transportation by sea will become impossible.²¹

3.16.9 - Revelation 16:9 Open Bible at Rev. 16:9 Listen to Rev. 16:9

and men were scorched with great heat

Isaiah was given a glimpse of this time upon the earth:

Behold, the LORD makes the earth empty and makes it waste, distorts its surface and scatters abroad its inhabitants. And it shall be: as with the people, so with the priest; as with the servant, so with his master; as with the maid, so with her mistress; as with the buyer, so with the seller; as with the lender, so with the borrower; as with the creditor, so with the debtor. The land shall be entirely emptied and utterly plundered, for the LORD has spoken this word. The earth mourns and fades away, the world languishes and fades away; the haughty people of the earth languish. The earth is also defiled under its inhabitants, because they have transgressed the laws, changed the ordinance, broken the everlasting covenant. Therefore the curse has devoured the earth, and those who dwell in it are desolate. Therefore the inhabitants of the earth are burned, and few men are left. The new wine fails, the vine languishes, all the merry-hearted sigh. The mirth of the tambourine ceases, the noise of the jubilant ends, the joy of the harp ceases. They shall not drink wine with a song; strong drink is bitter to those who drink it. The city of confusion is broken down; every house is shut up, so that none may go in. There is a cry for wine in the streets, all joy is darkened, the mirth of the land is gone. In the city desolation is left, and the gate is stricken with destruction. When it shall be thus in the midst of the land among the people, it shall be like the shaking of an olive tree, Like the gleaning of grapes when the vintage is done. (Isa. 24:1-13 cf. Mal. 4:1) [emphasis added]

The conditions experienced by those beneath the bowl judgments is uniform. Position and status will be no refuge from desolate conditions. Although “burned” in these passages may refer to God’s consuming wrath,²² given the context of the time of the end, it may also refer to the effects of the great heat upon agriculture: “The new wine fails, the vine languishes.”

they blasphemed the name of God . . . and they did not repent

Here again is recorded the unrepentant nature of the earth dwellers of the time of the end. Even in the face of overwhelming evidence of the reality and power of God, their hearts are so set against Him in hatred that all they can do is continue their pattern of cursing in response to His intervention in their lives (Rev. 16:9+, 11+, 21+). Those who have taken the mark are irredeemable (Rev. 14:9-11+) for God knows that they, like Jezebel in the church of Thyatira (Rev. 2:21+) will not repent (Rev. 9:20-21+). Instead, they follow in the ways of the one whom they worship (Rev. 13:5-6+; 17:3+).

God’s testing is not always to elicit a repentant response. When those being tested have passed the point of return, God continues to test them to provide abundant witness of their unwillingness and inability to return (Rom. 1:26, 28). This is one purpose for this “hour of trial which shall come upon the whole world, to test those who dwell on the earth” (Rev. 3:10+). In the same way the Holy Spirit led Jesus into the wilderness to show Who He was, so now God tests those who have already taken the mark and are beyond redemption (Rev. 14:9-10+). Like Pharaoh, their consistent response is not to change their mind but to harden their heart (Ex. 8:15; 9:34-35). Each time they respond in blasphemy, they unwittingly underwrite and testify of the justice of God’s judgment. See Beast Worshipers are Unique.

Long ago, an angel described these at the time of the end:

And he said, “Go your way, Daniel, for the words are closed up and sealed till the time of the end. Many shall be purified, made white, and refined, but the wicked shall do wickedly; and none of the wicked shall understand, but the wise shall understand.” (Dan. 12:9-10) [emphasis added]

A similar theme is expressed to John by an angel at the end of this book. “He who is unjust, let him be unjust still; he who is filthy, let him be filthy still” (Rev. 22:11+). God’s judgments will not result in repentance for these: “Though you grind a fool in a mortar with a pestle along with crushed grain, yet his foolishness will not depart from him” (Pr. 27:22).

3.16.10 - Revelation 16:10 Open Bible at Rev. 16:10 Listen to Rev. 16:10

on the throne of the beast

Like the first bowl, the fifth bowl specifically targets those within the kingdom of the Beast. Unlike the first bowl which affects all men who took his mark, this bowl is designated for the throne of the Beast, and his kingdom becomes full of darkness. This may imply a focus upon the leadership of his kingdom—the Beast himself and those in the higher echelons of his realm. Or it could mean all those under his mark. His throne was obtained from Satan. See commentary on Revelation 13:2. He is both a ruler, the little horn (Dan. 7:8) and Eighth Head (Rev. 17:11+), and a kingdom, the Terrible Beast (Dan. 7:7; Rev. 13:2+). See Beasts, Heads, and Horns.“If the literal Babylon is to be rebuilt, it may already have become the place of the throne of Satan by the time that is in view here under the fifth bowl.”²³ “The Beast is a man (Rev. 13:18+); therefore his throne is in a definite place: rebuilt Babylon on the Euphrates, we believe,—Satan’s ancient capital, in the ‘land of Shinar,’ where ‘wickedness’ is to be set on its base in the end-time (Zec. 5:5-10).”²⁴

his kingdom became full of darkness

Now the kingdom of the Beast is struck with a plague reminiscent of that which struck Pharaoh at the hand of Moses:

Then the LORD said to Moses, “Stretch out your hand toward heaven, that there may be darkness over the land of Egypt, darkness which may even be felt.” So Moses stretched out his hand toward heaven, and there was thick darkness in all the land of Egypt three days. They did not see one another; nor did anyone rise from his place for three days. But all the children of Israel had light in their dwellings. (Ex. 10:21-23)

“The transition from the fourth to the fifth bowls is most striking. The one had been the fiery, scorching, blinding brightness of the sun; the next is an impenetrable darkness.”²⁵ Although the throne of the Beast is empowered by Lucifer,²⁶ the shining one, the son of the dawn (הֵילֵל בֶּן־שַׁחַר [hêlēl ben–šaḥar] , Isa. 14:12), he is helpless to illumine the God-imposed darkness. See The Plagues of Egypt and the Tribulation.

they gnawed their tongues because of the pain

Pain is πόνου [ponou] which includes “affliction, anguish.”²⁷ The darkness with which they are afflicted is more than just lack of light as in the Egyptian plague, but also seems to involve other means of affliction which result in intense pain, perhaps similar to that experienced at the hand of the demonic locusts, although that judgment was broader than upon the Beast’s throne and kingdom (Rev. 9:5-6+).“They meditate revenge and are unable to effect it; hence their frenzy [Grotius]. Those in anguish, mental and bodily, bite their lips and tongues.”²⁸ “The people who suffer these plagues bit their tongues, chew them, gnaw them, as their best diversion from their misery. Their tongues have spoken blasphemies, and they themselves thus punish them.”²⁹

3.16.11 - Revelation 16:11 Open Bible at Rev. 16:11 Listen to Rev. 16:11

They blasphemed the God of heaven

Again they fail an opportunity to repent. With the same tongues they gnaw, they continue to blaspheme God. See commentary on Revelation 16:9. Because they are guilty of blasphemy, God will stone them. See commentary on Revelation 16:21.

their pains and their sores

The pains were inflicted by the fifth bowl (Rev. 16:10+) and the sores by the first bowl (Rev. 16:2+).

did not repent of their deeds

See commentary on Revelation 9:21.

3.16.12 - Revelation 16:12 Open Bible at Rev. 16:12 Listen to Rev. 16:12

the great river Euphrates and its water was dried up

At the sounding of the sixth trumpet, the second woe, four angels were released who had previous been bound at “the great river Euphrates.” Because both this and the sixth trumpet are the sixth in a series of seven judgments, and because they both are associated with the river Euphrates, some have suggested a correspondence, as if the sixth bowl recapitulates the sixth trumpet. Although there are similarities, there are also significant differences. The release of the four angels during the sixth trumpet lead to the attack by the myriads of demonic horsemen which killed one-third of mankind. No such effect is mentioned here. Instead, the Euphrates is dried up so that kings from the east may cross to the west. Their movement is associated with the Campaign of Armageddon and, unlike the demonic horsemen of the sixth trumpet, their intent is not the slaughter of mankind in general. Moreover, the sounding of the sixth trumpet (Rev. 9:13+) preceded the sounding of the seventh trumpet (Rev. 11:15+), under which these bowl judgments subsequently come forth. Therefore, the two events are also separated in time. See commentary on Revelation 9:14. See Sequential Events.

The Euphrates is one of the oldest rivers of history, being one of the four rivers which was fed from Eden in the pre-flood world (Gen. 2:10).³⁰ The Euphrates was one of the boundaries of the Promised Land which God gave to Abraham and his descendants (Gen. 15:18; Deu. 1:7; Jos. 1:4). According to Herodotus, Babylon was overthrown when Cyrus diverted the Euphrates allowing the Persians to wade into the city unexpected.³¹ This may be the near-term reference of Jeremiah: “A drought is against her waters, and they will be dried up” (Jer. 50:38), which may also speak of the ultimate Day of the Lord drying up of the Euphrates described here. The Euphrates is mentioned because the events of the Tribulation involve the literal city of Babylon on its banks.

Its flood plain was the site of the first human city (Babel) after the great Flood and it was the site of Nebuchadnezzar’s magnificent capital city Babylon in the days of Daniel the prophet. On its shores will apparently be erected the even more magnificent New Babylon to serve as the capital of the beast in his brief but unprecedented worldwide reign in the great tribulation.³²

See The Identity of Babylon.

Isaiah saw this event:

He will set up a banner for the nations, and will assemble the outcasts of Israel, and gather together the dispersed of Judah from the four corners of the earth. Also the envy of Ephraim shall depart, and the adversaries of Judah shall be cut off; Ephraim shall not envy Judah, and Judah shall not harass Ephraim. But they shall fly down upon the shoulder of the Philistines toward the west; together they shall plunder the people of the East; they shall lay their hand on Edom and Moab; and the people of Ammon shall obey them. The LORD will utterly destroy the tongue of the Sea of Egypt; with His mighty wind He will shake His fist over the River, and strike it in the seven streams, and make men cross over dry-shod. There will be a highway for the remnant of His people who will be left from Assyria, as it was for Israel in the day that he came up from the land of Egypt. (Isa. 11:12-16)

The restoration from Babylon can scarcely be a fulfillment, because of four things: (1) There is the Kingdom-age context of this prophecy. (2) There is its accomplishment by direct, miraculous, and divine intervention—“the Lord shall set his hand” . . . like the Egyptian deliverance. . . . (3) There is the express inclusion of all the twelve tribes. At the return from Babylon, only Judah was restored with some few from the twelve tribes. (4) There is the fact that the regathering is the final one, eventuating in millennial Kingdom blessing.³³

Zechariah contains a similar passage (Zec. 10:8-12), which some attribute to the Nile,³⁴ but may be more readily explained as the Euphrates.³⁵

The parting of the Red Sea at the Exodus allowed God’s people to flee from destruction. Now, the waters of the Euphrates are dried so that God’s enemies can gather to their destruction. God dried up the Jordan for Israel to cross into her inheritance, the Promised Land (Jos. 3:15-17; 4:22). Now He dries up the Euphrates to gather the kings into His inheritance, for which they will be judged (Ps. 79:1). See The Plagues of Egypt and the Tribulation.

kings from the east

From the east is τῶν ἀπὸ ἀνατολῆς ἡλίου [tōn apo anatolēs hēliou] , from the rising of the sun. Previously, God had called Cyrus of Persia “a bird of prey from the east, the man who executes My counsel, from a far country” (Isa. 46:11). The wise men also came from the rising of the sun (Mat. 2:1). The movement of these kings probably contributes to the “news from the east and the north” which disturbs the Antichrist (Dan. 11:44). See Campaign of Armageddon.

Although numerous commentators connect these kings with the 200 million horsemen of the sixth trumpet judgment, they are not related:

The “two hundred million” [Rev. 9:16+] are in a Trumpet Judgment, whereas the kings of the east are in a Bowl judgment. Furthermore, . . . it was shown that the two hundred million are demons and not men. . . . Everywhere else in the Scriptures, the east always refers to Mesopotamia (Assyria and Babylonia). Consistency demands that this, too, would be a reference to Mesopotamia and not to China (e.g., Mat. 2:1).³⁶

Some suggest these to be kings from the Orient, but this is not required by the text. All that is indicated is that they are kings representing nations east of the Euphrates.“East and West are to be reckoned from the standpoint of the prophecy, and not from that of the reader. Here, that standpoint is God’s Land and City.”³⁷ “Through the centuries, commentators particularly of the postmillennial and the historical schools have guessed at the identity of the kings of the East and as many as fifty different interpretations have been advanced. The very number of these interpretations is their refutation.”³⁸

3.16.13 - Revelation 16:13 Open Bible at Rev. 16:13 Listen to Rev. 16:13

three unclean spirits

These are “spirits of demons.” See commentary on Revelation 16:14. See Three: Life, Resurrection, Completeness, the Trinity.

like frogs

Their comparison with frogs alludes to their uncleanness, being aquatic animals lacking scales (Lev. 11:9-12; Deu. 14:9-10). They also recall the plague of frogs in Egypt (Ex. 8:2-13; Ps. 78:45; 105:30). See The Plagues of Egypt and the Tribulation.

They are the elect agents to awaken the world to the attempt to abolish God from the earth; and they are frog-like in that they come forth out of the pestiferous quagmires of the universe, do their work amid the world’s evening shadows, and creep, and croak, and defile, and fill the ears of the nations with their noisy demonstrations, till they set all the kings and armies of the whole earth in enthusiastic commotion for the final crushing out of the Lamb and all His powers.³⁹

coming out of the mouth

The mouth is the organ which reflects the will as evidenced by one’s words.Fire of judgment came out of the mouths of the two witnesses (Rev. 11:5+) and a sword comes out of the mouth of Jesus (Rev. 1:16+; 19:15+), the latter undoubtedly a reference to the Word of God (see commentary on Revelation 1:16). That which comes forth from these mouths is empowered, influenced, and promulgated by the unclean spirits.“The unclean spirits proceed from the mouths of the unholy triumvirate, suggesting the persuasive and deceptive propaganda which in the last days will lead men to an unconditional commitment to the cause of evil.”⁴⁰

of the dragon . . . of the beast . . . of the false prophet

The three spirits correspond to the three personages of the “antitrinity” : the dragon, the Beast, and the False Prophet. All three work together with a unified goal of drawing the nations to battle.

The dragon is Satan and the devil, both names which indicate his slanderous accusations (Rev. 12:9+). “When he speaks a lie, he speaks from his own resources, for he is a liar and the father of it” (John 8:44). The Beast is known for his blasphemous mouth (Dan. 7:8, 11, 20, 25; 11:36; Rev. 13:6+) and the False Prophet, although appearing like a lamb, speaks like a dragon—He tells those who dwell on the earth to make an image to the beast (Rev. 13:11+). Each of these would be highly influential on their own, but aided by unclean spirits, their deception is especially effective. See commentary on Revelation 13:14.

3.16.14 - Revelation 16:14 Open Bible at Rev. 16:14 Listen to Rev. 16:14

spirits of demons

These are among the angels which fell from heaven and joined forces with Satan (Rev. 12:4+). Although they are “unclean” and in Satan’s domain, they have been used throughout history to affect God’s purposes. It is a deep mystery how in rebellion the creature has less freedom than in obedience. And so it is with Satan and the demons. Although they believe they are independent, in the end their rebellion is used by God for His purpose and glory. Although these demons evidently do the bidding of Satan to gather the kings, it is God Who ultimately allows their effectiveness to draw His prey to the slaughter.

Scripture records a lengthy pattern of “service” by evil spirits to God. God sent a “spirit of ill will” between Abimelech and the men of Shechem (Jdg. 9:23). A “distressing spirit from the LORD” was sent upon Saul (1S. 16:14; 18:10; 19:9). In response to Hezekiah’s prayer for help, God sent a spirit upon Sennacherib, the king of Assyria, so that he would hear a rumor and return to his own land (2K. 19:7).⁴¹ A lying spirit, in the mouth of Ahab’s prophets persuaded Ahab “to go up, that he may fall at Ramoth Gilead” (1K. 22:10-23; 2Chr. 18:21-22). Most frightening of all, Paul records that God will send strong delusion so they should believe the lie (2Th. 2:11). God, who is not the author of evil, utilizes evil, turning and manipulating it so that in its rebellion it ultimately brings about that which is sovereignly His will. This fact of Scripture is both impossible to avoid and impossible to fully apprehend.

Unclean spirits play a major role in the events recorded in the gospels. The blasphemy of the Holy Spirit was attributing an unclean spirit to Jesus (Mark 3:30). Jesus healed a man in a synagogue who had an unclean spirit (Mark 1:23-27). Legion of the country of the Gadarenes had many unclean spirits which Jesus cast out into a herd of pigs (Mark 5:2-13). When Jesus sent his disciples out two-by-two, He gave them power over unclean spirits (Mark 6:7, 12). Many other events recorded in the gospels indicate the reality of the demonic realm.⁴²

The major role of demons in the time of the end is to serve as deceiving powers to influence men away from the faith:

Now the Spirit expressly says that in latter times some will depart from the faith, giving heed to deceiving spirits and doctrines of demons, speaking lies in hypocrisy, having their own conscience seared with a hot iron. (1Ti. 4:1-2)

This is seen in our own day in the abundance of earthly wisdom which elevates the fallen understanding of man above the inerrant revealed word of God. Such wisdom, according to James, is sensual and earthly—demonic in origin (Jas. 3:15).

During the Millennial Kingdom, it appears that demons will be concentrated in the inhabitable wasteland which was at one time the city of Babylon. Then it will be “a dwelling place of demons, a prison for every foul spirit, and a cage for every unclean and hated bird!” (Rev. 18:2+).

performing signs

Jesus predicted “false christs and false prophets will rise and show great signs and wonders to deceive, if possible, even the elect. See I have told you beforehand” (Mat. 24:24 cf. Mark 13:22). This is the “unrighteous deception among those who perish” which Paul wrote of (2Th. 2:10). The False Prophet performed great signs in order to deceive (Rev. 13:13-14+; 19:20+). Signs themselves may be legitimate miracles, but this is immaterial if they do not witness to God and His truth (Deu. 13:1-5). See commentary on Revelation 13:13.

This deception is so powerful that it is irresistible by those who lack God’s protection by way of regeneration. No amount of sophistry, education, power, or wisdom will prove adequate to resist. The manipulation of the kings will be so complete that they themselves will think they are following their own will, but it is the demons who drag them forward. Even then, every step has been determined by God.

to the kings of the earth and of the whole world

World, is οἰκουμένης [oikoumenēs] : “The inhabited earth.”⁴³ The same word describes this time of testing which shall come upon the whole world (Rev. 3:10+). It is the inhabited world over which the gospel is preached by the first angel (Mat. 24:14 cf. Rev. 14:6+). The demons gather kings from nations all around the globe. This includes the ten kings who are allied with the Beast and go to war against the Lamb (Rev. 17:12-14+). In a similar way to how God leads Gog to come against Israel to his own doom, so too these unclean spirits will influence the kings in such a way that they do not realize their self-inflicted folly:

“I will turn you around, put hooks into your jaws, and lead you out, with all your army, horses, and horsemen” . . . Thus says the Lord GOD: “On that day it shall come to pass that thoughts will arise in your mind, and you will make an evil plan. . . . It will be in the latter days that I will bring you against My land.” (Eze. 38:4, 10, 16)

The MT and NU texts omit of the earth.

gather them to the battle of that great day of God

The place where they are gathered is “Armageddon.” The great day of God is none other than The Day of the Lord. See commentary on Revelation 6:17. While the kings are being gathered by unclean spirits (“unclean and hated birds,” Rev. 18:2+), an angel gathers wild birds in readiness for their feast on the kings (Rev. 19:17+). Battle is πόλεμον [polemon] , which more correctly denotes an extended engagement rather than a single battle.“The difference between polemos and machē is the same as that between the English words war and battle: ho polemos Pelopannēsiakos is ‘the Peloponnesian War’; hē en Marathōni machē is ‘the battle of Marathon.’ ”⁴⁴ See Campaign of Armageddon.

Almighty

Παντοκράτορος [Pantokratoros] , see commentary on Revelation 1:8.

3.16.15 - Revelation 16:15 Open Bible at Rev. 16:15 Listen to Rev. 16:15

I am coming

Ἔρχομαι [Erchomai] , present tense, I am presently coming. His arrival is so imminent we are to think of Him as being already on His way. See commentary on Revelation 1:1.

There are two main interpretations regarding the interjection of these words of Christ at this point.

One interpretation understands the words as spoken to those believers who remain on earth during this time of awful turmoil and destruction. He is telling them to watch, remain faithful, and be ready for His Second Coming. Yet there seem to be some problems with such a premise.(1) The timing of the events attending the Tribulation, and especially the latter half, is not subject to uncertainty. We have seen numerous time-indicators in the text concerning a precise number of days following the abomination of desolation until the end—the Second Coming of Christ (Dan. 7:25; 9:27; 12:7; Rev. 11:2-3+; 12:6+, 14+; 13:5+).(2) It seems very unlikely that believers that remain during this time—having survived the most politically and physically dangerous period of history—are at all likely to be found “napping!” They are risking everything to hold true to their faith in Christ and the conditions are such that they can only be constantly longing for His arrival. These reasons argue against the notion that Christ is speaking here of His Second Coming in judgment.

Another interpretation understands the words as an interjection for the readers of the vision which John was to “write in a book and send it to the seven churches” (Rev. 1:11+). The vision is given both for the seven churches and for the saints of all ages to follow, as is seen from the repeated phrase: “He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches” (Rev. 2:7+, 11+, 17+, 29+; 3:6+, 13+, 22+). It is to these saints, upon which The Day of the Lord may come, that Jesus repeats His warning to watch (Rev. 3:3+).“It is not necessary to relate this warning only to the end time as in the context, since the appeal for steadfast loyalty of Christians is relevant at any time.”⁴⁵ During the time between His ascension and His return for the Church, a long age rolls on. His departure is far behind while His return in the Rapture remains in the unforeseen future. This is the “sleepy time” when the status quo of the world distracts the saints and “all things continue as they were from the beginning of creation” (2Pe. 3:4).

Seiss suggests a third alternative: the words are in fact for the believers of this time of the end, but do not denote His Second Coming in judgment—an event whose timing is not subject to uncertainty once the Tribulation begins:

Somewhere about this time, then, Christ comes for this last band of children of the resurrection, whether dead or yet living. Of course, it is a coming of the same kind and character as his coming for those saints who were taken earlier; for it is the completion of that one coming for his people which is everywhere set forth. Here also, as in all other cases, nothing but a state of watchful readiness when the call comes can secure a share in the blessing.⁴⁶

In Seiss’ scenario, Christ comes for believers at a point in time prior to His actually setting foot on the earth in final judgment. He seems to suggest that a “mini-rapture” of sorts takes place at an unknown time prior to Christ’s physical coming. Perhaps this is to be connected with His promises to gather the elect by angels? One obstacle to this view is that the passages which stipulate the gathering of the elect follow immediately upon the global sign of the Son of Man’s return (Mat. 24:30-31; Mark 13:26-27).

If the warning is an encouragement to the persecuted remnant under the beast, Christ’s promised coming is the one in Rev. 19:11-16+, which by the time of the sixth bowl follows almost immediately (Alford). If the warning is to people in the churches, it returns to the theme of chapters 2+-3+, the imminence of the hour of trial as an incentive for the book’s recipients to make their calling and election sure so they can escape this coming dreaded period. The close similarity to Rev. 3:3+, 18+ and the parenthetical nature of the announcement favor the latter alternative. . . . The other possibility of this being an encouragement to the faithful to persevere could serve no useful purpose at this point. . . . Therefore this announcement is a repetition of excerpts from the two earlier messages to Sardis and Laodicea: it is a call to genuineness of faith.⁴⁷

as a thief

He only comes as a thief upon those who are not watching. Jesus told the church at Sardis, “Be watchful, . . . if you will not watch, I will come upon you as a thief, and you will not know what hour I will come upon you” (Rev. 3:3b+). See commentary on Revelation 3:3.

Those who are in Christ are to be constantly on the lookout for His arrival, not that of Antichrist:

Watch therefore, for you do not know what hour your Lord is coming. But know this, that if the master of the house had known what hour the thief would come, he would have watched and not allowed his house to be broken into. Therefore, you also be ready, for the Son of Man is coming at an hour you do not expect. (Mat. 24:42-44)

Take heed, watch and pray; for you do not know when the time is. It is like a man going to a far country, who left his house and gave authority to his servants, and to each his work, and commanded the doorkeeper to watch. Watch therefore, for you do not know when the master of the house is coming-in the evening, at midnight, at the crowing of the rooster, or in the morning- lest, coming suddenly, he find you sleeping. And what I say to you, I say to all: “Watch!” (Mark 13:33-37)

Let your waist be girded and your lamps burning; and you yourselves be like men who wait for their master, when he will return from the wedding, that when he comes and knocks they may open to him immediately. Blessed are those servants whom the master, when he comes, will find watching. Assuredly, I say to you that he will gird himself and have them sit down to eat, and will come and serve them. And if he should come in the second watch, or come in the third watch, and find them so, blessed are those servants. But know this, that if the master of the house had known what hour the thief would come, he would have watched and not allowed his house to be broken into. Therefore you also be ready, for the Son of Man is coming at an hour you do not expect. (Luke 12:35-40)

Jesus indicated that a day was coming which would arrive unexpectedly as a snare to the earth dwellers, but by vigilance and prayer, the watchful believer could escape the things that were coming to pass:

But take heed to yourselves, lest your hearts be weighed down with carousing, drunkenness, and cares of this life, and that Day come on you unexpectedly. For it will come as a snare on all those who dwell on the face of the whole earth. Watch therefore, and pray always that you may be counted worthy to escape all these things that will come to pass, and to stand before the Son of Man. (Luke 21:34-36)

The day which He spoke of was The Day of the Lord which professing but unbelieving “Christians,” who miss the Rapture, will endure along with those dwelling upon the earth. For them, the beginning of the end comes as a surprise since they are not expecting it. It arrives, as a thief:

But concerning the times and the seasons, brethren, you have no need that I should write to you. For you yourselves know perfectly that the day of the Lord so comes as a thief in the night. For when they say, “Peace and safety!” then sudden destruction comes upon them, as labor pains upon a pregnant woman. And they shall not escape. But you, brethren, are not in darkness, so that this Day should overtake you as a thief. You are all sons of light and sons of the day. We are not of the night nor of darkness. Therefore let us not sleep, as others do, but let us watch and be sober. For those who sleep, sleep at night, and those who get drunk are drunk at night. But let us who are of the day be sober, putting on the breastplate of faith and love, and as a helmet the hope of salvation. For God did not appoint us to wrath, but to obtain salvation through our Lord Jesus Christ. (1Th. 5:1-9)

Jesus comes for those who are watching in the Rapture of the Church prior to this time (Luke 21:34-36; John 14:1-3). He comes as a thief in the night in the judgments which usher in The Day of the Lord, culminating with His personal arrival in judgment at the Second Coming to conclude the Campaign of Armageddon. See When Does the Day of the Lord Dawn?

blessed is he who watches

He who watches is ὁ γρηγορῶν [ho grēgorōn] , present tense participle, the one presently, continually watching.⁴⁸ See commentary on Revelation 1:3. He is blessed because his nakedness is not seen. In his watchfulness, he evidences true faith.⁴⁹

and keeps his garments

Keeping one’s garments refers to the avoidance of sinful behavior and the continuance in the faith with confession in the event of sin (1Jn. 1:9). Christ told the church at Sardis, “You have a few names even in Sardis who have not defiled their garments; and they shall walk with me in white, for they are worthy. He who overcomes shall be clothed in white garments” (Rev. 3:4-5a+). See commentary on Revelation 3:4.

lest he walk naked and they see his shame

Shame is ἀσχημοσύνην [aschēmosynēn] : “As being without proper clothing to cover private body parts nakedness, shame; metaphorically in Rev. 16:15+ for spiritual unpreparedness.”⁵⁰ Christ told the lukewarm church at Laodicea to “buy from me gold refined in the fire, that you may be rich; and white garments, that you may be clothed, that the shame of your nakedness may not be revealed” (Rev. 3:18+). This speaks of the internal reality of a person’s walk being exposed for all to see (Isa. 47:1-3; Nah. 3:5). See commentary on Revelation 3:18.

Those who fail to watch were never true believers (Mat. 24:42, 51). They are ones who will not “be counted worthy to escape all these things that will come to pass” (Luke 21:36), they will not participate in the Rapture. Like Jezebel in the church at Thyatira who is a type of apostate believers of the end (Rev. 2:22+), they will find themselves in the Great Tribulation. Having proclaimed faith in Christ prior to the Rapture yet remaining on earth, their hypocrisy will be revealed for they will not be among those who are taken to the Father’s house (Rev. 14:1-3+).

Either this warning is meant parenthetically for readers prior to the time of the bowl judgments (the Church, to be taken at the Rapture before the wrath begins) or, if meant for believers on the earth at this time of the end, it may speak of the gathering of the elect shortly before the Second Coming—although clear indications of a separate coming for the Tribulation saints ahead of His physical Second Coming are difficult to establish.⁵¹

See commentary on Revelation 16:15.

3.16.16 - Revelation 16:16 Open Bible at Rev. 16:16 Listen to Rev. 16:16

And they gathered them

That is, the spirits of demons (Rev. 16:13+) gathered the kings of the earth (Rev. 16:14+).

to the place called in Hebrew, Armageddon

Ἁρμαγεδών [Harmagedōn] : “A Hebrew place-name meaning Mount or Hill of Megiddo and generally identified as the fortress overlooking a pass through the Carmel Range into Galilee.”⁵² From a combination of Hebrew הָר [hār] , mountain, and מְגִדּוֹן [meḡiddôn] (Zec. 12:11), Megiddo.“Megiddo probably means a place of troops (from גַד [ḡaḏ] ), a troop (Gen. 49:19); and the verb גָדַד [ḡāḏaḏ] ), to cut to pieces.”⁵³ Strong gives the meaning as “place of crowds.”⁵⁴

Megiddo From the South

Megiddo From the South⁵⁵

“Since there is no specific mountain by that name, and Har can refer to hill country, it is probably a reference to the hill country surrounding the Plain of Megiddo, some sixty miles north of Jerusalem. More than two hundred battles have been fought in that region.”⁵⁶

Some find a reference to the hill country near Megiddo unconvincing and look for an alternative understanding:

Har-Magedon would mean “the Mountain of Megiddo,” but here a difficulty arises: there is no Mount Megiddo. None of the solutions offered is especially persuasive. It is possible that Har-Magedon could be a reference to the hill country near Megiddo or perhaps a reference to Megiddo and Mount Carmel in the same breath (Farrer, p. 178). In John’s day the tell or mount upon which Megiddo was built was about seventy feet in height, hardly enough to justify the designation Mount. One frequent suggestion is that the Apocalyptist began with Ezekiel’s prophecy of a great eschatological slaughter of the nations on “the mountains of Israel” (Eze. 38:8-21; 39:2, 4, 17) and then made the reference more specific by adding the name Megiddo as the place where so often in Israel’s history the enemies of God were destroyed (Beckwith, p. 685). Still others interpret the term in reference to some ancient myth in which an army of demons assault the holy mountain of the gods. If one reads Armageddon (instead of Har-Magedon), the reference could be to the city of Megiddo rather than to a mountain. Others interpret Har-Magedon without reference to Megiddo. Bruce (p. 657), following C. C. Torrey, mentions har mōʿēd, the mount of assembly (Isa. 14:13). Or it could be a corruption in the Hebrew text for “his fruitful mountain” or the “desirable city” (i.e., Jerusalem). . . . Yet another suggestion is that Megiddo could be derived from a root meaning “to cut, attack, or maraud.” In this case Mount Megiddo would mean “the marauding mountain” (a variant to Jeremiah’s “destroying mountain,” Jer. 51:25) and indicate that John expected the battle not in northern Palestine but at Rome [Mounce takes Babylon to be Rome] (Caird, p. 207; cf. Kiddle, pp. 329-31). As in the case of the number of the beast (Rev. 13:18+), the cryptic nature of the reference has thus far defeated all attempts at a final answer.⁵⁷

It is our view that the phrase probably denotes the hill country near Megiddo, at the edge of the Jezreel Valley which is an optimum place to access the Promised Land by sea and to serve as a staging area for vast armies. The drying up of the Euphrates river, a real geographical location, so that kings from the east can be gathered to Armageddon argues that Armageddon itself is a real geographical location west of the Euphrates rather than to be taken as a spiritual concept. See Megiddo

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the seventh angel poured out his bowl into the air

The bowl is poured out into the air, ἀέρα [aera] . Elsewhere, Scripture gives Satan the title “prince of the power of the air (ἀέρος [aeros] )” (Eph. 2:2). Paul explains that believers wrestle against “hosts of wickedness in the heavenly places” (Eph. 6:12), a reference to Satan and the angels which joined him in his rebellion (Rev. 12:4+). Having been cast to the earth (Rev. 12:9+), they no longer have access to the third heaven (the throne of God) or perhaps even the second heaven (starry space), but now are constrained to the earth and its immediate atmosphere, the “air.” At the Second Coming of Christ, the Beast and the False Prophet are captured and cast alive into the Lake of Fire (Rev. 19:20+), but no mention is made of the fate of Satan until afterwards. It is at the pouring forth of this seventh bowl, that Satan’s realm is judged. The pouring forth of this bowl corresponds to the binding and sealing of Satan in the abyss (Rev. 20:1-3+) and the confinement of the demons to the region of the wasteland that was previously Babylon (Rev. 18:2+). See commentary on Revelation 18:2 and Revelation 20:1.

a loud voice came out of the temple

Temple is ναοῦ [naou] , which generally describes the inner sanctuary. See commentary on Revelation 11:1. The Temple was filled with God’s shekinah presence and then closed for the duration of the seven bowls (Rev. 15:8+). The voice must be that of God the Father Who was alone in the Temple during this time. Thus, the declaration which follows gives the divine perspective on the results of the bowl judgments.

it is done!

It is done is Γέγονεν [Gegonen] , perfect tense, it has come to be. In the seventh bowl, the wrath has been poured out and the present condition of things at the time of the pronouncement reflects the destruction brought about by that wrath. This agrees with what John was told: that in these seven last plagues, the wrath of God is complete (Rev. 15:1+).

Here is more evidence against the idea that the bowl judgments are a recapitulation of previous seal or trumpet judgments, merely providing additional detail. For there is no indication at the opening of the seventh seal (Rev. 7:8+) or in the sounding of the seventh trumpet (Rev. 11:15+) that judgment has been completed, as here.⁵⁸ The impossibility of a recapitulation is also seen in the closure of the heavenly Temple for the duration of the bowl judgments (Rev. 15:8+), whereas during the seal and trumpet judgments, the heavenly Temple is not so sealed (Rev. 7:15+; 11:19+; 14:15+, 17+; 15:6+). See Sequential Events.

This may be the declaration of which Isaiah wrote :

The sound of noise from the city! A voice from the temple! The voice of the LORD, Who fully repays His enemies! “Before she was in labor, she gave birth; before her pain came, she delivered a male child. Who has heard such a thing? Who has seen such things? Shall the earth be made to give birth in one day? Or shall a nation be born at once? For as soon as Zion was in labor, she gave birth to her children. Shall I bring to the time of birth, and not cause delivery?” says the LORD. “Shall I who cause delivery shut up the womb?” says your God. “Rejoice with Jerusalem, and be glad with her, all you who love her; rejoice for joy with her, all you who mourn for her; that you may feed and be satisfied with the consolation of her bosom, that you may drink deeply and be delighted with the abundance of her glory.” (Isa. 66:6-11)

The voice of the LORD is heard. The context is the full repayment of His enemies, as here. The woman in labor is the same woman we saw in Revelation 12+. There, she struggled in a protracted labor. Here, she gives birth as soon as her labor pains began. There, her labor spoke of the age-long struggle to bring forth the promised Redeemer (Gen. 3:15). Here, her labor speaks of her time of Jacob’s Trouble which, although intense, is relatively short (7 years) in comparison with the thousands of years during which she labored to produce Messiah (Rev. 9:5+). Of those seven, the last half were especially difficult, the “time, times, and half a time; and when the power of the holy people has been completely shattered, all these things shall be finished” (Dan. 12:7). At this birth, those who love Jerusalem are to rejoice with her for the long standing promise of Isaiah 62 will have found fulfillment in the ushering in of the Millennial Kingdom. See commentary on Revelation 12:2.

Even in the finality of the statement by God attending the pouring forth of the seventh bowl, the full effects of the judgment have yet to play out and will not be finally behind until we reach Revelation 20:4+. Even then, after the Millennial Kingdom, some cleanup operations remain. Satan will be loosed to lead the unfaithful in one last rebellion (Rev. 20:7-10+) which will be put down by God. The unbelieving dead will be resurrected, judged, and undergo the second death (Rev. 20:11-15+). The millennial heaven and earth will flee away (Rev. 20:11+) to be recreated (Rev. 21:1+) and then God will repeat this pronouncement in its absolute final sense—when death is no more and sin has been forever vanquished. “It is done!” (Rev. 21:6+). The eternal state has then begun.

Some may object to the interpretation of a statement of such finality found here by God as being other than that which ushers in the eternal state. Yet Scripture is clear that there are numerous “finishings” of God, depending on the task at hand: “So when Jesus has received the sour wine, He said, ‘It is finished!’ And bowing His head, He gave up His spirit” (John 19:30).

3.16.18 - Revelation 16:18 Open Bible at Rev. 16:18 Listen to Rev. 16:18

there were noises and thunderings and lightnings

Noises is φωναὶ [phōnai] which could also be translated as “voices.” Initially, these sounds of judgment and power were manifested in heaven (Rev. 4:5+). There, they were a warning of what has now finally come to the earth. See commentary on Revelation 4:5. In the prelude to the seven trumpet judgments, the angel of the altar threw his censer full of fire to the earth with similar results (Rev. 8:5+). Together with the earthquake and the great hail, these manifestations of judgment point to the ark of the covenant containing the Ten Commandments (the “testimony”) by which the godless behavior of the earth dwellers is rightfully judged. See commentary on Revelation 16:21.

there was a great earthquake

There are numerous earthquakes associated with the time of the end.

Jesus taught that earthquakes were an indicator of “the beginning of sorrows” (Mat. 24:8).

A tremendous earthquake results from the opening of the sixth seal, attended by cosmic signs (Rev. 6:12+).

There was an earthquake after the seventh seal, but before the first trumpet, when the angel of the altar took the censer, filled it with fire, and threw it to the earth (Rev. 8:7-10+).

At the ascension of the two witnesses a great earthquake leveled one tenth of Jerusalem contributing to the conversion of those who remained alive (Rev. 11:13+).

This earthquake surpasses them all.

Haggai prophesied of a great shaking which would involve all nations prior to their recognition of Christ and the return of the shekinah glory of God to the Millennial Temple:

For thus says the LORD of hosts: ‘Once more (it is a little while) I will shake heaven and earth, the sea and dry land; and I will shake all nations, and they shall come to the Desire of All Nations, and I will fill this temple with glory,’ says the LORD of hosts. (Hag. 2:6-7)

as had not occurred since men were on the earth

This earthquake is the most powerful earthquake since the sixth day when Adam and Eve were created. Although some tie it to the earthquake which attends Gog’s attack upon Israel, it is not the same earthquake. The attack by Gog upon Israel (Eze. 38, 39) is not part of the Tribulation events associated with the Campaign of Armageddon. Also, that earthquake, although felt all around the world, is localized in its immediate effects to the “land of Israel” (Eze. 38:19). The mountains that are thrown down, in the context, are the mountains of Israel where Gog will be defeated (Eze. 39:2). This may be the earthquake which attends the pressure of Messiah’s foot upon the Mount of Olives and results in its being split in two (Zec. 14:4).

3.16.19 - Revelation 16:19 Open Bible at Rev. 16:19 Listen to Rev. 16:19

Now the great city was divided into three parts

Great city probably refers to Jerusalem,⁵⁹ as it is contrasted with the cities of the nations (“Gentiles”) and Babylon. Although the same phrase elsewhere refers to Babylon (Rev. 14:8+; 17:18+; 18:10+, 16+, 18+, 21+), it is not exclusively hers. It is also used of Jerusalem (Rev. 11:8+) and of the heavenly Jerusalem (Rev. 21:10+). The division into three parts would more naturally speak of Jerusalem, for we know that the Mount of Olives will divide in two when Messiah returns (Zec. 14:4). Perhaps this causes a three-way division (north, south, and west) within Jerusalem itself.⁶⁰ “First of all, the effects of the earthquake upon the great city, Jerusalem, are seen. It is not mentioned by name, but it is so clearly distinguished from ‘the cities of the nations,’ that there can be no doubt. Here is the moment of the fulfillment of several prophecies concerning geographical changes in Jerusalem.”⁶¹ The destruction which is prophesied for Babylon is far more severe than a mere division into three parts, but involves an overwhelming devastation resulting in her complete unfitness for further habitation. See The Destruction of Babylon.

Thus, the purpose of the earthquake as it relates to Jerusalem is not to judge the city, but to enhance it. Jerusalem was judged earlier in the Tribulation by an earthquake, which led to the salvation of those who were not killed (Rev. 11:13+). Thus, there is no need for further judgment on that city.⁶²

Jerusalem alone, of all the great cities of the earth, is thus to be spared destruction by the earthquake at the end of the tribulation. It is the one eternal city, and will survive as long as the earth endures in its present form, finally being replaced as the new Jerusalem, in the new earth.⁶³

and the cities of the nations fell

Nations is ἐθνῶν [ethnōn] , translated elsewhere as “Gentiles,” (Mat. 4:15; 6:32; 10:5; 12:18; 20:19; Rev. 11:2+; etc.). This refers to all the cities other than Jerusalem, including that center of ungodliness, Babylon itself. The cities of the nations fall because they are aligned implacably against God and have supported the Harlot (Rev. 17:13+). Moreover, they are drunk with the “wine of the wrath of her fornication” (Rev. 14:8+). Having participated in her fornication, they now suffer God’s wrath. See commentary on Revelation 14:8.

Man has a proverb that God made the country and man made the town. Truly these great cites of the earth are heartless and cruel, and those who have lived close enough to their hearts to hear their poisonous beats, know how much evil is hid behind the great lights of the world’s great agglomerations. They are all to fall. . . . We believe, beyond any shadow of a doubt, that this prophecy covers Peking and Philadelphia, Moscow and Melbourne, Berlin and Buenos Aires, Cairo and the Cape, Bombay and Boston, Istanbul and Chicago, Naples and New York. In short, all the cities shall be destroyed. It cannot be otherwise.⁶⁴

And great Babylon was remembered before God

The phrase great Babylon alludes to Nebuchadnezzar’s boastful statement made immediately before he was struck with an affliction by God, living like a beast for seven years (Dan. 4:30).⁶⁵ Both Jerusalem and Babylon are “great” cities, and are affected by this mighty earthquake. But they are affected differently based on God’s different purposes for their future. Jerusalem is to be restored (Isa. 62) to be the home of The Abiding Presence of God (Isa. 60:3; Eze. 43:2-4) and serve as the capital of the Millennial Kingdom. Babylon is to be completely destroyed, permanently uninhabitable, and become a prison for unclean spirits (Isa. 13:21-22; Rev. 18:2+). See commentary on Revelation 14:8. See The Destruction of Babylon.

It should be noticed that there is a gradation in the judgments here meted out to the cities of the world. Just as the Lord announced that some would be beaten with few stripes and some with many, so there is a progress in the devastation that falls upon the habitations of men. Two parts of Jerusalem seem to be destroyed, all of the Gentile cities, but the greatest of all judgments is kept for Babylon, seat of Satan’s power.⁶⁶

the cup of the wine of the fierceness of His wrath

Fierceness is θυμοῦ [thymou] , translated as wrath in Rev. 14:10+. Wrath is ὀργῆς [orgēs] , translated as indignation in Rev. 14:10+. Of the two, θυμοῦ [thymou] (here translated fierceness) is the more intense and shorter lasting. See commentary on Revelation 14:10. Concerning God’s wrath, see commentary on Revelation 16:17.

The same cup with which she intoxicated the nations will now be used to serve her the wine of God’s wrath. “Render to her just as she rendered to you, and repay her double according to her works; in the cup which she has mixed, mix double for her” (Rev. 14:6+).

3.16.20 - Revelation 16:20 Open Bible at Rev. 16:20 Listen to Rev. 16:20

every island fled away and the mountains were not found

Unlike the earthquake attending the opening of the sixth seal in which “every mountain and island was moved out of its place” (Rev. 6:12-14+), now every island flees away and the mountains are no longer found.

Scientists cannot laugh at this idea because they, themselves, teach most earnestly that the mountains once rose to their present heights, and furnish us with abundance of geological data to prove their points. We agree, although we believe it was done, not by any slow process of evolution, but . . . just as God pours out his final wrath upon this earth.⁶⁷

Such geographic alteration of the earth’s surface would seem to be attended by massive loss of life. And so Scripture attests by Jeremiah:

I beheld the earth, and indeed it was without form, and void; and the heavens, they had no light. I beheld the mountains, and indeed they trembled, and all the hills moved back and forth. I beheld, and indeed there was no man, and all the birds of the heavens had fled. I beheld, and indeed the fruitful land was a wilderness, and all its cities were broken down at the presence of the LORD, by His fierce anger. For thus says the LORD: “The whole land shall be desolate; yet I will not make a full end. For this shall the earth mourn, and the heavens above be black, because I have spoken. I have purposed and will not relent, nor will I turn back from it.” (Jer. 4:23-28)

The scope of the vision, like so many prophetic glimpses of Old Testament prophets, transcends the then-impending application [the destruction of Judah wrought by the Babylonian armies] and envisions the worldwide woe of Israel in the “time of Jacob’s trouble” (Jer. 30:5-7) preceding Kingdom blessing (Rev. 6:1+-19:21+).⁶⁸

Those saints yet living on the earth during this time will understand Psalm 46 in a completely literal way: “God is our refuge and strength, a very present help in trouble. Therefore we will not fear, even though the earth be removed, and though the mountains be carried into the midst of the sea . . . The nations raged, the kingdoms were moved, He uttered His voice, the earth melted” (Ps. 46:1-2, 6).

The earth is essentially a ruin by the Second Coming of Christ. All of man’s environmental efforts and their pagan foundations will be for naught. For appeal to mother earth (Gaia) for shelter and sustenance will be of no avail when she herself is judged by Father God Who created the earth.

In a similar way to how God will create a new heavens and a new earth after the final judgment (Rev. 21:1+), He will regenerate the earth prior to the Millennial Kingdom. Jesus promised his disciples, “In the regeneration (παλιγγενεσίᾳ [palingenesia] , again Genesis), when the Son of Man sits on the throne of His glory, you who have followed Me will also sit on twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel” (Mat. 19:28). Isaiah also saw a “new heavens and a new earth,” but which is followed by childbirth, sin, and death (Isa. 65:17, 20, 23).⁶⁹ It is by this regeneration that Jerusalem is lifted up above the surrounding lands (Zec. 14:10) to form the mountain of the Lord’s house from which will flow the river of life during the Millennium (Isa. 2:2; 27:13; 30:29; 56:7; Eze. 17:24; 20:40; 40:2; Mic. 4:1).

Then Isaiah’s prophecy will become a literal reality:

The voice of one crying in the wilderness: “Prepare the way of the LORD; make straight in the desert a highway for our God. Every valley shall be exalted and every mountain and hill brought low; the crooked places shall be made straight and the rough places smooth; the glory of the LORD shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together; for the mouth of the LORD has spoken.” (Isa. 40:3-5)

3.16.21 - Revelation 16:21 Open Bible at Rev. 16:21 Listen to Rev. 16:21

great hail

This recalls the plague of hail which struck Egypt prior to the Exodus:

And the LORD rained hail on the land of Egypt. So there was hail, and fire mingled with the hail, so very heavy that there was none like it in all the land of Egypt since it became a nation. And the hail struck throughout the whole land of Egypt, all that was in the field, both man and beast; and the hail struck every herb of the field and broke every tree of the field. (Ex. 9:23b-25).

In Joshua’s long day, God stoned the Amorites with huge hailstones. “There were more who died from the hailstones than the children of Israel killed with the sword” (Jos. 10:11). This is the “treasury of hail which I have reserved for the time of trouble, for the day of battle and war” (Job 38:22). In his time, Gog is to suffer a similar fate upon the mountains of Israel (Eze. 38:22).⁷⁰

Bullinger mentions an interesting historical record which shows that large hail occurs even in the absence of God’s supernatural hand as in this time of the end:

“Hail is of frequent occurrence in these unhappy districts, and the dimensions of the hailstones are generally enormous. We have seen some that weighted twelve pounds. One moment sometimes suffices to exterminate whole flocks. In 1843, during one of these storms, there was heard in the air a sound as of a rushing wind, and therewith fell in a field near a house, a mass of ice larger than an ordinary millstone. It was broken to pieces with hatchets; yet though the sun burned fiercely, three days elapsed before these pieces entirely melted.” [Travels in Tartary, by M. Huc, vol. i., p. 12. “National Illustrated Library”]⁷¹

The earth dwellers are being stoned for blasphemy and rebellion against the righteous commands of God, the “testimony” in the “tabernacle of the testimony,” from which the angels having the last seven plagues came forth (Rev. 15:6+). The “testimony” which witnesses against them is the tablets of stone stored within the ark of the covenant upon which God wrote the Ten Commandments in his own hand. Similar manifestations of judgment as these attended John’s vision of the ark following the sounding of the seventh trumpet prior to the pouring forth of the seven bowls of God’s wrath (Rev. 11:19+). These manifestations included lightnings, noises, thunderings, an earthquake, and great hail—all of which have now been delivered to the blasphemers in the pouring of the last bowl. See commentary on Revelation 11:19. See The Plagues of Egypt and the Tribulation.

about the weight of a talent

Ὡς ταλαντιαία [Hōs talantiaia] , as a talent. “A measure of weight varying in size from about 58 to 80 lb. (26 to 36 kg.).”⁷²

Just as there are long and short tons of differing weights, so there are various talents. That with which the Jews weighed silver was about 120 pounds Troy, or 96 pounds avoirdupois. That for weighing other materials was about 135 pounds. The Babylonian talent was even heavier while the Greek talent was about 86 pounds. The lightest of all was the Attic talent which weighted 57.7 pounds. In biblical usage, it would be the silver talent of 96 pounds that would almost certainly be designated. However, even if we take the smaller Attic talent, we have a weight that is considerable.⁷³

These are no ordinary hailstones, but the supernatural work of God. “A point of similarity between Joshua 10:11 and Revelation 16:21+ is found in the fact that both passages describe the hailstones as large in size. . . . Clearly Joshua 10:11 describes a supernatural event.”⁷⁴

True to form, the preterist interpreters attempt to find fulfillment of this obviously supernatural drama in the relatively puny machinations of Rome’s siege of Jerusalem (remember that for many preterists, “Babylon” = “Jerusalem”). They make much ado about a passage in Josephus which mentions the weight and color of the stones thrown by the Roman “engines” [catapults] in the siege of Jerusalem:

The engines, that all the legions had ready prepared for them, were admirably contrived; but still more extraordinary ones belonged to the tenth legion: those that threw darts and those that threw stones, were more forcible and larger than the rest, by which they not only repelled the excursions of the Jews, but drove those away that were upon the walls also. (270) Now, the stones that were cast were of the weight of a talent, and were carried two furlongs and farther. The blow they gave was no way to be sustained, not only by those that stood first in the way, but by those that were beyond them for a great space. (271) As for the Jews, they at first watched the coming of the stone, for it was of a white color, and could therefore not only be perceived by the great noise it made, but could be seen also before it came by its brightness. [emphasis added]⁷⁵

Notice the priority inversion typical of preterist interpretation.⁷⁶ They attach great importance to small details which happen to match the text (e.g., the stones were white, they weighed a talent), but then ignore the many details from the wider context which completely preclude their conclusion. In the A.D. 70 destruction of Jerusalem:

Jerusalem was destroyed, not Babylon.

The Euphrates was not dried up.

No kings from the east participated.

No significant gathering of troops occurred at Megiddo.

No cataclysmic earthquake took place.

The cities of the nations remained standing.

How puzzling that major inconsistencies like these don’t seem to impede the dedicated preterist who is committed to finding fulfillment in the “newspapers” of the past.

Men blasphemed God

They are being stoned for earlier blasphemies, as per the penalty recorded in the “testimony” (Rev. 15:5+):

Take outside the camp him who has cursed; then let all who heard him lay their hands on his head, and let all the congregation stone him. Then you shall speak to the children of Israel, saying: ’Whoever curses his God shall bear his sin. ’And whoever blasphemes the name of the LORD shall surely be put to death. All the congregation shall certainly stone him, the stranger as well as him who is born in the land. When he blasphemes the name of the LORD, he shall be put to death. (Lev. 24:14-16)

Since the law of God provided that blasphemers should be stoned with stones until they died, so we see in the last moments of earth’s civilization, God Himself upholds His law and stones blasphemers with hailstones.⁷⁷

By now there is no possibility of repentance, their doom is sealed: those that remain alive continue in their blasphemous cursing.

that plague was exceedingly great

Μεγάλη ἐστὶν ἡ πληγὴ αὐτῆς σφόδρα [Megalē estin hē plēgē autēs sphodra] , great it is the plague of it extremely. In case the reader is tempted to take the passage as hyperbole, the Spirit reemphasizes the supernatural aspect of the judgment of hail. Consider the devastation wrought, not only by the huge earthquake, but by such large hailstones striking the earth at one hundred and eighty miles an hour.⁷⁸ Exceedingly great may be an understatement!

When God’s word guarantees such a stark day of doom, why do many continue in their rejection of Him? Indeed, looking back, why did I myself reject God for some 34 years? Oh that their eyes would be opened to the truth of His abundant mercy and great patience while there is yet the possibility of turning to Him! A time is coming upon the earth when it will no longer be possible to repent. Then, their fate will be sealed. But today, there is still time to reconsider and come into the saving faith of Jesus Christ.

God’s eschatological and eternal wrath is inevitable; no one can prevent or hinder it from coming (Isa. 43:13). But there is a way to escape it, because “there is now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus” (Rom. 8:1). Those who by faith trust in Christ alone for salvation will escape both God’s eschatological wrath (Rev. 3:10+) and His eternal wrath (1Th. 1:10). They will not face judgment, because their sins were judged when Jesus died in their place on the cross (2Cor. 5:21; 1Pe. 2:24). In light of the inevitable judgment to come, the warning to all unrepentant sinners is “Today if you hear His voice, do not harden your hearts” (Heb. 4:7).⁷⁹

Has your conscience never smitten you, and made your sleep uneasy, and tinged your thinking with bitterness, for the sort of life you have been leading? Is there not some conscious shame and sense of wretchedness going along with the indulgence even of those darling lusts and dislike of sacred things which you allow to have place in your heart? And what is all this but the premonitory drops of that wrath of God which must presently come in great deluging showers? O child of man, give heed, and turn, and fly, before the threatening avalanche of the Almighty’s judgments comes!⁸⁰

Notes

¹ Merrill F. Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), Ps. 78:2-3.

² “This verse continues by saying the Lord has ‘decreed’ the following: (1) the atrocities will not go on forever (cf. Luke 21:24) but will have an end, and (2) ‘the desolating one’ (שֹׁמֵם [šōmēm] , a Qal active participle alluding to the antichrist) will be judged. ‘The desolating one’ or ‘one who makes desolate’ is preferred to ‘make [something] desolate’ because שֹׁמֵם [šōmēm] is intransitive.”—Charles H. Ray, “A Study of Daniel 9:24-17, Part IV,” in The Conservative Theological Journal, vol. 6 no. 18 (Fort Worth, TX: Tyndale Theological Seminary, August 2002), 212. Thus: “even until a complete destruction, one that is decreed, is poured out on the one who makes desolate” (NASB95).

³ “The choice of ‘is poured out’ (תִּתַּך׃ [tittak] , a Qal imperfect) as the verb reminds the reader of ‘flood’ in v. 26. It can be used figuratively (Job 10:10) or literally (Ex. 9:33). Students of prophecy also look to Revelation 16+ where bowls of God’s wrath are poured out during the end times.”—Ray, “A Study of Daniel 9:24-17, Part IV,” 212.

⁴ Donald Grey Barnhouse, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1971), 288.

⁵ E. W. Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1984, 1935), Rev. 16:1.

⁶ J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 871.

⁷ Timothy Friberg, Barbara Friberg, and Neva F. Miller, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2000), 144.

⁸ Frederick William Danker and Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 397.

⁹ Ibid., 690.

¹⁰ Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977), Rev. 16:1.

¹¹ Monty S. Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John (Dallas, TX: 3E Ministries, 1987), Rev. 16:3.

¹² Mounce, The Book of Revelation, 291.

¹³ Barnhouse, Revelation, 291.

¹⁴ John MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 2000), Rev. 16:4.

¹⁵ No reference is intended to the angel which “went down at a certain time into the pool and stirred up the water” (John 5:4). Nor is this meant to indicate some sort of special angel: “He is undoubtedly a creature of the order of angels, and it is interesting to note that he has a title that would indicate that he had been placed in charge of the flowing waters of earth. Here we have an angel who is master of the waters.”—Barnhouse, Revelation, 292. We disagree—the most natural meaning is merely a reference to the angel in the previous verse who poured forth the bowl upon the water. “There is some merit in the suggestion that the ‘angel of the waters’ is simply the angel of the previous verse who poured out his bowl upon ‘the waters’ (Lenski, p. 469).”—Mounce, The Book of Revelation, Rev. 16:5.

¹⁶ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 16:7.

¹⁷ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 425.

¹⁸ “This plague will apparently affect the whole of mankind, including the saints alive at the time (Rev. 7:16+).”—Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 16:8.

¹⁹ Concerning worship of heavenly bodies: Gen. 11:4; Deu. 4:19; 17:3; 2K. 17:16; 23:5, 11; 2Chr. 33:3; Job 31:26-28; Isa. 47:13; Jer. 8:2; 10:2; 19:13; Acts 7:42; Rom. 1:25; Rev. 8:12+.

²⁰ Barnhouse, Revelation, 296.

²¹ MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 16:8.

²² Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament, Isa. 24:6.

²³ Barnhouse, Revelation, 297.

²⁴ William R. Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1994,c1935), Rev. 16:10.

²⁵ Barnhouse, Revelation, 298.

²⁶ From lux, “light,” and fero, “to bear, bring, carry.”

²⁷ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 322.

²⁸ A. R. Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” in Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997, 1877), Rev. 16:10.

²⁹ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 374.

³⁰ It is likely that its name is among the oldest names of rivers, but that its modern source and location probably do not match that of the pre-flood Euphrates due to the great changes in geography which almost certainly attended the break up of the fountains of the deep at the Flood.

³¹ Herodotus, History of the Persian Wars, 1:190-191 cited by [John F. Walvoord, Daniel: The Key to Prophetic Revelation (Chicago, IL: Moody Bible Institute, 1971), 129-130].

³² Henry Morris, The Revelation Record (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1983), Rev. 16:12.

³³ Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament, Isa. 11:12.

³⁴ “Only the floods of the Nile . . . are mentioned, because the allusion to the slavery of Israel in Egypt predominates, and the redemption of the Israelites out of all the lands of the nations is represented as bringing out of the slave-house of Egypt. The drying up of the flood-depths of the Nile is therefore a figure denoting the casting down of the imperial power in all its historical forms.”—Carl Friedrich Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Commentary on the Old Testament (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2002), Zec. 10:11.

³⁵ “Thus the Red Sea and the Euphrates in the former part of the verse answer to ‘Assyria’ and ‘Egypt’ in the latter.”—Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Zec. 10:11.

³⁶ Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 316.

³⁷ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 16:12.

³⁸ John F. Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1966), Rev. 16:12.

³⁹ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 378.

⁴⁰ Mounce, The Book of Revelation, Rev. 16:13.

⁴¹ The spirit provided a rumor, an untruth. Hence we can conclude that it was not the spirit of an elect angel. Moreover, elect angels are not portrayed as disembodied spirits.

⁴² Concerning demons as unclean spirits: Mat. 8:16; 10:1; 12:43; Mark 1:23, 26, 27; 5:2, 8, 13; 6:7. 7:25. 9:25; Luke 4:33, 36; 6:18; 8:29; 9:42; 11:24; Acts 5:16; 8:7; Rev. 16:13+; 18:2+.

⁴³ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 561.

⁴⁴ Richard Chenevix Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1861), 337.

⁴⁵ Alan F. Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), Rev. 16:15.

⁴⁶ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 379.

⁴⁷ Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 8-22 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1995), Rev. 16:15.

⁴⁸ The Gregorian chant is named after St. Gregory, the watching one.

⁴⁹ Concerning the need for watchfulness: Mat. 24:42; 25:13; Mark 13:33, 35, 37; Luke 12:36-40; 21:36; 1Cor. 1:7; 16:13; Php. 3:20; 1Th. 1:10; 5:6; 2Ti. 4:8; Tit. 2:13; Heb. 9:28; 2Pe. 3:12; Rev. 3:2-3+; Rev. 16:15+.

⁵⁰ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 80.

⁵¹ The scenarios which involve one will be taken and the other left (e.g., Mat. 24:40-44; Luke 17:34-37) appear to speak of being taken in judgment at the time of His second advent.

⁵² Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 74.

⁵³ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 16:16.

⁵⁴ James Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Ontario: Woodside Bible Fellowship, 1996), H4023.

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⁵⁶ MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 16:18.

⁵⁷ Mounce, The Book of Revelation, Rev. 16:16.

⁵⁸ At the sounding of the seventh trumpet, declaration is made of the eventual result of the completion of judgments, but the final judgments themselves remain future.

⁵⁹ Several interpreters take “great city” here to refer to Babylon: [Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation], [Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine”].

⁶⁰ Preterist interpreters see mention of three parts as an application of the judgment to befall Jerusalem in the days of Ezekiel. “It is an echo of Ezekiel 5:1-12, where the prophet was required to shave his hair from his head, divide it into three parts, and conduct a symbolic action upon each part. He was told by God ‘This is Jerusalem’ (Eze. 5:5). One third of the hair was burned, another third was to be chopped up with a sword, and the remaining third was to be scattered into the wind. This symbolized the fate of the inhabitants of Jerusalem in 586 B.C.: some were to be burned inside the city, some would be slain by the swords of the Babylonians, and the rest would be scattered among the nations. That which happened in 586 B.C. happened again in A.D. 70. The dividing of the city into three parts symbolizes that fact.”—Steve Gregg, Revelation Four Views: A Parallel Commentary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1997), 392. No statistics from the A.D. 70 destruction are given in support of this claim.

⁶¹ Barnhouse, Revelation, 307.

⁶² MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 16:19.

⁶³ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 16:19.

⁶⁴ Barnhouse, Revelation, 308.

⁶⁵ As we noted elsewhere, a striking parallel to the 70th Week of Daniel during which another Beast prevails.

⁶⁶ Barnhouse, Revelation, 308-309.

⁶⁷ Ibid., 309.

⁶⁸ Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament, Jer. 4:23.

⁶⁹ Either Isaiah saw the regeneration prior to the Millennium, or the text of Isaiah 65 is not strictly sequential—a characteristic not unknown in prophetic passages.

⁷⁰ Concerning hailstones from God: Ex. 9:23-25; Jos. 10:11; Job 38:22; Ps. 18:12; 78:47; 105:32; 147:17; 148:8; Isa. 28:2, 17; 30:30; 32:19; Eze. 13:11; 38:22; Hag. 2:17; Rev. 8:7+; 11:19+; 16:21+.

⁷¹ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 16:21.

⁷² Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 803.

⁷³ Barnhouse, Revelation, 309.

⁷⁴ Larry Spargimino, “How Preterists Misuse History to Advance their View of Prophecy,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 217.

⁷⁵ Flavius Josephus, The Complete Works of Josephus (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1981), s.v. “Wars V, vi, 3.”

⁷⁶ [Gregg, Revelation Four Views: A Parallel Commentary, 394], [David Chilton, The Days of Vengeance (Tyler, TX: Dominion Press, 1987), 417].

⁷⁷ Barnhouse, Revelation, 310.

⁷⁸ The terminal velocity of ice. [Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 16:18]

⁷⁹ MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 16:21.

⁸⁰ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 375.

3.15 - Revelation 15

3.15.1 - Revelation 15:1 Open Bible at Rev. 15:1 Listen to Rev. 15:1

Revelation 12+, 13+, and 14+ formed an interlude during which the scenes depicting the series of judgments being poured out by God upon the earth are interrupted to illustrate other important events associated with the Tribulation. Now at Revelation 15+, the scene shifts back to the judgments—specifically the preparations for the final set of seven judgments to be poured out upon the earth dwellers and the kingdom of the Beast. This chapter describes the scene in heaven which initiates the final seven bowls of God’s wrath, to be poured forth in the next chapter (Rev. 16+). The event which led to the scene before us now was the sounding of the seventh trumpet (Rev. 11:15+). The sounding of the seventh trumpet was met with the announcement that the Lord’s kingdom would be underway as a result of the judgments under that trumpet. The bowl judgments introduced here are the final plagues from God which bring about the establishment of His kingdom on earth. See Literary Structure.

The accomplishment of the Harvest and the Vintage [Rev. 14:14-20+] brings to the end of this present world. The next in succession would be the setting up of the eternal Kingdom, and the evolution of the new heavens and earth. But the Harvest and the Vintage do not adequately set forth all that we need to know about these closing scenes. Further particulars included in this momentous period require to be shown in order to complete the picture. The fate of the internal Trinity,—the Dragon, the Beast, and the False Prophet,—and what pertains to them, is to be more fully described before we come to the Millennium, the descent of the new Jerusalem, and the planting of God’s Tabernacle with men.¹

another sign in heaven, great

Another is ἄλλο [allo] , another of a similar kind. This points back to the sign of the woman with the sun and moon, which was also said to be “great” (Rev. 12:1+). The fiery red dragon was also seen as a sign in the heaven (Rev. 12:3+).

marvelous

Θαυμαστόν [Thaumaston] ,“beyond human comprehension, wonderful, marvelous, remarkable.”² Not in the sense that the seven plagues are wonderful, but that the scene is one that inspires wonder.

seven angels having the seven last plagues

These are the seven angels which come out of the Temple and are given the seven bowls of wrath by the living creature (Rev. 15:6-7+). These seven will pour forth their bowls in the next chapter (Rev. 16:1-17+). Seven angels also initiated the seven trumpet judgments (Rev. 8:2+, 6+). The responsibility given to these angels reflects their great authority and intimate access to the throne. One of these seven angels subsequently shows John two women: the harlot (Rev. 17:1+) and the bride, the Lamb’s wife (Rev. 21:9+).“That these are the last plagues proves again that they are not mere reiterations of former plagues. The seals and trumpets and bowls are sequential, not parallel.”³

in them the wrath of God is complete

In these seven plagues under the sounding of the seventh trumpet, itself part of the opening of the seventh seal, the last of the three woes—the three last trumpets—will be completed (Rev. 8:13+).“No announcement that the third woe has passed is in the offing, because by the time it has passed, human history will have reached its culmination.”⁴ At the pouring forth of the last of these seven bowls, a voice from the Temple announces, “It is done!” (Rev. 16:17+). Then “the indignation is past” (Isa. 26:20) and the woman who fled to the wilderness will be free to leave her hiding place (Rev. 12:6+) for her great persecutor, the Beast, will have been vanquished and her Shepherd will be in her midst.

This period of God’s wrath was already underway by the sixth seal judgment (Rev. 6:16-17+). See commentary on Revelation 6:17. The church, which will not see the wrath of God (Rev. 3:10+), has long before been taken in the Rapture.

As the judgments progressed from the seals, to the trumpets, and now to the bowls, their level of intensity has steadily increased. These are the final set of judgments which conclude with the Second Coming of Christ, when the “great winepress of the wrath of God” is “trampled outside the city” (Rev. 14:19-20+). “He Himself treads the winepress of the fierceness and wrath of Almighty God” (Rev. 19:15+).

On the conclusion of the Vials, the wrath of the Lamb, even more terrible than the wrath of God, is openly expressed on the subjects of vengeance. “Commission to act is given to Christ as soon as the ministration of the Vials ends.” The secret, providential dealings of God are brought to an end with the Vials or Bowls of wrath, after which the Lamb in Person publicly assumes the government of the world. But as the nations at His Coming are in armed rebellion—apostate and wicked, moreover, beyond all human conception—the wrath of the Lamb burns in its fierceness. The wrath of God is finished in the Vials, to be succeeded by the wrath of the Lamb.⁵

Many years previously, an angel replied to the question of how long the final period would be: “It shall be for a time, times, and half a time; and when the power of the holy people [Israel] is completely shattered, all these things shall be finished” (Dan. 12:6). These plagues will complete the last half of the Tribulation. See Events of the 70th Week of Daniel.

Preterist interpreters deny the finality of these judgments because they must find their fulfillment in the events of the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70:

There is no reason to assume that these must be the “last” plagues in an ultimate, absolute, and universal sense; rather, in terms of the specifically limited purpose and scope of the Book of Revelation, they comprise the final outpouring of God’s wrath, His great cosmic Judgment against Jerusalem, abolishing the Old Covenant world-order once and for all.⁶

How the final pouring forth of His wrath to the point of completion can be said to be obtained in a “great cosmic Judgment against Jerusalem,” which in fact was a relatively minor battle on the scale of global history is impossible to see. Much of the world had no notion of the overthrow of Jerusalem in A.D. 70. As significant an event as it was from the perspective of the Jews then living in Jerusalem, we dare not venture with Chilton in a vain attempt to find the events described here, the final outpouring of God’s wrath upon the earth dwellers, in such a relatively minor historical event! This is the same error as is made by the historicist interpreters:

Yet some gravely tell us that the first bowl is the French Revolution; the second bowl, the naval wars of that Revolution; the third bowl, the battles of Napoleon in Italy; the fourth bowl, the tyranny and military oppression of Napoleon; the fifth bowl, the calamities which befell the city of Rome and the Pope in consequence of the French Revolution; the sixth bowl, the wane of the Turkish power, the return of the Jews to Palestine, and the subtle influences of infidelity, Popery and Puseyism; and the seventh, some further war with Romanism and disaster to the city of Rome. But can it be possible that God Almighty from His everlasting seat, the temple in heaven, all angels and holy ones on high, should thus be in new and unexampled commotion, with the mightiest of all celestial demonstrations, over nothing but a few occurrences far less in meaning or moment than many others in other ages! According to such interpretation mankind have been living for the last 100 years amid the extreme terrors of “the great and terrible day of the Lord” without ever knowing it! yea, dreaming the while that we are happily gliding into the era of universal liberty and peace!⁷

3.15.2 - Revelation 15:2 Open Bible at Rev. 15:2 Listen to Rev. 15:2

a sea of glass

This sea of glass is under the throne of God and is analogous to the river of life. Ezekiel saw it above the heads of the cherubim, under the throne of God above (Eze. 1:22). It is clear as crystal (Ex. 24:9-10; Rev. 4:6+; 22:1+). The transparency of the glass is similar to that of the streets of pure gold in the New Jerusalem (Rev. 21:21+). The clarity of the glass speaks of purity and perhaps washing (as in water). These have come through a time of intense tribulation and now stand upon the sea, reminiscent of the salvation of Israel from the Pharaoh of Egypt (Ex. 15).

Long before even that deliverance, there had occurred an event greater judgment and redemption by the waters of the sea, “when once the long-suffering of God waited in the days of Noah, . . . wherein few, that is, eight souls were saved by water” (1 Peter 3:20). The same waters which had destroyed all the ungodly world also saved the believing remnant from destruction by that world. it is interesting also that the waters of baptism, symbolizing death to sinfulness and resurrection unto holiness, are compared both to the waters of the Red Sea (1 Corinthians 10:1, 2) and to the waters of the Great Flood (1 Peter 3:20, 21). Thus will the sea at the heavenly throne perpetually call to remembrance the waters of the Flood, the waters of the Red Sea, and the waters of baptism, all speaking both of God’s judgment on the wickedness of rebellious men and His great salvation for those who trust Him and obey His Word. This last company of persecuted believers had experienced these also.⁸

See commentary on Revelation 4:6 and Revelation 21:1.

mingled with fire

Mingled is μεμιγμένην [memigmenēn] , indicating a mingling together of two or more substances blended into one.⁹ Used to describe the “hail and fire . . . mingled with blood . . . thrown to the earth” (Rev. 8:7+). The sea is clear like glass, but also sparkles or radiates brilliant light. Fire is πυρὶ [pyri] . A similar word elsewhere denotes “fiery red,” πυρρός [pyrros] (Rev. 6:3+; 12:3+). If red, it could reflect the purging and redemptive power of Christ’s blood. Or, like the purity of the glass, the fire may speak of purity. Having come through the flames of adversity, those standing upon the sea of glass have been refined (1Pe. 1:7; 4:12). A more ominous possibility is that the fire denotes the redness, not of Christ’s blood, but of the martyrs themselves, shed as part of their testimony:

When the believers of the Church period are removed at the beginning of the tribulation period their laver is seen as a sea of crystal [Rev. 4:6+]. Some of them may have suffered martyrdom, but the maintenance of their fellowship was by the Word alone. In the tribulation period, the Lord has seen fit to demand, for His honor and glory, that they maintain their fellowship at the price of their sufferings. Their laver is crystal, mingled with fire. In the time immediately preceding the overthrow of the Antichrist and his power, there will be a sore trial of faith. . . . In sea mingled with fire the Lord recognizes these sufferings and commemorates the faithfulness of this martyr group in this beautiful way.¹⁰

Here the sea is “mingled with fire,” evidently referring to the fiery persecution under the Beast—a trial exceeding far in its combination of suffering anything hitherto experienced (Mark 13:19). The pagan persecutions of early times, and the still more exquisite and refined torments under papal Rome, come short of the horrors of the Great Tribulation.¹¹

There may also be an allusion to the Red Sea:

Allusion is made to the Israelites standing on the shore at the Red Sea, after having passed victoriously through it, and after the Lord had destroyed the Egyptian foe (type of Antichrist) in it. Moses and the Israelites’ song of triumph (Ex. 15:1) has its antitype in the saints’ “song of Moses and the Lamb” (Rev. 15:3+).¹²

Perhaps mingled with fire does not speak of red, but of God’s judgment—the “baptism with fire” (Mat. 4:11-12), about to be poured out upon the earth.¹³

those who have victory

τοὺς νικῶντας [tous nikōntas] , the overcoming ones. These are the overcomers! The text does not say that they are martyrs, but this is almost certain. They appear in heaven prior to the end of the Tribulation (before the final seven bowls come forth from the Temple) and their victory involves refusing to worship the Beast which subjected them to the death penalty.“Physical death with eternal salvation or physical life with eternal damnation—that had been their bitter choice, and multitudes had opted for the brief continuation of their wretched lives on the earth, enduring all the judgements of God rather than the executioners appointed by the beast.”¹⁴ Like the church at Smyrna, these had been tested and remained true to the exhortation of The Overcomer (1Jn. 4:4; Rev. 3:21+; 17:14+). “You will have tribulation . . . Be faithful until death, and I will give you the crown of life” (Rev. 2:10+). They obtained their victory “by the blood of the Lamb and by the word of their testimony, and they did not love their lives to the death” (Rev. 12:11+).

victory over the Beast Ἐκ τοῦ θηρίου [Ek tou thēriou] : “The expression is peculiar. Literally, ‘conquered out of.’ The construction is unique in the New Testament. The phrase signifies, not as the King James Version, victory ‘over,’ but ‘coming triumphant out of.’ ”¹⁵ Although the Beast thought himself to be overcoming the saints and was granted authority to kill them (Rev. 6:2+; 11:7+; 13:7+), they ultimately achieved the victory because their physical death proved to be their escape into God’s presence where they would forever enjoy Him. After the Beast and his minions outlive these upon the earth, their ultimate destiny is the Lake of Fire (Rev. 19:20+; 20:15+) so these have victory over him. They did not bow to his will, but did the will of the Father (John 4:34). These may be among those who came “out of the great tribulation” which John saw in Revelation 7:13-17+. See commentary on Revelation 12:11. See Who is the Overcomer?.

over the beast

They refused to worship the first beast which rises from the sea, the Antichrist (Rev. 13:3-4+). See commentary on Revelation 13:4. See The Beast, #16 - Beast.

over his image

They also refused to worship the image of the Beast which the False Prophet caused the earth dwellers to make (Rev. 13:14-15+). Because of their refusal to worship the image, the image had ordered their execution. See #19 - Image of Beast. See commentary on Revelation 13:14.

over his mark

The NU and MT texts omit this phrase. These overcomers refused to take the mark of the Beast (Rev. 13:16-17+). Not only were they at risk of losing their lives, but they were also completely cut off from the world’s system of commerce. See commentary on Revelation 13:16.

over the number of his name

The mark relates to “the name of the beast, or the number of his name” (Rev. 13:17+). By refusing his mark, they also refused the number of his name. See commentary on Revelation 13:17. These heard and responded to the warning given by the third angel in the previous chapter. They had not worshiped the beast or his image or received his mark (Rev. 14:9-11+).

standing

Ἐστῶτας [Estōtas] , perfect tense participle, they took their place prior to John seeing them. Although they had been slain, even beheaded (Rev. 20:4+), they themselves were not overcome for now they stand erect in worship.

having harps of God

These harps were evidently given them by God. Like the twenty-four elders, they use their harps in worship of God (Rev. 4:8-9+). Since this scene occurs prior to the end of the Tribulation, it probably precedes John’s vision of the Lamb and the 144,000 standing on Mount Zion (see commentary on Revelation 14:1). If so, these could be among those who play their harps in heaven which John heard “the sound of harpists playing their harps” (Rev. 14:2+). Although these sing a different song, they are no doubt similar to the heavenly worshipers in that scene.¹⁶

3.15.3 - Revelation 15:3 Open Bible at Rev. 15:3 Listen to Rev. 15:3

they sing

ᾌδουσιν [Adousin] , present tense, they are singing.

the song of Moses

Some take the song of Moses to commemorate the victory which God gave Israel at the crossing of the Red Sea when Pharaoh’s troops were destroyed in the sea (Ex. 15:1-18). The motivation for the song was the miraculous intervention of God on the singers’ behalf.

Then Moses and the children of Israel sang this song to the Lord, and spoke, saying: “I will sing to the Lord, for He has triumphed gloriously! The horse and its rider He has thrown into the sea! The Lord is my strength and song, and He has become my salvation; He is my God, and I will praise Him; My father’s God, and I will exalt Him.” (Ex. 15:1-2)

The song recognizes the uniqueness of God. “Who is like You, O Lord, among the gods? Who is like You, glorious in holiness, Fearful in praises, doing wonders?” (Ex. 15:11) and brings to mind the blasphemous parody of these words as attributed to the Beast (Rev. 13:4+). The lyrics of the song before us also recognize God’s uniqueness: “For You alone are holy” (Rev. 15:4+). Both songs indicate that God is to be revered and feared (Ex. 15:14-16 cf. Rev. 15:4+).

There is another song of Moses which may also apply to the period currently underway. This is the song he wrote to the children of Israel prior to his death. For he knew they would not follow the LORD in his absence. “For I know that after my death you will become utterly corrupt, and turn aside from the way which I have commanded you. And evil will befall you in the latter days, because you will do evil in the sight of the LORD, to provoke Him to anger through the work of your hands” [emphasis added] (Deu. 31:29 cf. Rev. 9:20+). Although that song was given to the children of Israel, it contains elements which apply to the global situation at the time of the end and are reflected by the lyrics found in this chapter. Moreover, the song is sung to all who would hear:

Give ear, O heavens, and I will speak; and hear, O earth, the words of my mouth (Due. 32:1) . . . For I proclaim the name of the LORD: ascribe greatness to our God. He is the Rock. His work is perfect: for all His ways are justice, a God of truth and without injustice; righteous and upright is He (Deu. 32:3-4) . . . For their vine is of the vine of Sodom and of the fields of Gomorrah; their grapes are grapes of gall, their wine is the poison of serpents (Deu. 32:32 cf. Rev. 11:8+; 14:18+) . . . Vengeance is Mine, and recompense; their foot shall slip in due time; for the day of their calamity is at hand, and the things to come hasten upon them (Deu. 32:35) . . . Now see that I, even I, am He, and there is no God besides Me (Deu. 32:39) . . . Rejoice, O Gentiles, with His people; for he will avenge the blood of His servants, and render vengeance to His adversaries; He will provide atonement for His land and His people (Deu. 32:43).

We call your attention to the final verse of the song which distinguishes between O Gentiles versus His people. Furthermore, it states that He will provide atonement for His land and His people. In the context of the verse, His people can only be the Jewish nation. His land is the Promised Land. Thus, we see that the song of Moses in Deuteronomy 32 is intended to be heard more broadly than merely by the children of Israel. It spans a period of time which culminates with the restoration of the Promised Land to Israel: the Millennial Kingdom.

The Deuteronomy song is not entirely unrelated to the events of the seven last plagues, in that the words “just and true” in Rev. 15:3+ are part of the central theme of the song (cf. Deu. 32:3-4). It also predicts the ultimate subjugation of all nations to God (Deu. 31:1-8; 32:44-33:29), which is the hope of this song too. Specific points of similarity to the Deuteronomy song include Rev. 15:4a+ with Deu. 32:3; Rev. 15:3b+ with Due. 32:4; Rev. 15:4b+ with Deu. 32:4b; the fire of God’s anger with Deu. 32:33; and plagues of hunger, burning heat, pestilence, wild beasts, vermin, the sword with Deu. 32:23-27 (Ford).¹⁷

We see a pattern of application and extension throughout the book of Revelation. Principles which are illustrated by God’s interaction with Israel in the OT are amplified and extended to apply more broadly to the population of the entire globe during the Tribulation.¹⁸

Although it seems as if elements from both of Moses’ songs apply to this time of the end, the more immediate context speaks of victory and praise and most likely points to the song of victory upon escaping Egypt (Ex. 15:1-18) rather than the song of judgment. “There was also another song of Moses (Deuteronomy 31:30), now preserved as Deuteronomy 32:1-43, which might well also be sung appropriately by these tribulation martyrs. . . . However, the most appropriate [song] seems to be the actual song at the Red Sea, praising God for His great salvation.”¹⁹

Commentator John Phillips compares and contrasts the two songs: “The song of Moses was sung at the Red Sea, the song of the Lamb is sung at the crystal sea; the song of Moses was a song of triumph over Egypt, the song of the Lamb is a song of triumph over Babylon; the song of Moses told how God brought His people out, the song of the Lamb tells how God brings His people in; the song of Moses was the first song in Scripture, the song of the Lamb is the last. The song of Moses commemorated the execution of the foe, the expectation of the saints, and the exaltation of the Lord; the song of the Lamb deals with the same three themes.” (Exploring Revelation, rev. ed. [Chicago: Moody, 1987; reprint, Neptune, N.J.: Loizeaux, 1991], 187)²⁰

the servant of God

Although Moses was not allowed to enter the Promised Land, at his death he was recorded to be “the servant of the LORD” (Deu. 34:5 cf. 1Chr. 6:49; 2Chr. 24:6). Perhaps Moses’ greatest service of God was the part he played in the giving of the Law, the Law of Moses (Ne. 9:14; Dan. 9:11; John 1:17; Heb. 3:5). The law given through Moses forms the testimony referred to in the “tabernacle of the testimony” which follows (Rev. 15:5+).

the song of the Lamb

Since the lyrics recorded next do not match the Song of Moses nor do they explicitly mention the Lamb, it may be that these sing three different choruses: (1) the song of Moses (Ex. 15:1-18 or Deu. 32:1-43); (2) the song of the Lamb (Rev. 5:9-14+); and the song recorded here which speaks of God the Father. The mention of Moses (and subsequently, the tabernacle of the testimony, Rev. 15:5+) is an intentional allusion to the parallels between the liberation of the children of Israel under King Pharaoh and the release of all believers from the kingdom of the Beast (Rev. 13:2+).

There is surely no conflict, as some have taught, between the dispensations of Moses and the Lamb. The written law was given by Moses, and grace and truth came through Jesus Christ (John 1:17); both are integral components of God’s will for man.²¹

Great and marvelous

Job wrote that God “does great things, and unsearchable, marvelous things without number” (Job 5:9), “God thunders marvelously with His voice; He does great things which we cannot comprehend” (Job 37:5). One of the marvelous things that God did was his division of the seas in the Exodus from Egypt (Ps. 78:12-13). Another is His creative work as manifest in marvels of the human body (Ps. 139:14-15). God told Israel, “Behold, I make a covenant. Before all your people I will do marvels such as have not been done in all the earth, nor in any nation; and all the people among whom you are shall see the work of the Lord” (Ex. 34:10). These marvel especially at their preservation through death from the midst of horrendous persecution of the saints upon the earth. See #20 - Saints.

Almighty

Παντοκράτωρ [Pantokratōr] , see commentary on Revelation 1:8, Revelation 4:8.

just and true are Your ways

These attributes are fundamental to the person of God:

For I proclaim the name of the LORD: ascribe greatness to our God. He is the Rock, His work is perfect; for all His ways are justice, a God of truth and without injustice; righteous and upright is He. (Deu. 32:3-4)

Mercy and truth have met together; righteousness and peace have kissed. Truth shall spring out of the earth, and righteousness shall look down from heaven. Yes, the LORD will give what is good; and our land will yield its increase. Righteousness will go before Him, and shall make His footsteps our pathway. (Ps. 85:10-13)

When God passed by Moses and proclaimed His character, He said, “The LORD, the LORD God, merciful and gracious, longsuffering, and abounding in goodness and truth” (Ex. 34:6). Since all His ways are just and true, it is not possible for God to lie (Num. 23:19; Rom. 3:4; Heb. 6:18; Tit. 1:2). This is why Jesus could claim His self-witness was true: “Jesus answered and said to them, ‘Even if I bear witness of Myself, My witness is true, for I know where I came from and where I am going; but you do not know where I come from and where I am going’ ” (John 8:14). Even unbelieving Gentiles witness to the truth of God:

Pilate therefore said to Him, “Are You a king then?” Jesus answered, “You say rightly that I am a king. For this cause I was born, and for this cause I have come into the world, that I should bear witness to the truth. Everyone who is of the truth hears My voice.” Pilate said to Him, “What is truth?” And when he had said this, he went out again to the Jews, and said to them, “I find no fault in Him at all.” (John 18:37-38)

King of the saints!

The NU and MT texts have King of the nations.²² Both are true. “Who would not fear You, O King of the nations? For this is Your rightful due” (Jer. 10:7a). The Lamb is said to be “Lord of lords and King of kings” (Rev. 17:14+ cf. Rev. 19:16+). Another textual variant has “King of the ages” (cf. Jer. 10:10; 1Ti. 1:17).²³

3.15.4 - Revelation 15:4 Open Bible at Rev. 15:4 Listen to Rev. 15:4

Who shall not fear

Not is emphasized by the double-negation, οὐ μή [ou mē] , followed by the subjunctive aorist φοβηθῆι [phobēthē] , he should fear.²⁴ The fear and reference given to God applies to all, even His own saints (Ps. 89:7-8). It is His rightful due (Jer. 10:7). Fear of the LORD is called the “beginning of wisdom” (Ps. 111:10) because, along with love, it is a vital motivator leading to the obedience of those who seek to please Him.

glorify Your name

These who stand on the sea of glass responded to the warning of the first angel in the previous chapter who cried, “Fear God and give glory to Him” (Rev. 14:7+). The response to God’s mighty works often involves fear and results in glory being given to Him. This was the response of those within Jerusalem in response to the great earthquake at the resurrection of the two witnesses (Rev. 11:13+).

All nations whom You have made shall come and worship before You, O Lord, and shall glorify Your name. For You are great, and do wondrous things; You alone are God. (Ps. 86:9-10)

If Israel refused to glorify His name, they would live under a curse (Mal. 2:2). To attribute glory to His name is to recognize His holy character, for His many names describe His glorious character. Each name is like another facet of a gem, reflecting a unique aspect of Who He is. His name is above all names (Php. 2:9) because His character alone is holy.

You alone are holy

Holy is ὅσιος [hosios] , a term which speaks “of the inherent nature of God and Christ holy (Heb. 7.26).”²⁵ Thus, Isaiah’s seraphim cry with John’s cherubim, “Holy, holy, holy” (Isa. 6:3 cf. Rev. 4:8+). He is “the High and Lofty One Who inhabits eternity, whose name is Holy” (Isa. 57:15).

Although the term holy denotes purity, it also speaks of uniqueness. Holiness is that which is uniquely God’s, which sets Him apart. It is an attribute which only the Creator truly has. All other creatures which are said to be holy, derived their holiness from their association with God and His righteousness. It is a reflected, secondary holiness, but not essential to their nature apart from God. Another way to express this phrase might be, “You are matchless, incomparable, peerless, unequalled, unparalleled, unrivaled!” There is no other like God because He alone is Creator, all else is creature. “So Jesus said to him, ‘Why do you call Me good? No one is good but One, that is, God’ ” (Luke 18:19).

What would this world be like if God had been a capricious and evil personage who took pleasure in wickedness and loved iniquity? We are immensely blessed that He is otherwise (Ps. 5:4)!

all nations shall come and worship before You

Although their declaration is certain, it awaits the future for fulfillment. Then many passages which speak of the entire world acknowledging God and worshiping before Him will be consummated. “I will be exalted among the nations, I will be exalted in the earth!” (Ps. 46:10). “All nations whom You have made shall come and worship before You, O Lord, and shall glorify Your name” (Ps. 86:9). Aspects of such worship are already underway—He receives worship from many in every nation of the earth today, who offer up prayer as incense before him:

“For from the rising of the sun, even to its going down, My name shall be great among the Gentiles; in every place incense shall be offered to My name, and a pure offering; for My name shall be great among the nations,” says the LORD of hosts. (Mal. 1:11)

But the complete fulfillment awaits Christ’s physical return to rule upon the throne of David.

The conversion of all nations, therefore, shall be when Christ shall come, and not till then; and the first moving cause will be Christ’s manifested judgments preparing all hearts for receiving Christ’s mercy. He shall effect by His presence what we have in vain tried to effect in His absence. The present preaching of the Gospel is gathering out the elect remnant; meanwhile “the mystery of iniquity” is at work, and will at last come to its crisis; then shall judgment descend on the apostates at the harvest-end of this age (Greek, Mat. 13:39, 40) when the tares shall be cleared out of the earth, which thenceforward becomes Messiah’s kingdom.²⁶

Their declaration is in agreement with the heavenly chorus which attends the sounding of the seventh trumpet: “The kingdoms of this world have become the kingdoms of our Lord and His Christ, and He shall reign forever and ever!” (Rev. 11:15+). Although the kingdoms are legally His now, the nations will not willingly bow and worship Him until after His Second Coming. This global worship is finally His at the Millennial Kingdom. Global worship will be centered in Jerusalem at a time when Israel has been restored to prominence among the nations in her relationship to God:

Thus says the LORD of hosts: ‘Peoples shall yet come, inhabitants of many cities; the inhabitants of one city shall go to another, saying, “Let us continue to go and pray before the LORD, and seek the LORD of hosts. I myself will go also.” Yes, many peoples and strong nations shall come to seek the LORD of hosts in Jerusalem, and to pray before the LORD.’ Thus says the LORD of hosts: ‘In those days ten men from every language of the nations shall grasp the sleeve of a Jewish man, saying, “Let us go with you, for we have heard that God is with you.” ’ (Zec. 8:20-23)

Then, His house will be called “a house of prayer for all nations” (Isa. 56:7; Mark 11:17). Ultimately, in the eternal state “they shall bring the glory and honor of the nations into it” (Rev. 21:26+). See The Arrival of God’s Kingdom.

For Your judgments have been manifested

These judgments have two results. First, every individual who refuses to turn to God in faith will be removed from the earth. Second, the remainder who see His power and glory manifested in the judgments will respond in faith and be saved. These are the intended results of the Tribulation period when God’s wrath is poured out in the most visible series of judgments ever known to history. “For when Your judgments are in the earth, the inhabitants of the world will learn righteousness” (Isa. 26:9).

3.15.5 - Revelation 15:5 Open Bible at Rev. 15:5 Listen to Rev. 15:5

After these things

Μετὰ ταῦτα [Meta tauta] , the standard phrase John uses to demarcate sections of his vision (Rev. 1:19+; 4:1+; 7:1+, 9+; 9:12+; 15:5+; 18:1+; 19:1+). The worshipers upon the sea of glass are seen after the Beast has initiated his mark, but before the pouring forth of the final seven bowls of wrath. If the worship of the Beast and institution of his mark occur at the mid-point of The 70th Week of Daniel, this indicates that the bowls of wrath are poured forth as part of the last half of the Tribulation. See Events of the 70th Week of Daniel.

the temple of the tabernacle of the testimony in heaven

Tabernacle is σκηνῆς [skēnēs] , which denotes God’s dwelling place. Of the testimony is τοῦ μαρτυρίου [tou martyriou] , which can also be translated of the witness (Num. 18:2). The term testimony or witness referred primarily to the tablets of the Ten Commandments which stood as a witness of the Mosaic Covenant and the entire body of Mosaic Law which Israel came under at Mount Sinai. “And you shall put into the ark the Testimony which I will give you” (Ex. 25:16). This testimony set forth God’s law, especially as embodied by the Ten Commandments, and now stands as a witness against the immoral actions of the nations in their rejection of God.

The “tabernacle of the Testimony” (Ex. 38:21) was the meeting place, also called “the tabernacle of meeting” (Ex. 30:26), where God would meet with the children of Israel. It contained “the ark of the Testimony” (Ex. 30:26; 21:7) from which it derived the name tabernacle of the Testimony. The Levites were entrusted with the service of the tabernacle of the Testimony, to transport and attend to it (Num. 1:50). God’s presence dwelt between the cherubim over the mercy seat of the ark within the tabernacle. The earthly tabernacle was patterned after the temple of the tabernacle of the testimony in heaven. See A Heavenly Pattern. See The Abiding Presence of God. See Tabernacle in the Wilderness.

When the heavenly temple was last opened, the ark of His covenant (the “testimony”) was seen together with manifestations of judgment (Rev. 11:19+). The same idea is present here. Whatever is about to come forth from the temple is a manifestation of God’s judgment for those who fall short of the testimony (witness) of the law and who have not sought Christ for refuge from God’s wrath. The righteous requirement of the law judges those who are guilty and under judgment of God’s wrath (Rom. 2:12; 3:19-20). For “the law brings about wrath” (Rom. 4:15). Believers will not be subject to the written requirements which were taken away in Christ (Rom. 7:6; Col. 2:14). See commentary on Revelation 11:19.

3.15.6 - Revelation 15:6 Open Bible at Rev. 15:6 Listen to Rev. 15:6

out of the temple

Temple is ναός [naos] , generally used of the innermost portion of the temple, the holy of holies. These angels come forth directly from God’s presence. Whatever attends their mission has the utmost authority behind it. Like the two angels who come out of the temple and initiate the two harvests of the previous chapter (Rev. 14:15+, 17+), their work has divine mandate. This is also seen in God’s response from within the Temple when the last of these angels pours forth his golden bowl: “It is done!” (Rev. 16:17+).

seven angels having the seven plagues

These are the final judgments in the series of seals, trumpets, and bowls. See Sequential Events. See Seven: Perfection, Completeness.

clothed in pure white linen

Pure white is καθαρὸν και λαμπρὸν [katharon kai lampron] , clean and shining. Λαμπρὸν [Lampron] , from which we get our English word lamp, is used to describe heavenly bodies, the sun, and the morning star (Rev. 22:16+). Here, it means “a brightly shining garment.”²⁷ These wear similar garments to the angels seen at the empty tomb (Luke 24:4) and the angel which visited Cornelius (Acts 10:30). The garments of the wife of the Lamb at the marriage of the Lamb are also “clean and bright,” λαμπρὸν καθαρὸν [lampron katharon] (Rev. 19:7-8+).“The righteous character of their mission is signified by the pure and bright linen in which they are clothed.”²⁸

A few manuscripts have “stone,” λίθον [lithon] , in place of “linen,” λίνον [linon] . Some have noted a similarity between this textual variant and the passage which describes the covering of Satan in the garden of God: “Every precious stone was your covering” (Eze. 28:13). If this textual variant were legitimate, it could conceivably relate to the difficult promise of Jesus concerning the white stone given to the overcomer. See commentary on Revelation 2:17. However, this variant is probably best explained as a transcriptional error.²⁹

girded with golden bands

Bands is ζώνας [zōnas] , elsewhere translated as belt (Mat. 3:4). The same girding which John saw Jesus wear (Rev. 1:13+).

3.15.7 - Revelation 15:7 Open Bible at Rev. 15:7 Listen to Rev. 15:7

four living creatures

These are four cherubim which attend the throne. See commentary on Revelation 4:6.

seven golden bowls

Bowls is φιάλας [phialas] : “A bowl used in offerings.”³⁰ Considered the equivalent of a מִזְרָק [mizrāq] , the bowl used for sprinkling the altar (basins, Ex. 27:3; 38:3) or a bowl used for drinking wine (Amos 6:6). Here, we are to understand a parallel between these golden bowls of wrath and the “golden bowls of incense, which are the prayers of the saints” (Rev. 5:8+). The wrath contained in these bowls represents God’s response to the mountains of prayers over the ages by the saints of God to avenge the blood of the martyrs (Rev. 6:10+) and to bring His kingdom to earth (Mat. 6:10; Luke 18:7-8).

These seven most severe plagues are reminiscent of God’s promise to Israel if she refused to heed his prior judgments designed to turn her back to Him. “And after all this, if you do not obey Me, but walk contrary to Me, then I also will walk contrary to you in fury; and I, even I, will chastise you seven times for your sins” [emphasis added] (Lev. 26:27-28). See Seven: Perfection, Completeness.

The seven bowls are poured forth in the next chapter (Rev. 16:2+, 3+, 4+, 8+, 10+, 12+, 17+). In the pouring forth of these bowls, God will administer His wine of wrath upon those who worship the Beast. See commentary on Revelation 14:10.

of the wrath of God

These represent the culmination of God’s wrath poured out during the Tribulation. His wrath is associated with the entire Tribulation. See commentary on Revelation 6:17 and Revelation 15:1.

who lives forever and ever

Τοῦ ζῶντος εἰς τούς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων [Tou zōntos eis tous aiōnas tōn aiōnōn] , the living one into the ages of the ages. Jesus described Himself with an almost identical phrase, see commentary on Revelation 1:18.

3.15.8 - Revelation 15:8 Open Bible at Rev. 15:8 Listen to Rev. 15:8

the temple was filled with smoke from the glory of God

Although God has been within the Temple, His shekinah glory now manifests itself. Such manifestations of His presence typically attend moments of great import and significance. His glory filled the Tabernacle in the Wilderness indicating His approval and presence among the children of Israel:

Then the cloud covered the tabernacle of meeting, and the glory of the Lord filled the tabernacle. And Moses was not able to enter the tabernacle of meeting, because the cloud rested above it, and the glory of the Lord filled the tabernacle. (Ex. 40:34-35)

His presence also filled Solomon’s Temple at its dedication:

And it came to pass, when the priests came out of the holy place, that the cloud filled the house of the LORD, so that the priests could not continue ministering because of the cloud; for the glory of the LORD filled the house of the LORD. (1K. 8:10-11)

The same glory was seen by Isaiah in the heavenly Temple:

In the year that King Uzziah died, I saw the Lord sitting on a throne, high and lifted up, and the train of His robe filled the temple. Above it stood seraphim; each one had six wings: with two he covered his face, with two he covered his feet, and with two he flew. And one cried to another and said: “Holy, holy, holy is the LORD of hosts; the whole earth is full of His glory!” And the posts of the door were shaken by the voice of him who cried out, and the house was filled with smoke. (Isa. 6:1-4)

See The Abiding Presence of God.

no one was able to enter the temple till the seven plagues of the seven angels were completed

Here we have perhaps one of the most mysterious and wondrous verses in all of Scripture. It surely must indicate a period of great privacy and intensity in the mind of God attending the final outpouring of His wrath. It probably indicates an unwillingness to allow for even the possibility of distraction until what has been initiated finds its completion and likely signifies the holiness of the moment, as when Moses could not enter the tabernacle when the glory fell upon it (Ex. 40:35) and the priests could not minister in Solomon’s Temple (1K. 8:11). Perhaps the idea is that of the finality of the action: “Even if Moses and Samuel stood before Me, My mind would not be favorable toward this people. Cast them out of My sight . . . Such as are for death, to death” (Jer. 15:1-2).

It may suggest that God will, at this point in history, seal the doors of Heaven, making it impossible for any who have not hitherto accepted Jesus as Savior to do so. In other words, from this time forth until God has executed the human race, no additional souls will be saved. This is reminiscent of the previous great judgment, for, in the age before the flood, God said, “My Spirit will not strive with man forever” (Gen. 6:3). What a fearsome prospect: God closeted in His sanctuary until His wrath is satisfied, and no one able to approach Him. Sin will cause this; sin is never a light matter.³¹

Perhaps there is also great sadness in knowing that nothing further can be done, no more will turn (2Pe. 3:9). All that remains is the hand of judgment. Perhaps there is anguish on the part of the Father like that of the Son on the cross (Mat. 27:46; Mark 15:34)?

What insight we should have here of the holiness of God, and may we not be allowed to think that behind this hiding smoke the heart of God is weeping, even as the Lord Jesus wept over Jerusalem, as He acknowledged that all the efforts of His mercy has been in vain, and that the city refused all of His offers of pardon and love? And as we shall be in Heaven at that moment, yet outside of the presence of God, shall we not know that he suffers alone for the horror of the sin that separates men forever from Himself and forces Him to send them away to outer darkness forever?³²

To speculate further is to go where angels fear to tread. God has covered Himself with a cloud of darkness and we do well to respect His privacy in this matter (Lam. 3:44; Rom. 11:33).

Such intense judgment to come! Such grief on the part of the Creator for the creature which refuses to acknowledge Him. Yet He must judge for His very holiness and justice require it! Every person born will drink from one or the other of two cups. Either they will drink the cup of salvation:

Then He [Jesus] took the cup, and gave thanks, and said, “Take this and divide it among yourselves; for I say to you, I will not drink of the fruit of the vine until the kingdom of God comes.” And He took bread, gave thanks and broke it, and gave it to them, saying, “This is My body which is given for you; do this in remembrance of Me.” Likewise He also took the cup after supper, saying, “This cup is the new covenant in My blood, which is shed for you.” (Luke 22:17-20)

Or they will drink the cup of the wrath of God (Rev. 14:10+):

He who believes in the Son has everlasting life; and he who does not believe the Son shall not see life, but the wrath of God abides on him. (John. 3:36)

Today, if you will hear His voice, do not harden your heart (Heb. 3:15), for now is the day of salvation (2Cor. 6:2).

Notes

¹ J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 367.

² Timothy Friberg, Barbara Friberg, and Neva F. Miller, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2000), 195.

³ Henry Morris, The Revelation Record (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1983), Rev. 15:1.

⁴ Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 8-22 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1995), Rev. 15:1.

⁵ Walter Scott, Exposition of The Revelation (London, England: Pickering & Inglis, n.d.), Rev. 15:1.

⁶ David Chilton, The Days of Vengeance (Tyler, TX: Dominion Press, 1987), Rev. 15:1.

⁷ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 370-371.

⁸ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 15:3.

⁹ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 253.

¹⁰ Donald Grey Barnhouse, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1971), 284.

¹¹ Scott, Exposition of The Revelation, Rev. 15:2.

¹² A. R. Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” in Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997, 1877), Rev. 15:2.

¹³ “The crystal sea, speaking of a past watery judgment and deliverance, is also ‘mingled with fire,’ speaking of the impending fiery judgment and deliverance.”—Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 15:3.

¹⁴ Ibid., Rev. 15:2.

¹⁵ M. R. Vincent, Vincent’s Word Studies (Escondido, CA: Ephesians Four Group, 2002), Rev. 15:2.

¹⁶ “They are the harpers which we saw harping and singing in Rev. 14:2-3+. They are the martyred company worshipping in glory.”—Arno C. Gaebelein, The Revelation (Neptune, NJ: Loizeaux Brothers, 1961), Rev. 15:2.

¹⁷ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 15:3.

¹⁸ This is one reason that preterist interpreters tend to see everything in the book of Revelation in light of God judging Israel. They fail to see the distinctions between the time of the end and the overthrow of Jerusalem in A.D. 70 and the extension of God’s principles relating to Israel’s rebellion being applied wholesale to a rebellious world.

¹⁹ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 15:3.

²⁰ John MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 2000), Rev. 15:3-4.

²¹ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 15:3.

²² “The reading of the Textus Receptus (ἁγίων [hagiōn] ), which has only the slenderest support in Greek witnesses (296 2049, neither of which was available when the Textus Receptus was formed), appears to have arisen from confusion of the Latin compendia for sanctorum (sctorum) and saeculorum (sclorum [=αἰώνων [aiōnōn] ]; ‘saint’ is also read by several Latin writers, including Victorinus-Pettau, Tyconius, Apringius, and Cassiodorus.”—Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament (Stuttgart, Germany: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1994), Rev. 15:3.

²³ P⁴⁷, א*, and C have King of the ages.

²⁴ “Emphatic negation is indicated by οὐ μή [ou mē] plus the aorist subjunctive or, less frequently, οὐ μή [ou mē] plus the future indicative (e.g., Mat. 26:35; Mark 13:31; John 4:14; 6:35). This is the strongest way to negate something in Greek.”—Daniel B. Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics - Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House and Galaxie Software, 1999, 2002), 466.

²⁵ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 286.

²⁶ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 15:4.

²⁷ Frederick William Danker and Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 465.

²⁸ Scott, Exposition of The Revelation, Rev. 15:6.

²⁹ “Although the reading λίθον [lithon] is strongly attested (A C 2053 vg. al) and was widely circulated at an early date, in the opinion of the Committee it is a transcriptional error that, despite a superficial parallel with Eze. 28:13, makes no sense; it is particularly inapposite with the adjective καθαρὸν [katharon] , which, on the contrary, is altogether appropriate with λίνον [linon] .”—Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament, Rev. 15:6.

³⁰ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 858.

³¹ Monty S. Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John (Dallas, TX: 3E Ministries, 1987), Rev. 15:5.

³² Barnhouse, Revelation, 287.

3.8 - Revelation 8

3.8.1 - Revelation 8:1 Open Bible at Rev. 8:1 Listen to Rev. 8:1

Now that God’s servants have been sealed for protection, the seventh seal can be opened. Seven angels are given seven trumpets. The first four angels sound their trumpets resulting in great devastation to the life-supporting systems of the earth. As harsh as these judgments are, they are less severe than the remaining three trumpets to come.

He opened

We must ever bear in mind that it is the Lamb who opens each of the seals initiating the judgments which befall the earth and its citizens. See commentary on Revelation 5:5 and Revelation 6:1.

seventh seal

The seventh seal contains the seven trumpet judgments and the seventh trumpet contains the seven bowl judgments.¹ The full effects of opening all seven seals include all seven trumpet judgments and the seven bowl judgments: 6 seal judgments + 6 trumpet judgments + 7 bowl judgments = 19 specific judgments in all. At the opening of the seventh seal, 6 judgments (the six seals) have passed and 13 remain (six trumpets and seven bowls within the seventh trumpet). See Literary Structure.

silence in heaven

“In the Jewish temple, musical instruments and singing resounded during the whole time of the offering of the sacrifices, which formed the first part of the service. But at the offering of incense, solemn silence was kept.”² Zephaniah revealed that silence would attend the Day of the Lord in response to the solemn occasion where He will prepare a sacrifice and invite His guests (Zep. 1:7).³ The sacrifice will consist of the men who oppose God and the guests are the birds of heaven who will feast upon them (Rev. 19:17-18+). This silence precedes the Day of the Lord in its narrow sense—the actual day when Christ returns and physically defeats the armies gathered against him. The Day of the Lord, in its broadest sense, is already in progress. See When Does the Day of the Lord Dawn?

The implication is that when the judgment about to happen becomes visible as the seventh seal is broken and the scroll unrolled, both the redeemed and the angels are reduced to silence in anticipation of the grim reality of the destruction they see written on the scroll. The half an hour of silence is the calm before the storm. It is the silence of foreboding, of intense expectation, of awe at what God is about to do.⁴

Scripture reveals a pattern of silence associated with the recognition of God’s holiness and righteous judgment (Ps. 76:8-9; Hab. 2:20; Zep. 1:7; Zec. 2:13).⁵

When Heaven falls silent for half an hour, when all the singing, glorifying, and praising ceases, there will be a deep sense of foreboding. The judgments, every righteous soul knows, must be formidable in the extreme, yet they will shudder in awe at the prospect of having to witness their administration.⁶

3.8.2 - Revelation 8:2 Open Bible at Rev. 8:2 Listen to Rev. 8:2

seven angels

These are seven specific angels who are said to stand before God. Some have identified these with angels which are named in the books of Enoch and Tobit.⁷

But God has only chosen within the pages of inspired Scripture to reveal the names of three powerful angels: Lucifer (Isa. 14:12), Gabriel (Dan. 8:16; 9:21; Luke 1:19), and Michael (Dan. 10:13; 12:1; Jude 1:9; Rev. 12:7+). It is pure speculation to attempt to identify these specific angels other than recognizing that Scripture reveals that Gabriel “stands in the presence of God” (Luke 1:19).

The Seven Angels with Trumpets

The Seven Angels with Trumpets⁸

They are of particular rank and distinction, for not all angels are of the same dignity and office. Paul enumerates “dominions, principalities, and powers” [Col. 1:16] among the celestial orders. Daniel speaks of some chief princes [Dan. 10:13], Paul and Jude refer to archangels [1Th. 4:16; Jude 1:9]. Angelic beings are not, therefore, of one and the same grade. The sons of God, in general, come before him only at appointed times (Job 1:6) but the Saviour speaks of some angels who “do always behold the face of the Father which is in heaven” (Mat. 18:10).⁹

Some believe these angels are the seven spirits before God’s throne (Rev. 1:4+; 3:1+; 4:5+; 5:6+).¹⁰ But there is strong evidence for understanding the Seven Spirits as the various manifestations of the Holy Spirit rather than angels. See commentary on Revelation 1:4.

who stand before God

When Gabriel visited Zecharias to announce the birth of John the Baptist, he said “I am Gabriel, who stands in the presence of God” (Luke 1:19). Apparently there is a group of especially powerful angels, of which Gabriel is a member, who have close access to God and stand before Him. Here we meet with another piece of evidence which argues that the twenty-four elders are not angels for they sit before God. See commentary on Revelation 4:4.

These seven angelic trumpeters are elect and loyal servants of God with a position commensurate with their trust. They stand, permanently, in the presence of God Almighty; these are special angels, they are of Heaven’s elite (Rev. 8:2+)! In eastern courts the most favored courtiers had the right to enter the king’s presence at all times; these angels are angels of the presence; their high rank is thus confirmed.¹¹

to them were given seven trumpets

The trumpets were given to the angels by divine permission. The judgments which come forth once they are blown are initiated by God. See commentary on Revelation 6:2.

These are the next set of seven judgments in the series of seals, trumpets, and bowls. As the judgments progress, they escalate in intensity. The trumpet judgments are more severe than the preceding seal judgments, but less severe than the bowl judgments to follow. For example, at the second trumpet, a third of the seas become blood (Rev. 8:8+). At the second bowl judgment, the remaining two-thirds of the seas become blood as of a dead man (Rev. 16:3+). At the sounding of the seventh trumpet, whose effects include the bowl judgments which follow, the announcement is made: “The kingdom of the world has become the kingdom of our Lord and of his Christ, and he will reign for ever and ever.” (Rev. 11:15+). See Literary Structure.

Zephaniah associated trumpets sounding an alarm with the Day of the Lord (Zep. 1:14-18). The seven trumpets, which ultimately lead to the fall of the great city Babylon (Rev. 18+), are typified by the seven ram’s horns used to overthrow Jericho in the days of Joshua (Jos. 6:4-5). “It should be carefully noted, that the order of these first four trumpet-judgments is the same as that of the bowls of wrath in chapter 16. (1) Earth; (2) Sea; (3) Rivers and fountains of waters; (4) The Sun.”¹² The trumpet judgments are divided into two groups: the first four which affect the natural systems (Rev. 8:7-12+) and the last three which affect men (Rev. 9:1+, 13+; 11:15+).

In contradistinction to the last three trumpets, the first four afflict natural objects, i.e., earth, trees, grass, rivers, and the like. The fifth and sixth have men as their special objects, and unlike the first four which are connected and interdependent, are separate and independent. In contrast to these two, the first four have only an indirect effect on mankind. Besides these differences, the voice of the eagle in Rev. 8:13+ separates the trumpets into two groups (Alford, Swete, Beckwith, Sweet).¹³

3.8.3 - Revelation 8:3 Open Bible at Rev. 8:3 Listen to Rev. 8:3

another angel

Because of the intercessory service of the angel, some see him as Christ (Isa. 53:12; Rom. 8:34; John 17:15-24; Heb. 7:25; 1Ti. 2:5; Rev. 8:3+).¹⁴ But it seems unlikely that the second person of the Godhead would be denoted simply as another angel—as if more-or-less on a par with the other seven which are to sound trumpets. There is also a contradiction if He Who opens the seal in verse 1 is the Lamb Himself. The explanation that this is Christ supposes that the Lamb opens the seventh seal and then puts down the scroll to take upon Himself an entirely different role—that of offering the prayers of the saints with incense.

Because of his priestly work, some identify him as the Lord Jesus Christ. That identification is unlikely, however, for several reasons. First, Christ is already identified in the heavenly scene as the Lamb (Rev. 5:6+; 6:1+; 7:17+), distinguishing Him from this angel. Second, while the pre-incarnate Christ appeared as the Angel of the Lord in the Old Testament, Jesus is nowhere identified as an angel in the New Testament. Third, the reference in verse 2+ [Rev. 8:2+] to the seven actual angels defines the meaning of the term in this context. The angel in verse 3+ [Rev. 8:3+] is described as another (allos; another of the same kind; cf. Rev. 7:2+) angel like those in verse 2+ [Rev. 8:2+]. Finally, everywhere He appears in Revelation, Jesus is clearly identified.¹⁵

Here the angel acts merely as a ministering spirit (Heb. 1:4), just as the twenty-four elders have vials full of odors, or incense, which are the prayers of saints (Rev. 5:8+), and which they present before the Lamb.¹⁶

incense . . . offer it with the prayers of the saints

On the day of atonement, Aaron was instructed to take a censer full of burning coals of fire from the altar and put the incense on the fire which would form a cloud which would cover the mercy seat—where the Lord’s presence was. This cloud served as a protective separation from God’s presence “lest he die” (Lev. 16:12-13). The cloud shielded Aaron from the presence of God. Elsewhere, when a plague had broken out among the people, Aaron was instructed to take a censer with fire and incense among the congregation to make atonement for them. Just like the prayers of the saints, this act of Aaron’s was described as intercession (Num. 16:46-48). In the Millennial Kingdom, incense will be offered to God worldwide (Mal. 1:11). Previously, the twenty-four elders (and possibly the living creatures) were said to hold “golden bowls of incense, which are the prayers of the saints” (Rev. 5:8+). See commentary on Revelation 5:8. The prayers of the saints are intercessory and also include petitions for justice, such as those of the martyrs under the altar at the fifth seal (Rev. 6:10+).

These are undoubtedly the cries of believers in the Great Tribulation against their persecutors and all who blaspheme God and Christ in that time. Their prayers, affirmed by the heavenly incense which God has provided, show that He is in agreement with the cries of the saints as they come into His presence, from which the seven trumpet judgments will be released. There is a sense of anticipation as these prayers rise before God. They will shortly be answered; God’s wrath and His people’s prayers are connected.¹⁷

upon the golden altar

The writer of Hebrews informs us that the earthly tabernacle was but a model of a greater reality in heaven (Heb. 9:11, 24). There were two altars in the plan of the tabernacle, a larger altar of burnt offering (sacrifice) outside the holy place and a smaller altar of incense within the holy place (Lev. 4:7). It is upon the altar of incense in the heavenly temple that the prayers are offered (Ex. 30:1; Luke 1:11).

3.8.4 - Revelation 8:4 Open Bible at Rev. 8:4 Listen to Rev. 8:4

smoke of the incense, with the prayers of the saints ascended

The psalm writer recognized that the prayers of the saints served a similar purpose as incense burnt before the Lord (Ps. 141:2)—an aroma pleasing to God. The picture of prayer ascending to God is also seen when Hezekiah reinstated the Passover. Even though they were unable to observe the Passover in strict accordance with God’s instructions, God was pleased with their prayers because of the pure motivation of their hearts. “Then the priests, the Levites, arose and blessed the people, and their voice was heard, and their prayer came up to His holy dwelling place to heaven” (2Chr. 30:27). When Cornelius prayed to God and an angel was sent to instruct him to fetch Peter to hear the gospel, it was said, “Your prayers and your alms have come up for a memorial before God” (Acts 10:4).

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filled it with fire from the altar

The fire speaks of judgment (Mat. 3:11-12; Luke 12:49), just as when the man in Ezekiel’s vision scattered coals of fire over Jerusalem (Eze. 10:2).

threw it to the earth

The act of the angel with the censer prefigures the angels with the seven bowls of God’s wrath (Rev. 16:1+, 3+, 4+, 8+, 10+, 12+, 17+). Here, there is an explicit connection between the petitions of the saints and the resulting judgment, whereas the bowls contain God’s own wrath.¹⁸

“All this occurs in answer to the prayers of the saints. There are those who think meanly of prayer, and are always asking: ‘What profit should we have if we pray unto the Almighty?’ (Job 21:15.) The true answer is, ‘much every way.’

There is an eye that never sleeps
Beneath the wing of night;
There is an ear that never shuts
When sink the beams of light.

There is an arm that never tires
When human strength gives way;
There is a love that never fails
When earthly loves decay.

That eye is fixed on seraph throngs;
That arm upholds the sky;
That ear is filled with angel songs;
That love is throned on high.

But there’s a power which man can wield,
When mortal aid is vain,
That eye, that ear, that love to reach,
That listening ear to gain.

That power is PRAYER, which soars on high,
Through Jesus, to the throne;
And moves the hand which moves the world,
To bring salvation down!”¹⁹

there were noises, thunderings, lightnings, and an earthquake

Noises is φωναὶ [phōnai] which can also be translated as “voices” (ASV, KJV, YLT). It is translated as “noises” in Revelation 8:5+ and by “sound” in Revelation 9:9+. The noises (or “voices”), thunderings, lightnings and earthquake are all indicators of judgment. There is a direct cause-and-effect relationship between the prayers of the saints which were mingled in the censer before its contents were thrown to the earth and these indicators of impending judgment. See commentary on Revelation 4:5. “These terms compose a FORMULA OF CATASTROPHE; and the fourfold character here denotes universality of the catastrophe in respect to the thing affected.”²⁰ See Four: the Entire World, the Earth.

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prepared themselves to sound

The sounding of the angels will be in response to the prayers of the saints which were offered with incense before the throne. Since the judgments are now to be of a greater severity than the previous six seals, great solemnity attends the moment.

The Old and New Testaments use the trumpet as the symbol of God’s intervention in history (e.g., Ex. 19:16, 19; Isa. 27:13; Joel 2:1; Zep. 1:16; Zec. 9:14; Mat. 24:31; 1Cor. 15:52-53; 1Th. 4:16). A trumpet blast can mean one of three things in Scripture: first, an alarm; second, a fanfare to announce royalty; third, a summons to battle—the latter is appropriate in this context.²¹

No doubt, these angels had been waiting for this particular ministry for a long time. As “ministering spirits, sent forth to minister for them who shall be heirs of salvation” (Hebrews 1:14), all of Christ’s mighty angels (2 Thessalonians 1:7) are intensely occupied with the progress of His work of salvation on earth, “which things the angels desire to look into” (1 Peter 1:12). The seven “presence angels” were surely the most concerned of all, and they were fully prepared.²²

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hail

At this juncture, we once again encounter a major fork in the road of interpretation where many interpreters insist on understanding the effects of the judgments of the trumpets as being symbolic rather than literal. As we discussed in our treatment of Interpreting Symbols, this leads in the direction of conjecture and supposition out of which it is nearly impossible to obtain an unambiguous understanding of what God intends to reveal. For the reasons before stated, and because of the Golden Rule of Interpretation, we choose to allow the context to determine whether symbolism is in view. When we do, we find that a literal understanding of physical phenomena is most likely in view.

We are aware that a majority of interpreters maintain that the results of this first Trumpet are not literal. They seem as anxious to get rid of the miraculous and the supernatural from Interpretation, as the Rationalists are to eliminate it from Inspiration. But why, unless the plagues of Egypt also were not literal plagues, we cannot understand, Again we ask, Why should not these be literal judgments which are to come upon the earth? What is the difficulty? . . . To explain this away is to manifest a want of faith in the power of God, and in the Word of God. Such things have taken place on earth. Why should they not take place again?²³

We note the similarity between the judgments found here and the physical, literal judgments which God poured out upon Egypt. Indeed, Isaiah indicates that literal events future to his day would rival those of the Egyptian Exodus:

The LORD will utterly destroy the tongue of the Sea of Egypt; with His mighty wind He will shake His fist over the River, and strike it in the seven streams, and make men cross over dry-shod. There will be a highway for the remnant of His people who will be left from Assyria, as it was for Israel in the day that he came up from the land of Egypt. (Isa. 11:15-16)

In the seventh plague which God sent upon the Egyptians on behalf of Israel, God sent “hail, and fire mingled with the hail, so very heavy that there was none like it in all the land of Egypt since it became a nation.” This judgment was sent “on man, on beast, and on every herb of the field” [emphasis added] (Ex. 9:22-23). Significantly, in the sounding of this angel, the same mix of fire and hail destroys a third of the trees and all the green grass. This includes grain being grown for food (see below).

Hail which is sent by God in judgment is often of a great size inflicting severe damage (Jos. 10:11; Eze. 13:11; Hag. 2:17; Rev. 16:21+). In the seventh bowl judgment, the hail weighs one talent (Rev. 16:21+)—ranging between 75 to 88 pounds.²⁴ The hail is drawn from God’s “treasury of hail . . . reserved for the day of battle and war” (Job 38:22). Under the Law of Moses, the penalty for blasphemy and idolatry was stoning (Lev. 24:14-16; Deu. 13:6-10; 17:2-5). During the Tribulation period, the earth dwellers continue in blasphemy and idolatry. Perhaps this explains why God stones them with large hailstones (Rev. 16:21+).

The language is evidently drawn from the plagues of Egypt, five or six out of the ten exactly corresponding: the hail, the fire (Ex. 9:24), the water turned to blood (Ex. 7:19), the darkness (Ex. 10:21), the locusts (Ex. 10:12), and perhaps the death (Rev. 9:18+). Judicial retribution in kind characterizes the inflictions of the first four, those elements which had been abused punishing their abusers.²⁵

Hailstorms are normally isolated, yet this will be a hailstorm that will blanket and devastate an area larger than the entire North and South American continents (together they represent 28% of earth’s land surface). What a fearful storm that will be. This will be the first stroke of God’s scourge, a thunderstorm, or series of thunderstorms, which has no precedent, or anything even mildly approaching it in violence in man’s history since the flood.²⁶

See The Plagues of Egypt and the Tribulation.

fire

Fire generally speaks of judgment. When John the Baptist spoke to the Pharisees and Sadducees who came to his baptism, he called them a “Brood of vipers!” and warned them of impending judgment. He spoke of a Coming One who was greater than he who would baptize with the Holy Spirit and fire. Those who repented and turned to God, after the Day of Pentecost, were baptized by Jesus with the Holy Spirit and joined to the Body of Christ (1Cor. 12:13). Those who rejected God would eventually be baptized with fire (Mat. 13:41-42). In the context of this baptism, John presented two alternative categories which encompass all men: wheat and chaff: “His winnowing fan is in His hand, and He will thoroughly clean out His threshing floor, and gather His wheat into the barn; but He will burn up the chaff with unquenchable fire” [emphasis added] (Mat. 3:12). Here, the earth dwellers get their first taste of God’s judging fire which ultimately culminates in the Lake of Fire (Rev. 19:20+; 20:14-15+).

mingled with blood

Mingled is μεμιγμένα [memigmena] , perfect tense: having been mingled. “The perfect tense indicates an inseparable mix.”²⁷ As in the Egyptian judgments, blood is included in the concoction thrown to the earth. Joel predicted this day: “And I will show wonders in the heavens and in the earth: blood and fire and pillars of smoke” (Joel 2:30). All three of these elements are present in this event as the blood is mingled with the hail and the fire causes the green grass and trees to burn generating huge plumes (pillars) of smoke.²⁸

thrown to the earth

This is the first judgment specifically targeted at the destruction of life-supporting natural systems on the planet. Even now, those who reject God worship the creature rather than the Creator (Rom. 1:25). At the time of the end, God will set about destroying this idol of the earth dwellers.

People today are very concerned about saving the environment. Fears about the depletion of the ozone layer, pollution, the destruction of the rain forests, and global warming are constantly in the news. There is a passionate concern to save endangered species, everything from whales to spotted owls to California condors, and a host of lesser-known species. For many, protecting the environment has become far more than a concern for health and safety; it has become an issue of idolatry, as they worship “Mother Nature” by trying to protect and perpetuate the earth. . . . Fallen mankind has failed to recognize and honor God as Creator, choosing instead to make a god out of the earth. But the environmental, evolutionary pantheism that devalues man, elevates animals and plants, and ignores the Creator will be severely judged. “Earth Day” that year will be a gloomy and dismal affair; in a scorched and ravaged world there will be little of the environment left to celebrate.²⁹

These are the judgments which the 144,000 Israelites were sealed for protection from. See commentary on Revelation 7:1.

a third

In each of the trumpet judgments which result in death, a third of the population receiving the judgment perishes. A third of the trees is burned up here, a third of the earth is burned up (Rev. 8:7+, MT and NU text), a third of the sea becomes blood (Rev. 8:8+), a third of the sea creatures and ships are destroyed (Rev. 8:9+), a third of the rivers is polluted (Rev. 8:10-11+), a third of the sunlight, moonlight, and starlight is affected (Rev. 8:12+), and a third of mankind is killed (Rev. 9:15+, 18+).

trees were burned up

This judgment is literal, just as was the similar judgment of Egypt, as recounted by the psalmist: “He turned their rain into hail, with lightning throughout their land; he struck down their vines and fig trees and shattered the trees of their country” (Ps. 105:32-33). This would include fruit-bearing trees contributing to conditions of famine. See The Plagues of Egypt and the Tribulation.“The third seal (Rev. 6:5-6+) prophesied a severe famine during which food will be horrendously expensive. Compounding this already severe food shortage will be the destruction of one-third of the earth’s foliage, a destruction wreaked by hail and fire mixed with blood (Rev. 8:7+).”³⁰

The natural disasters which attend these judgments are a problem for those whose interpretive system requires a previous “fulfillment” in history. Preterist interpreters attempt to identify this judgment with Roman military tactics during the fall of Jerusalem:

Chilton tries to find a literal fulfillment of Revelation 8:7+ during the siege of Jerusalem in A.D. 70. He says, “Literally, the vegetation of Judea, and especially of Jerusalem, would be destroyed in the Roman scorched-earth methods of warfare.” He then quotes a passage from Wars 6:6-8 describing the desolation of Jerusalem and the surrounding countryside caused by war. What Chilton does not say is why the Romans cut down the trees. . . . The Romans cut down the wood in order to build earthworks for the siege of Jerusalem. They didn’t burn as part of a “scorched earth” policy. The actual cutting of the trees stands in marked contrast with the description of the first trumpet judgment.³¹

all green grass

Green is χλωρὸς [chlōros] , the same word which describes the color (pale) of the horse attending the fourth seal (Rev. 6:8+). Grass is χόρτος [chortos] which can describe “stalks of grain in their early, grass-like stages Mat. 13:26; Mark 4:28.”³² Thus, this judgment may bring not just environmental destruction, but destroy grain production and contribute to the conditions of famine already initiated by the fourth seal.

Joel, in speaking of the locust-induced famine of his day, also speaks of the eschatological Day of the Lord:

Alas for the day! For the day of the LORD is at hand; it shall come as destruction from the Almighty. Is not the food cut off before our eyes, joy and gladness from the house of our God? The seed shrivels under the clods, storehouses are in shambles; barns are broken down, for the grain has withered. How the animals groan! The herds of cattle are restless, because they have no pasture; even the flocks of sheep suffer punishment. O LORD, to You I cry out; For fire has devoured the open pastures, and a flame has burned all the trees of the field. The beasts of the field also cry out to You, for the water brooks are dried up, and fire has devoured the open pastures. (Joel 1:15-20) [emphasis added]

Those who take trees and grass here in a symbolic way encounter a logical inconsistency. If trees represent authorities or governmental powers and grass is generally understood as representing the human race (1Pe. 1:24), then we have the situation where all green grass (humanity) is destroyed, but only one-third of the trees (authorities).“Symbolic interpretation leads to a hopeless quagmire of contradictions. For instance, the earth, grass, and trees are symbols of nations and men in the first trumpet (Rev. 8:7+), but in trumpets 3, 5, and 6 these objects of nature appears side-by-side with men (Rev. 8:11+; 9:4+, 15+).”³³ Purely symbolic interpretations render a wide variety of results here which are typically subjected to great elasticity in order to avoid such contradiction. For example, the green grass is taken as Israel rather than mankind.³⁴ It is much simpler to see these as literal, physical catastrophes which are completely in keeping with the predictions of the character of the Day of the Lord in the OT.

The variation in interpretation among those who take these items symbolically is strong evidence against such an understanding:

Elliott says that this first Trumpet denotes the wars of Alaric the Goth and Rhadagaisus the Vandal against the Western Roman Empire. We should never have guessed this ourselves. There is nothing about this or even like it in this Scripture. . . . One says “trees” mean princes and great men; and “grass” means men’s power and glory (Wordsworth). J. N. Darby says “that which is elevated, eminent, lofty is intended by the trees; the young, feeble and aged are meant by the green grass.” Wetstein says “Trees mean fortified cities; grass unwalled villages.” Others say “by trees are signified apostles and great doctors; by grass, common Christians” (Paralus). Alford holds that “it appears rather to indicate a general character of the judgments, than to require any special interpretation in each particular case.” To all this we have one simple remark to make—We prefer to believe God’s own special interpretation of His own judgments, in the plain literal sense of the words.³⁵

To some, the sea is pure doctrine; the mountain, aspiring prelates; the fire, their ambition; the discoloration of the waters, the introduction of false doctrine; the fishes, the lower orders of ecclesiastics and monks; the ships, the bearers of the Gospel. To others, the mountain is Rome; its burning, the conflagration of that city by Alaric; the destruction of the ships, the plunder of its wealth. Still others see in the record, a symbol of the ravages by Attila. And I only wonder that no one has discovered that it denotes the settlement of the Mormons in Salt Lake Territory! The simple truth is, that if it does not mean what it says, as men ordinarily use language, no man can tell what it does mean; and the opinion of one is just as good, and just as bad, as that of another.³⁶

A short sample of the varied meanings derived by various symbolic interpreters underscores the subjective nature of the entire approach:³⁷

Variation in Symbolic Interpretations

Symbol
Assigned Meaning

Fiery Mountain
Satan; a great heresy; Vespasian; prelacy;³⁸ Rome; a system of power; the Messianic Kingdom (Dan. 2); the Jewish state; Babylon; Zion; a heathen nation.

Sea
The nations; the church’s baptismal waters; sea of Galilee; pure doctrine; confusion and anarchy; the non-Roman world.

Blood
Corruption of deadly error; introduction of false doctrine; spiritual death and apostasy.

Living Creatures
Destruction of souls; Jews; Ecclesiastics (monks); people.

Ships
Congregations; churches; cities of Palestine; bearers of the gospel; sack of Rome; commerce and means of communication; little states at the time of the Roman empire.

Trees
Men in the haughtiness of pride and position; the elect remnant.

Grass
The people of Israel; the elect remnant.

Great Star
Mohammed; Simon Magus; Montanus; Arius; Cerinthus; Pelagius; Eleazar; Josephus; Genseric; Attila; Menander; Manes; Novatus; Origen.

Sun, Moon, Stars
Cities of Galilee and the people of the Jews; the Jewish temple, Jerusalem, and its population; the Bible, its doctrine, and the ministers of the Church; the decay of imperial government from Valens to the fall of Augustus, false doctrines and corrupt manners of the patriarchs and bishops; the great prevalence of errors, defections, apostasies, and confusions in Christendom; the subversion of the Western imperial government and its dependencies.

The first four trumpets all deal directly with the earth. They do not symbolize political, social, or economic judgment; those types of judgment come later in Revelation. Nor do they describe any judgment that has ever happened in history in some locale or region. The trumpet judgments are actual, literal, physical events that will affect the whole earth.³⁹

Some understand the destruction of all the green grass here, but subsequent reference to grass (Rev. 9:4+) as license to jettison normative interpretation in recognition of the apocalyptic literary genre:

To worry about the prohibition in Rev. 9:4+ against harming the grass, when in Rev. 8:7+ the green grass was already burned up, or about the question of how a great star could fall from heaven in Rev. 8:10+ when the stars had already fallen in Rev. 6:12+, is to misunderstand the literary genre in which the Apocalypse is written. . . . We are dealing here with a montage of divine judgments upon a recalcitrant world.⁴⁰

These supposed logical inconsistencies are easily explained. During the opening of the sixth seal, stars fall to the earth. As we discuss in our commentary on Revelation 6:13, this does not mean that every stellar “sun” in the universe made its way to the surface of our planet! More likely, it describes a meteor shower or asteroids since human life still remains after the impact (Rev. 6:15-17+) along with the sun and the moon (Rev. 8:12+). Thus, there remains plenty of cosmic material to supply the needs of the star which falls here (Rev. 8:10+). Concerning the grass, one wonders if such authors have ever read anything concerning the beneficial effects of fire upon rangelands? The complete burning of the grass (Rev. 8:7+) and its reappearance later (Rev. 9:4+) is easily explained by recognizing that the initial destruction burned the stalks of grass, but left the root system intact underground. Some time later, the grass sprouts up once again. “In most parts of the earth grass is not green the year round, but is seasonal. Burning of all the grass that is green during a particular season would leave the remainder untouched until its season of dormancy is over (Simcox).”⁴¹

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something like a great mountain burning with fire was thrown into the sea

The text is careful to differentiate between a great mountain and something like a great mountain (ὡς ὄρος μέγα [hōs oros mega] ). The object itself is evidently not a mountain, nor is it said to erupt or spew into the ocean—as we might expect from a great volcanic disturbance. Instead, it is thrown into the sea by some agent, possibly an angel, although the text does not say. This could describe the impact of a large meteor burning upon entry to the earth’s atmosphere from outer space,⁴² or it could be something entirely supernatural.

Jeremiah referred to Babylon as a “destroying mountain” which God would make as a “burnt mountain” (Jer. 51:25). Here it seems that God uses a destroying mountain in judgments which will ultimately overthrow Babylon (Rev. 17+, 18+).

a third of the sea became blood

In the first plague which God brought upon Egypt where Aaron stretched forth his rod, all the waters of Egypt became blood (Ex. 7:19; Ps. 78:44). Here, as in Egypt, a literal judgment is in view because the result affects living creatures and ships ((Ps. 105:29 cf. Rev. 8:9+). Later, in the pouring of the second bowl, all of the sea will become “blood as of a dead man” (Rev. 16:3+). Like Moses, God’s two witnesses will also have the power to turn water into blood (Rev. 11:6+).

In the third bowl judgment, the remainder of the rivers and springs of water which were not poisoned in the judgments of the third trumpet also become blood (Rev. 16:4+). Later, it will be said of the Harlot that she is “drunk with the blood of the saints and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus” (Rev. 17:6+). During the Tribulation, God gives her literal blood to drink.

The destruction of the sea will cause tremendous upheaval to the food chain which supports all life on the planet. The divine hand is systematically removing every means by which man can continue to imagine himself as independent of the one true God.

The price of sin will include the pangs of hunger, for not only will God ensure that the world’s food supply is depleted, but He will also ensure that its meager reserves will not be bolstered, and then ensure that man’s alternate food source, the sea, will be drastically depleted.⁴³

God created the sea to be a blessing to mankind, to provide food, oxygen (much of Earth’s oxygen comes from the phytoplankton and algae in the world’s oceans), and water from the rainstorms on the land that is originally gathered up by evaporation from the oceans. But people have repaid God’s gracious provision with ingratitude and idolatry, revering the sea as the supposed source of their remotest evolutionary ancestors. As He had devastated the land environment, the true God judges the sea.⁴⁴

In the plague of Egypt, the water turned into literal blood so it would seem a similar miraculous judgment occurs here, although it is also possible that “blood” may simply denote “death” which results from the polluted waters:

The word translated “blood” can mean “death” and this provides a ready explanation for this passage. The prophecy may mean that the chemical composition of the waters will be so altered by the meteorite, or whatever it is that God will plunge into the ocean, that the marine life in the effected area will be killed and even metal vessels will be destroyed or ruined. As the text does not say the sea became “like” blood but that it “became” blood, and, as the same word is used in Rev. 16:6+, this should not be taken as only describing the color of the oceans, but must be understood either literally, or with its secondary meaning of “death.”⁴⁵

See The Plagues of Egypt and the Tribulation.

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living creatures in the sea died . . . ships were destroyed

Literally, the creatures in the sea, the ones having life. Life is ψυχὰς [psychas] , which has many different shades of meaning, but here describes “life on earth in its external, physical aspects. (breath of) life, life-principle, soul, of animals.”⁴⁶ The sea is to be taken literally because both living creatures and ships are destroyed—neither of which have biblical precedence if the sea is taken as a symbol representing the Gentile nations. See commentary on Revelation 7:1. When Isaiah prophesied of this time, he mentioned that ships would be among those things which God destroyed as He brought down man’s pride (Isa. 2:16).

The impact will also generate unimaginably huge tsunamis (tidal waves). Those giant waves will destroy a third of the ships on the world’s oceans, capsizing huge ocean-going vessels and completely swamping ports. The resulting disruption of commerce and transportation will cause economic chaos.⁴⁷

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a great star fell from heaven

Star is ἀστὴρ [astēr] , the same root word as the “stars of heaven” which fell to earth at the opening of the sixth seal (Rev. 6:13+). In both cases, the astronomical body is most likely a meteor or asteroid. See commentary on Revelation 6:13.

Some have suggested that this star is an angel, possibly even Satan.⁴⁸

This “great star” evidently symbolizes a distinguished ruler responsible as set in the moral firmament to give light in the dark night of the world’s history, but he is an apostate personage—one under the immediate judgment of God, “burning as a torch”; in this respect like the “great mountain burning with fire.” The epithet “great” is attached to the mountain, and also to the star; only in the former a corporate power or system is referred to, whereas in the latter an exalted individual is meant.⁴⁹

This view finds support by those who understand the star, already fallen, in Revelation 9:1+ to be this very star. Since the star there is clearly a spiritual being who unlocks the bottomless pit, then perhaps his fall is recorded here. Although there are many parallels between this verse and the fall of Satan (Isa. 14:12; Luke 10:18; Rev. 9:1+; 12:4+), the context appears to be describing a cosmological event involving a large physical object. This star is said to be burning and appears to rain down upon a wide area of the globe causing the waters to become polluted. These characteristics speak more readily of natural phenomena than a malevolent spiritual being.

As we discussed concerning the interpretation of symbols, once the choice is made to take physical descriptions as being symbolic, there is no end to the conjecture which attends the interpretation of what God is attempting to convey. Again, we ask the question: If God had wanted to describe a time of extreme physical catastrophe, how would He have done so differently than what we have before us? A second question presents itself: How could God tell us about future physical convulsions if we forever insist on taking the text as some form of veiled apocalyptic political intrigue? See The Genre of the book of Revelation.

burning like a torch

Torch is λαμπὰς [lampas] , which was used in ancient times to describe meteors and comets.⁵⁰

springs of water

Springs is πηγὰς [pēgas] which is elsewhere translated as fountain (Mark 5:29; Jas. 3:11; Rev. 7:17+; Rev. 21:6+) and well (John 4:6; 2Pe. 2:17). The emphasis is on water as a life-giving source. When men must exist without food or drink, it is lack of water which first leads to death. There is an intentional contrast between the experience of the earth dwellers who are dependent upon these water supplies and those in the previous chapter coming out of the Great Tribulation who are led by the Lamb to living fountains (πηγὰς [pēgas] ) of waters. Though it is God who made these springs of water to maintain physical life (Rev. 14:7+), He now destroys them to demonstrate the dependence of all life upon Him. God is systematically setting about to remove all the props which allow the earth dwellers to imagine there is no God.

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Wormwood

Ἄψινθος [Apsinthos] : “Artemisia Absinthium”⁵¹ . Derived from “absinthe, a bitter, dark green oil made from certain strong-smelling plants with white or yellow flowers, alcoholic in effect; called wormwood from its use as a medicine to kill intestinal worms.”⁵² The equivalent word (also translated as wormwood) in the OT is לַעֲנָה [laʿănâ] , “a very unpleasant substance to consume, which may make one sick, either a root herb, leafy plant oil, or liver-bile; wormwood, i.e., a dark green bitter oil used in absinthe Artemisia absinthium.”⁵³

[In the Old Testament] it is suggested that it is a poison derived from a root of some kind (Deuteronomy 29:18), that it is very bitter (Proverbs 5:4), and that it produces drunkenness (Lamentations 3:15) and eventual death. It is associated with another poison known as “gall” (Deuteronomy 29:18; Lamentations 3:19). This substance was used to produce a stupefying drink for Christ on the cross (Psalm 69:21; Matthew 27:34) which, however, He refused to drink.⁵⁴

Significantly, God describes idolatry as “a root bearing bitterness of wormwood” (Deu. 29:18). Idolatry is a prevalent sin of the earth dwellers during this time of judgment (Rev. 9:20+; Rev. 13:15-16+). So God judges their bitterness of wormwood by giving them wormwood to drink. This is the same judgment which God gave Israel when she rejected Him and pursued false Gods (Jer. 8:14; 9:14-16; 23:15). Wormwood also describes the fruit of unrighteousness, which will be a prevalent characteristic of the Tribulation period (Amos 5:7; 6:12 cf. 2Ti. 3:2-4).

At the bitter waters of Marah, Moses cast a tree into the waters and made them sweet (Ex. 15:25). This pictured Messiah’s work on the cross which provided living water (John 7:38-39). Here, we have wormwood which turns the earth dwellers’ water bitter. Since they would not avail themselves of the cross of Christ—today’s “tree of life”—to obtain the living waters of Jesus (John 4:10), God gives them wormwood instead and poisonous waters which bring death rather than life. Like Moses, one of Elisha’s miracles healed bitter waters and made them sweet (2K. 2:19-22).

many men died

The explicit identification of men—separately from the trees, grass, sea, ships, and living creatures in the sea—is another evidence of the need to interpret these judgments literally. If the latter represent various organizations and systems of man, why are men specifically singled out here? Many men die from drinking the poisoned waters, but many more will also die due to lack of water from the loss of one-third of the earth’s aquifer.

it was made bitter

It was made bitter isἐπικράνθησαν [epikranthēsan] . The same word describes the effect upon John’s stomach of the book of prophecy which he is given to eat (Rev. 10:7+). Here, the bitterness is so severe as to cause death. The wormwood is essentially poisonous.

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the sun, . . . the moon, . . . the stars

Isaiah prophesied the darkening of all three of these sources of light during the Day of the LORD:

Behold, the day of the Lord comes, cruel, with both wrath and fierce anger, to lay the land desolate; and He will destroy its sinners from it. For the stars of heaven and their constellations will not give their light; the sun will be darkened in its going forth, and the moon will not cause its light to shine. (Isa. 13:9-10) [emphasis added]

In Joel’s vision of the Day of the Lord, the darkening of these same heavenly bodies attends the advance of His army (Joel 2:10-11), which are probably the demonic forces unleashed in the next chapter. The darkening of the sun, moon, and stars will be relatively frequent during the various judgments of this terrible period (Joel 3:15).

darkened

The sun became “black as sackcloth” as a result of the sixth seal judgment (Rev. 6:12+). During the plagues of Egypt God brought complete darkness during the day (Ex. 10:21-23), but only a partial darkening is described here. The darkening of the sun, moon, and stars at this juncture is most likely due to cloud cover—either by smoke or other physical disturbances (Isa. 5:30; Eze. 32:6; Zep. 1:14-15; Rev. 9:2+). As in Genesis, the language may reflect the perspective of the earth dweller so that cloud or dust could obscure these cosmic bodies. Others assume the sun, moon, and stars themselves are directly affected: “Somehow, the visible luminaries in the heavens for a time, maybe a day, maybe several days, slow down their internal reactions in such a way as to reduce their power by a factor of one-third. The day and night, as a result are only two-thirds as bright as normal, even though the skies are completely clear of haze or anything else to obscure the light.”⁵⁵ Although the text does not say that the skies are completely clear, it is certainly within God’s power to tinker with the internal mechanism of solar power since at a later date the sun’s burning will be intensified (Rev. 16:8-9+). See also Jeremiah 4:23-28; Matthew 24:29; Mark 13:24; Luke 21:25; Acts 2:20. See commentary on Revelation 6:12. See The Plagues of Egypt and the Tribulation.

a third of the day did not shine

The previous description implied the possibility of a continuous reduction in light, possibly due to intervening clouds or dust. Here, the implication is an eclipse or other supernatural phenomena where all light from the sun, moon, and stars is blocked for one-third of the time. It is almost impossible to estimate the means by which God could bring about this phenomena. However it occurs, it will be dramatic and unmistakable in its unnatural origin. “How the fractional darkening of the heavenly bodies can produce a reduced duration of daylight, moonlight, and starlight is a puzzle (Swete). Yet man’s ability to grasp the ‘how’ or the cause and effect is no basis for attributing inconsistency to the author.”⁵⁶

3.8.13 - Revelation 8:13 Open Bible at Rev. 8:13 Listen to Rev. 8:13

an angel flying through the midst of heaven

The MT and NU texts have eagle (αετου [aetou] ) instead of angel (αγγελου [angelou] ). If an eagle rather than an angel, it is interesting to note that one of the living creatures was said to be “like a flying eagle” (Rev. 4:7+). A few manuscripts have ἀγγέλου ὡς αἐτοῦ [angelou hōs aetou] , an angel like an eagle.⁵⁷ “Since Rev. 4:7+ relates to the description of one of the four living beings, it may be that John intends the eagle mentioned here to have the same significance.”⁵⁸ The midst of heaven can describe the atmospheric heavens where birds fly (Rev. 19:17+). Later, it is an angel (TR, MT, and NU texts) which flies through the midst of heaven (μεσουρανήματι [mesouranēmati] ) having the everlasting gospel to preach (Rev. 14:6+).

Woe, woe, woe

The angel announces that the judgments associated with the sounding of the final three trumpets are especially severe.“The ability of the eagle to speak . . . is insufficient ground on which to conclude it is symbolic. Animate creation other than mankind receive that ability occasionally in Scripture (cf. Gen. 3:1-5; Num. 22:28-30).”⁵⁹ The first two of the remaining three trumpets unleash demonic forces upon the world: the fifth trumpet results in the release of a demonic hoard of locusts (Rev. 9:1-12+); the sixth trumpet releases four fallen angels who lead what appear to be a demonic army against mankind (Rev. 9:13-21+, 11:14+). In the sounding of the seventh trumpet (the third woe), after the subsequent bowl judgments have reached their climax, the kingdoms of the world will be Christ’s (Rev. 11:15+). The two demonic judgments and seven bowl judgments will be especially terrible for those dwelling upon the earth. Woe is also said to the inhabitants of the earth when the devil is cast down to earth (Rev. 12:12+).

If it is an eagle (rather than an angel) which cries, perhaps it cries in anticipation of the feast of carrion which awaits it (Job 39:27-30; Luke 17:37; Rev. 19:17-18+).⁶⁰

“Vulture” may be more appropriate than “eagle,” for, in a sense, this bird will be calling its fellows to devour the carrion that will result from God’s judgments (Mat. 24:28). This vulture is a seemingly insignificant augury of the gathering of its ilk to the final judgment of Armageddon (Rev. 19:17-18+), an insignificant omen which will rapidly become a voracious flood of scavengers.⁶¹

The threefold repetition of woe corresponds to the three remaining trumpets and emphasizes the completeness of the sorrow to follow. See Three: Life, Resurrection, Completeness, the Trinity. “One reason for using [the word woe] which usually refers to great calamity is that these [judgments] will have people, not objects of nature, as their direct objects.”⁶²

inhabitants of the earth

Inhabitants is κατοικοῦντας [katoikountas] , the ones presently dwelling upon the earth. These are the earth dwellers who will experience the remaining severe judgments to come. These are the ones who steadfastly refuse God’s mercy throughout the period of severe judgments, but continue to harden their hearts and blaspheme God (Rev. 16:21+). See Earth Dwellers.

Dear reader, today is the day of salvation. If you have not yet left the ranks of the earth dwellers to join those whose citizenship is in heaven, beware! For each day of delay provides further opportunity for your heart to harden:

“Do not harden your hearts as in the rebellion, in the day of trial in the wilderness, where your fathers tested Me, tried Me, and saw My works forty years. Therefore I was angry with that generation, and said, ‘They always go astray in their heart, and they have not known My ways.’ So I swore in My wrath, ‘They shall not enter My rest.’ ” Beware, brethren, lest there be in any of you an evil heart of unbelief in departing from the living God; but exhort one another daily, while it is called “Today,” lest any of you be hardened through the deceitfulness of sin. (Heb. 3:8-13)

Notes

¹ “A study of Revelation 8+ through 18 indicates that the seventh seal will contain the seven trumpets and the seven bowl judgments.”—Renald E. Showers, The Pre-Wrath Rapture View (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 54.

² A. R. Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” in Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997, 1877), Rev. 8:1.

³ Some understand Zephaniah to be describing silence on the earth, whereas here it is silent in heaven. [Walter Scott, Exposition of The Revelation (London, England: Pickering & Inglis, n.d.), 169n] But Zephaniah says, “Be silent in the presence of the Lord GOD,” which could certainly describe heaven.

⁴ John MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1999), Rev. 8:1.

⁵ “This silence, nevertheless, has made a good deal of noise in the world, especially among commentators. It would be difficult to find another point upon which there have been so many different and discordant voices.”—J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), Rev. 8:1.

⁶ Monty S. Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John (Dallas, TX: 3E Ministries, 1987), Rev. 8:1.

⁷ “In 1 Enoch 20:2-8, reference is made to seven angels who stand before God and are named Uriel, Raphael, Raguel, Michael, Saraqael, Gabriel (cf. Luke 1:19) and Remiel.”—Alan F. Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), Rev. 8:2. Not all translations of 1 Enoch 20 list seven angels, some list six: “These are the names of the holy angels who watch: Suruel, . . . Raphael, . . . Raguel, . . . Michael, . . . Saraqael, . . . Gabriel.”—James H. Charlesworth, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha - Vol. 1 (New York, NY: Doubleday, 1983), 1 Enoch 20:1-7. Raphael is also mentioned in Tobit: “I am Raphael, one of the seven holy angels, which present the prayers of the saints, and which go in and out before the glory of the Holy One.”—The Apocrypha: King James Version (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1995), Tobit 12:15.

⁸ Albrecht Durer (1471 - 1528). Image courtesy of the Connecticut College Image courtesy of the Connecticut College Wetmore Print Collection.

⁹ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, Rev. 8:2.

¹⁰ E. W. Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1984, 1935), Rev. 8:2.

¹¹ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 8:2.

¹² William R. Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1994,c1935), 125.

¹³ Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 8-22 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1995), Rev. 8:4.

¹⁴ “We are satisfied that the angel-priest is Christ—our great High Priest. The service at the altars proves it—for both the brazen altar and the golden altar are referred to. No mere creature could add efficacy to the prayers of saints. . . . Further, the action recorded at the altars is of mediatorial character—one between suffering and praying saints on earth and God—and as Christianity knows of but ‘one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus’ (1Ti. 2:5), the proof is undeniable that the angel-priest is Christ.”—Scott, Exposition of The Revelation, 171. “This angel casts fire into the earth; and Jesus says of Himself: ‘I came to cast fire into the earth; and what could I wish if it were already kindled?’ . . . This angel offers the prayers of all the saints, and renders them savoury before God. Such an office is nowhere in the Scriptures assigned to angels proper, but is everywhere assigned to the Lord Jesus Christ. There would seem to be strong reason, therefore, for supposing that this Angel is really the Jehovah-Angel, and none other than the Lord Jesus Christ.”—Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 184-185.

¹⁵ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 8:3.

¹⁶ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 8:3.

¹⁷ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 8:4.

¹⁸ “Symbolically, this represents the answer to the prayers of the saints through the visitation on earth of God’s righteous judgments.”—Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, Rev. 8:5.

¹⁹ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 187.

²⁰ Scott, Exposition of The Revelation, 173.

²¹ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 8:6.

²² Henry Morris, The Revelation Record (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1983), Rev. 8:6.

²³ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 8:7.

²⁴ Trent C. Butler, Chad Brand, Charles Draper, and Archie England, eds., Broadman and Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary (Nashville, TN: Broadman and Holman Publishers, 2003), 1666.

²⁵ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 8:7.

²⁶ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 8:7.

²⁷ Ibid.

²⁸ “The specific cause of the hail and fire . . . thrown to the earth is not revealed, but from a scientific standpoint an earthquake of the magnitude and extent of the one in Revelation 8:5+ would likely trigger worldwide volcanic eruptions. Besides spewing vast quantities of flaming lava (which could be blood red in appearance) into the atmosphere, the atmospheric disturbances caused by those eruptions could trigger violent thunderstorms that would produce large hail.”—MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 8:7.

²⁹ Ibid.

³⁰ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 8:7.

³¹ Gordon Franz, “Was ‘Babylon’ Destroyed when Jerusalem Fell in A.D. 70?,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 228-229.

³² Frederick William Danker and Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 884.

³³ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 8:7.

³⁴ Scott, Exposition of The Revelation, 178.

³⁵ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 8:8.

³⁶ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 195.

³⁷ [Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 8:7-11], [Scott, Exposition of The Revelation, Rev. 8:7-11], [Steve Gregg, Revelation Four Views: A Parallel Commentary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1997), Rev. 8:7-11], [Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 8:7-11], [Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 194-199].

³⁸ Church government administered by prelates.

³⁹ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 8:7.

⁴⁰ Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977), 184.

⁴¹ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 8:7.

⁴² “This is evidently a giant meteorite or asteroid, surrounded by flaming gases set ablaze by the friction of the earth’s atmosphere, on a collision course with the earth. The current doomsday scenarios about an asteroid hitting the earth will come true with a vengeance.”—MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 8:8.

⁴³ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 8:8.

⁴⁴ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 8:8.

⁴⁵ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 8:8.

⁴⁶ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 893.

⁴⁷ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 8:9.

⁴⁸ “Whenever the word star is used symbolically, it is a common symbol of an angel, and this is the case here. The angel’s name is Wormwood, showing the angel to be a fallen one.”—Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 226.

⁴⁹ Scott, Exposition of The Revelation, 181.

⁵⁰ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 8:10.

⁵¹ Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, and Henry Stuart Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon. With a revised supplement, 1996., With a revised supplement, 1996 (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1996), 299.

⁵² Timothy Friberg, Barbara Friberg, and Neva F. Miller, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2000), 85.

⁵³ James Swanson, Dictionary of Biblical Languages With Semantic Domains : Hebrew (Old Testament), electronic ed. (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1997), s.v. “a very unpleasant substance to consume, which may make one sick, either a root herb, leafy plant oil, or liver-bile; wormwood, i.e., a dark green bitter oil used in absinthe .”

⁵⁴ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 8:11.

⁵⁵ Ibid., Rev. 8:12.

⁵⁶ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 8:12.

⁵⁷ Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament (Stuttgart, Germany: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1994), 669.

⁵⁸ Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, Rev. 8:13.

⁵⁹ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 8:13.

⁶⁰ Concerning birds feeding upon carrion as a result of God’s judgment: Deu. 28:26; Job 39:30; Eze. 39:4, 17-20; Jer. 7:33, 12:9, 15:3, 16:4, 19:7; Mat. 24:28; Luke 17:37; Rev. 19:17-18+.

⁶¹ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 8:13.

⁶² Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 8:13.

2.13 - Related Passages and Themes Listen to Related Passages and Themes

When we come to the book of Revelation, it is important to understand how interwoven its contents are with inspired writings which precede it in the canon of Scripture. The book is not an independent document disconnected from the rest of Scripture and intended only for the angels of the seven churches.¹ Nor is it constrained to dealing only with the events of the readers of John’s day. It must be seen for what it truly is: the capstone of God’s revelation to man. Beyond this book, nothing more has been revealed by God to His Church for over 1900 years. Therefore, the wise reader will keep the following points in mind:

The book of Revelation is not a “head without a body.” It is intimately connected with the previous revelation of God, especially promises and predictions which have not yet found fulfillment.

The book of Revelation is God’s message to His people intended to guide them during the entire period from the departure of Christ through the day of Christ’s return.

We make the mistake of “truncating” God’s message when we fail to interpret its contents within the broad continuum of God’s revelation to man and His historical work upon the earth.

Since the book of Revelation describes events during the “crisis” of the final rejection of God by the world prior to the coming of Jesus Christ, we should expect these events to also appear elsewhere in the Scriptures because of their great importance. And indeed they do. Our purpose in this section is to help the reader become aware of related passages and themes which bear upon an interpretation of the book of Revelation. Without a knowledge of these related passages and themes, it becomes difficult—even problematic—to understand the events conveyed by John in this final book of Scripture.

In the following discussion, we focus on the major parallels between the book of Revelation and key passages elsewhere in Scripture. But, as was mentioned in our discussion of the interpretation of symbols, there are literally hundreds of passages throughout the Bible and especially the Old Testament, which are connected to the book of Revelation. These will come to light as we make our way through the Commentary.

2.13.1 - Trouble Ahead

A major theme throughout Scripture is the impending arrival of God’s Kingdom on earth. Although the Kingdom will be a time of great blessing, peace, and prosperity upon the earth, Scripture reveals that the arrival of God’s Kingdom on earth is characterized by conflict and judgment.

Why do the nations rage, and the people plot a vain thing? The kings of the earth set themselves, and the rulers take counsel together, against the LORD and against His Anointed, saying, “Let us break Their bonds in pieces and cast away Their cords from us.” He who sits in the heavens shall laugh; the Lord shall hold them in derision. Then He shall speak to them in His wrath, and distress them in His deep displeasure: “Yet I have set My King On My holy hill of Zion.” I will declare the decree: The LORD has said to Me, “You are My Son, today I have begotten You. Ask of Me, and I will give You The nations for Your inheritance, and the ends of the earth for Your possession. You shall break them with a rod of iron; You shall dash them to pieces like a potter’s vessel.” (Ps. 2:1-9)

This psalm records the general opposition of man to the rule of God, especially by the leaders of men. The divine response to this rejection includes wrath and a promise that Jesus will ‘break them’ and ‘dash them.’ These are not terms describing gradual Christian conversion and enlightenment which will one day encircle the globe as men continually turn to God. Rather, this psalm describes the radical intervention by God into human history to overthrow the rejection of His King.

God’s climactic intervention in the affairs of a rejecting world to establish His kingdom on earth is the theme of numerous other passages. For example:

You watched while a stone was cut out without hands, which struck the image on its feet of iron and clay, and broke them in pieces. Then the iron, the clay, the bronze, the silver, and the gold were crushed together, and became like chaff from the summer threshing floors; the wind carried them away so that no trace of them was found. And the stone that struck the image became a great mountain and filled the whole earth. (Dan. 2:34-35)

And in the days of these kings the God of heaven will set up a kingdom which shall never be destroyed; and the kingdom shall not be left to other people; it shall break in pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand forever. Inasmuch as you saw that the stone was cut out of the mountain without hands, and that it broke in pieces the iron, the bronze, the clay, the silver, and the gold-the great God has made known to the king what will come to pass after this. The dream is certain, and its interpretation is sure. (Dan. 2:44-45)

In Nebuchadnezzar’s dream, interpreted by God through Daniel, an image made of various metals representing a series of kingdoms is described. Significantly, the dream includes the vision of a stone “cut without hands” which strikes the image resulting in the various metals being “crushed.” The imagery here is violent, sudden and dramatic—the exact opposite of the gradual worldwide conversion which postmillennialists expect to be the fruit of the gospel spreading across the earth.

I was watching; and the same horn was making war against the saints, and prevailing against them, until the Ancient of Days came, and a judgment was made in favor of the saints of the Most High, and the time came for the saints to possess the kingdom. Thus he said: ‘The fourth beast shall be a fourth kingdom on earth, which shall be different from all other kingdoms, and shall devour the whole earth, trample it and break it in pieces. The ten horns are ten kings Who shall arise from this kingdom. And another shall rise after them; He shall be different from the first ones, and shall subdue three kings. He shall speak pompous words against the Most High, shall persecute the saints of the Most High, and shall intend to change times and law. Then the saints shall be given into his hand for a time and times and half a time. ’But the court shall be seated, and they shall take away his dominion, to consume and destroy it forever. Then the kingdom and dominion, and the greatness of the kingdoms under the whole heaven, shall be given to the people, the saints of the Most High. His kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and all dominions shall serve and obey Him.’ (Dan. 7:21-27)

Daniel’s dream and visions record yet another abrupt transition. Prior to the “judgment in favor of the saints,” the “horn was making war against the saints, and prevailing against them” [emphasis added]. This passage describes events immediately prior to the coming of God’s kingdom on earth. This coming of God’s kingdom is something which Jesus instructed His disciples and by extension, all believers throughout the ages to pray for (Mat. 6:10). Did the kingdom come in this sense at the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus? No. We know this from the conditions which the Lord set forth in the prayer: “Your kingdom come. Your will be done On earth as it is in heaven.” [emphasis added] Until God’s will is being done “on earth as in heaven,” the kingdom of God has not come in the sense Jesus would have us pray for, nor in the way the previous passages describe.

Idealists interpret these passages as symbolizing spiritual conflict rather than physical conflict whereas preterists tend to see these passages as hyperbolic descriptions of first-century events. But literal interpretation and the many passages indicating that the earth will reject the knowledge of God (Mat. 24:10-12; 2Th. 2:3; 1Ti. 4:1-3; 2Ti. 3:1-9; 2Pe. 2:3-7) indicate that Christianity will not gradually subsume the social and political institutions of earth resulting in a “Golden Age.” Rather, the world system is predicted to eventually reject and intensely persecute the people of God. It is only by the direct intervention of God and by His own hand that peace and justice will prevail. See Campaign of Armageddon.

As in previous dispensational tests of mankind,² this age will also end in trouble. The Scriptures frequently describe the events attending this period using the term tribulation.

The term tribulation is used in several different ways in Scripture. It is used in a non-technical, non-eschatological sense in reference to any time of suffering or testing into which one goes. It is so used in Matthew 13:21; Mark 4:17; John 16:33; Romans 5:3; 12:12; 2 Corinthians 1:4; 2 Thessalonians 1:4; Revelation 1:8-9+. It is used in its technical or eschatological sense in reference to the whole period of the seven years of tribulation, as in Revelation 2:22+ or Matthew 24:29. It is also used in reference to the last half of this seven year period, as in Matthew 24:21.³

Several well-known titles are applied by Scripture to this coming time of trouble: the Day of the Lord, the Time of Jacob’s Trouble, and the Great Tribulation.

The Tribulation precedes the Messianic Kingdom on Earth

The Tribulation precedes the Messianic Kingdom on Earth⁴

The concept of trouble or tribulation is associated will all three [titles]: the Day of the Lord in Zep. 1:14-17, the Time of Jacob’s Trouble in Jer. 30:7, and the Great Tribulation in Dan. 12:1 [Jesus’ Great Tribulation statements in Mat. 24:21, 29 were a reference to Daniel 12:1, indicating that Daniel is referring to the Great Tribulation]. All three of these Old Testament passages use the same word for trouble. The Hebrew scholars who produced the Septuagint used the Greek word for tribulation to translate this Hebrew word for trouble in Zephaniah 1:15 and Daniel 12:1, showing they understood that both the Day of the Lord and the Great Tribulation will be characterized by tribulation.⁵

This time of trouble is unavoidably connected with “the problem of man.” This problem is as old as Satan: pride. It is God’s express purpose to turn man’s pride to humility in “the Day of the Lord.”

Enter into the rock, and hide in the dust, from the terror of the LORD and the glory of His majesty. The lofty looks of man shall be humbled, the haughtiness of men shall be bowed down, and the LORD alone shall be exalted in that day. For the day of the LORD of hosts Shall come upon everything proud and lofty, upon everything lifted up-And it shall be brought low- upon all the cedars of Lebanon that are high and lifted up, and upon all the oaks of Bashan; upon all the high mountains, and upon all the hills that are lifted up; upon every high tower, and upon every fortified wall; upon all the ships of Tarshish, and upon all the beautiful sloops. The loftiness of man shall be bowed down, and the haughtiness of men shall be brought low; the LORD alone will be exalted in that day. (Isa. 2:10-17) [emphasis added]

2.13.2 - Jewish Rabbinical Thought

Because this future time of trouble is so clearly portrayed in many OT passages, it should come as no surprise that the Jewish rabbis understood the world would be subjected to cataclysmic events before Messiah would come.⁶ “According to the Babylonian Talmud, ‘The advent of the Messiah was pictured as being preceded by years of great distress.’ ”⁷

The idea became entrenched that the coming of the Messiah will be preceded by greatly increased suffering, . . . the pangs of the Messianic times are imagined as having heavenly as well as earthly sources and expressions. From Above, awesome cosmic cataclysms will be visited upon the earth: . . . These will be paralleled by evils brought by men upon themselves: . . . This will last seven years. And then, unexpectedly, the Messiah will come. [emphasis added]⁸

The Babylonian Talmud states, “Our Rabbis taught: In the seven-year cycle at the end of which the son of David will come . . . at the conclusion of the septennate, the son of David will come” (Sanhedrin, 97a, p. 654). [The word septennate refers to a period of seven years.]⁹

Another Jewish source known as the Bereshit Rabbah states: If you shall see the kingdoms rising against each other in turn, then give heed and note the footsteps of the Messiah (XLII:4).¹⁰

Where did the rabbis get such ideas? From the Word of God when normally interpreted as the small sample of passages we have given above demonstrates!

2.13.3 - The Day of the Lord

A frequently found phrase throughout Scripture related to this time of trouble is the Day of the Lord (Isa. 2:10-22; 13:6, 9; Jer. 46:2, 10; Eze. 13:5, 9, 14, 21, 23; 30:3-6, 8, 19, 25-26; Dan. 9:1-27; Joel 1:15; 2:1, 11, 31; 3:14; Amos 5:18, 20; Ob. 1:15; Zep. 1:7, 14; Zec. 14:1; Mal. 4:5; Acts 2:20; 1Th. 5:2; 2Pe. 3:10). This particular day is seen to be so unique and significant that it is also referred to as simply, that day (Isa. 2:11, 17; 2:20; 4:2; Joel 3:18; Mark 13:32; Luke 21:34; 2Ti. 1:12, 18; 4:8).

The Day of the Lord refers to God’s special interventions into the course of world events to judge His enemies, accomplish His purpose for history, and thereby demonstrate who He is—the sovereign God of the universe.¹¹

There is some disagreement concerning whether the phrase “Day of the Lord” refers just to the time of tribulation, or whether it also includes the thousand-year reign of Christ on earth which follows.

The most common biblical term for the seven years of Tribulation in both testaments is the Day of Jehovah or Day of the Lord. There are many who use the term, the Day of the Lord, to apply to both the Tribulation and the Messianic Kingdom. This is generally based on the assumption that the phrases, the Day of the Lord and that day, are synonymous. While it is true that the expression, that day, has a wide meaning that includes both the Tribulation and the Messianic Kingdom, in those passages where the actual phrase, the Day of the Lord (Jehovah) is used, they never refer to the Millennium, but always to the Tribulation.¹²

We believe there are reasons to understand the phrase as including the millennial reign:

Peter’s description of the Day of the Lord appears to include events following the Millennium (2Pe. 3:10-12 cf. Rev. 20:11+; 21:1+).¹³

The phrases this day and that day are not disconnected terms, but involve demonstrative pronouns which make little sense in the absence of any antecedent. The antecedent is seen to be the Day of the Lord (Isa. 2:12 cf. 2:20; Joel 3:14 cf. Joel 3:18).

Nevertheless, the phrase Day of the Lord is uniformly connected with darkness and judgment, whereas the phrases this day and that day do appear to be associated with the positive era subsequent to the initial dark elements of the day.¹⁴

The two-fold nature of the day is characterized by a time of intense darkness followed by incredible blessings:

The future Day of the Lord will have at least a twofold nature. First, it will be characterized by darkness and a tremendous outpouring of divine wrath upon the world (Joel 2:1-2; Amos 5:18-20; Zep. 1:14-15; 1Th. 5:1-11). Amos 5:18-20 emphasizes that this will be the total nature of the Day of the Lord for God’s enemies. It will bring no divine light or blessing to them. This will be the nature of the Day of the Lord during the 70th week of Daniel. Second, the Day of the Lord will also be characterized by light, an outpouring of divine blessing, and the administration of God’s rule. The Prophet Joel, after talking about the darkening of the sun, moon, and stars and God’s Day of the Lord judgment of the armies of the nations gathered in Israel (Joel 3:9-16), foretold great divine blessing “in that day” (Joel 3:17-21). In addition, the Prophet Zechariah, after discussing the future Day of the Lord, when all nations will war against Jerusalem and the Messiah will come to the earth to fight against the nations (Zec. 14:1-5), indicated that although the earlier part of “that day” will be characterized by darkness, the latter part will be characterized by light (Zec. 14:6-7), great blessing (Zec. 14:8), and God’s rule over the earth (Zec. 14:9). This will be the nature of the Day of the Lord in the Millennium. . . . Just as each day of creation and the Jewish day consisted of two phases—a time of darkness (“evening”) followed by a time of light (“day”) [Gen. 1:4-6]—so the future Day of the Lord will consist of two phases, a period of darkness (judgment) followed by a period of light (divine rule and blessing). . . . First, during the 70th week of Daniel it will be characterized by darkness and a tremendous outpouring of divine wrath upon the world. Second, during the Millennium it will be characterized by light, an outpouring of divine blessing, and the administration of God’s rule over the whole world.¹⁵

This dual nature results from both a sequential division (judgment bringing in the Kingdom of God on earth followed by the blessings of the millennial reign of Christ) and a spiritual division (the enemies of God will experience only the judgment whereas the people of God will experience the blessings of the millennial reign).

Since, . . . the present day of Satan and rebellious mankind involves their rule of the world system, the future Day of the Lord would not truly be His day if it did not involve His rule of the world system during the Millennium. How could the Day of the Lord fully demonstrate who He is—the sovereign God of the universe—without the sovereign exercise of His rule in visible form over the entire world?¹⁶

Day of the Lord passages can be difficult to interpret because of the close association of near-term (historic judgments of Israel’s enemies) and far-term aspects (astronomical signs). Interpretation in many of these passages is complicated somewhat by the Law of Double Reference (clearly evidenced in passages such as Zec. 9:9-10; Isa. 61:1-2 cf. Luke 4:18-21; Mic. 5:2-4):

This law observes the fact that often a passage or a block of Scripture is speaking of two different persons or two different events which are separated by a long period of time. In the passage itself they are blended into one picture, and the time gap between the two persons or two events is not presented by the text itself. The fact that a gap of time exists is known because of other Scriptures. . .¹⁷

This has led to some difference of opinion as to whether the phrase Day of the Lord applies strictly to the future time of God’s direct intervention to bring the rule of Messiah or whether it also includes other “days of the Lord” in past history—significant days when God intervened on behalf of Israel (e.g. Jer. 46:1-10).

The Bible indicates that there have been several Days of the Lord in the past in which God demonstrated His sovereign rule by raising up several nations to execute His judgement on other nations. He raised up Assyria to judge the northern kingdom of Israel during the 700s B.C. (Amos 5:18, 20), Babylon to judge the southern kingdom of Judah during the 600s and 500s B.C. (Lam. 1:12; 2:1, 21-22; Eze. 7:19; 13:5; Zep. 2:2-3), Babylon to judge Egypt and its allies during the 500s B.C. (Jer. 46:10; Eze. 30:3), and Medo-Persia to judge Babylon during the 500s B.C. (Isa. 13:6, 9).¹⁸

But among literal interpreters, there is no question that the Day of the Lord is yet future because it entails cataclysmic events and astronomical signs which are not to be taken as mere hyperbole (Isa. 2:19-21; Joel 2:2-10, 30-31; Zec. 14:12; Acts 2:20; 2Pe. 3:10).

Isaiah 34:1-8 and Obadiah 15 describe a Day of the Lord when God will judge all nations or Gentiles of the world. None of the past Days of the Lord involved divine judgement of all the nations. . . . In light of this, we can conclude that the Day of the Lord of Isaiah 34 and Obadiah must be future. . . . in 1 Thessalonians 5:1-11 the Apostle Paul referred to a Day of the Lord that was future beyond the time when he wrote his epistle and that would bring sudden, inescapable destruction upon the unsaved of the world.¹⁹

There appear to be many different titles employed within Scripture to designate this intense time of judgment coming upon the earth.

Following the translation found in the American Standard Version of the 1901 edition, these names include [in the Old Testament]: The Time of Jacob’s Trouble (Jer. 30:7); The Seventieth Week (a seven) of Daniel (Dan. 9:27); Jehovah’s Strange Work (Isa. 28:21); Jehovah’s Strange Act (Isa. 28:21); The Day of Israel’s Calamity (Deu. 32:35; Ob. 1:12-14); The Tribulation (Deu. 4:30); The Indignation (Isa. 26:20; Dan. 11:36); The Overflowing Scourge (Isa. 28:15, 18); The Day of Vengeance (Isa. 34:8; 35:4; 61:2); The Year of Recompense (Isa. 34:8); The Time of Trouble (Dan. 12:1; Zep. 1:15); The Day of Wrath (Zep. 1:15); The Day of Distress (Zep. 1:15); The Day of Wasteness (Zep. 1:15); The Day of Desolation (Zep. 1:15); The Day of Darkness (Zep. 1:15; Amos 5:18, 20; Joel 2:2); The Day of Gloominess (Zep. 1:15; Joel 2:2); The Day of Thick Darkness (Zep. 1:15; Joel 2:2); The Day of the Trumpet (Zep. 1:16); The Day of Alarm (Zep. 1:16). The New Testament names and designations include: The Day of the Lord (1Th. 5:2); The Wrath of God (Rev. 15:1+, 7+; 14:10+, 19+; 16:1+); The Hour of Trial (Rev. 3:10+); The Great Day of the Wrath of the Lamb of God (Rev. 6:16-17+); The Wrath to Come (1Th. 1:10); The Wrath (1Th. 5:9; Rev. 11:18+); The Great Tribulation (Mat. 24:21; Rev. 2:22+; 7:14+); The Tribulation (Mat. 24:29); The Hour of Judgment (Rev. 14:7+).²⁰

The Day of the Lord includes the judgments described within the book of Revelation which are poured out upon the earth, Israel, Babylon, and the earth dwellers. Passages such as Isaiah 2:10-22 appear to have a direct correlation to the sixth seal (Rev. 6:12-17+)²¹ whereas Joel 3:1-16 and Zechariah 14:1-3 describe God’s judgment of the armies of the world (Rev. 16:12-16+; 19:11-21+).²²

2.13.3.1 - When Does the Day of the Lord Dawn?

A point of confusion arises when determining when the Day of the Lord begins. Some of the passages concerning this period appear contradictory

Paul indicates that the day comes unexpectedly during a time of relative peace and safety: “The day of the Lord so comes as a thief in the night. for when they say ‘peace and safety!’ then sudden destruction comes upon them” [emphasis added] (1Th. 5:2-3). Peter also indicates the unexpected and sudden arrival of the day: “But the day of the Lord will come as a thief in the night, in which the heavens will pass away with a great noise, and the elements will melt with fervent heat; both the earth and the works that are in it will be burned up” (2Pe. 3:10).

The proclamation by the earth dwellers in response to the cosmic signs of the sixth seal indicate they understand the Day of the Lord has already begun. “Hide us . . . for the great day of His wrath has come and who is able to stand?” (Rev. 6:16-17+).

Jesus indicates that cosmic signs occur immediately after the tribulation of those days, (Mat. 24:29).

Joel says dramatic cosmic signs precede the sixth seal: “And I will show wonders in the heavens and in the earth: blood and fire and pillars of smoke. The sun shall be turned into darkness and the moon into blood before the coming of the great and awesome day of the LORD” [emphasis added] (Joel 2:30-31).

Zephaniah says silence in heaven will indicate that the Day of the Lord is “at hand” (Zep. 1:7). There is one-half hour of silence prior to opening the seventh seal (Rev. 8:1+).

The first two passages imply that the Day of the Lord begins early in the judgment process—prior to the opening of the seventh seal (Rev. 8:1+). The last three passages imply that the Day of the Lord must begin after the sixth seal, possible with the opening of the seventh seal.

If Paul is correct, then the Day of the Lord cannot begin at a time when severe judgments have already been poured out and the earth is reeling from their effects. From Paul’s passage, it would appear that the Day of the Lord could not begin after some of the seals have been opened because the first four seals result in worldwide war, bloodshed, famine, disease, and death. One could hardly describe the situation on earth after the first six seals as being one of “peace and safety.” But how can we account for the statements of Joel and Zephaniah which seem to imply that the Day of the Lord would begin later—at the opening of the seventh seal or even later?

Answering this question is more important than it might seem because understanding when the Day of the Lord begins is an important aspect of understanding the timing of the rapture. If God’s wrath is poured forth on the Day of the Lord, then the church is taken up prior to the day. If the day begins with the opening of the first four seals by the Lamb (Rev. 6:2-8+), then the church is taken up prior to that point (a pretribulational rapture). If the day begins with the opening of the seventh seal (Rev. 8:1+), then the church could be on earth during the first six seal judgments (a pre-wrath rapture).²³ The pretribulation rapture view holds that God’s wrath begins with the opening of the first seal (Rev. 6:1+), whereas the pre-wrath rapture view holds that none of the first six seals involve God’s wrath and that His wrath only begins with the opening of the seventh seal. Therefore, pre-wrath advocates argue that the Day of the Lord does not begin until the opening of the seventh seal. Both positions believe the church is spared from God’s wrath and will be taken up prior to the Day of the Lord, but differ in their understanding of when the Day of the Lord begins.

Regarding the seemingly contradictory statements of Paul, Joel, Zephaniah, and John: how do we solve this “bible difficulty?” For one, we remember the Golden Rule of Interpretation: that Scripture interprets Scripture. The Word of God is given by the Holy Spirit and so is self-consistent. Whatever “contradiction” we see must be a result of our lack of understanding.

So which is it? Does the day come as a thief, unexpectedly upon a relatively tranquil world? Or does it come after dramatic cosmic signs and the first six seals wreak worldwide havoc? The answer appears to be . . . both! In understanding the various uses of the phrase Day of the Lord, Showers identifies both a broad and a narrow sense:

The biblical expression “the Day of the Lord” has a double sense (broad and narrow) in relationship to the future. The broad sense refers to an extended period of time involving divine interventions related at least to the 70th week of Daniel and the thousand-year Millennium. . . . Concerning this broad sense, A. B. Davidson wrote: “Though the “Day of the Lord,” as the expression implies, was at first conceived as a definite and brief period of time, being an era of judgment and salvation, it many times broadened out to be an extended period. From being a day it became an epoch.” . . .in the narrow sense it refers to one specific day—the day on which Christ will return to the earth from heaven with His angels.²⁴

Thus, the phrase, Day of the Lord, can denote the entire period from when the initial judgments of God are first manifested (at a time of relative peace and safety) through the end of the Millennium (the broad sense) or it can denote the specific day upon which Christ physically returns to earth to destroy the armies gathered against Him (Rev. 19:11-21+).

When Paul refers to the day coming “as a thief . . . when they say peace and safety,” he is referring to the Day of the Lord in its broad sense. There will be no warning—there is no prophetic precondition that warns of the coming of the Day of the Lord in its broad sense—it is imminent. When the earth dwellers react to the cosmic shaking of the sixth seal, they understand the Day of the Lord to already be in progress—the broad definition. Peace and safety are long gone—having been taken by the previous seals—and with these cosmic disturbances, it has become evident that it is God Himself who is behind the global disruption.

When Joel indicates that cosmic signs occur “before” the Day of the Lord, he is speaking of the narrow sense—the precise 24-hour period in which Jesus Christ will return to earth physically in judgment (Rev. 19:11-21+).²⁵ When Zephaniah speaks of silence in heaven indicating that the Day of the Lord is “at hand” (Zep. 1:7 cf. Rev. 8:1+), he too uses the phrase in its narrow sense:

Be silent in the presence of the Lord GOD; for the day of the LORD is at hand, for the LORD has prepared a sacrifice; He has invited His guests. And it shall be, in the day of the LORD’S sacrifice, that I will punish the princes and the king’s children, and all such as are clothed with foreign apparel. (Zep 1:7-8)

Notice Zephaniah’s emphasis on a sacrifice attending the Day of the Lord. A sacrifice which involves kings and princes. This speaks, in an eschatological sense, of the very day on which Jesus returns physically to earth and defeats the armies gathered against Him (Rev. 19:17-19+). This can also be seen in the statement made by John concerning the spirits of demons which gather the kings of the earth “to gather them to the battle of that great day of God Almighty” [emphasis added] (Rev. 16:14+). This is long after the opening of the first seal, the sixth seal, and even the seventh seal.

The Day of the Lord begins, in its broad sense, when peace and safety is taken from the earth (possibly during the opening of the first seal, certainly by the opening of the second). By the time of the sixth seal, the world is already in chaos, but the cosmic disturbances make plain even to the earth dwellers that God’s wrath is already in progress. The cosmic signs of the sixth seal and the silence before opening the seventh seal precede the Day of the Lord in its narrow sense—they occur before the final intervention of Jesus in the final destruction of His enemies prior to establishing the Millennial Kingdom.

When these uses of the phrase are understood, we see that the day begins in the broadest sense when “peace and safety” are taken away when the day comes as a “thief in the night.” It is our belief that this occurs no later than the opening of the second seal. We disagree with the pre-wrath rapture position which holds that God’s wrath, and the Day of the Lord, does not begin until the opening of the seventh seal. We believe that God’s wrath is associated with all seven seals and that the church will be taken up before this time. See Rapture.

2.13.4 - Jacob’s Trouble and the Great Tribulation

Two other titles which are related to the coming Day of the Lord are the Time of Jacob’s Trouble and the Great Tribulation.²⁶ Notice that all three involve the concept of an unparalleled time of trouble. Unparalleled implies two things concerning the time periods involved:

Since there cannot be more than one unparalleled time of trouble, their time periods must overlap.²⁷

These events have not transpired in the past.²⁸

Regarding the timing of the Great Tribulation, Jesus said

“Therefore when you see the ‘abomination of desolation,’ spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place” (whoever reads, let him understand), “then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains. Let him who is on the housetop not go down to take anything out of his house. And let him who is in the field not go back to get his clothes. But woe to those who are pregnant and to those who are nursing babies in those days! And pray that your flight may not be in winter or on the Sabbath. For then there will be great tribulation, such as has not been since the beginning of the world until this time, no, nor ever shall be. And unless those days were shortened, no flesh would be saved; but for the elect’s sake those days will be shortened.” (Mat. 24:15-22)

Jesus referred to this Daniel 9:27 “overspreading of abominations” in Matthew 24:15. Then He said, “then shall be Great Tribulation, such as was not since the beginning of the world to this time, no, nor ever shall be” (Mat. 24:21), thereby indicating that the Great Tribulation will begin when the overspreading of abominations of Daniel 9:27 occurs. Since the Great Tribulation will begin when the overspreading of abominations occurs in the middle of the 70th week, we can conclude that the Great Tribulation will begin in the middle of the 70th week of Daniel, or after the first three and one-half years of that seven-year period have transpired.²⁹

Notice Jesus says, “let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains” and “pray that your flight may not be . . . on the Sabbath.” There is an explicit Jewish element to this entire passage. This is because the events are related to the Time of Jacob’s Trouble described by Jeremiah:

‘For behold, the days are coming,’ says the LORD, ‘that I will bring back from captivity My people Israel and Judah,’ says the LORD. ‘And I will cause them to return to the land that I gave to their fathers, and they shall possess it.’ Now these are the words that the LORD spoke concerning Israel and Judah. For thus says the LORD: ‘We have heard a voice of trembling, of fear, and not of peace. Ask now, and see, whether a man is ever in labor with child? So why do I see every man with his hands on his loins like a woman in labor, and all faces turned pale? Alas! For that day is great, so that none is like it; and it is the time of Jacob’s trouble, but he shall be saved out of it.’ (Jer. 30:3-7)

Notice several important aspects within this passage:

Jacob is Israel - Jacob fathered the 12 tribes and was given the name Israel by God (Gen. 32:28). Thus, this is describing a time of trouble specifically for the Jews.

Gathering in the Land - This time of trouble occurs after Israel is gathered back in the Promised Land.

Birth Pangs - The passage refers to every man acting “like a woman in labor.” How similar this is to the words of Jesus, “All these are the beginning of sorrows” (Mat. 24:8). Sorrows (ωδιν [ōdin] ) indicates “a pang or throe, especially of childbirth.” [emphasis added]³⁰

A Unique Day - There is no other day like it.

Results in Salvation - “But he shall be saved out of it.” Although the Jews undergo an extremely troubling time, salvation comes at the end.³¹

The Jewish aspect of this period can also be seen in the wider context of Micah’s well-known prophecy concerning the birthplace of Messiah:

Now gather yourself in troops, O daughter of troops; He has laid siege against us; they will strike the judge of Israel with a rod on the cheek. But you, Bethlehem Ephrathah, Though you are little among the thousands of Judah, yet out of you shall come forth to Me The One to be Ruler in Israel, Whose goings forth are from of old, from everlasting. Therefore He shall give them up, until the time that she who is in labor has given birth; then the remnant of His brethren shall return to the children of Israel. And He shall stand and feed His flock In the strength of the LORD, in the majesty of the name of the LORD His God; and they shall abide, for now He shall be great to the ends of the earth. (Mic. 5:1-4) [emphasis added]

Scripture record’s two pregnancies in relation to Messiah. The first labor terminates in the First Coming of Messiah (Rev. 12:2-4+). The second labor terminates in the ushering in of the Millennial Kingdom. It is this second period of labor, subsequent to the going forth of Messiah from Bethlehem, which Micah sets forth. This second labor leads to the millennial age: “For now He shall be great to the ends of the earth.” The time of Jacob’s trouble describes the labor pains associated with the second pregnancy.

“She who travaileth” does not refer to Israel bringing forth (giving birth to) Messiah, but to her last-day Tribulation travail (Jer. 30:5-7) in bringing forth a believing remnant, . . . Israel’s greatest and most anguishing sufferings of all her long and checkered history of woe will take place during the coming Great Tribulation (Rev. 8:1+-20:3+). Her terrible travail pains that in God’s plan precede the joy of birth (cf. Mic. 4:9; cf. John 16:21), will bring forth a regenerated nation to enter the joy of the Kingdom, which will be as unparalleled as the agony that introduces it.³²

This period is mentioned in the book of Revelation and also Daniel which provides additional details as to its duration:³³

Revelation 12+ states the length of time this persecution and hiding of the Jews in the wilderness will last . . . it will last 1,260 days (Rev. 12:6+) . . . Revelation 12:14+ states that Israel will hide in the wilderness from Satan for “a time, and times, and half a time.” Daniel 7:25 uses this identical time designation for the length of time that the Antichrist will persecute the saints of the 70th week. . . . Revelation 13:5-7+, when referring to this same persecution of 70th-week saints by the Antichrist, declares that it will last for 42 months, which equal three and one-half years. . . . The Jews will be persecuted and will hide in a wilderness area for three and one-half years, exactly one-half of the seven-year 70th week. . . . the Great Tribulation will be finished when God has completely shattered the obstinate rebellion of the nation of Israel against Him [Dan. 9:24; 12:7]. In other words, the Great Tribulation will end when Israel’s rebellion against God’s rule ends.³⁴

Scofield summarizes the character of this unique period:

The elements of the tribulation are: (1) The cruel reign of the “beast out of the sea” (Rev. 13:1+), who, at the beginning of the three and a half years, will break his covenant with the Jews (by virtue of which they will have re-established the temple worship, Dan. 9:27), and show himself in the temple, demanding that he be worshipped as God (Mat. 24:15; 2Th. 2:4). (2) The active interposition of Satan “having great wrath” (Rev. 12:12+), who gives his power to the Beast (Rev. 13:4+, 5+). (3) The unprecedented activity of demons (Rev. 9:2+, 11+); and (4) the terrible “bowl” judgments of Rev. 16+.³⁵

Although the book of Revelation indicates that all those living on the earth immediately prior to the return of Jesus will be involved in troublesome times, this is especially true for the Jews. This is because God applies judgment first and more fully to those who have greater revelation and responsibility (Amos 3:2; Luke 12:48).³⁶

While it is true that all will suffer during that time, Israel will suffer more so. The basic reason for this lies in Israel’s relationship to God as God’s first born (Ex. 4:22) and, therefore, Israel receives double, both in blessing and cursing. The principle that Israel receives double for all her sins is stated in Isaiah 40:1-2 . . . It is also found in Jeremiah 16:16-18. The principle of Israel’s receiving double for all her sins is the reason why the Tribulation is uniquely the Time of Jacob’s Trouble.³⁷

Stanton shows the Jewish character of the period by saying: “The tribulation is primarily Jewish. This fact is borne out by Old Testament Scriptures (Deu. 4:30; Jer. 30:7; Eze. 20:37; Dan. 12:1; Zec. 13:8-9), by the Olivet Discourse of Christ (Mat. 24:9-26), and by the book of Revelation itself (Rev. 7:4-8+; 12:1-2+, 17+ etc.). It concerns ‘Daniel’s people,’ the coming of ‘false Messiah,’ the preaching of the ‘gospel of the kingdom,’ flight on the ‘sabbath,’ the temple and the ‘holy place,’ the land of Judea, the city of Jerusalem, the twelve ‘tribes of the children of Israel,’ the ‘son of Moses,’ ‘signs’ in the heavens, the ‘covenant’ with the Beast, the ‘sanctuary,’ the ‘sacrifice and the oblation’ of the temple ritual—these all speak of Israel and prove that the tribulation is largely a time when God deals with His ancient people prior to their entrance into the promised kingdom.”³⁸

Our study of the book of Revelation will greatly benefit by keeping in mind the purposes God has for this period of time:

The first purpose is to make an end of wickedness and wicked ones (Isa. 13:9; Isa. 24:19-20) . . . The second purpose of the Tribulation is to bring about a worldwide revival (Rev. 7:1-7+) . . . The Third purpose of the Tribulation is to break the power of the stubborn will of the Jewish nation (Dan. 12:5-7; Eze. 20:33-38).³⁹

The Old Testament presents at least five purposes for the Tribulation. 1. The Tribulation will complete the decreed period of national Israel’s judicial hardening as punishment for its rejection of the messianic program, which the partial return from exile did not remove and which culminated in the national rejection of Jesus (Isa. 6:9-13; 24:1-6; cf. John 12:37-41; Rom. 11:7-10). 2. It will produce a messianic revival among Jewish people scattered throughout the world (Deu. 4:27-30; cf. Rev. 7:1-4+; Mat. 24:14). 3. The Tribulation will convince the Jewish nation of their need for the Messiah in order to produce a national regeneration (Dan. 12:5-7; Jer. 31:31-34; Eze. 20:34-38; 36:25-27; 37:1-14; Zec. 12:9-13:2; Isa. 59:20-21). This will result in a massive return of Jews to the land of Israel (Zec. 8:7-8; Eze. 36:24; 37:21). 4. It will end the time of the Gentiles and effect the deliverance of the Jewish people from Gentile dominion (Isa. 24:21-23; 59:16-20; cf. Mat. 24:29-31; Mark 13:24-27; Rom. 11:25). 5. The Tribulation will purge the earth of wicked people in order to establish the Messianic Kingdom in righteousness (Isa. 13:9; 24:19-20; Eze. 37:23; Zec. 13:2; 14:9; Isa. 11:9). This violent reduction of the world’s unbelieving population will result from the divine judgments unleashed throughout the Tribulation (Rev. 6+-18+), climaxing with the Battle of Armageddon under King Messiah (Rev. 19+) and His purge of rebel Jews and oppressive Gentiles at the end of the Tribulation (Eze. 20:33-38; Mat. 25:31-46).⁴⁰

2.13.5 - The 70th Week of Daniel

Another period set forth by the OT which involves a time of calamity with Jewish focus is the 70th week of Daniel (Dan. 9:24-27). This prophecy was introduced to Daniel by Gabriel as follows:

Seventy weeks are determined for your people and for your holy city, to finish the transgression, to make an end of sins, to make reconciliation for iniquity, to bring in everlasting righteousness, to seal up vision and prophecy, and to anoint the Most Holy. (Dan. 9:24)

Notice that the entire period is determined for Daniel’s people and Daniel’s holy city. These are none other than the Jews and Jerusalem. The entire scope of this prophecy pertains to the Jews. While it is beyond our purposes here to deal with the entire prophecy in all its detail, we pause to note that at least two aspects of the introduction infer a fulfillment yet future even to our own day:

To finish the transgression: If this refers to a specific transgression, (and some believe it does because the noun translated ‘the transgression,’ חַטָּאת [ḥaṭṭāʾṯ] , is singular), that transgression involves the rejection of her Messiah by the Jewish nation. Since the majority of Jews still are opposed to the notion of Jesus Christ as their Messiah, this has not yet happened.

To seal up vision and prophecy: Neither has this been completed. Sealing does not mean that all vision and prophecy would simply be delivered to the saints (e.g., the close of the canon), but that all vision and prophecy will find fulfillment.⁴¹

2.13.5.1 - Weeks of Years

The word translated “weeks” simply means “sevens” and can be shown from the context to be seventy sevens of years:

Each year of [the Babylonian] captivity represented one seven-year cycle in which the seventh or Sabbath year had not been observed. Thus it is clear that the context refers to years, not days.⁴²

The usage of the Hebrew word for “sevens” elsewhere in Daniel also argues that weeks of days are not meant here:

The Hebrew word shabua is found only in one other passage of the book (Dan. 10:2-3), where the prophet states that he mourned and fasted “three full weeks.” Now here it is perfectly obvious that the context demands “weeks” of days. . . And significantly, the Hebrew here reads literally “three sevens of days.” Now if in the ninth chapter, the writer intended us to understand that the “seventy sevens” are composed of days, why did he not use the same form of expression adopted in chapter ten?⁴³

There are four good reasons for believing that the “seven” intended here is a period of seven years: (1) Daniel has just been concerned about years (Dan. 9:1-2). (2) It is impossible to fit the events of verses 24–27 into 490 days or weeks. (3) In the only other place where Daniel uses the word week, he qualifies it by adding the word days (Dan. 10:2-3). (4) Finally, the fact that Dan. 9:27 speaks of a covenant being broken at the half-way point of the seventieth seven agrees well with Dan. 7:7, 12, 25; and Rev. 12:14+, which speak of three-and-one-half years as one-half of a week.⁴⁴

2.13.5.2 - Prophetic Year

Further, these 70 x 7 = 490 years can be shown to consist of exactly 360 days each. They are not based on the year of our modern calendar which is either 365 days (normal year) or 366 days (leap year) long. This reflects historical differences in how the calendar year has been adjusted to account for the fact that the astronomical year is not an exact number of days.

The astronomical year consists of approximately 365 days. If we treated each year as exactly 365 days, the calendar date would slowly advance further and further ahead of the astronomical year becoming out of step with the seasons. We solve this inaccuracy by appending an extra day onto the month of February on leap year. However, in the past there have been different solutions employed for handling this problem:

With modern astronomy one can reckon a year very precisely as being ‘365.24219879 days, or 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 45.975 seconds.’ However, in ancient times various systems were used. When one investigates the calendars of ancient India, Persia, Babylonia and Assyria, Egypt, Central and South America, and China it is interesting to notice that they uniformly had twelve thirty-day months (a few had eighteen twenty-day months) making a total of 360 days for the year and they had various methods of intercalating days so that the year would come out correctly. Although it may be strange to present-day thinking, it was common in those days to think of a 360-day year.⁴⁵

The more recent Jewish Calendar utilized a combination of the sun and moon:

It is called “lunar-solar” because it allowed the sun’s orbit to mark the years’ beginning but based the beginning of months on observation of the phases of the moon. The first appearance of the new moon would mark the new month. According to the Talmud, the priests would watch for this and proclaim it by sending messengers and blowing trumpets. The first problem is that the moon’s circuit is about 29 1/2 days, forcing a vacillation between a 30-day and a 29-day month; and second, that 12 of these moon/months equal 354 1/4 days, about 11 days short of the solar year. From the Babylonians the Hebrews learned to add an extra month every two or three years. In rabbinical times this “intercalary” month was inserted seven times in 19 years.⁴⁶

Yet we have evidence from the time of Noah that months did not alternate in length between 30 days and 29 days. The book of Genesis indicates a 5-month period as being exactly 150 days in length, or five 30-day months:

The time measurements encountered in Genesis chapters 7 and 8 are the result of a lunar calendar. Gen. 7:11 states the flood began on the seventeenth day of the second month, and it ended on the seventeenth day of the seventh month (Gen. 8:4), exactly five months. Both Gen. 7:24 and 8:3 declare the waters were upon the earth 150 days. Assuming each month is the same length, they would have 30 days apiece. Skeptics say that is a big assumption because the story does not cover an entire year, and thus doesn’t take into account any days the ancients may have added on to their year.⁴⁷

It appears that the earlier Jewish calendar may have been simpler than the “lunar-solar” system. “Ussher found that the ancient Jews and the Egyptians did not use a year based on the moon. Instead they had a year made up of 12 months, each 30 days long. At the end of the year they tacked on 5 days. Every 4 years they added 6 days.”⁴⁸ We also have indication in Scripture that a simpler 360-day calendar is found within prophetic passages:

Daniel indicates a period of seven years as the final “week” of the seventy weeks, but which is divided in half (Dan. 9:24). The period of half of this final week of years is denoted by “time, times, and half” (Dan. 7:25; 12:7), or one, two, and one-half = 3.5 years.

John records the duration of the period during which Jerusalem will be trampled by the Gentiles as “forty-two months” (Rev. 11:2+). If twelve 30-day months are used, this period corresponds exactly to 3.5 years of 360 days each.

The two witnesses are said to prophesy for “one thousand two hundred and sixty days” (Rev. 11:3+) which is also exactly 42 months of 30 days each or 3.5 years of 360 days each.

The woman who flees from the dragon is fed by God for “one thousand two hundred and sixty days” (Rev. 12:6+) which is also described as “time and times and half a time” (Rev. 12:14+). Thus 1,260 days = 3.5 years of 360 days each.

The beast is given authority for “forty-two months” (Rev. 13:5+). This probably corresponds to the “one thousand two hundred and sixty days” during which the dragon persecutes the woman. It is also said to be “time and times and half a time” (Dan. 7:25). Thus 42 months of 30 days each = 3.5 years of 360 days each = 1,260 days.

When the various evidences are considered, it seems best to conclude:

Daniel’s “weeks” are weeks of years.

The prophetic year consists of 360 days.

2.13.5.3 - The Final Week

Daniel’s seventy sevens of years are divided into three sequences: seven sevens, sixty-two sevens, and a final seven (Dan. 9:25-27). After the seven and sixty-two sevens (sixty-nine total), “Messiah shall be cut off” (Dan. 9:26). Thus the sixty-ninth week is seen to come to an end before the crucifixion of Christ. Several events are seen to transpire after the sixty-ninth week, but before the last week begins. These include the cutting off of Messiah and the destruction of Jerusalem by Rome.

And after the sixty-two weeks Messiah shall be cut off, but not for Himself; and the people of the prince who is to come shall destroy the city and the sanctuary. The end of it shall be with a flood, and till the end of the war desolations are determined. (Dan. 9:26) [emphasis added]

It is only after these events that the last week begins:

Then he shall confirm a covenant with many for one week; but in the middle of the week he shall bring an end to sacrifice and offering. And on the wing of abominations shall be one who makes desolate, even until the consummation, which is determined, is poured out on the desolate. (Dan. 9:27) [emphasis added]

It appears that the final week begins when the “prince who is to come” (Dan. 9:26) confirms a covenant “with the many for one week.” This final seven years is known as The 70th Week of Daniel. Notice Gabriel mentions that it is in the middle of the week that he shall “bring an end to sacrifice and offering.” This would be after the covenant had been in place three and one-half years.

Since the book of Revelation deals with the final stages of Jewish and Gentile history prior to the return of Messiah, it is no surprise to find the same time period set forth in relation to events it records (Rev. 11:2-3+; 12:6+, 14+; 13:5+).

[The] period of totalitarian world rule under the beast is predicted to be just “forty-two months” before he is defeated and the millennium begins (Revelation 13:4+, 5+; 19:20+). Before that period is still another period of “1260 days,” marked by the unrestrained prophesying and miraculous works of “two witnesses” (Revelation 11:3+), whose influence is finally overcome by the “beast” as he consolidates his world power (Revelation 11:7+). These two periods—1260 days and forty-two months—are obviously consecutive and each corresponds to a period of three-and-a-half years, . . . a final seven-year period of earth history immediately prior to the millennium. The last half of this period apparently contains the events described in Chapters 12+-19+. Correspondingly, the first half of the period is outlined in Chapters 4+-11+.⁴⁹

Chapters 4-19 are believed to synchronize with Daniel’s Seventieth Week (Dan. 9:24 . . . ). The great tribulation begins at the middle of the “week,” and continues three and a half years (Rev. 11:3+-19:21+). The tribulation is brought to an end by the appearing of the Lord and the battle of Armageddon (Mat. 24:29, 30; Rev. 19:11-21+).⁵⁰

The book of Revelation provides further details corresponding to this final seven year period of Gabriel’s prophecy given to Daniel. The final fulfillment of all that Gabriel prophesied to Daniel concerning the Jews and Jerusalem is part and parcel of the revelation given to John and recorded in the book of Revelation.

2.13.5.4 - Events of the 70th Week of Daniel

The parallels between Revelation and Daniel’s 70th week have not gone unnoticed.⁵¹ Although it is impossible to know with certainty the absolute sequence among all the events recorded by Scripture associated with the final week, the timing of some of the more significant events can be established.⁵²

Events during the First Half of the 70th Week

Event | Scriptures
Antichrist establishes covenant with many in Israel. | Dan. 9:27
144,000 Jews sealed for protection. | Rev. 7:1-8+
Jews sacrifice and worship at the temple in Jerusalem. | Dan. 9:27; Rev. 11:1+
Two witnesses prophesy and torment the earth dwellers. | Rev. 11:3-6+
Seven seals opened, six of seven trumpets sounded.⁵³ | Rev. 6:1-17+; Rev. 8:1+-9:21+

Events during the Middle of the 70th Week

Event⁵⁴ | Scriptures
Beast given authority.⁵⁵ | Dan. 7:25; Rev. 13:5+
Two witnesses killed and resurrected.⁵⁶ | Rev. 11:7-12+
Antichrist violates covenant. | Dan. 7:25; 9:27
Sacrifice halted at the temple in Jerusalem. | Dan. 9:27
Abomination of Desolation. | Dan. 9:27; 11:31; ⁵⁷ 12:11; Mat. 24:15; Mark 13:14; 2Th. 2:4; Rev. 13:15+⁵⁸ See commentary on Revelation 13:15.
Jews flee persecution. | Mat. 24:15-20; Mark 13:14-18 ; Rev. 12:6+, 14+

Events during the Last Half of the 70th Week

Event | Scriptures
Seventh trumpet sounded.⁵⁹ | Rev. 11:15+
Beast and his image kill the saints. | Dan. 7:21, 25; 8:24; Rev. 7:9-16+; 12:11+; 13:7+, 15+; 20:4+
Seven bowls poured out.⁶⁰ | Rev. 16:1-21+
Jews recognize and call for Messiah Jesus. | Lev. 26:40-42; Hos. 5:15-6:3; Zec. 13:9; Mat. 23:39; Luke 13:35
Campaign of Armageddon & Second Coming | Isa. 63:1-6; Joel 3:9-16; Zec. 12:1-9; 14:1-5; Rev. 16:12-16+; 19:17-21+

2.13.5.5 - The 70th Week in Relation to the Book of Revelation

The following simplified outline from Fruchtenbaum illustrates how Daniel’s 70th week (the Tribulation) relates to the overall chronology of the events in the book of Revelation .⁶¹

The Tribulation in the book of Revelation

Passage | Description
Rev. 1:1-3+ | Introduction.
Rev. 1:4-8+ | Salutation.
Rev. 1:9-20+ | The Things That John Saw.
Rev. 2:1+-3:22+ | The Things Which Are.
Rev. 4:1+-5:14+ | Events in Heaven Preceding the Great Tribulation.⁶²
Rev. 6:1+-9:21+ | First Half of the Tribulation.
Rev. 10:1+-14:20+ | Events of the Middle of the Tribulation.
Rev. 15:1+-16:21+ | The Second Half of the Tribulation.
Rev. 17:1-18+ | Ecclesiastical Babylon (Recurrence: First Half).⁶³
Rev. 18:1-24+ | Political Babylon (Recurrence: Second Half).
Rev. 19:1+-20:3+ | The Second Coming and Aftermath.
Rev. 20:4-6+ | The Messianic Kingdom.
Rev. 20:7-14+ | The Aftermath of the Messianic Kingdom.
Rev. 21:2+-22:5+ | The Eternal Order.
Rev. 22:6-21+ | Conclusion.

2.13.6 - The Synoptic Gospels

Further evidence that the book of Revelation sets forth future events is found in the parallels between what the book of Revelation records and the answers Jesus gave in response to the questions of the disciples regarding the sign of His coming. “Now as He sat on the Mount of Olives, the disciples came to Him privately, saying, ‘Tell us, when will these things be? And what will be the sign of Your coming, and of the end of the age?’ ” (Mat. 24:3) Jesus’ response as they sat on the Mount of Olives is known as The Olivet Discourse and is recorded in the synoptic gospels. Since the disciples asked about the signs of His Second Coming and the end of the age, and the book of Revelation also records events leading up to His Second Coming, we expect to find a close correlation between the two. “Thematic parallels between the birth pangs of the synoptics (Mat. 24:4-8; Mark 13:5-8; c.f. Luke 21:8-19) and the first six seals of the Apocalypse (Rev. 6:1-11+) show a definite correlation between the events described in the passages.”⁶⁴ “A comparison of Christ’s description of the beginning of birth pangs in Matthew 24:5-7 with the first four seals of Revelation 6:1-8+ indicates that the beginning of birth pangs and the first four seals are the same thing.”⁶⁵

John McLean identifies the following parallels between the Olivet Discourse and the book of Revelation.⁶⁶

Parallels Between the Olivet Discourse and the Seal Judgments of Revelation

Event | Revelation 6+ | Matthew 24 | Mark 13 | Luke 21
False messiahs, false prophets. | Rev. 6:2+ | Mat. 24:5, 11 | Mark 13:6 | Luke 21:8
Wars. | Rev. 6:2-4+ | Mat. 24:6-7 | Mark 13:7 | Luke 21:9
International discord. | Rev. 6:3-4+ | Mat. 24:7 | Mark 13:8 | Luke 21:10
Famines. | Rev. 6:5-8+ | Mat. 24:7 | Mark 13:8 | Luke 21:11
Pestilences. | Rev. 6:8+ | - | - | Luke 21:11
Persecution, martyrdom. | Rev. 6:9-11+ | Mat. 24:9 | Mark 13:9-13 | Luke 21:12-17
Earthquakes. | Rev. 6:12+ | Mat. 24:7 | Mark 13:8 | Luke 21:11
Cosmic phenomena. | Rev. 6:12-14+ | [Mat. 24:29]⁶⁷ | [Mark 13:24-25] | Luke 21:11

Here we see the characteristic “fingerprint of the Holy Spirit” in the Scriptures. Individual men writing at different times, who lack detailed information from the other writers of Scripture, achieve consistency in describing the same topics or events.

Many who have studied the Olivet Discourse understand the “abomination of desolation” mentioned by Jesus (Mat. 24:15) as marking the dividing point of the final seven years:

Christ introduced and discussed the beginning of birth pangs (Mat. 24:4-8) before He introduced the abomination of desolation and the Great Tribulation (Mat. 24:15-21), and it appears that He introduced and discussed events in chronological order in this section of Matthew 24. This implies that the beginning of birth pangs will precede the abomination of desolation (of the middle of the 70th week) and the Great Tribulation (of the second half of the 70th week) and therefore will occur during the first half of that seven-year period.⁶⁸

2.13.7 - The Plagues of Egypt and the Tribulation

There are numerous similarities between the plagues with which God afflicted Egypt resulting in the Exodus of Israel and the plagues of the Tribulation. This correspondence is intentional and is an indication of the correspondence between the recorded facts of past history and the prophesied facts concerning the future:

Literal Plagues - In the same way that the plagues of Egypt were literal and historical events, so the plagues of the Tribulation period will be too.⁶⁹

Testing the Unrepentant - In the same way that Pharaoh of the Exodus refused to repent (Ex. 7:13, 23; 8:15, 19, 22; 9:34), the earth dwellers will refuse to repent during the Tribulation (Rev. 2:21+; 6:16-17+; 9:20+; 16:9+, 11+, 21+). The plagues test the opponents of God demonstrating the hardness of their hearts (Rev. 3:10+). God gains glory in the events of their judgment (Ex. 7:3; 9:16; 11:9; Rom. 9:17-22).

Establishing a Kingdom - The plagues of Egypt resulted in the overthrow of Egypt and the birth of the theocratic kingdom of Israel. The plagues of the Tribulation result in the overthrow of the system of Antichrist and usher in the Millennial Kingdom establishing the reign of God on earth.

There is a definite parallel between the supernatural preparation for the kingdom in history under Moses and the supernatural judgments which shall be poured out upon a rebellious world in preparation for the future Millennial Kingdom of our Lord Jesus Christ at His second advent. There is the same insolent challenge to the true God on the part of the Gentile powers (Ps. 2:1-3). There will be a similar gracious but infinitely greater preliminary miracle [like Ex. 7:12]—the Rapture of the Church—warning men of the supremacy of Jehovah and the ultimate defeat of all who rebel against Him. There will be the same swift progression in the severity of the divine judgments which follow, and even a striking parallel in the nature of the judgments (cf. Rev. 6:1-17+ through 18). There will be the same victorious outcome, the destruction of the antichrist and his armies in the judgment of Armageddon, and deliverance of the people of Israel (Rev. 19:1-21+). There will be another song of victory, significantly referred to as ‘the song of Moses. . . and the song of the Lamb’ (Rev. 15:1-3+).⁷⁰

The Plagues Compared

Plague | Egypt | Tribulation
#1 - Water becomes blood. | Ex. 7:20; Ps. 105:29 | Rev. 8:8-9+; 11:6+; 16:3-6+
#2 - Frogs | Ex. 8:6; Ps. 105:30 | Rev. 16:13+⁷¹
#3 - Lice | Ex. 8:24; Ps. 105:31 | Rev. 11:6+?⁷²
#4 - Flies | Ex. 9:6 | Rev. 11:6+?⁷³
#5 - Food source (livestock) destroyed | Ex. 9:6 | Rev. 8:9+⁷⁴
#6 - Boils | Ex. 9:10 | Rev. 16:2+
#7 - Hail | Ex. 9:23; Ps. 105:32 | Rev. 8:7+; 16:21+
#8 - Locusts | Ex. 10:13; Ps. 105:34 | Rev. 9:3+
#9 - Darkness | Ex. 10:22; Ps. 105:32 | Rev. 8:12+; 9:2+; 16:10+
#10 - Death of Firstborn | Ex. 12:29; Ps. 105:36 | -

At the completion of the plagues of Egypt, God parted the Red Sea (Ex. 14:21; Ne. 9:11) allowing Israel to escape from Egypt and travel to Mount Sinai where Moses was given the Law and the theocracy of Israel was established. The gathering of Israel at the end of the Tribulation will be by similar miraculous power.

The LORD will utterly destroy the tongue of the Sea of Egypt; with His mighty wind He will shake His fist over the River, and strike it in the seven streams, and make men cross over dry-shod. There will be a highway for the remnant of His people who will be left from Assyria, as it was for Israel in the day that he came up from the land of Egypt. (Isa. 11:15-16)

I will also bring them back from the land of Egypt, and gather them from Assyria. I will bring them into the land of Gilead and Lebanon, until no more room is found for them. He shall pass through the sea with affliction, and strike the waves of the sea: all the depths of the River shall dry up. Then the pride of Assyria shall be brought down, and the scepter of Egypt shall depart. “So I will strengthen them in the LORD, and they shall walk up and down in His name,” says the LORD. (Zec. 10:10-12)

The result will be the establishment of the Millennial Kingdom on earth (Rev. 20:4-6+). See The Arrival of God’s Kingdom.

2.13.8 - Genesis and Revelation as Bookends

Having explored the parallels between events in the book of Revelation and passages which speak of a future time of trouble for both the world and the Jews, we now expand our scope to consider the role which Revelation plays as an opposite “bookend” to Genesis. “Ponder for a moment about the books you have in your study. What keeps most of them in a tidy, neat row? The bookends! Consider the books of Genesis and Revelation. They are the ‘bookends’ of the Word of God.”⁷⁵

The Book of Revelation is the sequel to the Book of Genesis, the two books together bounding all history and bounding all of God’s revelations to mankind. They constitute the alpha and omega of God’s written Word, the Book of Beginnings and the Book of Unveilings.⁷⁶

Given the extensive list of correlations which follow, it is hard to imagine how some in history could have questioned the role of the book of Revelation within the canon. Once these relationships are seen, it becomes clear how important the book of Revelation is to the completion of God’s revelation to man and how inadequate are the views which restrict the events of the book of Revelation to an exclusively first-century fulfillment.⁷⁷

Many questions which are posed when interpreting Genesis can be easily furnished by an understanding of Revelation and vice versa. For example, consider the creation of the sun and moon on day four of creation week (Gen. 1:14-17) whereas light is said to have been created on the first day (Gen. 1:3). The oft-heard question is “how could there be light prior to the creation of the sun?” Many elaborate theories about the sun and moon actually being created earlier than day four and then “unveiled” or made to appear on that day could be instantly disposed of by the study of the light source which John records in the eternal state (Rev. 21:23+).⁷⁸

Morris offers the following instructive comparisons between the probationary (and subsequently cursed) world described in Genesis and the eternal (and redeemed) world described in Revelation.⁷⁹

Probationary versus Eternal World

Genesis (probationary world) | Revelation (eternal world)
Division of light and darkness (Gen. 1:4). | No night there (Rev. 21:25+).
Division of land and sea (Gen. 1:10). | No more sea (Rev. 21:1+).
Rule of sun and moon (Gen. 1:16). | No need of sun or moon (Rev. 21:23+).
First heavens and earth finished (Gen. 2:1-3). | New heaven and earth forever (Rev. 21:2+).
Man in a prepared garden (Gen. 2:8-9). | Man in a prepared city (Rev. 21:2+).
River flowing out of Eden (Gen. 2:10). | River flowing from God’s throne (Rev. 22:1+).
Tree of life in the midst of the garden (Gen. 2:9). | Tree of life throughout the city (Rev. 22:2+).
Gold in the land (Gen. 2:12). | Gold in the city (Rev. 21:21+).
Bdellium and the onyx stone (Gen. 2:12). | All manner of precious stones (Rev. 21:19+).
God walking in the garden (Gen. 3:8). | God dwelling with His people (Rev. 21:3+).
The Spirit energizing (Gen. 1:2). | The Spirit inviting (Rev. 22:17+).
Bride formed for her husband (Gen. 2:21-23). | Bride adorned for her husband (Rev. 21:2+).
Command to multiply (Gen. 1:28). | Nations of the saved (Rev. 21:24+).
Garden accessible to the Liar (Gen. 3:1-5). | City closed to all liars (Rev. 21:27+).
Man in God’s image (Gen. 1:27). | Man in God’s presence (Rev. 21:3+).
Man the probationer (Gen. 2:17). | Man the heir (Rev. 21:7+).

Cursed versus Redeemed World

Genesis (cursed world) | Revelation (redeemed world)
Cursed ground (Gen. 3:17). | No more curse (Rev. 22:3+).
Daily sorrow (Gen. 3:17). | No more sorrow (Rev. 21:4+).
Sweat on the face (Gen. 3:19). | No more tears (Rev. 21+;4+).
Thorns and thistles (Gen. 3:18). | No more pain (Rev. 21:4+).
Eating herbs of the field (Gen. 3:18). | Twelve manner of fruits (Rev. 22:2+).
Returning to the dust (Gen. 3:19). | No more death (Rev. 21:4+).
Coats of skins (Gen. 3:21). | Fine linen, white and clean (Rev. 19:14+).
Satan opposing (Gen. 3:15). | Satan banished (Rev. 20:10+).
Kept from the tree of life (Gen. 3:24). | Access to the tree of life (Rev. 22:14+).
Banished from the garden (Gen. 3:23). | Free entry to the city (Rev. 22:14+).
Redeemer promised (Gen. 3:15). | Redemption accomplished (Rev. 5:9-10+).
Evil continually (Gen. 6:5). | Nothing that defiles (Rev. 21:27+).
Seed of the woman (Gen. 3:15). | Root and offspring of David (Rev. 22:16+).
Cherubim guarding (Gen. 3:24). | Angels inviting (Rev. 21:9+).

We may extend this list with comparisons from Bullinger.⁸⁰

Genesis versus Revelation

Genesis | Revelation
Man in God’s image (Gen. 1:26). | Man headed by one in Satan’s image (Rev. 13+).
Man’s religion, art, and science, resorted to for enjoyment apart from God (Gen. 4). | Man’s religion, luxury, art, and science, in their full glory judged and destroyed by God (Rev. 18+).
Nimrod, a great rebel and King, and hidden anti-God, the founder of Babylon (Gen. 10:8-10). | The Beast, the great Rebel, a King, and manifested anti-God, the reviver of Babylon (Rev. 13+, 17-18+).
A flood from God to destroy an evil generation (Gen. 6-9). | A flood from Satan to destroy an elect generation (Rev. 12+).
Marriage of first Adam (Gen. 2:18-23). | Marriage of last Adam (Rev. 19+).
A bride sought for Abraham’s son (Isaac) and found (Gen. 24). | A Bride made ready and brought to Abraham’s Son (Rev. 19:9+).
Man’s dominion ceased and Satan’s begun (Gen. 3:24). | Satan’s dominion ended and man’s restored (Rev. 22+).

Notes

¹ Rev. 2:1+, 8+, 12+, 18+; 3:1+, 7+, 14+.

² e.g., Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, mankind prior to the flood of Noah, Israel’s rejection of Messiah at the First Coming of Christ

³ J. Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1958), 170.

⁴ Copyright © 2003 Ariel Ministries (www.ariel.org), P.O. Box 3723, Tustin, CA 92781. This image appears by special permission and may not be duplicated for use in derivative works. [Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 2].

⁵ Renald E. Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come (Bellmawr, NJ: The Friends of Israel Gospel Ministry, 1995), s.v. “Trouble Ahead.”

⁶ Christians recognize that Messiah comes twice and that the cataclysm is associated with His second coming. Judaism “missed” Messiah at His First Coming and so interprets Second Coming passages as preceding His initial arrival.

⁷ The Babylonian Talmud, Shabbath, 118a, cited in Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 21.

⁸ Raphael Patai, The Messiah Texts (Detroit, MI: Wayne Statue University Press, 1979), 95-96.

⁹ Renald E. Showers, The Pre-Wrath Rapture View (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 14.

¹⁰ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 634.

¹¹ Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 38.

¹² Arnold Fruchtenbaum, “The Day of the Lord,” in Mal Couch, ed., Dictionary of Premillennial Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1996), 87.

¹³ Fruchtenbaum understands Peter (2Pe. 3:10-12) as describing the result of judgments described in the book of Revelation which are poured out prior to the Second Coming. Others see Peter as describing the final destruction of the very elements comprising the heavens and earth to be replaced by the new heavens and earth. Peter’s point seems to be on the total annihilation of all that is material. Understanding this fact is to inoculate believers from the temptation and distraction of materialism. Another possibility is that Peter is referring to the regeneration which precedes the Millennium (Isa. 65:17). This is the view of Peters: “This Kingdom is preceded by the conflagration of 2Pe. 3:10-13. This is self-evident, since the Kingdom is identified with the establishment of ‘the new heavens and new earth’ of Isa. 65:17 and 66:22. Peter expressly alludes to these two passages in Isaiah and appropriates them as descriptive of ‘the new heavens and new earth’ presented by himself, in the specific phraseology, ‘according to promise.’ The Millennial new heavens and new earth thus claimed by the Apostle, and which are associated with the Kingdom itself, are necessarily preceded by the fire, described. . . . some have wrongfully . . . endeavored to locate this fire after the thousand years.”—George H. N. Peters, The Theocratic Kingdom (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1978, 1884), 2:506.

¹⁴ “[Some] wish to extend the period of the Day of Jehovah to include the Millennium and the Aftermath, but a study of the term in every passage will show that it is never used in any context except that of the Tribulation. While other expressions, such as that day or in that day, are used for both the Tribulation and the Millennium, the term the Day of Jehovah, is never used for anything outside the Great Tribulation.”—Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 183.

¹⁵ Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 32-33,39.

¹⁶ Ibid., 33-34.

¹⁷ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 4.

¹⁸ Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 31.

¹⁹ Ibid., 31-32.

²⁰ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 176.

²¹ “Isaiah 2:10-22 describes a Day of the Lord that will involve the sixth seal described by the Apostle John in Revelation 6:12-17+.”—Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 31.

²² “Joel 3:1-16 and Zechariah 14:1-3, 12-15 refer to a Day of the Lord that will involve God’s judgment of the armies of all the nations of the world, when those armies gather in Israel to wage war against that Nation and the city of Jerusalem [Rev. 16:12-16+] and when the Messiah comes to war against them [Rev. 19:11-21+].”—Ibid., 32.

²³ Marvin Rosenthal, The Pre-Wrath Rapture of the Church (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1990).

²⁴ Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 35,39.

²⁵ The problem of cosmic signs prior to the day can also be resolved by realizing that there are numerous cosmic signs associated with the period of the end and the cosmic signs of the sixth seal, although probably the most dramatic to that point, may not be the first.

²⁶ “The Scriptures indicate that the Day of the Lord, the Time of Jacob’s Trouble, and the Great Tribulation have several things in common. First, the concept of trouble or tribulation are associated with all three . . . Second, the concept of an unparalleled time of trouble is identified with all three [Joel 2:1-2; Jer. 30:7; Dan. 12:1 cf. Mat. 24:21] . . . Third, the term ‘great’ is used for all three . . . Fourth, the concept of birth pangs is associated with all three . . . Fifth, the expression ‘that day’ is used for all three . . . Sixth, Israel’s future repentance or spiritual restoration to God is associated with all three . . . These comparisons demonstrate that several of the same concepts and terms are associated with the Day of the Lord, the Time of Jacob’s Trouble, and the Great Tribulation . . . they indicate that the Day of the Lord will cover or at least include the same time period as the Time of Jacob’s Trouble and the Great Tribulation.”—Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 41-42.

²⁷ “Both the Time of Jacob’s Trouble (Jer. 30:6-7) and the Great Tribulation (Mat. 24:21) are described as the unparalleled time of trouble. Since there can only be one such time, both will cover the same time period. The Great Tribulation will begin in the middle of the seven-year 70th week. We know this because Jesus indicated that the Great Tribulation will begin with the abomination of desolation (Mat. 24:15-21), which will take place in the middle of the 70th week (Dan. 9:27). . . . Since the Great Tribulation will begin in the middle and terminate at the end of the 70th week and will cover the same time period as the Time of Jacob’s Trouble, the Time of Jacob’s Trouble will also cover the entire second half of the 70th week.”—Ibid., 23-24.

²⁸ They must necessarily eclipse all the world wars and the horrors of the holocaust unless God be accused of exaggeration.

²⁹ Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 43.

³⁰ James Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Ontario: Woodside Bible Fellowship, 1996), G5604.

³¹ How different this is from the interpretation which preterists force upon Matthew 24! The destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70 involved no intervention by God on behalf of the Jews.

³² Merrill F. Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), Mic. 5:3.

³³ See Prophetic Year.

³⁴ Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 44-46.

³⁵ C. I. Scofield, The Scofield Study Bible (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2002, 1909), Rev. 7:14.

³⁶ “It has been denied that God’s people were actually worse than the pagans about them, but reckoning must be in proportion to spiritual knowledge and privileges enjoyed. The judgments of God are always relative to light and privilege granted. . . The Latins have a pointed saying: Corruptio optimi pessima (‘The corruption of the best issues in the worst.’)”—Charles Feinberg, The Prophecy of Ezekiel: The Glory of the Lord (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1969), 37.

³⁷ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 282-283.

³⁸ Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 237.

³⁹ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 177-181.

⁴⁰ Randall Price, “Old Testament References to The Great Tribulation,” in Mal Couch, ed., Dictionary of Premillennial Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1996), 415.

⁴¹ “The implications of this phrase may include all of the following: (1) God will put His seal of authentication on all true revelations, (2) These forms of revelation will cease, (3) Prophecies will be fulfilled, and (4) Nothing else is to be added to His plans and revelations (as implied by the seal). When Christ comes back, there will be no more need for visions and prophecies.”—Charles H. Ray, “A Study of Daniel 9:24-17, Part II,” in The Conservative Theological Journal, vol. 5 no. 16 (Fort Worth, TX: Tyndale Theological Seminary, December 2001), 306-307.

⁴² Harold Hoehner, Chronological Aspects of the Life of Christ (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1977), 118.

⁴³ Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 243.

⁴⁴ King James Version Study Bible (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1997, c1988), Dan. 9:24.

⁴⁵ Hoehner, Chronological Aspects of the Life of Christ, 135-136.

⁴⁶ Trent C. Butler, Chad Brand, Charles Draper, and Archie England, eds., Broadman and Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary (Nashville, TN: Broadman and Holman Publishers, 2003), 252-253.

⁴⁷ Ray, “A Study of Daniel 9:24-17, Part II,” 321.

⁴⁸ James Ussher, The Annals of the World (Green Forest, AR: Master Books, 1658, c2003), 114-115.

⁴⁹ Henry Morris, The Revelation Record (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1983), 27.

⁵⁰ Scofield, The Scofield Study Bible, Rev. 1:1.

⁵¹ “Textual correlations that develop the expansion and chronological framework of the Seventieth Week of Daniel [indicate that] Daniel 9:27 equals Rev. 6:12-17+.”—John A. McLean, “Structure of the Book of Revelation,” in Mal Couch, ed., Dictionary of Premillennial Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1996), 376.

⁵² We have purposefully excluded events whose relative timing we view to be less certain. A more detailed list could be prepared, but would be more likely to contain errors. For a more detailed development, see [Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 204,240,276].

⁵³ The difficulty of establishing with certainty the timing of the seal, trumpet, and bowl judgments relative to other events of the Tribulation can be seen by the great amount of discussion concerning the subject. It is our belief that the judgments through the sixth trumpet could all occur within the first half of the week since the ascendancy of the beast is not seen in the judgments until the time of the first bowl under the seventh trumpet (Rev. 11:15+ cf. Rev. 16:2+). It seems the abomination of desolation must have occurred prior to the pouring out of the first bowl because it targets the Beast worshipers (Rev. 16:2+).

⁵⁴ These events do not all transpire in one instant, but are initiated at the midpoint of the week.

⁵⁵ The ascendancy and authority of the beast is strictly subject to God’s control.

⁵⁶ Their witness is ended by the ascendancy of the beast (Rev. 11:7+) at the end of the first half of the week, whereas the last half of the week ends in the destruction of the beast (Rev. 19:20+). “During the first half of the week he is in his mortal stage. In the last half he is in his superhuman stage; . . . This eighth verse therefore refers to the mid-career of the Beast; and the point of the vision is the moment between the mortal and superhuman stages; i.e., between chapters 12 and 13.”—E. W. Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1984, 1935), Rev. 17:8.

⁵⁷ Although Daniel 11:31 was fulfilled by Antiochus Epiphanes, it stands as an example of the future event which Jesus spoke of (Mat. 24:15).

⁵⁸ Although the man of sin will initially sit in the temple of God and present himself as God (2Th. 2:4). Since he is not God, he lacks omnipresence. So it appears that an image is erected in the temple which then receives worship on his behalf (Rev. 13:15+). This allows him to conduct other activities associated with his conquest and rule.

⁵⁹ The timing of the seventh trumpet is approximate and is difficult to establish with certainty. From the description of the first bowl (under the seventh trumpet), it would seem that the last trumpet would occur near the midpoint of the week, just as the beast has established global control and the false prophet is instituting his worship. No mention is made of the beast or his worshipers until after the sixth trumpet (Rev. 9:13+ cf. Rev. 11:7+). The prelude to the bowl judgments—which are under the seventh trumpet—includes “those who have victory over the beast, over his image and over his mark and over the number of his name” (Rev. 15:2+). These are in heaven, having overcome the image of the beast by martyrdom. Since they overcame the image, the image must be in place prior to the seven bowls pouring forth. If the image is set up at the midpoint of the last week, then the bowl judgments must be in the last half. The seventh trumpet must occur prior to the first bowl.

⁶⁰ It appears that the judgments of the seventh trumpet, which include the seven bowls, must occur after the midpoint of the week. For when the first bowl is poured forth, it targets those who have received the mark of the beast and worship his image (Rev. 16:2+). This would most naturally follow his proclamation as God (2Th. 2:4) and the construction of an idol in his image which receives worship (Rev. 13:15+). Moreover, prior to the pouring forth of the bowls, John sees martyrs who refused to worship the image of the beast. Thus, the bowls must come after the setting up of the image which occurs at the midpoint of the last week.

⁶¹ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 8-10.

⁶² [Ibid., 9,175] applies the term Great Tribulation to the entire seven years whereas other interpreters apply it to only the last half of this period.

⁶³ Fruchtenbaum believes the Harlot in Revelation 17+ differs from the city Babylon in Revelation 18+. We believe the Harlot and the city are one and the same.

⁶⁴ McLean, “Structure of the Book of Revelation,” 374.

⁶⁵ Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 25.

⁶⁶ [Thomas Ice, “The Olivet Discourse,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 165] Also see [Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 25].

⁶⁷ Items in brackets added by this author.

⁶⁸ Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 25.

⁶⁹ We disagree with allegorical interpreters who dismiss a literal correspondence between the plagues of Egypt and the Tribulation. Beale is representative of this line of thought: “The parallel with Exodus does not supply unambiguous demonstration in support of a literal fulfillment. All that it shows is that the two descriptions are homologous, that is, that they have an essential relation in some manner. But the nature of that relation needs to be determined. Are they homologous in their physical form and effects, or in theological significance, or both? The images depicted certainly refer to actual events on the referential level.. . . In Revelation the fire and hail are to be understood on the symbolic level as representing particular facets of divine judgment that can be drawn out further by thorough exegesis of the theological meaning of this particular Exodus plague. [These] speak of God depriving the ungodly of earthly security.”—Gregory K. Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1999), 54. If one reads the Exodus account through the same interpretive lens as Beale, one would likely be led to deny the literal nature of the entire history of the Exodus, much less the plagues. Indeed, many liberal theologians do just that!

⁷⁰ Alva J. McClain, The Greatness Of The Kingdom (Winona Lake, IN: BMH Books, 1959), 56.

⁷¹ Although not an infestation or plague of frogs, the representation of the unclean spirits as frogs is undoubtedly meant as a reminder of the frogs of the Exodus.

⁷² Lice are not specifically mentioned, but may be among the plagues brought by the two witnesses.

⁷³ Flies are not specifically mentioned, but may be among the plagues brought by the two witnesses.

⁷⁴ This is not a direct correlation, but a similarity. In both cases, the food source of the enemies of God is destroyed. In other judgments, crops were also destroyed: Ex. 9:22-23; Ps. 105:33-35 cf. Rev. 8:7+.

⁷⁵ Mal Couch, “Why is Revelation Important?,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 16.

⁷⁶ Morris, The Revelation Record, 14.

⁷⁷ The creation evangelism organization Answers in Genesis (www.AnswersInGenesis.org) correctly emphasizes the need to take the Scriptures literally “from the very first verse.” Without an understanding of the cause of man’s problem, there is no need for a savior. If Adam and Eve were not literal, what need have we of Jesus? Wouldn’t it be wonderful if this “back to Genesis” emphasis on literal interpretation were taken “ahead to Revelation” and applied there too?

⁷⁸ Asking this question evidences a lack of familiarity with the doctrine of God’s Shekinah (abiding) Glory: Gen. 3:8, 24; 15:17; Ex. 3:2; 13:21-22; 14:19-20, 24; Ex. 16:10; 19:18; 24:15-16; 33:18-23; 34:5-6; 40:34; Lev. 9:6, 23; Num. 14:10, 22; 16:19, 42; 20:6; Deu. 5:25-26; 33:16; 1K. 8:10-11; 2Chr. 7:1; Isa. 4:5; 35:2; 40:5; 58:8; 60:3; Eze. 1:28; 3:23; 9:3; 10:18; 43:2-4; Hag. 2:7-9; Zec. 2:5; Mat. 16:27; 17:2; 24:30; Mark 9:3; Luke 2:8-9; 9:29; John 1:14; Acts 2:3; 9:3; 22:6; 26:13; Heb. 1:3; 2Pe. 1:16-17; Rev. 1:14-16+; 15:8+; 21:3+; 21:23+

⁷⁹ Morris, The Revelation Record, 22.

⁸⁰ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, 58-59.

2.7 - Interpreting Symbols Listen to Interpreting Symbols

It is readily apparent that the book of Revelation is unique among New Testament books in its heavy use of symbols. What is not so apparent is how much the approach one takes to understanding the symbols flavors the understanding of the text. Fruchtenbaum has observed the tendency toward two extremes:

The existence of these symbols has led to two extremes. One extreme states that the existence of these symbols shows that this book cannot be understood and must simply be interpreted in terms of a general conflict between good and evil, the good winning out in the end. Beyond this, they say the book is not to be understood in any great detail. This is how the book has suffered from its enemies. In the second extreme, the symbols are used for unchecked speculation, sensationalism, and all kinds of guesswork in trying to interpret these symbols in terms of current events. Such speculation has resulted in farfetched interpretations, and changes are made as current events change. It has also led to date-setting. In this area, the book of Revelation has suffered at the hands of its friends. There is a balance between the two extremes.¹

The schemes which interpreters have proposed in order to try and “understand” the book of Revelation run from one extreme to the other, but most often deny a straight-forward reading in favor of obscure theories involving the symbols it contains:

E. Boring has summarized an approach to interpretation of symbols in the Apocalypse that has come to be widely held. In his view, the symbols are not to be decoded into propositional language that refers to objective realities, but are to be left as nonobjectifying pictorial language that only points to ultimate categories of language. . . . Revelation’s language does not adhere to the laws of logical propositional language and is noninferential because John attempts to communicate the reality of God’s transcendent world by words bounded by space and time. [emphasis added]²

One wonders how the book can claim to be revealing information to show His servants (Rev. 1:1+) if the language failed to “adhere to the laws of logical propositional language and is noninferential”?

In this section, we discuss what is perhaps the most important aspect of studying the book of Revelation: how to read and understand the text. While this may sound simple, it is amazing how frequently the principles of normative reading and comprehension are jettisoned when expositors come to the book of Revelation.

2.7.1 - The Importance of Meaning

Most interpreters of the book of Revelation admit that they bring with them a certain amount of “interpretive baggage”—biases and pre-understandings which flavor their assessment of the facts of history and the text. These have a huge effect upon the interpretation of the book of Revelation for two primary reasons:

The book is often categorized as being written in an apocalyptic literary genre by design.

The book contains numerous symbols.

Once a work is defined to be apocalyptic in genre, the door is opened to a wide array of interpretive treatments as it becomes fashionable to understand the surface-level literary work on the basis of hidden, mysterious, or unstated secondary meaning below the text itself. The inclusion of symbols leads in this direction as various interpreters see license in the symbology for a further separation between the meaning of the text and the real intent of the author. The wider the gap which can be asserted between the text itself and the intended meaning of the author, the greater the room for conjecture and supposition by the interpreter.

When given free reign with the book of Revelation, the sad result of such license is often the very negation of the stated purpose of the book of Revelation:

The Apocalypse (“unveiling”) has become Apocrypha (“hidden”). This should not be. The book was written to show those things which were coming to pass, not to obscure them in a maze of symbolism and dark sayings. Great blessing was promised to all who would read (or even hear) the words of the book of this prophecy (Revelation 1:3+), but how could anyone be blessed by words he could not even understand?³

Even when the interpreter forgoes a tendency to look for meaning “below” the text, there are still a variety of ways in which meaning can be understood:

Some identify the meaning with the human author’s intention, while others hold that meaning is identical with God’s intention. Still others claim that meaning is as broad as the canonical interpretation of the text. And finally, there are a group of NT scholars who would identify apostolic hermeneutics with first-century Jewish hermeneutics.⁴

Feinberg identifies the following ways to define meaning:

The intention of the author.

The understanding of the author.

The understanding of the readers in the prophet’s day.

The significance (application) of the text.

The use of the text elsewhere in the NT.

Thus, it becomes vital to spend some time discussing the way in which meaning comes from the text.

2.7.2 - The Art and Science of Interpretation

The practice of interpretation is known as hermeneutics.

The word hermeneutics is ultimately derived from Hermes the Greek god who brought the messages of the gods to the mortals, and was the god of science, invention, eloquence, speech, writing, and art. As a theological discipline hermeneutics is the science of the correct interpretation of the Bible.⁵

Bible study consists of three primary steps: observation, interpretation, and application.⁶ . After observing the text, interpretation should yield the understanding of God’s Word which He intended resulting in its fruitful application in the life of the reader. If interpretation goes astray, then a proper understanding will not result and the application of God’s message to the life of the reader will not be what God intended.

Our position is that the book of Revelation is to be interpreted normally, like any other writing, and especially like the rest of the Scriptures. We part company here from those who seek to classify the book as being representative of the apocalyptic genre so they can apply a mystical or spiritual “spin” to the text and make it mean all manner of things.

D.L. Cooper gives a reasonable definition of normal interpretation in his Golden Rule of Interpretation:

When the plain sense of Scripture makes common sense, seek no other sense, therefore, take every word at its primary, ordinary, usual, literal meaning unless the facts of the immediate context, studied in the light of related passages and axiomatic and fundamental truths, indicate clearly otherwise.—The Golden Rule of Interpretation, D.L. Cooper⁷

The rule includes the important phrase, studied in the light of related passages. This is the biblical equivalent of a “safety net.” In the same way that trapeze artists performing on the high-wire are protected by a net below which catches them in the event of a fall, comparing Scripture with Scripture provides a doctrinal “safety net” to keep the interpreter from “falling” into an inconsistent understanding or interpretation. This principle is also known as the Analogy of Scripture or Systematic Theology: the systematic study of the Scriptures across all the books of the Bible to arrive at a self-consistent understanding of any particular topic. This principle is founded upon the inerrancy and inspiration of Scripture. That the inspired books, being ultimately the work of the Holy Spirit (2Pe. 1:19-21), are without error and consistent in their teaching from Genesis 1:1 through Revelation 22:21+. When we encounter what seems to be an inconsistency (commonly referred to as a “Bible Difficulty”), we must assume that the problem is one of our own understanding and not God’s Word. The experienced student of the Word will recognize how frequently what appeared to be contradictory turned out, upon further insight, study, and illumination, to be by design.⁸

Notice that the Golden Rule holds that we adhere to the plain sense of Scripture and not seek any other sense unless there are good reasons for doing otherwise. These reasons must be found in the immediate context of the passage under study or related passages. It is not sufficient to simply classify the book of Revelation as an apocalypse and therefore turn the rules of interpretation upside-down as does this commentator:

A failure to take full account of [the apocalyptic] feature has led to some of the most outlandish teachings on this book by some whose rule of interpretation is “literal, unless absurd.” Though this is a good rule when dealing with literature written in a literal genre, it is the exact opposite in the case of apocalyptic literature, where symbolism is the rule, and literalism the exception. [emphasis added]⁹

Notice how this commentator appeals to the apocalyptic genre in order to dismiss normative interpretation and to assert that we should avoid normative interpretation in favor of pure symbolic conjecture! The easy answer to this proposal is to simply ask, “Whose symbolic interpretation?” No real answer can be given. This is because there in an infinite variety of interpretations possible when using symbolic conjecture. The result is that no two interpreters hold to the same meaning except in a handful of areas. This fact alone disqualifies a non-literal framework because it has factually demonstrated its bankruptcy at conveying a reliable message from God. In effect, it makes the book of Revelation unknowable by man.

The recommendation that normalcy be inverted reminds us of our high-school literature class where we read Melville’s Moby Dick and then spent weeks guessing at obscure, hidden, multiple meanings which the author “might” have intended. It was great fun and students were awarded an “A” for creativity, but I often thought of how Melville would likely turn in his grave if he heard the things he was supposed to have communicated! But interpreting God’s Holy Word is the antithesis of the high-school literature class, for here creativity is awarded a grade of “F!”

Why do we insist on normalcy in our interpretation of all of Scripture? Couch identifies a number of reasons:

Those who are committed to a normal reading of Scripture offer at least three reasons: First, the obvious purpose of language is to enable effective communication between intelligent beings. Words have meaning and in their normal usage are intended to be understood. . . . God is the originator of language. When He spoke audibly to man, He expected man to understand Him and respond accordingly. Likewise, when God speaks to man through the inspired writings of His apostles and prophets, He expects man to understand and respond accordingly. . . . A second reason for a normal reading of Scripture concerns the historical fulfillment of prophecy. All the prophecies of the Old and New Testament that have been fulfilled to date have been fulfilled literally. . . . Thus, . . . all prophecies which are yet to be fulfilled will be fulfilled literally. A third reason concerns logic. If an interpreter does not use the normal, customary, literal method of interpreting Scripture, interpretation is given over to the unconstrained imagination and presuppositions of the interpreter.¹⁰

Neglect of this last reason is most evident in the widely-varying imaginative interpretations of the non-literal interpreters. Once the “tether of normative interpretation” is cut, the helium balloon of the interpreter’s imagination floats ever further afield from the intended meaning of the text. This single factor accounts for the majority of nonsense which is offered as commentary on the book of Revelation.

As an example of how quickly those who forsake literal interpretation choose to ignore the pattern of previously-fulfilled literal prophecy, Couch’s second reason for normalcy, consider Beale’s statement which asserts that the plagues in Revelation are unlikely to be literal like those recorded elsewhere in Scripture:

The parallel with Exodus does not supply unambiguous demonstration in support of a literal fulfillment. All that it shows is that the two descriptions are homologous, that is, that they have an essential relation in some manner. But the nature of that relation needs to be determined. Are they homologous in their physical form and effects, or in theological significance, or both? The images depicted certainly refer to actual events on the referential level.. . . In Revelation the fire and hail are to be understood on the symbolic level as representing particular facets of divine judgment that can be drawn out further by thorough exegesis of the theological meaning of this particular Exodus plague. [These] speak of God depriving the ungodly of earthly security. [emphasis added]¹¹

Beale denies literal fire and hail in the book of Revelation as found elsewhere in Scripture asserting that the reader is to seek for a theological meaning beyond the plain text. The fire and hail are themselves no longer important, but the theological meaning behind the text is now primary. But who determines the meaning behind the text and how is it determined? A perusal of the writings of expositors employing this approach readily reveals the enormous subjectivity which enters upon the process of answering these questions to arrive at an interpretation.

Another key advantage of normal interpretation is it is minimal, contributing the barest interpretive layer over the inspired text from God. “The best interpretation of a historical record is no interpretation but simply letting the divine Author of the record say what He says and assuming He says what He means.”¹² The “thicker” the layer of interpretation required to make sense of the underlying text, the greater the danger that the commentator will wind up adding to or subtracting from the meaning intended by God (Rev. 22:18-19+).¹³ This minimalist interpretation is the way a reader would most likely understand the text when absent from the guidance of an allegorical interpreter.

If one were on a desert island and read Revelation for the first time, how would he normally interpret the book? The answer would be “actual and literal,” unless there was an amillennialist and allegorist around to say, “No, no, these events are not real! They have some hidden meaning that no one is sure of, but don’t let that bother you!”¹⁴

In opposition to the practice of literal interpretation, some interpreters grossly misrepresent what it means to interpret literally:

Would we understand the Twenty-third Psalm properly if we were to take it “literally”? Would it not, instead, look somewhat silly? In fact, if taken literally, it would not be true: for I daresay that the Lord doesn’t make every Christian to lie down in literal, green pastures.¹⁵

As Ramm explains, literal interpretation is not the ridiculous caricature that the previous commentator attempts to portray it as:

To interpret Scripture literally is not to be committed to a “wooden literalism,” nor to a “letterism,” nor to a neglect of the nuances that defy any “mechanical” understanding of language. Rather, it is to commit oneself to a starting point and that starting point is to understand a document the best one can in the context of the normal, usual, customary, tradition range of designation which includes “tacit” understanding.¹⁶

Literal interpretation recognizes variations in the style of the text and maintains a consistency of interpretation driven by the text itself, not the predilections of the interpreter:

It is not true that the premillennialists require every single passage to be interpreted literally without exception. They do hold, on the other hand, that if the language is symbolic, it is to be governed by the laws relating to symbols; if figurative, by the laws dealing with figures; if typical, by the laws connected with types; if literal, by the laws of non-figurative speech.¹⁷

All interpreters utilize this normal literal approach most of the time. For example, in interpreting John’s words:

I, John, both your brother and companion in the tribulation and kingdom and patience of Jesus Christ, was on the island that is called Patmos for the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus Christ. (Rev. 1:9+)

There is almost universal agreement that the “island that is called Patmos” is Patmos! And that John is located on that island, and that he is there due to his connection to the Word of God. Where the difference comes in, is that some interpreters change their interpretive process when they encounter passages employing symbols, prophecy, or especially controversial doctrine. In these passages, they jettison normal interpretation in favor of conjecture about symbols thereby reducing the text into an allegory concerning spiritual principles.

This “dual hermeneutic” is employed much like the gearshift in an automobile. On the major “freeway” of the gospel text, they generally stay in literal gear. But when a prophetic off-ramp or doctrinal mountain looms ahead, they shift into a non-literal gear. This inconsistency leads to all manner of confusion and allows for the most amazing conclusions which are often in complete contradiction to the plain meaning of the text! McClain recognizes this “gearshift” between two systems of interpretation:

It should be clear, however, that regardless of the terms chosen to designate the anti-millenarian scheme of prophetical interpretation, it is a combination of two different systems, shifting back and forth between the spiritualizing and literal methods. The hermeneutical plow is pulled by ‘an ox and an ass.’ For this reason, the scheme may be appropriately be called eclectical.¹⁸

Even those who use literal interpretation when viewing OT passages in the light of the NT often fall into this inconsistent approach when they come to the book of Revelation:

Two or three generations ago, students of prophecy received incalculable help from the simple discovery that when the Holy Spirit spoke of Judea and Jerusalem in the Old Testament Scriptures He meant Judea and Jerusalem, and not England and London; and that when He mentioned Zion He did not refer to the Church. But strange to say, few, if any of these brethren, have applied the same rule to the Apocalypse. Here they are guilty of doing the very thing for which they condemned their forebears in connection with the Old Testament - they have ‘spiritualised.’ . . . What then? If to regard ‘Jerusalem’ as meaning Jerusalem be a test of intelligence in Old Testament prophecy, shall we be counted a heretic if we understand ‘Babylon’ to mean Babylon, and not Rome or apostate Christendom?¹⁹

Couch describes the two main approaches to interpretation as they relate to prophecy:

Among evangelicals there are generally two major camps regarding how prophetic passages should be read. Amillennialists will generally allegorize large portions of the prophetic Word, especially passages that speak of the Second Advent of Christ and the establishment of the one thousand year literal Davidic kingdom. In contrast, premillennialists, following the teaching of the early church, treat the Second Coming with the same literal hermeneutic as they would the First Coming of Jesus. They hold that the Bible, from Genesis to Revelation, should be understood literally from a normal reading unless typology or poetry is used. And even then, premillennialists believe that “literalness” is implied behind the figure of speech or illustration used.²⁰

The most serious charge that can be leveled against non-literal interpretation is that of perverting the promises of God. God’s promises, both in the OT and NT, were given to specific recipients using words which they understood in the context in which they lived and in which the promises were given. When a nonliteral view of these passages is adopted, this robs the original recipients of the promises as God gave them:

Adopting a nonliteral view of the Old Testament kingdom prophecies raises some disturbing questions: What did those prophecies mean to those to whom they were addressed? If prophecies seemingly addressed to Israel really apply to the church (which did not exist at that time), did God give revelation that failed to reveal? And if those prophecies were meant to apply symbolically to the church, why were they addressed to Israel? What meaning could such prophecies have in their historical settings? Ironically, many who spiritualize Old Testament prophecies reject the futurist interpretation of Revelation because it allegedly robs the book of its meaning for those to whom it was written. Yet they do the very same thing with the Old Testament kingdom prophecies.²¹

God’s promises involve both ends of the communication channel: the things God said and what those who received His promises understood them to mean in the original context. It is not permissible, after the fact, to make what God said mean something different which would have been entirely foreign to those who originally received His word. Allegorization and spiritualization do just that.

2.7.3 - The Rise of Allegorical Interpretation

Because the book of Revelation is categorized as apocalyptic literature and contains numerous symbols, it undergoes a great deal of abuse due to allegorical interpretation. But what exactly is allegorical (also known as mystical²² ) interpretation and where did it come from?

Zuck offers the following description of allegorization:

Allegorizing is searching for a hidden or secret meaning underlying but remote from and unrelated in reality to the more obvious meaning of a text. In other words the literal reading is a sort of code, which needs to be deciphered to determine the more significant and hidden meaning. In this approach the literal is superficial, the allegorical is the true meaning.²³

Completely in line with Zuck’s description is the following statement by Trench regarding his understanding of the New Jerusalem (Rev. 21:2+):

The dream of an actual material city to be let down bodily from heaven to earth, . . . has been cherished in almost all ages of the Church by some, who have been unable to translate the figurative language of Scripture into those far more glorious realities of the heavenly πολιτεία [politeia] , whereof those figures were the vesture and the outward array. [emphasis added]²⁴

Notice how the language of Trench confirms the statement of Zuck: the allegorical meaning represents far more glorious realities. The literal text represents figures which are the vesture and outward array. According to Trench, the true (allegorical) meaning is “clothed” by the representation of the literal text. Presumably, the interpreter must remove this outer garment of literal text to see the deeper and more glorious reality beyond.²⁵ Trench doesn’t inform us that each interpreter that does so finds a different glorious reality!²⁶

Using allegorical interpretation, it is possible to “find” all manner of meanings beyond the plain sense of the text:

To cite a few examples [of allegorical hermeneutics]: The journey of Abraham from Ur of the Chaldees to Haran is interpreted as the imaginary trip of a Stoic philosopher who leaves sensual understanding and arrives at the senses. The two pence given by the Good Samaritan to the innkeeper has the hidden meanings of Baptism and the Lord’s Supper. The river Euphrates means the outflow of manners and is not an actual literal river in Mesopotamia. Pope Gregory the Great’s interpretation of the Book of Job is equally disheartening: ‘The patriarch’s three friends denote the heretics; his seven sons are the twelve apostles; his seven thousand sheep are God’s faithful people; and his three thousand hump-backed camels are the depraved Gentiles!’²⁷

While it is tempting to chuckle at these examples from early Christianity, what is alarming is how often equally obscure results attend modern interpreters of the book of Revelation.

So where did this tendency begin? Evidence is lacking within Scripture that Jesus or the Apostles understood the Old Testament in this way.

The allegorical interpretation of Sacred Scriptures cannot be historically proved to have prevailed among the Jews from the time of exile, or to have been common with the Jews of Palestine at the time of Christ and His apostles. Although the Sanhedrim and the hearers of Jesus often appealed to the Old Testament according to the testimony of the New Testament writers, they give no indication of the allegorical interpretation. Even Josephus has nothing of it.²⁸

The flowering of allegorical interpretation as applied to Scripture can be traced to Jews in Alexandria Egypt who were interested in accommodating the OT Scriptures to Greek philosophy as a tool for removing or reinterpreting what were considered embarrassing anthropomorphisms and immoralities in the OT.

Two names stand out in Alexandrian Jewish allegorization: Aristobulus and Philo. Aristobulus, who lived around 160 B.C., believed that Greek philosophy borrowed from the Old Testament, and that those teachings could be uncovered only by allegorizing. . . . Philo (ca. 20 B.C. - ca. A.D. 54) . . . sought to defend the Old Testament to the Greeks and, even more so, to fellow Jews. He was led to allegorize the Old Testament, . . . because of his desire to avoid [seeming] contradictions and blasphemies.²⁹

Observe how often Christian aberrations have arisen from a faulty attempt to defend the Scriptures before skeptics. Preterism, and its belief that non-believers reject Scripture because Jesus’ prediction to come “soon” was misunderstood, is a recent example.

Clement of Alexandria (A.D. 155-216) was influenced by Philo and proposed a system of interpretation where any passage of the Bible might have up to five meanings.³⁰ Thereafter, Origin, who studied Platonic philosophy and is thought to have been a pupil of Clement, went so far as to say that Scripture itself demands that the interpreter employ the allegorical method.

Amillennialist Schaff is fair when he describes the great hermeneutical failings of Origen: “His great defect is the neglect of the grammatical and historical sense and his constant desire to find a hidden mystic meaning. He even goes further in this direction than the Gnostics, who everywhere saw transcendental, unfathomable mysteries.”³¹

[Origen] lays down the principle that the true meaning of prophecy is to be found only by going beyond the literal and historical sense to the spiritual; and he says specifically of the Apocalypse that the mysteries hidden in it can be understood only in this way. His whole interpretation of the book is therefore spiritual rather than literal. [emphasis added]³²

Origen’s interpretive approach had great influence on those who would follow in the Middle Ages, as did Augustine (354-430) who, like Philo, saw allegorization as a solution to Old Testament problems.³³ The allegorical system of interpretation prevailed throughout most of the Middle Ages:

During the Middle Ages, the fourfold sense of Scripture was taught. Medieval scholars took Origen’s threefold sense—the literal, the moral, and the spiritual—and subdivided the spiritual into the allegorical and the anagogical. As schoolman Thomas Aquinas affirmed, ‘The literal sense is that which the author intends, but God being the Author, we may expect to find in Scripture a wealth of meaning.’ An example of how the fourfold sense was worked out during the Middle Ages is Gen. 1:3, ‘Let there be light.’ Medieval churchmen interpreted that sentence to mean (1) Historically and literally—An act of creation; (2) Morally—May we be mentally illumined by Christ; (3) Allegorically—Let Christ be love; and (4) Anagogically—May we be led by Christ to glory.³⁴

Although Aquinas endorsed looking beyond the primary meaning of the author, he did recognize some of the dangers of allegorization. “Aquinas put forward a threefold argument against allegory: (1) it is susceptible to deception; (2) without a clear method it leads to confusion; and (3) it lacks a sense of the proper integration of Scripture.”³⁵ All three of these significant drawbacks are evident in much interpretation of the book of Revelation today.

Augustine’s allegorical interpretation of Bible prophecy dominated the understanding of eschatology during the medieval period. It found acceptance also with the Roman church and among the leaders of the Reformation. Even today, Augustinian eschatology is held by large segments of the Christian church.³⁶

Even the Reformers, who cast off the darkness of Medieval allegorization in so many areas, failed to escape the influence of those who went before them in their understanding of the book of Revelation.³⁷

As we’ve observed in the origination of this method of interpretation, there was a motive for its use. This remains the case today. At times it has simply been unbelief:

As someone has said, “The Book of Revelation isn’t hard to understand—it’s hard to believe!” The main reason why so many have resorted to allegorical interpretations is that they have found the literal meaning of its prophecies difficult to accept, scientifically, and aesthetically, and have tried to “explain” them on some less offensive basis.³⁸

At other times, the motive has been to teach unorthodox doctrines twisted from the proper understanding of the text, something which has been with us all along:

Metaphysical cults, theosophical cults, divine science cults, pantheistic cults all base their interpretation of Holy Scripture on the theory that the meaning of Scripture is plural. The first meaning is the ordinary historical or grammatical one; and the second meaning is the one the cultist brings to Scripture from the particular metaphysical system or religious system he is pushing.³⁹

Even as far back as Tertullian, the dangerous freedom offered by figurative interpretation for manipulating the meaning of the text was recognized. “On the proper method of interpreting prophecy Tertullian stated: “Now to upset all conceits of this sort, let me dispel at once the preliminary idea on which they [heretics] rest their assertion that the prophets make all their announcements in figures of speech. Now if this were the case, the figures themselves could not possibly have been distinguished, inasmuch as the verities would not have been declared, out of which the figurative language is stretched. And, indeed, if all are figures, where will be that of which they are the figures? How can you hold up a mirror for your face, if the face nowhere exists? But, in truth, all are not figures, but there are also literal statements.””⁴⁰

As we will see as we progress, allegorical interpretation is frequently used by Christians who hope to avoid the plain implication of the teaching of Scripture. Christian Reconstructionists utilize forms of allegorical interpretation in order to work around passages in the book of Revelation which do not conveniently fit into the newspaper events surrounding the times prior to 70 A.D. Since John’s writings clearly indicate a coming time of wrath and judgment upon the earth, their motive is to attempt to remove this reality in favor of a more optimistic future for Christianity:

Reconstructionism’s interest in this subject stems from its optimistic outlook regarding Christianity’s ability to gain control of secular society. Because Revelation is admittedly pessimistic in this regard, the system’s scheme for disposing of this unfavorable evidence is to relegate its fulfillment almost entirely to the past, to a time prior to A.D. 70.⁴¹

Those who stand opposed to God’s promises made to the Jewish nation find the plain sense of Revelation 20+ much to their disliking as it suggests the fulfillment of the Messianic Kingdom prophecies scattered throughout the OT. Again, allegorical interpretation provides the “solution” in that the thousand years (Rev. 20:4+) becomes an indefinite period and the physical rule and reign with Christ represents the current spiritual standing of the believer. Never mind that interpreting the first resurrection (Rev. 20:4-5+) as being spiritual and the second (Rev. 20:12+) as literal runs rough-shod over the rules of sound hermeneutics.

The net result of allegorical interpretation is to place a veil of darkness over God’s divine Word. It takes that which God has graciously revealed to the saints and subjects it to the dark vagaries of human imagination and speculation. The result is predictable. Those who major in it remain as much in the dark regarding the Second Coming of Jesus as many Jews were in relation to His predicted suffering at the First Coming.⁴²

Concerning the inconsistency of the allegorical method and the damage which results, Seiss notes:

Good and able men have satisfied themselves with it; but, on the same principles of interpretation, there is not a chapter in the Bible, nor a doctrine of our holy religion, which could not be totally explained away. By a happy inconsistency do they not so treat other portions of Scripture, or they would transmute the whole Revelation of God into uncertainty and emptiness.⁴³

Having examined a long list of these symbolic and allegorical interpretations, and followed the processes by which their authors have tried to apply them, I have not found one which does not completely break down under the weight of its own cumbrous unfittingness. They each and all fail to explain the facts and relations of the record, and treat John as a half-demented sentimental old man, trying to make a grand poem out of a few dim anticipations touching the earthly fortunes of the Church, which could have been better told in one well-written chapter. They are, at best, the wild guesses of men who have never got hold of the real thread of the matter, whilst under the necessity of saying something.⁴⁴

2.7.4 - Understanding Symbols and Figures

Having discussed the prevalence and dangers of allegorical interpretation, we now discuss how to understand the many symbols and figures found throughout the book of Revelation. This is the area where many commentators, in our view, take a wrong turn. They utilize the symbolic content of the book as license to depart from normative interpretation which then fuels their departure from the plain meaning of the text.

As we previously mentioned, one way in which this is done is by using the symbolic imagery within the book to cast it into the apocalyptic genre, similar to many uninspired (and fraudulent) writings which contain similar literary devices. Once this is done, interpreters such as Gregg can attempt to turn hermeneutics on its head. Another approach, perhaps best illustrated by Beale, is to see in the symbols a sort of encoding in which the truth of God’s message is veiled in symbols for transport across the page. The use of symbols becomes an “obvious” indication that non-literal interpretation is intended. Beale uses one of several possible meanings of a single Greek word to justify hundreds of pages of non-literal exposition:

Σημαίνω [Sēmainō] [“signified,” Rev. 1:1+] can overlap with the more general and abstract idea of “make known” in the sense of “indicate,” “declare,” “be manifest.” But its more concrete and at least equally common sense is “show by a sign,” “give (or make) signs (or signals),” or “signify” . . . σημαίνω [sēmainō] typically has the idea of symbolic communication when it is not used in the general sense of “make known.” . . . Of its five other NT occurrences, two have the sense of “make known” (Acts 11:28; 25:27), . . . three others are in John’s Gospel where it summarizes Jesus’ pictorial description of crucifixion (John 12:33; 18:32; 21:19). . . . The symbolic use of σημαίνω [sēmainō] in Daniel 2 defines the use in Rev. 1:1+ as referring to symbolic communication and not mere general conveyance of information . . . [indicating] that a symbolic vision and its interpretation is going to be part of the warp and woof of the means of communication throughout Revelation. . . . Some commentators contend that since Revelation sometimes explicitly explains the meaning of an image in a vision there is a “presumption that, where expressions are not explained, they can normally be interpreted according to their natural [i.e., literal] meaning, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise”. . . . But the results of the analysis of Rev. 1:1+ indicated that this rule should be turned on its head: we are told in the book’s introduction that the majority of the material in it is revelatory symbolism . . . Hence, the predominant manner by which to approach the material will be according to a non-literal interpretive method. [emphasis added]⁴⁵

Elsewhere Beale states:

As we have seen, Rev. 1:1+ programmatically introduces the pictorial visions of the book as having a symbolic meaning without any one-to-one relation to literal historical events. [emphasis added]⁴⁶

Having conveniently dispatched normative hermeneutics, Beale fails to offer anything substantive in its place. As with all interpretations which major on “symbolic meanings,” the meaning is to be found in the interpreter’s own ideas. Contrary to Beale’s assertion that the symbols are “without any one-to-one relation to literal historical events,” Osborne follows most literal interpreters in recognizing the symbols as representing literal events and personas.⁴⁷

As Thomas observes, Beale has made the mistake of confusing the way in which the revelation was made (via symbols) with how it should be interpreted by those who follow:

The verb ἐσήμανεν [esēmanen] (“he signified”) in Rev. 1:1+ furnishes an advance notice of the symbolic nature of God’s communication with John. This has nothing to do with how the resultant communication should be interpreted, . . . [interpreters] fail to distinguish between the process of revelation and that of interpretation.⁴⁸

It is also frequently the case that commentators attempt to utilize the appearance of one symbol as license to treat the entire passage in a symbolic way.⁴⁹ But each symbol must be treated individually as there are numerous cases where symbols are embedded among non-symbolic vision.

Once a prophecy is found to contain symbols, interpreters often succumb to the temptation of treating everything else in that prophecy as symbolic. . . . The presence of symbols in a prophecy, however, does not indicate that everything else in that prophecy is symbolical. The designation of symbols must be on an individual basis. Each symbol must be carefully examined, weighed, and adequately supported by strong evidence before a symbolical designation is made. Symbols are not cheaper by the dozen.⁵⁰

Symbols are frequently employed in the book of Revelation within similes where resemblance is emphasized.⁵¹

Revelation is interpreted from a literal base, taking into account comparative language that points to a literal ultimate meaning. Two words indicate that comparative language is being used: ὥς [hōs] and ὅμοιος [homoios] . Hos and words related to it are used sixty-eight times in Revelation and approximately 416 elsewhere in the New Testament. Homoios is used twenty-two times in Revelation and about twenty-six times in the rest of the New Testament. Both words are used for comparison and should be translated “Like, as, like as, it seemed to be, something like, etc.” [Often, hos] indicates John is comparing what he sees (something beyond his own experience or comprehension) to the closest known object with which he is familiar. . . . John uses comparative language to describe a literal event, not a symbolic or even figurative event, and certainly not an allegorical event.⁵²

Symbols employed within simile have several advantages over other literary forms of communication. A simile can carry a richness of communication which a simple non-symbolic statement cannot (e.g., the description of the Beast in Rev. 13:2+). Simile is also used when that which is being described exceeds the experience of the writer and the symbol is the best analogy at hand for the writer to convey the sense of what he is seeing (e.g., the description of the demonic locusts in Rev. 9:7-10+). The utilization of simile is not license for interpreting the comparisons within the text as some form of purely symbolic communication.

As for determining whether a literal object or figurative symbol is involved, we note several guidelines:

First, the interpreter should accept as symbols that which is so designated in the context or seen under the harmony of prophecy. . . . Second, the interpreter should accept as symbols those elements that are truly impossible in the realm of reality, taking care to note that eschatological times are real times. . . . [But the] prophetic Scriptures contain many descriptions of the future that are possible or plausible. In such instances, the interpreter should not assign these to the realm of symbolism.⁵³

To these we may add a third from Tan:

The determination of what is figurative and what nonfigurative in prophecy is a question centuries old. From Augustine’s De Doctrina Christiana to the present, interpreters have attempted to give different rules and guidelines. . . . the key to determining the figurative from the nonfigurative lies in ascertaining whether a given word or act is at variance with the essential nature of the subject being discussed. If a word or act, taken in the literal sense, fails to harmonize with either the flow of thought in the text or context, or with the analogy of Scripture, it is to be understood as figurative. Otherwise, it is nonfigurative.⁵⁴

As an example, Tan’s guideline can be applied productively in the case of the binding of Satan:

Then I saw an angel coming down from heaven, having the key to the bottomless pit and a great chain in his hand. He laid hold of the dragon, that serpent of old, who is the Devil and Satan, and bound him for a thousand years (Rev. 20:1-2+)

To answer the question whether the chain is literal, one need only observe that Satan is spirit and cannot be bound by material objects. Therefore, the chain is figurative of the bondage under which Satan will be placed. Learning to identify which aspects of a passage are figurative and which are literal is essential for correct interpretation:

Some seem to believe that if anything in a given passage is symbolic, then everything must be symbolic . . . . In contrast, the approach recommended here can be illustrated by considering the statement, “It was raining cats and dogs outside.” . . . The key to a correct interpretation is (a) to recognize that there can be both literal and figurative elements in the same text and (b) to seek to discern which aspects of the text fal into which category. In this illustration, for example, “It was raining . . . outside” should be taken literally, and the “cats and dogs” should be taken figuratively. Both the literal and the figurative function together to communicate that it was raining very hard.⁵⁵

Perhaps the most difficult aspect of determining whether a passage conveys figurative or literal events is found in the fact that prophetic content can span periods of time far beyond the time when the vision was first given. Thus, things which seemed clearly to be figurative at the time of writing due to their impossibility (e.g., the two hundred million horsemen in Rev. 9:16+; the peoples, tribes, tongues, and nations viewing the dead bodies of the two witnesses in Rev. 11:9+) later become literally possible (e.g., a large world population; the advent of worldwide broadcasting).

Writing almost one-half century ago, Tenney observed:

The object like a burning mountain cast into the sea (Rev. 8:8+), the opening of the bottomless pit (Rev. 9:2+), and many other episodes must be interpreted symbolically if they are to be taken as applying to current or to past history. If they are yet to come, they may be a more accurate description of actual phenomena than most expositors have realized, for the physical and psychical researches of recent years have opened to the mind of man worlds that in John’s time were completely unknown. The atom bomb, guided missiles, and the scientific devices of modern warfare have made the Apocalypse seem much less apocalyptic [dramatic hyperbole] than it did fifty years ago.⁵⁶

The fact that Revelation 19+ sets forth the Second Coming of Christ which has obviously not yet occurred renders unlikely the stance of Osborne and others who hold that all the symbols found in the book were understood by the original readers:

We no longer need to guess what modern events may be prophesied, for every symbol was understandable to the first-century readers. . . . we seek . . . the background knowledge from the first century to unlock the tensive symbols and to see what the original readers would have understood when they read them. This is not a perfect science, of course, and scholars debate the background behind each symbol. [emphasis added]⁵⁷

Since some of the symbols relate events which have not yet been fulfilled, we cannot simply assert they were all understood by the original readers. For one thing, it is highly unlikely that the original readers had access to the entire corpus which came to be recognized as the canon of Scripture, thereby lacking perhaps the most important key to understanding some of the symbols in the book of Revelation: the comparison of related passages (analogy) of Scripture. (See our discussion on the audience and purpose of the book for more on this.) The insistence that all symbols were understood by the readers of John’s day ignores the reality that not even John understood everything which he saw (Rev. 7:13-14+). It is important to notice that John is told to write, “what you see” (Rev. 1:11+) rather than what he understood. In other words, John was to record his immediate experiences and visions. He was not given the vision and then told to cogitate over it for a period of time to eventually produce a literary masterpiece in the apocalyptic genre perfectly understandable to first century readers!

Fortunately, many of the symbols are explained in their immediate context. And we are also blessed with the entire corpus of inspired Scripture which we can apply to gain an understanding of what John relates.⁵⁸

It is worth mentioning another aspect of symbols in prophetic Scripture: the tendency of literal interpreters to render symbolic descriptions by way of literal drawings. While these may be interesting or even provocative, it is generally a disservice to the prophetic text to utilize the symbols in such a way. Trench observes the priority of symbolism within the Jewish tradition as being that of conveying truth rather than rendering form:

This description of the glorified Lord (Rev. 1:16+), . . . may suggest a few reflections on the apocalyptic, and generally the Hebrew symbolism, and on the very significant relations of difference and opposition in which it stands to the Greek. Religion and Art for the Greek ran into one another with no very signal preponderance of the claims of the former over the latter. Even in his religious symbolism the sense of beauty, of form, of proportion, overrules every other, and must at all costs find its satisfaction; so that the first necessity of the symbol is that it shall not affront, that it shall satisfy rather, the aesthetic sense. . . . But with the Hebrew symbolism it is altogether different. The first necessity there is that the symbol should set forth truly and fully the religious idea of which it is intended to be the vehicle. How it would appear when it clothed itself in an outward form and shape, whether it would find favour. . . as satisfying the conditions of beauty, this was quite a secondary consideration; may be confidently affirmed not to have been a consideration at all; . . . but rather that it should remain ever and only a purely mental conception, the unembodied sign of an idea;—I may observe, by the way, that no skill of delineation can make the Cherubim themselves other than unsightly objects to the eye.⁵⁹

The results of such renderings are often held up to ridicule as the result of the literal method of interpretation. But this misunderstands the purpose of such symbols as being primarily art form rather than representative of characteristics which are not as easily conveyed textually. All the more so when such figures are described by simile providing a definite clue that the image conveyed by the text is only an approximation of the reality being described.

2.7.5 - Understanding Numbers

We find numbers employed throughout Scripture, but perhaps no more densely packed than in the book of Revelation. Two opposite errors are often encountered when dealing with numbers in Scripture: (1) numbers are interpreted symbolically to derive fanciful teachings; (2) numbers are treated strictly literally and their symbolic significance is denied. We hope to avoid both of these extremes in our approach to the book.

2.7.5.1 - The Abuse of Numbers

Concerning the abuse of biblical numerology,⁶⁰ Trench has well observed:

In all speculations upon numbers we may very profitably lay to heart the wise caution of Fuller, [A Pisgah Sight of Palestine, b. iii. c. 6.] . . . “For matter of numbers fancy is never at a loss. . . . But such as in expounding of Scripture reap more than God did sow there, never eat what they reap thence, because such grainless husks, when seriously threshed out, vanish all into chaff.”⁶¹

This caution applies not only to numbers, but to the interpretation of symbols and typology. In the case of numerology, symbols, and typology, God undeniably conveys more than the surface text itself suggests, the problem is in determining how valid are the additional insights one may gain. As soon as the meaning attributed to a number, symbol, or type is carried beyond what God intended to convey, then we are eating Fuller’s “grainless husks.” So due caution must be exercised, especially by teachers.⁶²

Beale provides us with illustrations of the most common abuse of numbers: a denial of any literal value and substituting a figurative meaning in its place:

The seven kings [of Rev. 17:10+] are not to be identified with any specific historical rulers but represent rather the oppressive power of world government throughout the ages, which arrogates to itself divine prerogatives and persecutes God’s people.⁶³

The name “Christ” appears seven times and the name “Jesus” fourteen times. “The Lamb” is used of Christ twenty-eight times, seven bringing the Lamb and God together. The 7 x 4 appearances of this title underscore the universal scope of the Lamb’s complete victory. . . . Twelve is the number of God’s people, which is squared to indicate completeness and multiplied by one thousand to connote vastness. [Rev. 7:4+; 14:1+]⁶⁴

Notice how Beale puts his interpreter’s “spin” on the numbers in order to deny their literalness with phrases like to indicate and to connote.

Some interpreters seem to despair of dealing with the numbers in the book of Revelation in any sort of literal way. This can be carried to such an extreme as to totally deny any literal meaning while failing to provide a figurative understanding in its place:⁶⁵ Here we meet with both confusion (we can’t know what the numbers mean) and anti-supernaturalism (we can’t know the writer’s intention—never mind that he was told simply to record what he was shown).

When it comes to numbers and their meaning in the book of Revelation, it is not uncommon for interpreters to ask the reader to exchange his gold (the number’s literal meaning) for fool’s gold (a fanciful, vague interpretation, or perhaps no interpretation at all). It may be valid in some cases to understand an additional well-recognized figurative meaning connoted by a number, but this should not be done in lieu of its literal value. There were, after all, twelve actual sons of Israel (Gen. 35:22-26) and Jesus ministered to twelve actual disciples (Mat. 10:2-5).

2.7.5.2 - Literal Understanding of Numbers

In studying the book of Revelation, one is immediately struck by the prevailing bias of many commentators against understanding numbers in their normative, literal way. For example, the length of half of Daniel’s seventieth week is described in a number of related passages (Dan. 7:25; Dan. 9:27; 12:7; Rev. 11:2-3+; 12:6+, 14+; 13:5+). This obvious strong witness to understanding this period in a literal way is simply set aside for another meaning:

We cannot insist on a literal meaning for the three and a half years of the tribulation period or the thousand years of the millennium. They could be literal, but the numbers function symbolically in the book and probably signify a lengthy period of time that is under God’s control.⁶⁶

We are being asked to trade gold for fool’s gold! Rather than understand three and a half as denoting a specific period of time specified by God,⁶⁷ we are asked to accept the alternate meaning which our interpreter says is probably correct!

There is a strong bias against literal understanding of numbers in the book of Revelation. Even when the text seems quite explicit as to the identification of what is being described, commentators refuse to take the text at face value:

Let us consider the meaning of numbers in the book. . . . While some (Seiss, Walvoord, Thomas) tend to consider them literally, they are forced to some creative interpretations, for example, regarding the 144,000 who are sealed in Rev. 7:4-8+. Walvoord . . . believes this means that 12,000 sealed in each tribe are those selected to be God’s special witnesses through the tribulation period, but it seems more likely that the numbers in the book are meant symbolically as was common in ancient apocalypses. [emphasis added]⁶⁸

Notice how those who adhere to a literal interpretation and who arrive at a uniform understanding are said to be employing “creative interpretations.” That the exact opposite is the case can be easily demonstrated by noting the wide variation in interpretation among the commentators who take the 144,000 Jews as being non-Jews. Here again we see an appeal to the literary genre including a host of non-canonical writings to undermine the straightforward text. We are told that we should not understand the 144,000 Jews to be 144,000 individuals nor Jews, because this book is to be read like any other “ancient apocalypse” where symbols serve as the vehicle for communicating inspirational musings and obscure political inferences. Never mind that the text goes to great lengths to make sure we know these are Jews (each of the twelve tribes is individually listed) and their appearance at this point in the events of the book of Revelation is in perfect accord with the doctrine of the believing Jewish remnant which runs throughout Scripture (1K. 19:18; 2K. 19:4, 30; 21:14; 25:22; Isa. 1:9; 6:13; 7:3; 10:20-22; 28:5; 37:4, 31-32; 46:3; 59:21; 65:8; Jer 5:10; 5:18; 23:3; 50:20; Eze. 5:3; 6:8-10; 9:8, 11; Eze. 11:13; Joel 2:32; Mic. 2:12; 7:18; Zec. 11:10; 13:8-9; Rom. 9:6, 27; Rom. 11:5, 17, 25; Gal. 6:16; 1Pe. 1:1; Rev. 12:17+).⁶⁹

We believe the correct view on the interpretation of numbers within the book of Revelation is to understand them in their primary, literal sense, but to also recognize biblical numerology where certain numbers appear with special emphasis throughout Scripture and carry additional meaning beyond the bare facts they record:

The fact is that no number in Revelation is verifiably a symbolic number. On the other hand, the nonsymbolic usage of numbers is the rule. It requires multiplication of a literal 12,000 by a literal twelve to come up with 144,000 in Rev. 7:4-8+. The churches, seals, trumpets, and bowls are all literally seven in number. The three unclean spirits of Rev. 16:13+ are actually three in number. The three angels connected with the last three woes (Rev. 8:13+) add up to a total of three. The seven last plagues amount to exactly seven. The equivalency of 1,260 days and three and a half years necessitate a nonsymbolic understanding of both numbers. The twelve apostles and the twelve tribes of Israel are literally twelve (Rev. 21:12-14+). The seven churches are seven literal cities. Yet confirmation of a single number in Revelation as symbolic is impossible.⁷⁰

Numbers may be understood literally, but even when understood in this way, they often carry with them also a symbolical meaning. Hence the number seven, . . . refers to seven literal churches . . . Yet by the very use of this number (which speaks of completion or perfection) the concept is conveyed that these were representative churches which in some sense were complete in their description of the normal needs of the church.⁷¹

For example, we understand that God completed His creation within a literal six-day period and rested on the seventh (Gen. 2:1; Ex. 20:11; 31:17). We also understand that He did this by design as a pattern to establish the working week for man (Ex. 20:9; 23:12; 31:15; etc.). The number has a two-fold significance. First, it has a literal meaning: the creation spanned six 24-hour days. Second, it has a symbolical meaning: the number seven carries the meaning of rest or completion. To deny the primary literal meaning in order to major on the secondary symbolism would be an error. So too would be an interpretation which denies the secondary symbolism.

When we interpret numbers primarily in their literal sense, we are in the company of the earliest interpreters to whom the Scriptures were entrusted: the Jews. Prior to the rise of allegorical interpretation, the rabbis understood the Scriptures in the same way as literal interpreters today. For example, the last ‘seven’ of Daniel’s seventy sevens (Dan. 9:24-27) are understood as a literal period of seven years.⁷²

When we read the book of Revelation, we do not enter some strange Alice in Wonderland world where normative communication is set aside in favor of speculation. Those commentators who do so would never dream of applying similar methods of interpretation to other passages of Scripture. In the gospels they understand twelve apostles as twelve apostles, three days as three days, and so on.

The existence of symbols and categorization of writing as apocalyptic genre are not license for jettisoning the primary literal meaning of numbers.

2.7.5.3 - The Symbolic Meaning of Numbers

Having established the primacy of understanding numbers in their literal sense, we must also recognize biblical numerology: the study of the use of numbers throughout Scripture to convey meaning beyond the literal value. This is a large subject which we cannot treat with much depth other than to describe the symbolism conveyed by some of the most frequently found numbers in the book of Revelation. Even though many numbers clearly have an associated symbolism found in their pattern of usage throughout Scripture, not every occurrence of a given number necessarily carries the symbolic value.

2.7.5.3.1 - Two: Witness

The number two appears in the book of Revelation in association with the two witnesses (Rev. 11:3+, 10+) who are the “two olive trees and two lampstands standing before the God of the earth” (Rev. 11:4+). These witnesses (μάτυσιν [matysin] from μάρτυς [martys] from which we derive martyr), furnish a testimony (μαρτυρίαν [martyrian] ) of the power and judgment of God to a rejecting world. They serve as witnesses both before and after their death: by the miraculous powers which God grants them while living (Rev. 11:5-6+) and by their subsequent resurrection which causes great fear to fall on those who see them rise (Rev. 11:11+).

The basis for two as the number of witness is found in the Law of Moses which prescribes that judgments be made on the basis of at least two witnesses (Num. 35:30; Deu. 17:6; 19:5; 1K. 21:10 cf. Mat. 18:16; 2Cor. 13:1).

God, Who can swear by no other, frequently employs the two witnesses of ‘heaven and earth’ to underscore His promises (Deu. 4:26; 30:19; Ps. 50:4; Isa. 1:2) as did Moses (Deu. 31:28; 32:1).⁷³ The two-fold use of God’s created order as a witness is found within a frequently misunderstood passage in the book of Revelation where a sign consisting of “a women clothed with the sun, with the moon under her feet” [emphasis added] (Rev. 12:1+) appears. Here, the ordinances of the sun and moon serve as witnesses to the promises which God makes elsewhere to this woman: that the nation of Israel (Jer. 31:35-36) and the Davidic throne (Ps. 89:35-37; Jer. 33:20-22) will never cease to exist before Him.

Throughout the New Testament, reference is made to “the law and the prophets” as the two-fold witness against those who reject God (Mat. 5:17; 7:12; 11:13; 22:40; Luke 16:16; 24:44; John 1:45; Acts 13:15; 24:14; 28:23; Rom. 3:21). For example, Paul states: “But now the righteousness of God apart from the law is revealed, being witnessed by the Law and the Prophets” [emphasis added] (Rom. 3:21). The importance of this witness is emphasized in Jesus’ teaching concerning the rich man and Lazarus in Luke 16. When the rich man, tormented in hades, appealed to Abraham to warn his five brothers to avoid his fate, Abraham responds:

Abraham said to him, ‘They have Moses and the prophets; let them hear them.’ And he said, ‘No, father Abraham; but if one goes to them from the dead, they will repent.’ But he said to him, ‘If they do not hear Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded though one rise from the dead.’ (Luke 16:29-31)

It is no accident that it is Moses (representing the law) and Elijah (representing the prophets) who appear with Jesus on the Mount of Transfiguration (Mat. 17:3; Mark 9:4; Luke 9:30). Many have noted the similarity between the miraculous activities of the two witnesses of Revelation 11+ and those of Moses and Elijah recorded in the Old Testament. Regardless of the actual identity of the two Revelation witnesses (see commentary on Rev. 11:3-13+), the similarity of their ministry to that of Moses and Elijah seems intended to underscore their role as witnesses to the law and the prophets.

Within the “unholy trinity” of the Beast, the False Prophet, and Satan, it is significant that there are two human personages: the two beasts which rise from the sea and the earth, respectively (Rev. 13:1+, 11+). These two men stand as witnesses to the depravity of man, as empowered by Satan. Both are beasts, both rise from distinct human populations (the sea being a reference to Gentile nations and the earth a possible reference to the Jewish nation). The second beast has two horns which may emphasize his special role as a witness to the first beast, to whom he directs the attention and worship of those who dwell upon the earth.

2.7.5.3.2 - Three: Life, Resurrection, Completeness, the Trinity

The number three appears in the book of Revelation in association with the doxological triad (Rev. 4:8+; cf. Isa. 6:3), the amount of grain sold for a set price during famine conditions (Rev. 6:6+), the remaining trumpet judgments to be sounded (Rev. 8:13+), the number of plagues by which a third of mankind is killed (Rev. 9:18+), the amount of time during which the two witnesses lie dead before their resurrection (Rev. 11:9+, 11+), the number of demonic spirits associated with the “unholy trinity” (Rev. 16:13+),⁷⁴ the division of Jerusalem by the great earthquake (Rev. 16:19+), and the number of gates on each side of the wall of the New Jerusalem (Rev. 21:13+).

In association with the number three, we observe that in the six days of creation, God pronounces the work of each day as “good” with the exception of day two (Gen. 1:6-8). It appears that the pronouncement expected for day two is held until the third day. Thus, the third day is pronounced “good” twice (Gen. 1:10, 12). Some have called the third day, the “day of double blessing.” It appears that our attention is drawn to the third day and it is pronounced as “doubly” good because the third day is the day on which life first appears.⁷⁵ Not only does life first appear on day three of creation week, but Jesus is raised on the third day.⁷⁶ The raising of the two witnesses on the third day (Rev. 11:11+) correlates with this association of life or resurrection with day three.

Yet in the book of Revelation, the majority of the appearances of three seem to connote completeness, much like the way leaven (sin) works its way completely through the three measures of meal (Mat. 13:33; Luke 13:21).⁷⁷ This would seem to be the case in Revelation 8:13+ where the final three woes are set apart as being of special significance. Here again, three denoting completeness or thoroughness.⁷⁸ The complete eternality of God is expressed as the One “who is and who was and who is to come” (Rev. 1:8+), indicating His complete oversight of events within the domain of time.

Another significant use of three is in reference to the Trinity (Rev. 16:13+). For example, the threefold repetition of “Holy” in Revelation 4:8+ may refer to each of the persons of the Trinity (or as some have observed, merely be a Semitic artifact—a triplet denoting intensity, cf. Eze. 21:27; Jer. 22:29).⁷⁹ The thrice repetition of six as the number of the Beast (Rev. 13:18+) signifies the mimic of the true Trinity by the “unholy trinity” consisting of the beast from the sea (Rev. 13:1+), beast from the earth (Rev. 13:11+), and Satan (the dragon, Rev. 13:4+). Three unclean spirits like frogs come out of this unholy trinity and perform signs to gather the kings of the earth and all the world to do battle against God (Rev. 16:13-14+). Here there seems to be a reference to completeness as well as triunity—they lead the entire world in opposing God.⁸⁰

2.7.5.3.3 - Four: the Entire World, the Earth

The number four appears in the book of Revelation in association with the living creatures (Rev. 4:6+, 8+; 5:6+, 8+; 6:1+, 8+; 14:3+; 15:7+; 19:4+), the four horsemen of the first seven seals (Rev. 6:1-8+), the four angels (Rev. 7:1-2+) standing on the four corners of the earth (Rev. 7:1+) holding back the four winds of the earth (Rev. 7:1+), the four horns of the altar (Rev. 9:13+), the four angels bound at the great river Euphrates (Rev. 9:14+) who are released to kill a third of all mankind, and the four corners of the earth to which Satan travels to gather the final battle (Rev. 20:8+).

The symbolic meaning of the number four in the book of Revelation seems clear: it is the signature of the world or of global effect.⁸¹

Four . . . is the signature of the world . . . . Four is stamped every where on this the organized world. Thus, not to speak of the four elements, the four seasons, neither of which are recognized in Scripture, we have the four winds (Eze. 37:9; Mat. 24:31; Rev. 7:1+); the four corners of the earth (Rev. 7:1+; 20:8+); the four living creatures, emblems of all creaturely life (Rev. 4:6+), and each of these with four faces and four wings (Eze. 1:5-6); the four beasts coming up from the sea, and representing the four great world-empires which in the providence of God should succeed one another (Dan. 7:3); the four metals composing the image which sets forth the same phases of empire (Dan. 2:32-33); the four Gospels, or the four-sided Gospel, in sign of its designation for all the world; the sheet tied at the four corners (Acts 10:11; 11:5); the four horns, the sum total of the forces of the world as arrayed against the Church (Zec. 1:18); the enumeration, wherever this is wished to be exhaustive of the inhabitants of the world by four, kindreds, tongues, peoples, and nations (Rev. 5:9+ cf. 7:9+; 10:11+; 11:9+; 14:6+; 17:15+). For other significant enumerations by four, see Eze. 14:21; John 5:3; Rev. 6:8+. ⁸²

The first four of the seven seals, the “four horsemen of the apocalypse” (Rev. 6:1-8+), are each represented by a rider on a horse whose action has worldwide effects. The worldwide or global connotation of the number four derives from the directions of the compass (North, South, East, West, cf. Eze. 7:2) and may be why there are four living creatures which are around the throne (Rev. 4:6+) surrounding it in all four primary directions. This same directional emphasis is seen in the camp of Israel which camped around the tabernacle in the wilderness in these four primary directions (Num. 2:1-34; 23:10). This same arrangement is reflected in the tribal names associated with the twelve gates surrounding the New Jerusalem: 3 tribal names written on the gates in each of the four directions (Rev. 21:13+). The living creatures seen by John bear a striking resemblance to Ezekiel’s cherubim⁸³ (Eze. 1:10; 10:14) which appear to support the “chariot throne” of God as it travels in any direction (Eze. 1:12; 10:16-17), yet with notable differences. Each of Ezekiel’s cherubim have four faces (a cherub or ox, a man, a lion, and an eagle) whereas John’s four living creatures each have a different face (a calf, a man, a lion, and an eagle). See Four Gospels.

The global emphasis of the number four is also seen in the four angels which kill a third of all mankind.⁸⁴

2.7.5.3.4 - Five: Provision, Fullness, Grace

The number five appears in the book of Revelation in association with the time period (five months) during which the locusts torment those men without the seal of the living God (Rev. 9:5+, 10+) and as the number of kings which have fallen when John is shown the mystery of Babylon (Rev. 17:10+).

Although perhaps more subtle than other biblical numerology, five appears to be associated with the idea of provision, fullness, or grace. The waters of the flood were on the earth five months (150 days) before they subsided (Gen. 7:24). In the reunion of Joseph with his brothers, Benjamin’s serving was five times that of the other brothers (Gen. 43:34). Benjamin was given five changes of garments (Gen. 45:22) whereas his brothers were only given one. When five of Joseph’s brothers are presented before Pharaoh, it is to obtain the best land for their flocks (Gen. 47:2-6).David selected five stones with which to slay Goliath (1S. 17:40).⁸⁵ When David lacked provisions, he requested five loaves of bread (1S. 21:3). Jesus fed the multitudes using five loaves of bread (Mat. 24:17; Mark 6:38; 8:19; Luke 9:13; John 6:9). See also [Bullinger, Number in Scripture: Its Supernatural Design and Spiritual Significance, 135-149].

From these examples we conclude that those upon whom the locusts are unleashed for five months (Rev. 9:5+, 10+) receive the full provision of torment which God has in store for them.

2.7.5.3.5 - Six: Man’s Incompleteness, Human Will

The number six appears in the book of Revelation in association with the six wings of the living creatures (Rev. 4:8+)⁸⁷ and the number of the Beast (666, Rev. 13:18+).

Since man was created on the sixth day (Gen. 1:26-27), six is considered to be the ‘number of man.’ The repetition of the number thrice in association with the number of the Beast is understood to denote the ‘trinity of man’ or ‘satanic trinity’ (Satan, the Beast, and the false prophet). “Six is the number of man, who was created on the sixth day. In Revelation 13:18+ it represents the number of the ultimate man, the Antichrist: 666.”⁸⁸

The number six seems to denote specifically the will and independence of man (i.e., sin) as evidenced by the mention of the number of fingers and toes of men who were notably powerful in their defiance of God (2S. 21:20; 1Chr. 20:6).⁸⁹

Six also denotes incompleteness, being one less than seven, the number of completeness or perfection. The Menorah has one central stem out of which six stems branch (Ex. 25:32-33). Some see this as an indication of man’s incompleteness (the six branches) made complete only with the addition of Messiah (the central branch). As Jesus said, “I am the vine, you are the branches. He who abides in Me, and I in him, bears much fruit; for without Me you can do nothing.” (John 15:5) In the same way that six days of work are incomplete without the seventh day of rest, man’s utmost effort when independent of God results in incompleteness and failure.

Six days were appointed to him for his labour; while one day is associated in sovereignty with the Lord God, as His rest. Six, therefore, is the number of labour also, of man’s labour as apart and distinct from God’s rest. . . . the number is significant of secular completeness.⁹⁰

In the book of Revelation is presented the final great effort of the human secular system to achieve its ends apart from God. The cataclysmic events in response to the unbridled will of man are God’s ultimate reminder of man’s innate inability and deficiency apart from God, which the earth-dwellers refuse to acknowledge to the bitter end.

Among the enemies of God marked by the number six: we find Goliath, whose height was six cubits, having six pieces of armor and a spear’s head weighing six hundred shekels of iron (1S. 17:4-7); Nebuchadnezzar, whose “image” was sixty cubits high and six cubits wide (Dan. 3:1); and Antichrist, whose number is six hundred and sixty-six (Rev. 13:18+). Even Solomon at the height of his earthly glory received a mere six hundred and sixty-six talents of gold (1K. 10:14) each year and sat on a throne of only six steps (1K. 10:19). Solomon, in his advanced human wisdom, great power and influence, but eventual drift from God, illustrates characteristics shared by the Antichrist of the end.

Throughout history, the best that man can produce by every available means and effort of rebellious will is “666” which falls short of God’s triune completeness (“777”).

2.7.5.3.6 - Seven: Perfection, Completeness

The number seven is the most frequently encountered number in the book of Revelation:

Even the most careless reader of the Apocalypse must be struck by the manner in which almost every thing there is ordered by sevens. Thus, besides the seven Churches, and their seven Angels, we have already in this first chapter the seven Spirits (Rev. 1:4+), the seven candlesticks (Rev. 1:12+), the seven stars (Rev. 1:16+); and further on, the seven lamps of fire (Rev. 4:4+), seven seals (Rev. 5:1+), seven horns and seven eyes of the Lamb (Rev. 5:6+), seven heavenly Angels with their seven trumpets (Rev. 8:2+), seven thunders (Rev. 10:3+), seven heads of the dragon, and seven crowns upon these heads (Rev. 12:13+), the same of the beast rising out of the sea (Rev. 13:1+), seven last plagues (Rev. 15+;1+); seven vials (Rev. 15:7+), seven mountains (Rev. 17:9+), seven kings (Rev. 17:10+); not to speak of other recurrences, not so obvious, of this number seven as the signature of the Book; as for instance, the distribution of the entire Book into seven visions, the sevenfold ascription of glory to the Lamb (Rev. 5:12+), and to God (Rev. 7:12+).⁹¹

Hindson lists the following ‘sevens’ in the book: churches (Rev. 1:4-20+; 2-3+); spirits (Rev. 1:4+; 3:1+; 4:5+; 5:6+); lampstands (Rev. 1:12-20+; 2:1+); stars (Rev. 1:16-20+; 2:1+; 3:1+); lamps of fire (Rev. 4:5+); seals (Rev. 5:1-5+); horns (Rev. 5:6+); eyes (Rev. 5:6+); angels (Rev. 8:2-6+); trumpets (Rev. 8:2-6+); peals of thunder (Rev. 10:3-4+); seven thousand people (Rev. 11:13+); heads (Rev. 12:3+; 13:1+; 17:3-9+); diadems (Rev. 12:3+); angels (Rev. 15:1-8+; 21:9+); plagues (Rev. 15:1-8+; 21:9+); bowls (Rev. 15:7+; 17:1+; 21:9+); mountains (17:9+); kings (17:10-11+); beatitudes (Rev. 1:3+; 14:13+; 16:15+; 19:9+; 20:6+; 22:7+, 14+); “I ams” of Christ (Rev. 1:8+, 17+, 18+; 2:23+; 21:6+; 22:13+, 16+).⁹² Tenney notes seven beatitudes (Rev. 1:3+; 14:13+; 16:15+; 19:9+; 20:6+; 22:7+; 22:14+).⁹³ Hindson notes: “David Hocking observes that the concept of our Lord’s soon return is emphasized seven times in the Revelation by the words ‘shortly’ or ‘quickly’ [Rev. 1:1+; 2:16+; 3:11+; 11:14+; 22:7+; 22:12+; 22:20+).”⁹⁴ Morris mentions seven “I ams” of Christ (Rev. 1:8+, 11+, 17+, 18+; 21:6+; 22:13+, 16+) and seven doxologies in heaven (Rev. 4:9-11+; 5:8-13+; 7:9-12+; 11:16-18+; 14:2-3+; 15:2-4+; 19:1-6+).⁹⁵

As mentioned in our discussion of six, the number seven is understood to denote ‘perfection’ in the sense of completion. God created in six days and rested on the seventh.⁹⁶ This is the main symbolism of the number seven in the book of Revelation. The seven churches are representative of all churches. The seven Spirits represent the perfect omniscience of the Holy Spirit.⁹⁷ The seven seals, trumpets, and bowls denote the completeness of God’s worldwide judgment.⁹⁸

The prevalence of seven throughout the book of Revelation has also been recognized as signifying this book as the final revelation of God to complete the canon of Scripture:⁹⁹

Almost certainly one of the primary reasons [for the preponderance of sevens] is to emphasize that this is the last book of the Bible! In fact, the book closes with a grave warning against anyone who would pretend to add anything further to God’s inspired Word (Revelation 22:18+).¹⁰⁰

It seems likely that John has written his book carefully to signify the perfect plan of God and the completeness of his work.¹⁰¹

With the final acts recorded in the book of Revelation, God completes His mighty act of redemption and renewal thus restoring His creation to the condition it had prior to the entrance of sin.¹⁰²

2.7.5.3.7 - Twelve: Jewish Tribes, Completeness

The number twelve appears in the book of Revelation as the twelve thousand Jews from each of the twelve tribes (Rev. 7:5-8+, 14:1+), the woman’s garland of twelve stars (Rev. 12:1+), the twelve gates of the New Jerusalem named after the twelve tribes and attended by twelve angels (Rev. 21:12+), the twelve foundations of the New Jerusalem named after the twelve apostles (Rev. 21:14+), the length, breadth, and height of the city being twelve thousand furlongs (Rev. 21:16+), the twelve pearls at the twelve gates (Rev. 21:21+), and the twelve fruits of the tree of life, yielding its fruit each month (Rev. 22:2+).

The primary symbolism denoted by the number twelve is its dominant association with the sons of Jacob, the twelve tribes of Israel (Gen. 35:22; 49:28). Since Israel is God’s elect ¹⁰³ and Jesus chose twelve apostles,¹⁰⁴ it may be that God’s sovereign choice is also reflected in this value. But even in Jesus’ selection of twelve apostles, a direct relationship to the twelve tribes of Israel is intended (Mat. 19:28; Luke 22:30).

In the book of Revelation, nearly all occurrences of twelve, with the exception of the fruit of the tree of life (Rev. 22:2+), are related to the tribes of Israel and reflect the intense “Jewishness” of the book. ¹⁰⁵ As we shall see in our discussion of related passages and themes, the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies concerning the nation Israel is a key to understanding much of what takes place in the book of Revelation. Hence, the preponderance of twelve.

Some have seen twelve as denoting ‘unity in diversity’ in that individuals (the tribes, the apostles) are considered as a unified people of God.¹⁰⁶ Still others have found in the number the idea of completeness with the twelve tribes representing all Israel and twelve months representing a complete year.¹⁰⁷

2.7.5.4 - Searching for Meaning in all the Wrong Places

Among commentators of the last book of the Bible, a stark dividing line can be seen in regard to where they go looking for an understanding of the symbols which they encounter in the text. The three main sources which are appealed to are pagan mythology, Jewish apocryphal writings, and the Old Testament. Depending upon which of these three sources one emphasizes, a quite different picture of John’s communication emerges. The decision of where to go looking for meaning is perhaps second only to the art and science of interpretation in its effect upon the resulting understanding. It is our belief that those who utilize pagan mythology and uninspired Jewish apocrypha in order to understand the book of Revelation have a deficient view of the perspicuity and sufficiency of the inspired Scriptures (Ps. 19:1-14; John 8:31; 1Cor. 4:6; 2Ti. 3:15-17; Heb. 4:12-13; 2Pe. 1:3, 19-21; Jude 1:3).

Some commentators assume a near equivalence among these three sources in the pursuit of meaning.

The sources for interpreting them [symbols] come from the OT, intertestamental literature, and the Greco-Roman world—in other words, in the common world of the original readers in the province of Asia.¹⁰⁸

Though the OT, Judaism, NT, and immediate context of the Apocalypse provide the primary background for its imagery, much work remains to be done on surveying the various sources of the Greco-Roman world to broaden the multiple ideas associated with many of the images in the Apocalypse.¹⁰⁹

Others go so far as to assert that the meaning of the book of Revelation cannot be found within the confines of inspired Scripture because certain symbols are not treated therein: “The Apocalyptist, however, does not limit himself to O.T. imagery, but has much that is his own, or that belongs to the common stock of the later apocalyptic. The Woman with Child [Rev. 12:1-2+] has no parallel in the O.T.” [emphasis added]¹¹⁰

Is it really true that God delivered inspired Scripture to John for our understanding, but expects us to search extra-biblical sources for the necessary keys? And what of those who only have the inspired Word of God at their disposal, but lack the historical and cultural materials which some commentators assert are necessary? It is one thing to recognize that access to historical and cultural writings may enhance our understanding of biblical material. It is quite another to say that it is a requisite for our understanding. The latter view effectively denies the sufficiency of Scripture and elevates extra-biblical material on a par with inspired Scripture in making the latter dependent upon the former.

In contrast to these views, Thomas observes: “An attempt has been made to elevate extra-biblical material referred to by John to the level of the OT among his sources. Yet no conclusive evidence proves that he used sources, written or oral, outside the OT.”¹¹¹ Those who assert John’s dependence upon outside sources are unable to provide clear-cut examples and often are simply reflecting the anti-supernaturalism so prevalent in academic circles today. Beale wisely cautions:

In recognizing the presence of allusions to sources other than the OT, whether Jewish or Greco-Roman . . . One must be circumspect in the search for dependence on such other literary sources and resist the temptation to find parallels where there are none.¹¹²

2.7.5.4.1 - Searching Pagan Mythology

Perhaps the most perplexing view is that the meaning for symbols in the book of Revelation is to be found within the pagan mythology of the reader’s day. This is akin to saying we are to find the jewels of God laying in the bottom of a secular trash can!

Fiorenza says the symbols have a special communicative function in addressing the social world of the original readers, thus opening up a new symbolic world for them. It is our task to uncover that symbolic world.¹¹³

A major breakthrough in the scholarly study of Revelation was the recognition of the source and character of its images and narrative patterns. These were not composed freely by the author to comment on the current situation; in other words, they are not primarily allegories invented to comment on current affairs. Further, these images and narrative patterns were not simply borrowed from the “Old Testament” and cannot be understood fully in terms of such borrowing. They can be understood appropriately and in depth only in the context of [Ancient Near East] and Greco-Roman myth.¹¹⁴

What is all the more amazing is the tendency of some to understand the symbols of the book in light of pagan myth despite clear parallels to OT passages:¹¹⁵

Not only are we urged to look to secular sources for important meaning, but secular sources for which today we only have fragmentary evidence as to their original contents at the time of John’s writing. If we are dependent upon cultural writings which are mostly lost to history for a complete understanding of Scripture, than what can be said of the self-claims of Scripture as being sufficient?

As has been recognized by some, this supposed dependence upon pagan mythology is largely an a priori assumption and has not been clearly demonstrated. Commenting on the unlikelihood of crowns representing a victor (rather than a royal ruler) in the Apocalypse, Trench observes: “nowhere else in the Apocalypse is there found a single image drawn from the range of heathen antiquity. The Book moves exclusively in the circle of Jewish imagery.”¹¹⁶ In regard to the various and ingenious explanations for the “white stone” of Rev. 2:17+, Trench observes:

All these explanations, and others which it would be tedious to enumerate, even if they were more satisfactory, and they appear to me most unsatisfactory, are affected with the same fatal weakness, namely, that they are borrowed from heathen antiquity, while this Book moves exclusively within the circle of sacred, that is, of Jewish, imagery and symbols, nor is the explanation of its symbols in any case to be sought beyond this circle.¹¹⁷

Even some who have devoted immense effort and time in an attempt to understand the dependence of material within the book of Revelation upon the social setting of the day candidly admit the tentative nature of their case.¹¹⁸

We concur with Unger: “The importation of mythological identifications with pagan deities or astrological lore . . . is not only futile but sacrilegious.”¹¹⁹

2.7.5.4.2 - Searching Jewish Apocryphal Writings

Another frequently cited source of symbolism within the book of Revelation is the various uninspired Jewish apocryphal writings:

Symbols and other suggestions are derived very frequently from the Old Testament, sometimes from common Hebrew folk-lore, and in some instances apparently from apocalyptic sources not preserved to us. There are passages in which critics are probably right in finding traces of the influence of some unknown apocalyptic writing.¹²⁰

[The assumption of the two witnesses] into heaven (Rev. 11:12+) accords with that of Elijah (2K. 2:11), and with that of Moses as stated in The Assumption of Moses, mentioned by Clement of Alexandria and Origin. In this instance the Revelation seemingly assumes the familiarity of its readers with apocryphal literature.¹²¹

Beckwith says that John incorporates common Hebrew folk-lore (non-truths) and bases meaning upon material which is unknown and in any case is not available to us. From the similarity of the ministry of one of the two witnesses with that of Moses, Tenney infers one must be Moses and therefore the reader is assumed to be in need of information from The Assumption of Moses to understand this fact. These are claims which are quite out of proportion with the hard evidence. Most often, our inability to understand some symbol in the book is not based upon the unavailability of an unknown apocalyptic writing, but our ignorance of the Old Testament. Further, familiarity with The Assumption of Moses is not required in order for one of the two witnesses to be Moses. Not to mention that there are reasons for supposing that neither of the two witnesses is Moses himself, but other Jews yet to be born.

Swete observes:

There is no evidence that any one of [the noncanonical apocalypses] has served him as a ‘source’; coincidences between the work of John and the extant Jewish books are nearly limited to minor points connected with the imagery and diction. Under the circumstances it is more than precarious to postulate sources of which nothing is known.¹²²

What many mistake as the dependence of John upon noncanonical apocalyptic writings is their common allusion to events from the Old Testament:

The general nature of the Revelation has been described as both apocalyptic and prophetic. Jewish apocalyptic literature can be seen in Isaiah 24-27, Ezekiel 38-39, Daniel 7-12, and Zechariah 9-14. Similar elements appear in the apocryphal books of Enoch, Baruch, Fourth Ezra, the Ascension of Isaiah, and the Apocalypse of Zephaniah. But none of these are quoted in the Revelation, which draws most of its symbolic imagery from the canonical Old Testament books. [emphasis added]¹²³

2.7.5.5 - The Importance of the Old Testament

The main reason we have a tendency to look outside of Scripture for insights in our attempt at understanding the symbols within the book of Revelation is our ignorance of the Old Testament. Like Swete’s assertion that the woman with child (Rev. 12:1-2+) has no parallel in the Old Testament, our lack of insight into OT themes can cause us to prematurely go looking in extra-biblical material for answers.

[Unlike apocalyptic writings] St. John’s . . . symbols are not obscure ravings hatched from a fevered imagination; they are rooted firmly in the Old Testament (and the reason for their seeming obscurity is that very fact: We have trouble understanding them only because we don’t know our Bibles).¹²⁴

The text itself gives clear indication where we need to look for greater understanding:

But in the days of the sounding of the seventh angel, when he is about to sound, the mystery of God would be finished, as He declared to His servants the prophets. (Rev. 10:7+ cf. Dan. 12:9; Amos 3:7) [emphasis added]

Thus, the analogy of Scripture (Scripture interprets Scripture) is an important key to unlocking the meaning of passages which we find puzzling:¹²⁵

Commentators disagree as to the exact number of allusions to the Old Testament, but agree to their prevalence throughout:¹²⁶

No book of the New Testament is so thoroughly steeped in the thought and imagery of the Hebrew Scriptures.¹²⁷

[The Apocalypse’s] relationship with the Old Testament can scarcely be overemphasized. . . . it is remarkable how the Old Testament is never explicitly quoted, but continually echoed and reapplied.¹²⁸

The range of OT usage includes the Pentateuch, Judges, 1-2 Samuel, 1-2 Kings, Psalms, Proverbs, Song of Solomon, Job, and the major and the minor prophets. Roughly more than half the references are from the Psalms, Isaiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel, and in proportion to its length Daniel yields the most. . . . Among the allusions to Daniel, the greatest number are from Daniel 7.¹²⁹

According to Swete . . . there are 46 references to Isaiah, 31 to Daniel, 29 to Ezekiel, 27 to the Psalms, and then Genesis, Deuteronomy, Jeremiah, Joel, and Zechariah.¹³⁰

There are hundreds of places where John alludes in one way or another to the OT Scriptures. Swete mentions that of the 404 verses of the Apocalypse, 278 contain references to the Jewish Scriptures (p. cxxxv). UBS’s Green NT (2d ed.) cites over five hundred OT passages in connection with the book (pp. 897-920).¹³¹

There are over five hundred references to the Old Testament in the book of Revelation. The following is a list of such references, but it makes no claim to being exhaustive or complete. . .¹³²

The importance of our familiarity with the Old Testament in order to understand the book of Revelation cannot be overstated! As we attempt to demonstrate in our discussion of Related Passages and Themes, the vantage point of the Old Testament is required because the book of Revelation extends and concludes various themes, problems, and promises which find their basis in the Old Testament. Without a knowledge of the Old Testament, we are like math students looking at the answers in the back of the textbook, but without any knowledge of the questions they were intended to answer! We will inevitably find ourselves ‘guessing’ as to the true meaning intended by God.

It was this recognized dependence of the book of Revelation upon the Jewish Old Testament which led to its authority being challenged by those with an anti-Semitic bent.¹³³ Entering the book of Revelation with an anti-Jewish or overt allegorical slant to one’s interpretation of the Old Testament is a sure recipe for disaster.

When we come to find an OT explanation for the symbols in the book of Revelation, we may safely assume we have arrived. There is no reason to go beyond the text of Scripture in search of what is often simply speculation. “If the text is sufficiently explained in . . . terms [of the Old Testament], why look further? May not the local allusions be in essence gratuitous and unnecessary speculations?”¹³⁴

2.7.5.6 - Is It Really So Difficult?

In the end, understanding the book of Revelation is not nearly as mysterious and difficult as many would have us believe. True, it contains some of the more difficult passages of Scripture and we have yet to meet any individual who can claim to have mastered all its depths. Still, the basic framework and intended meaning of the book must be understandable by those who are born-again and search it with zeal, prayer, and a sincere heart. For it to be otherwise would be a denial of God’s ability to communicate to His saints. Perhaps we may not understand every issue, but the parts which are important for us to grasp are imminently within our reach. Jesus Himself said as much (Mat. 11:25; Luke 10:21; Luke 24:25; cf. 2Pe. 1:19; Rev. 1:3+).

If God is the originator of language and if the chief purpose of originating it was to convey His message to humanity, then it must follow that He, being all-wise and all-loving, originated sufficient language to convey all that was in His heart to tell mankind. Furthermore, it must also follow that He would use language and expect people to understand it in its literal, normal, and plain sense.¹³⁵

There is little that is really new in the Revelation. Its varied contents are largely an amplification of what is to be found in the preceding scriptures. Each of its figures and symbols are explained if not on its own pages, then somewhere within the compass of the written Word.¹³⁶

There are symbols, but the Bible itself will explain what these symbols mean either by direct statement or through a comparison of the usage of the symbol elsewhere in the Scriptures. The meaning of the symbols will not be determined by speculation.¹³⁷

2.7.5.7 - The Importance of Right Relationship

As necessary as familiarity with the Old Testament is to an understanding of the book of Revelation, it is not sufficient. We must add to it a right relationship with the ultimate Author of the book lest we fall prey to the condition of Israel in Isaiah’s day:

Pause and wonder! Blind yourselves and be blind! They are drunk, but not with wine; they stagger, but not with intoxicating drink. For the LORD has poured out on you the spirit of deep sleep, and has closed your eyes, namely, the prophets; and He has covered your heads, namely, the seers. The whole vision has become to you like the words of a book that is sealed, which men deliver to one who is literate, saying, “Read this, please.” And he says, “I cannot, for it is sealed.” Then the book is delivered to one who is illiterate, saying, “Read this, please.” And he says, “I am not literate.” Therefore the Lord said: “Inasmuch as these people draw near with their mouths and honor Me with their lips, but have removed their hearts far from Me, and their fear toward Me is taught by the commandment of men, therefore, behold, I will again do a marvelous work among this people, a marvelous work and a wonder; for the wisdom of their wise men shall perish, and the understanding of their prudent men shall be hidden.” (Isa. 29:9-14)

We must recognize that our wisdom depends upon God and He will not share intimacy of understanding with those who feign a devotion or whose motivations are impure. Ultimately, it is not knowledge we desire, but God Himself.

And you will seek Me and find Me, when you search for Me with all your heart. (Jer. 29:13)

Notes

¹ Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 11.

² Gregory K. Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1999), 65.

³ Henry Morris, The Revelation Record (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1983), 20.

⁴ Paul D. Feinberg, “Hermeneutics of Discontinuity,” in John S. Feinberg, ed., Continuity And Discontinuity (Westchester, IL: Crossway Books, 1988), 112.

⁵ Bernard Ramm, Protestant Biblical Interpretation, 3rd rev. ed. (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1970), 11.

⁶ Kay Arthur, How To Study Your Bible (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 1994), 9-10.

⁷ J. Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1958), 44.

⁸ One of the best examples is the apparent contradiction between the genealogies of Christ given by Matthew 1 and Luke 3. The solution to this dilemma reveals the masterful genius of God in His curse of Jeconiah (Jer. 22:30; 36:30). Indeed, “the Divine is in the details!”

⁹ Steve Gregg, Revelation Four Views: A Parallel Commentary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1997), 11.

¹⁰ Mal Couch, Classical Evangelical Hermeneutics (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications), 36-37.

¹¹ Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, 54.

¹² Morris, The Revelation Record, 13.

¹³ This leads to a general rule of thumb. Although there are notable exceptions, the more weighty the commentary, the more likely it will mislead the reader in his understanding of the book of Revelation.

¹⁴ Mal Couch, “Interpreting the Book of Revelation,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 49.

¹⁵ David Chilton, The Days of Vengeance (Tyler, TX: Dominion Press, 1987), 28.

¹⁶ Ramm, Protestant Biblical Interpretation, 121.

¹⁷ Charles Feinberg, Premillennialism or Amillennialism (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1936), 50.

¹⁸ Alva J. McClain, The Greatness Of The Kingdom (Winona Lake, IN: BMH Books, 1959), 144.

¹⁹ Arthur Walkington Pink, The Antichrist (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1999, 1923), s.v. “Antichrist and Babylon.”

²⁰ Couch, Classical Evangelical Hermeneutics, 11.

²¹ John MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 2000), Rev. 20:1.

²² “Literal is not opposed to spiritual but to figurative; spiritual is an antithesis on the one hand to material, and on the other to carnal (in a bad sense). The Literalist is not one who denies that figurative language, that symbols are used in prophecy, nor does he deny that great spiritual truths are set forth therein; his position is simply, that the prophecies are to be normally interpreted (i.e., according to the received laws of language) as any other utterances are interpreted-that which is manifestly literal being regarded as literal, and that which is manifestly figuratively being so regarded. The position of the Spiritualist is not that which is properly indicated by the term. He is one who holds that certain portions are to be normally interpreted, other portions are to be regarded as having a mystical sense. The terms properly expressive of the schools are normal and mystical.” John Peter Lange, A Commentary on the Holy Scripture: Revelation, p. 98.

²³ Roy B. Zuck, Basic Bible Interpretation (Colorado Springs, CO: Cook Communications, 1991), 29.

²⁴ Richard Chenevix Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1861), 185.

²⁵ “In the history of allegorical interpretation of Scripture it is not denied that there is a literal, historical, or grammatical sense to Scripture, but it is depreciated. It is the ‘fleshly’ or the ‘superficial’ understanding of Scripture.”—Ramm, Protestant Biblical Interpretation, 124.

²⁶ “Among non-literal prophetic interpreters, a state of virtual interpretive chaos exists. It is rare, for instance, to see a well-ordered or definitive work by an amillennial interpreter setting forth positively and consistently his prophetic interpretations. On the contrary, the amillennial writings usually concentrate on attacking and ridiculing the premillennial position. This approach is probably one of necessity, for amillennialists seldom agree with each other in specific interpretations of prophecy except to be against the earthly millennium.”—Paul Lee Tan, The Interpretation of Prophecy (Dallas, TX: Bible Communications, Inc., 1993), 73.

²⁷ Ibid., 37-38.

²⁸ George H. N. Peters, The Theocratic Kingdom (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1978, 1884), 50.

²⁹ Zuck, Basic Bible Interpretation, 30-31.

³⁰ Ibid., 35.

³¹ Couch, “Interpreting the Book of Revelation,” 58-59.

³² Isbon T. Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2001), 323.

³³ “Augustine proposed seven rules of interpretation by which he sought to give a rational basis for allegorization.”—Zuck, Basic Bible Interpretation, 39.

³⁴ Tan, The Interpretation of Prophecy, 53.

³⁵ Rodney Petersen, “Continuity and Discontinuity: The Debate throughout Church History,” in John S. Feinberg, ed., Continuity And Discontinuity (Westchester, IL: Crossway Books, 1988), 26.

³⁶ Larry V. Crutchfield, “Revelation in the New Testament,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 32.

³⁷ “Though the Reformers had come out of the interpretive darkness into the light of literal and historical hermeneutics, they still clung to allegorical details in their attempt to understand the book of Revelation.”—Mal Couch, “How Has Revelation Been Viewed Interpretively?,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 40.

³⁸ Morris, The Revelation Record, 25.

³⁹ Ramm, Protestant Biblical Interpretation, 111.

⁴⁰ Crutchfield, “Revelation in the New Testament,” 25.

⁴¹ Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 1-7 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1992), 20.

⁴² “The question is if these allegorizing commentators are not as much in the dark in relation to the second coming and the glory that should follow, as the Jews were in relation to His First Advent and His atoning suffering and death.” [emphasis added]—Arnold Fruchtenbaum, “The Little Apocalypse of Zechariah,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 270.

⁴³ J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), Rev. 11:3.

⁴⁴ Ibid., Rev. 12:7-12.

⁴⁵ Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, 51.

⁴⁶ Ibid., 48.

⁴⁷ “Revelation is a symbolic book, but that does not mean the symbols do not depict literal events.”—Grant R. Osborne, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2002), 16.

⁴⁸ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 35.

⁴⁹ “It must be noted, however, that not every object seen in a vision is symbolic. Neither is it true that because some objects in a vision are symbolic, everything else in that vision must be symbolic.”—Couch, Classical Evangelical Hermeneutics, 71.

⁵⁰ Ibid., 73-74.

⁵¹ “In which one thing explicitly (by using like or as) resembles another.”—Zuck, Basic Bible Interpretation, 148.

⁵² Couch, Classical Evangelical Hermeneutics, 258-259.

⁵³ Ibid., 73-74.

⁵⁴ Tan, The Interpretation of Prophecy, 137-138.

⁵⁵ Matthew Waymeyer, Revelation 20 and the Millennial Debate (The Woodlands, TX: Kress Christian Publications, 2001, 2004), 99-100.

⁵⁶ Merrill C. Tenney, Interpreting Revelation (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1957), 142-143.

⁵⁷ Osborne, Revelation, 16.

⁵⁸ “The interpretation of such figures is not left up to the reader’s imagination or ingenuity. They must be defined and explained, unambiguously, either in the immediate context or in the broader context of the historical and prophetic Scriptures which John could assume his readers should already have mastered.”—Morris, The Revelation Record, 24.

⁵⁹ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 42-43.

⁶⁰ The study of how numbers are used within the Bible.

⁶¹ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 61-62.

⁶² No more so than in the case of typology wherein truths concerning God can be ascertained, but never in a way suitable for teaching as doctrine.

⁶³ Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, 23.

⁶⁴ Ibid., 61.

⁶⁵ “It is not to be supposed that a specific meaning attaches invariably to a given numerical symbol, so that we could substitute this as a paraphrase in all cases; in view of the vagueness characterizing the style of visions we may presume that the writer himself did not always have a precise intention in mind.”—Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John, 251.

⁶⁶ Osborne, Revelation, 17-18.

⁶⁷ Years based on factors related to Dan. 9:24-27.

⁶⁸ Osborne, Revelation, 17.

⁶⁹ The forward to Osborne’s work, a volume within the Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament states: “the contributors share a belief in the trustworthiness and essential unity of Scripture” yet when the distinctions between inspired and uninspired writings are minimized or ignored, the unity of Scripture is denied and the trustworthiness of Scripture is denigrated to the level of uninspired works. Here the author seems to place Scripture on a par with “ancient apocalypses.”

⁷⁰ Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 8-22 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1995), 408.

⁷¹ John F. Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1966), 28.

⁷² “Looking at the Scriptures from a normative standpoint gives the Jews and Christians the same interpretation. Raphael Patai, quoting from the rabbinical writings, says, ‘Things will come to such a head that people will despair of Redemption. This will last seven years. And then, unexpectedly, the Messiah will come. . . . At the end of the seventh [year] the son of David will come.’ ”—Couch, “Interpreting the Book of Revelation,” 64.

⁷³ Significantly, “in the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth” (Gen. 1:1) which thereafter were available to serve as “witnesses” of all that would follow.

⁷⁴ Satan, the Beast, the False Prophet.

⁷⁵ Inanimate life such as grass and trees was created on the third day. The animated “living creatures” (שֶׁרֶץ נֶפֶשׁ [šereṣ nep̄eš] ) were not created until days five and six.

⁷⁶ “That [the] two expressions [after three days and on the third day] were understood to mean the same thing seems clear from Mat. 27:63-64 which says: ‘We remember that impostor said, while He was yet alive, After three days I will rise again. Command therefore that the sepulchre be made sure until the third day.’ ”—Graham W. Scroggie, A Guide to the Gospels (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1995, 1948), 569-570. “Jesus predicted that He would die and be raised on the third day (Mat. 16:21; Mark 8:31; Luke 9:22). . . . Jesus’ body was laid in the tomb on the evening of the day of preparation (Friday), the day before the Sabbath (Mat. 27:62; 28:1; Mark 15:42; Luke 23:54, 56; John 19:31, 42). The women returned home and rested on the Sabbath (Saturday, Luke 23:56). Early on the first day of the week (Sunday), they went to the tomb (Mat. 28:1; Mark 16:1-2; Luke 24:1; John 20:1) which was empty. Furthermore, on the same day He arose from the grave, Jesus walked with two disciples on the road to Emmaus (Luke 24:13), and they told Him that their Master was crucified and ‘now it is the third day since this occurred’ (Luke 24:21). . . . The most frequent reference to Jesus’ resurrection is that it occurred on the third day (not the fourth day) (Mat. 16:21; 17:23; 20:19; 27:64; Luke 9:22; 18:33; 24:7, 21, 46; Acts 10:40; 1Cor. 15:4). . . . There are four passages (Mat. 27:63; Mark 8:31; 9:31; 10:34) which speak of Christ’s resurrection as occurring ‘after three days,’ but this is speaking of the same time period as on ‘the third day’. . . The three Markan passages are paralleled by one or two of the other Synoptic Gospels, and in each case the other Synoptic does not use ‘after three days’ as Mark does but ‘on the third day’ (Mark 8:31 = Mat. 16:21 / Luke 9:22; Mark 9:31 = Mat 17:23; Mark 10:34 = Mat. 20:19 / Luke 18:33).”—Harold Hoehner, Chronological Aspects of the Life of Christ (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1977), 71-72.

⁷⁷ “The threes of the Bible represent triads of completeness.”—Walter L. Wilson, A Dictionary of Bible Types (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1999), 419.

⁷⁸ “Three denotes divine perfection; Seven denotes spiritual perfection; Ten denotes ordinal perfection; and Twelve denotes governmental perfection.”—E. W. Bullinger, Number in Scripture: Its Supernatural Design and Spiritual Significance (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1967), 107.

⁷⁹ “In the cry of the four living creatures (‘Holy, holy, holy,’ Rev. 4:8+) Hindson sees an indication of the Trinity (59) rather than an emphatic Semitic triplet. What kind of threefold existence would he find in triplets like ‘a ruin, a ruin, a ruin’ (Eze. 21:27) or ‘land, land, land’ (Jer. 22:29)?”—William D. Barrick, “Review of ‘The Book of Revelation’ by Hindson,” in Richard L. Mayhue, ed., The Master’s Seminary Journal, vol. 13 no. 2 (Sun Valley, CA: The Master’s Seminary, Fall 2002), 284.

⁸⁰ Not every individual, but individuals from every nation, tongue, tribe, and region.

⁸¹ “This number denotes God’s government of men and affairs upon the earth.”—Wilson, A Dictionary of Bible Types, 180.

⁸² [Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 63-64]. An exception to Trench’s comments regarding the four seasons may be found in the mention of “seedtime” (spring), “harvest” (fall), “winter and summer” in Gen. 8:22.

⁸³ The word cherubim is the Hebrew equivalent to cherubs. The -im ending being the equivalent of our plural ending -s.

⁸⁴ Contrary to the assertions of preterists who attempt to localize the global events of the book of Revelation to the Roman Empire.

⁸⁵ David probably selected one stone for Goliath and four more for each of Goliath’s brothers. The four brothers of Goliath (2S. 21:22) included Ishi-Benob (2S. 21:16), Saph or Sippai (2S. 21:18; 1Chr. 20:4), Lahmi (2S. 21:19; 2Chr. 20:5) and an unnamed brother (2S. 21:20-21; 1Chr. 20:6-7). Along with Goliath, who was killed by David (1S. 17:4, 49-50), there were five brothers (1S. 17:40) of the same father, a giant from Gath (2S. 21:22; 1Chr. 20:8).

⁸⁶ Bullinger, Number in Scripture: Its Supernatural Design and Spiritual Significance, 135-149.

⁸⁷ Each of Isaiah’s seraphim also had six wings (Isa. 6:2), two of which were used to cover the face, two to cover the feet, leaving two to fly.

⁸⁸ Edward Hindson, Revelation: Unlocking the Future (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), 6.

⁸⁹ “The great giant had six fingers on each hand, and six toes on each foot, for he represented the perfect example of that race of giants.”—Wilson, A Dictionary of Bible Types, 374.

⁹⁰ Bullinger, Number in Scripture: Its Supernatural Design and Spiritual Significance, 150.

⁹¹ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 57-58.

⁹² Hindson, Revelation: Unlocking the Future, 7.

⁹³ Tenney, Interpreting Revelation, 180.

⁹⁴ Hindson, Revelation: Unlocking the Future, 8.

⁹⁵ Morris, The Revelation Record, 30.

⁹⁶ “Seven as a number of completeness is also apparent from the seven days of creation in Genesis 1, which is the complete period of God’s work of creating.”—Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, 58.

⁹⁷ “The seven ‘eyes’ describe the perfect omniscience of the Holy Spirit (Zechariah 3:9).”—Wilson, A Dictionary of Bible Types, 363.

⁹⁸ “Other examples of completeness are the seven seals, seven trumpets, and seven bowls, which are so numbered in order to underscore the completeness of God’s worldwide judgment and salvation.”—Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, 59.

⁹⁹ Although some restrict this warning to the book of Revelation only, it seems significant that no other NT book closes with a warning even remotely similar.

¹⁰⁰ Morris, The Revelation Record, 30-31.

¹⁰¹ Osborne, Revelation, 17.

¹⁰² “God completed His mighty work of creating, constructing, and energizing the entire cosmos and all its creatures in the very first seven-day period of history. Because of sin and the curse, He has since been accomplishing His might work of redeeming and saving the creation. One day this work also will be completed.”—Morris, The Revelation Record, 31.

¹⁰³ Ex. 3:7, 15, 18; 6:6; 19:5-6; Lev. 20:26; Deu. 4:34, 37; 7:6-8; 10:15; 14:2; 26:18-19; 2S. 7:23; 1K. 8:53; 1Chr. 16:13; 17:21; Ps. 105:6; 106:6-7; 135:4; Isa. 41:8; 43:1, 10; 44:1; 45:4; Jer. 10:16; Mat. 24:22; Rom. 9:4; Rom. 11:5.

¹⁰⁴ Mat. 4:19; 9:9; Mark 1:17, 20; 2:14; Luke 5:27; 6:13; John 1:43; 6:70; 15:16; 17:6; Acts 1:2; Rom. 1:1, 6-7; Gal. 1:15.

¹⁰⁵ Recognition of this very emphasis was a factor which led some to initially oppose acceptance of the book within the canon.

¹⁰⁶ “Twelve . . . represents completeness as well as the accompanying idea of unity in diversity, as in the one nation Israel composed of twelve tribes. the twelve apostles mirror the same reality for the people of God in the NT period.”—Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, 59.

¹⁰⁷ “Twelve is the number of completeness. There are twelve tribes of Israel, twelve apostles of Christ, twenty-four elders (a double twelve), tree of life has twelve types of fruit (Rev. 22:2+), New Jerusalem has twelve gates guarded by twelve angels (Rev. 21:12+), the city has twelve foundations (Rev. 21:14+). There are twelve precious stones adorning the foundation stones and twelve pearls (Rev. 21:19-21+). There are also multiples of twelve: Each of the twelve tribes contains 12,000 people, making a total of 144,000 (12,000 times 12); the wall measures 144 cubits (12 times 12).”—Hindson, Revelation: Unlocking the Future, 6.

¹⁰⁸ Osborne, Revelation, 17.

¹⁰⁹ Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, 58.

¹¹⁰ Henry Barclay Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1998, 1906), cxxviii.

¹¹¹ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 41.

¹¹² Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, 79.

¹¹³ Osborne, Revelation, 15.

¹¹⁴ Adela Yarbro Collins, “Book of Revelation,” in David Noel Freeman, ed., The Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York, NY: Doubleday, 1996, c1992), 5:704.

¹¹⁵ “John painted verbal pictures in such a way as to ring bells in the minds of his readers, many of whom were former pagans and would have been familiar with some of these myths; he did so partly to put his readers’ mythological background into biblical perspective. John can utilize even legends in order to conduct polemics against the ungodly world that formulates the myths. For example, the ‘seven heads’ in Rev. 12:3+ appears to come not from the OT, but from cosmological traditions depicting the seven-headed sea monster Lotan.”—Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, 18.

¹¹⁶ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 110.

¹¹⁷ Ibid., 129-130.

¹¹⁸ “The strength of the whole case is in the whole argument. Many parts are acknowledged to be tentative, if only because the fragmentary nature of the evidence precludes a false dogmatism. . . . The fragmentary state of the evidence in fact needs to be strongly emphasized.”—Colin J. Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1989), 7. “The objection may be raised that the whole thesis of this book proceeds from the assumptions about the local applicability which may simply not be true. It may be said that a caution in the particular is here combined with an unjustified overconfidence about the legitimacy of the whole undertaking.”—Ibid., 22.

¹¹⁹ Merrill F. Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), Dan. 8:10.

¹²⁰ Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John, viii.

¹²¹ Tenney, Interpreting Revelation, 191.

¹²² Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John, xlix.

¹²³ Hindson, Revelation: Unlocking the Future, 1.

¹²⁴ Chilton, The Days of Vengeance, 26.

¹²⁵ “The Book of Revelation depends on the Old Testament much more than does any other New Testament book. This fact alone should warn us that we cannot begin to fathom its meaning apart from a solid grasp of the Bible as a whole.”—Ibid., 30.

¹²⁶ Also see Swete [Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John, cxxxv-cxlviii] for a list of references to Greek versions of the Old Testament made by the Apocalypse.

¹²⁷ Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John, xlix.

¹²⁸ Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 13-14.

¹²⁹ Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, 77.

¹³⁰ Osborne, Revelation, 25.

¹³¹ Alan F. Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 15.

¹³² Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 801-808.

¹³³ “The first major figure to challenge the authoritative status of the book of Revelation was Marcion, presumably because of its strong ties to the Jewish Scriptures.”—Collins, “Book of Revelation,” 5:695.

¹³⁴ Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 26.

¹³⁵ Charles C. Ryrie, Dispensationalism (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1995), 81.

¹³⁶ Pink, The Antichrist, s.v. “Antichrist in the Apocalypse.”

¹³⁷ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 12.

3.9 - Revelation 9

3.9.1 - Revelation 9:1 Open Bible at Rev. 9:1 Listen to Rev. 9:1

The first two of the final three trumpets are sounded, releasing demonic judgments upon the earth. Unlike the previous four trumpet judgments, these target men rather than natural systems. Even in the face of “hell on earth,” the earth dwellers continue in their ways and refuse to repent.

Then the fifth angel sounded

This is the fifth angel of the seven which were given trumpets (Rev. 8:2+). When he sounds, it brings forth the first of the remaining three woes. See commentary on Revelation 8:13.

As we’ve seen, once one departs from a literal interpretation of the text, there is almost no end to the speculation concerning the meaning of the text which results. And the more unusual the description of the plague, as here, the more fanciful this speculation becomes. Although we describe the problems associated with the Historicist Interpretation elsewhere, we offer a small example of its fruits in interpreting this fifth trumpet—a demonstration of its inadequacies:

By this [the fifth trumpet] is predicted an event, from which the world still trembles,—the French Revolution. . . . A sketch [of the French Revolution], divested of the prejudices of both sides, shall now be given. . . . This sketch unquestionably contains the substance of the French Revolution. Yet it is the work of no living pen. It is seventeen hundred years old,—The Ninth Chapter of the Apocalypse.¹

Rather than attempting to “shoe-horn” what is related in this chapter into past historic events such as the French Revelation, how much more productive to recognize a description of something the likes of which has never yet occurred. The key to understanding the nature of the judgment associated with the fifth trumpet is found in a study of the source from whence the locust army, loosed by the fifth trumpet, comes and how they got there. Suffice it to say, it is not Frenchmen being held locked away in the bottomless pit!

This entire passage describes something yet future to the experience of the earth:

I agree with Alford and De Burgh, that these locusts from the abyss refer to judgments about to fall on the ungodly immediately before Christ’s second advent. None of the interpretations which regard them as past, are satisfactory. Joel 1:2-7; 2:1-11, is strictly parallel and expressly refers (Joel 2:11) to THE DAY OF THE LORD GREAT AND VERY TERRIBLE: Joel 2:10 gives the portents accompanying the day of the Lord’s coming, the earth quaking, the heavens trembling, the sun, moon, and stars, withdrawing their shining: Joel 2:18, 31, 32, also point to the immediately succeeding deliverance of Jerusalem: compare also, the previous last conflict in the valley of Jehoshaphat, and the dwelling of God thenceforth in Zion, blessing Judah.²

a star fallen from heaven to the earth

As we previously observed, angelic beings are, at times, referred to as stars (Job 38:7; Isa. 14:13). That this star is not an astronomical body, but a person, can be seen by the reference to him, he (Rev. 9:1-2+), and by his personal action of opening the bottomless pit. Fallen is πεπτωκότα [peptōkota] , a perfect tense participle, having previously fallen and now being in a fallen state. John did not see the actual fall. At the time John saw the star, it had already fallen.

Since the star had previously fallen, some suggest from the immediate context that it refers to the star of the third trumpet which fell from heaven and is called Wormwood (Rev. 8:10-11+):

In the last chapter we saw it in the course of its falling. The result was the bitterness of wormwood. We now see it fallen to the earth. . . . May it not be merely that the great star has lost much of his power and is now a fallen star? It is none other than Satan himself and we shall see the details of this coming to earth in the twelfth chapter [Rev. 12:9-10+].³

Whether this star fell in the events of the previous chapter (Rev. 8:10-11+) or in the events recorded in a subsequent chapter (Rev. 12:9-10+), the possibility exists that it could be Satan. If so, then the demonic locusts which he unleashes from the pit may be what is referred to, in part, when John records: “Woe to the inhabitants of the earth and the sea! For the devil has come down to you, having great wrath, because he knows that he has a short time” (Rev. 12:12+). It is interesting that John uses the term woe to describe the results of Satan’s fall while the star which falls here looses the first of three woes. Satan’s “tail” drew a third of the stars of heaven and threw them to earth (Rev. 12:4+), and he himself is cast out of heaven (Rev. 12:9+). When Jesus’ disciples reported their success at exorcising demons to Jesus, He said “I saw Satan fall like lightning from heaven” (Luke 10:18)—referring to the authority which they demonstrated over the powers of Satan’s domain. The coming of God in the flesh to disable the accuser at the cross spelled the doom of Satan and the eventual overthrow of his rule in this world by God’s coming kingdom on earth. “Now is the judgment of this world; now the ruler of this world will be cast out” (John 12:31). Jesus said that when the Holy Spirit had come, He would convict the world of judgment “because the ruler of this world is judged” (John 16:5-11). “Jesus was not speaking of Satan being cast out at that precise moment, but that his power had been broken and that he was subject to Jesus’ authority.”⁴ If the star that had previously fallen is Satan, then there is considerable irony in the fact that he now releases his demonic horde from the very region where he himself will be confined during the Millennial Kingdom (Rev. 20:1-3+).⁵

This we believe refers to Lucifer, or ‘Day-star’ (see Isa. 14:12 margin). The reference, we think, is not to his original fall, but to what is described in Rev. 12:9+. The fact that the key of the abyss is given to him is in keeping with the fact that during the tribulation period God allows him free rein and suffers him to do his worst.⁶

Satan’s expulsion from Heaven and his consequent casting down (confinement) to earth will happen in the second half of the tribulation, for Rev. 12:6+, 14+ require this as these verses indicate that Satan’s fall to earth will happen at the midpoint of the seven year tribulation.⁷

If the angel is Satan, then some see a further description of him as “the angel of the bottomless pit whose name in Hebrew is Abaddon, but in Greek he has the name Apollyon” (Rev. 9:11+). See commentary on Revelation 9:11. It is impossible to be dogmatic on this point, for it is also possible that the star which opens the pit is some lesser principality than Satan himself and “the angel of the bottomless pit” may be simply the highest ranking among the fallen angels in the pit prior to their having been loosed.

It is no accident that at the conclusion of these, the fifth and sixth trumpet judgments, we read, “But the rest of mankind, who were not killed by these plagues, did not repent of the works of their hands, that they should not worship demons” [emphasis added] (Rev. 9:20+a). As we see in this book, God has a wry wit about His judgments, for example: “stoning” those who are guilty of blasphemy (Rev. 16:21+). Here he unleashes upon the world the very beings they worship in order that they may get a fill of their ways. Incredibly, they will still refuse to repent!

to him was given

He did not have the authority to open the pit himself, it was given by God. The horror which this fallen star is about to unleash is entirely subject to the sovereign permission of God. See commentary on Revelation 6:2.

the key of the bottomless pit

The shaft of the abyss had been locked so that whatever or whoever was there could not escape. Now the star which had previously fallen is given the key to unlock whomever or whatever is held there! Later, an angel will be given the same key with which to lock Satan within the same compartment for the duration of the Millennial Kingdom (Rev. 20:1-2+).

Elsewhere, Jesus is said to “have the keys [plural] of Hades and of Death.” Since different regions of Hades are separated by a “great gulf” (χάσμα μέγα [chasma mega] ) (Luke 16:26), perhaps the bottomless pit is also within Hades—even being the great chasm itself, although its shaft is normally sealed. Paul associated the bottomless pit (abyss) with the location of the dead (Rom. 10:7). If so, then there may be a relationship between the “keys of Hades” and this key. See commentary on Revelation 1:18.

bottomless pit

τὸ φρέατος τῆς ἀβύσσου [to phreatos tēs abyssou] , the shaft of the abyss. Shaft is φρέατος [phreatos] , a deep opening in the ground to a sealed-in well.⁸ It is “the pit of the abyss (because the nether world is thought to increase in size the further it extends from the surface of the earth and so resemble a cistern, the orifice of which is narrow).”⁹ In contrast with an underground spring, it is a sealed compartment, a “tank, cistern, reservoir.”¹⁰ Here, it stores a reserve of malevolent beings. The word is also translated pit (Luke 14:5) and well (John 4:11).

The shaft leads to the abyss (ἀβύσσου [abyssou] ): “from a, intensive, and bussos, a depth; akin to bathus, deep.”¹¹ The term is used to describe the invisible underworld which is contrasted with the sky and earth that are visible to the human eye. The abyss is discernible only by God.¹² It is said to describe “a very deep gulf or chasm in the lowest parts of the earth used as the common receptacle of the dead and especially as the abode of demons.”¹³

The word “abyss” comes from roots meaning “without depth” and so is properly translated “bottomless.” It is apparently at the very center of the earth and so, in truth, has no bottom. Its boundaries in all directions are all ceilings; one cannot do “down” in any direction.¹⁴

If the shaft to the abyss was previously locked, then how did this compartment come to have occupants? How did they get in? The abyss appears to be a prison of sorts for demons, as evidenced by the request of the demons which Jesus cast out of Legion. They “begged Him that He would not command them to go out into the abyss” (Luke 8:30-31).“These demons preferred to be incarnate in swine, so deep was their horror and dread of the abyss to which some of their fellows were already confined.”¹⁵ It appears that the demonic forces which are about to be released from the abyss were supernaturally transported there by God—reserved for the day of judgment when they will serve God’s purposes. “Not only that they should be then judged, but that they should be the executors of God’s judgments also in that great day which we are now studying and learning about in the Apocalypse.”¹⁶ The locking away of these demons is described by Jude:

And the angels who did not keep their proper domain, but left their own abode, He has reserved in everlasting chains under darkness for the judgment of the great day; as Sodom and Gomorrah, and the cities around them in a similar manner to these, having given themselves over to sexual immorality and gone after strange flesh, are set forth as an example, suffering the vengeance of eternal fire. (Jude 1:6-7)

The demons are fallen angels, some of which left their own abode and are reserved for the judgment of the great day. This is The Day of the Lord. The angels themselves will not be judged at this time, but are “reserved for the judgment”—they will be used by God to torment the earth dwellers.¹⁷ Unlike other demons which were free to roam the earth, these particular fallen angels were guilty of an especially wicked act. Similarly to the inhabitants of Sodom and Gomorrah, they had given themselves over to sexual immorality, ἐκπορνεύσασαι [ekporneusasai] , and “gone after strange flesh.” Strange flesh is σαρκὸς ἑτέρας [sarkos heteras] , another [different] kind of flesh. The flesh was not allos (similar), but heteros (different). This seems to point to the event prior to the flood when certain angels went after flesh of a different kind: “There were giants on the earth in those days, and also afterward, when the sons of God came in to the daughters of men and they bore children to them. Those were the mighty men who were of old, men of renown” (Gen. 6:4).

Some suggest that the these in Jude’s passage refers to Sodom and Gomorrah—that the cities in a similar manner to Sodom and Gomorrah went after strange flesh. But the grammar indicates that these (masculine plural) refers back to the angels (masculine plural). Sodom and Gomorrah and the cities around them gave themselves over to sexual immorality and went after strange flesh in a similar manner to the angels. The actions of the inhabitants of the cities is compared to that of the angels which preceded.¹⁸

Jude tells us that they did not keep their “proper domain,” ἀρχη [archē] , meaning: “rule, office, domain, sphere of influence.”¹⁹ “The idea is that certain angels acted improperly, going outside the bounds prescribed by God.”²⁰ The bounds which they exceeded involved their interaction with strange flesh—mingling with the daughters of men.²¹ Because of this grievous sin, they are “reserved in everlasting chains under darkness.” Darkness is ζόφον [zophon] , which denotes “especially the darkness of the nether regions and these regions themselves.”²² Elsewhere, Peter uses a similar phrase to describe the situation of these same angels:

For if God did not spare the angels who sinned, but cast them down to hell (ταρταρώσας [tartarōsas] ) and delivered them into chains of darkness (σειραῖς ζόφου [seirais zophou] ), to be reserved for judgment, and did not spare the ancient world, but saved Noah, one of eight people, a preacher of righteousness, bringing in the flood on the world of the ungodly; and turning the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah into ashes, condemned them to destruction, making them an example to those who afterward would live ungodly. (2Pe. 2:4-6) [emphasis added]

That these are a specific subset of sinning angels can be seen from the fact that many fallen angels remain free to roam the earth. These angels are guilty of the specific sin involving flesh of a different kind (Gen. 6:4). Those who were involved with exceedingly serious sins such as these are “bound” for subsequent release in God’s judgment (Rev. 9:14+).

The “spirits now in prison” in the abyss are those “who once were disobedient—in the days of Noah.” They are the demons who cohabited with human women in Satan’s failed attempt to corrupt the human race and make it irredeemable (Gen. 6:1-4). . . . The demons released by Satan at the fifth trumpet may not include those who sinned in Noah’s day (cf. Jude 1:6), since they are said to be in “eternal bonds” (Jude 1:6) until the final day when they are sent to the eternal Lake of Fire (Rev. 20:10+; Jude 1:7). Other demons imprisoned in the abyss may be the ones released. So the pit is the preliminary place of incarceration for demons from which some are to be released under this judgment.²³

The beast who overcomes God’s two witnesses “ascends out of the bottomless pit [abyss]” (Rev. 11:7+). The world is said to marvel at the beast “that was, and is not, and yet is” (Rev. 17:8+). Perhaps the abyss is his abode while he “is not”—after “one of his heads” was “mortally wounded,” but before “the deadly wound was healed” (Rev. 13:3+). Perhaps the angels, some of which are in the abyss for having gone after strange flesh, will be involved in the origination of the beast. Or perhaps his ascent from the abyss merely indicates his empowerment by Satan (2Th. 2:9). See commentary on Revelation 11:7.

The demons which inhabit the abyss have a king, Abaddon or Apollyon: see commentary on Revelation 9:11.

3.9.2 - Revelation 9:2 Open Bible at Rev. 9:2 Listen to Rev. 9:2

he opened the bottomless pit

The shaft leading to the abyss was now opened allowing whatever was therein to escape.

Jehovah once said to Job: “Have the gates of Sheol been opened unto thee? or hast thou seen the doors of the shadow of death?” (Job 37:17). There are worlds of being and of darkness upon which man has never looked. There is a tenanted abyss of which the demons know, and concerning which they besought the Saviour that He would not send them into it [Luke 8:27-31]. It is a dark and horrible prison, in which many, many strange and evil things are shut up. Satan knows of that world, and would fain bring forth its malignant inhabitants into the earth if he only dared. At last, however, he receives permission to bring them, and the fifth trumpet gives the result.²⁴

smoke arose . . . like the smoke of a great furnace

The plume of smoke that arose is probably one of the “pillars of smoke” which Joel described in the “awesome day of the Lord” (Joel 2:30). A similar plume of smoke attended the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah by fire (Gen. 19:28). Here we see further evidence that the abyss is deep within the earth and probably of a great temperature due to subterranean activity below the earth’s crust. That portions of Hades are of an elevated temperature is clear from Jesus’ account of the rich man and Lazarus, where the rich man cried out, “Father Abraham, have mercy on me, and send Lazarus that he may dip the tip of his finger in water and cool my tongue; for I am tormented in this flame” (Luke 16:24).

the sun and air were darkened because of the smoke of the pit

Here is another cosmic sign—the darkening of the sun. There will be numerous situations which result in the reduction of light from the sun during the Tribulation period. See commentary on Revelation 6:12 and Revelation 8:12.

3.9.3 - Revelation 9:3 Open Bible at Rev. 9:3 Listen to Rev. 9:3

out of the smoke locusts came upon the earth

As the smoke arose, other creatures arose with it. They are said to be locusts. We encounter another similarity between the judgments sent upon the earth dwellers in the Tribulation and the plagues of Egypt (Ex. 10:12-15). Unlike the locusts which descended upon Egypt, these locusts are not allowed to “harm the grass of the earth, or any green thing, or any tree” (Rev. 9:4+). Since the bottomless pit was previously locked and is evidently of a great temperature, natural locusts would neither find entry nor be able to survive in the pit. But these are not normal locusts, as other factors in this passage make plain.

Isaiah describes a noise of tumult at which the people shall flee—in response to the Lord rousing Himself. His plunder is said to be “As the running to and fro of locusts, He shall run upon them” [emphasis added] (Isa. 33:4). Notice that the judgment of the people, compared to the ravaging of locusts, is said to be the work of God. In the same way in which a natural locust plague is under the control of God’s sovereign will (Joel 2:25), so too is this demonic horde of locusts. Joel also saw this end-time locust-like army of the Lord.²⁵

The earth quakes before them, the heavens tremble; the sun and moon grow dark, and the stars diminish their brightness. The LORD gives voice before His army, for His camp is very great; for strong is the One who executes His word. For the day of the LORD is great and very terrible; who can endure it? (Joel 2:10-11) [emphasis added]

Now in this second chapter, Joel is going to give a blending of the plague of locusts together with the threat of the Assyrian army and then look down the avenue of time into the future and the Day of the Lord. Of course the liberal theologian would say this refers simply to the locust plague and the local situation. He would like to dismiss a great deal of meaning from the Word of God. The other extreme view is to say this refers only to the Great Tribulation Period. I think we need to see that in Joel there is a marvelous blending. He moves right out of the locust plague to the Day of the Lord which is way out yonder in the future.²⁶

The prophet adopts the vantage point of the ultimate day of the Lord, and from that position he looks back to the present locust plague.²⁷

[Joel describes the] appearance . . . of horses—(Rev. 9:7+). Not literal, but figurative locusts. The fifth trumpet, or first woe, in the parallel passage [to Joel] (Rev. 9:1-11+).²⁸

In the context of Joel, the army of God arrives in concert with The Day of the Lord (Joel 1:15-2:11) and eventually gives way to the judgment of the nations (Joel 3:1-17). Then the blessings of the Messianic Kingdom (Joel 3:18-21). This matches the order of events in the book of Revelation. The demonic plagues of this chapter are the first of these three stages.

It is therefore with diffidence that we suggest, without being dogmatic, that they are, most likely, fallen angels now imprisoned in Tartarus. . . . these infernal locusts issue from ‘the well of the Pit,’ an expression occurring nowhere else in Scripture, and only the locusts are said to come from there. So also the term Tartarus is found nowhere but in 2Pe. 2:4. It seems likely, then, that the well of the Pit may be only another name for Tartarus (with which only fallen angels are connected), just as the Lake of Fire is only another name for Gehenna. . . . 2Pe. 2:4 simply says [fallen angels] are ‘reserved unto judgment,’ and we believe this means that God is holding them in Tartarus until His time comes for Him to use them as one of His instruments of judgment upon an ungodly world. The time when God will thus use them is stated in Jude 1:6 - it will be in ‘the judgment of the great day’ (compare Rev. 6:17+ for ‘the great day’. Confirmatory of this, observe that in Joel 2:11 the Lord calls the supernatural locusts ‘His army,’ then employed to inflict sore punishments on apostate Israel.²⁹

to them was given power

The ultimate source of their power is not Satan, but God. See commentary on Revelation 6:2.

as the scorpions of the earth have power

Here is another hint that these are not normal locusts because they are given power as the scorpions of the earth. This phrase implies not only that these are not scorpions (being locusts), but that neither are they of the earth. Their origin is not of the earth. Originally, they were angels of heaven, but chose to follow Satan in his rebellion, and eventually committed the serious offense which led to their confinement. Now, they are of the abyss (Rev. 9:11+). Their similarity with earthly scorpions is found in their ability to inflict a painful sting (Rev. 9:5-6+). Jesus mentioned “serpents and scorpions” as representative of “the power of the enemy” (Luke 10:19).

3.9.4 - Revelation 9:4 Open Bible at Rev. 9:4 Listen to Rev. 9:4

they were commanded

Like the horseman of the third seal (Rev. 6:6+), the destructive abilities of the locusts is specifically limited by the permission of God. See commentary on Revelation 6:2.

not to harm the grass of the earth, or any green thing, or any tree

Here we see the reason why the last three woes—the last three trumpets—are separated from the previous four trumpets. The first four trumpets involve judgments on natural systems, including vegetation, whereas the judgments of the final three trumpets target people. In contrast to the previous trumpet judgments (Rev. 7:3+; 8:7-11+), the locusts are told not to harm the natural system, but to attack certain men. These are not natural locusts: “This is an unusual locust that will not attack anything green—that is all the normal locust would attack. They did not attack human beings.”³⁰

The natural locusts of the plagues of Egypt, although supernaturally provided, illustrate the normal activities of locusts:

For they covered the face of the whole earth, so that the land was darkened; and they ate every herb of the land and all the fruit of the trees which the hail had left. So there remained nothing green on the trees or on the plants of the field throughout all the land of Egypt. (Ex. 10:15)

The flight of locusts is thus described by M. Olivier (Voyage dans l’Empire Othoman, ii.424): “With the burning south winds (of Syria) there come from the interior of Arabia and from the most southern parts of Persia clouds of locusts (Acridium peregrinum), whose ravages to these countries are as grievous and nearly as sudden as those of the heaviest hail in Europe. We witnessed them twice. It is difficult to express the effect produced on us by the sight of the whole atmosphere filled on all sides and to a great height by an innumerable quantity of these insects, whose flight was slow and uniform, and whose noise resembled that of rain: the sky was darkened, and the light of the sun considerably weakened. In a moment the terraces of the houses, the streets, and all the fields were covered by these insects, and in two days they had nearly devoured all the leaves of the plants. Happily they lived but a short time, and seemed to have migrated only to reproduce themselves and die; in fact, nearly all those we saw the next day had paired, and the day following the fields were covered with their dead bodies.”³¹

How different are these locusts from natural locusts, for they avoid the very things which natural locusts devastate. Some have difficulty reconciling the instructions not to harm the green grass when in the first trumpet it was said that “all green grass was burned up” (Rev. 8:7+). This is readily explained:

The reference to the grass of the earth suggests that some time has passed since the first trumpet judgment scorched all the grass that was then in season (Rev. 8:7+). The damaged grass has grown again and is to remain untouched in this plague, indicating that enough time has elapsed for a partial recovery of the earth’s environment.³²

See commentary on Revelation 8:7.

but only those men who do not have the seal of God on their foreheads

Here we see the chronological relationship in the visions related by John, for in order to be protected from these locusts, the men must have already been sealed. Indeed they were, in Revelation 7:4+. Thus, Revelation 9+ must follow chronologically after Revelation 7+.

These are the 144,000 of Israel who were sealed in Revelation 7:3+ which see. Their seal protected them in the midst of the judgments of the systems of nature (Rev. 7:3+; 8:7+) and now it provides protection from the judgment of the demonic locusts. Here is another indicator that these are not ordinary insects: they are able to differentiate between those who have God’s seal and those who do not. The seal may not be a visible mark (see commentary on Revelation 7:4), yet these locusts are able to detect those who are sealed. The answer lies in the fact that demons have great spiritual awareness. During Jesus’ ministry, demons frequently identified him as the “Son of God” or “Holy One of God,” a fact which was missed by His disciples and most of those whom He taught (Mat. 8:29; Mark 1:24; 3:11; Luke 4:33-34; 8:28). Mark informs us that Jesus “did not allow the demons to speak, because they knew Him” (Mark 1:34). Luke says “And demons also came out of many, crying out and saying, ‘You are the Christ, the Son of God!’ And He, rebuking them, did not allow them to speak, for they knew He was the Christ” (Luke 4:41). Not only did the demons recognize Jesus, but they also recognized Paul—and that he had spiritual authority which the seven sons of Sceva lacked since they were presumably not born again (Acts 19:14-16). Thus, these demonic locusts will be able to readily identify those which have been marked for special protection by God, whether the mark is physical or spiritual in nature.

If we are to understand the 144,000 sealed Jews in Revelation 7+ to be the initial sealing of an evangelistic force and a signal of God’s redemptive focus returning upon Israel (Rom. 11:25-32), then from their initial witness, many more, both Jew and Gentile, will come to know God during the Tribulation. These are those who John saw which “came out” of the Great Tribulation (Rev. 7:14+). It would seem that these too will be protected from the demonic horde:³³

Those who have the seal of God include not only the 144,000 Jewish evangelists (Rev. 7:3-4+; 14:1+), but also the rest of the redeemed (cf. Rev. 22:4+; 2Ti. 2:19). This seal marks them as personally belonging to God and as such protected from the forces of hell. Jesus promised the faithful members of the Philadelphia church that “He who overcomes, I will make him a pillar in the temple of My God, and he will not go out from it anymore; and I will write on him the name of My God, and the name of the city of My God, the new Jerusalem, which comes down out of heaven from My God, and My new name” (Rev. 3:12+).³⁴

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they were not given authority to kill

Given is ἐδόθη [edothē] , passive, it is divine permission which prevents them from killing their victims. It is God’s intention that their victims will be unable to escape the torment of the locusts through death. This is similar to the limitation which God put on Satan in Job’s testing (Job 2:6).³⁵ God ultimately desires to keep these people alive so that they have the opportunity to repent and turn to Him:

After millennia of captivity, the vile demons would no doubt want to give full vent to all of their pent-up evil by slaughtering people. Certainly Satan would want to kill all the unregenerate to keep them from repenting. But God, in His mercy, will give people torment for five months (the normal life span of locusts, usually from May to September), during which they cannot die but will be given the opportunity to repent and embrace the gospel.³⁶

This verse frustrates those who attempt to interpret the judgment as involving an army of human origin, for what army on earth has ever resisted killing the enemy?

to torment them for five months

In Revelation 9:10+ we are told “Their power was to hurt men five months.” It is not clear whether the ministry of the locusts is limited to that period of time or whether the effects of their sting lasts for five months. Probably the former. The time period may be intended to convey the idea of God’s complete provision for their torment. Significantly, in the judgment of the flood, the waters prevailed upon the earth for the same period of time, five months (150 days, Gen. 7:24).³⁷ See Five: Provision, Fullness, Grace.

The duration of the plague is fixed. It is to last “five months.” A similar fixed date is given in Numbers 11:19-20: “a whole month.” In 2 Samuel 24:13, also we have “seven years,” “three months,” and “three days,” as the fixed limit of certain judgments. These periods are always taken literally. Why not this? The time limit of these infernal locusts corresponds with that of ordinary locusts, which is five months (from May to September).³⁸

like the torment of a scorpion when it strikes a man

This would include both the pain of an initial sting and the subsequent pain due to an injected poison.“At least two general types of scorpion poison exist. One is a hemotoxin that causes mild to severe local effects such as edema, discoloration, and pain; the other is a dangerous neurotoxin (nerve poison) that may cause severe local and systemic effects such as convulsions, paralysis, cardiac irregularities, and death.”³⁹

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men will seek death

They will be gripped with incredible fear (Luke 23:30; Rev. 6:16+), experience intense pain (Joel 2:6), and wish to die (Jonah 4:8). Job described the anguish of those who suffer and long for death:

Why is light given to him who is in misery, and life to the bitter of soul, who long for death, but it does not come, and search for it more than hidden treasures; who rejoice exceedingly, and are glad when they can find the grave? (Job 3:20-22)

So that my soul chooses strangling And death rather than my body. I loathe my life; I would not live forever. Let me alone, for my days are but a breath. (Job 7:15-16)

will not find it

Not is οὐ μὴ [ou mē] , a double negative emphasizing the impossibility of death. This is perhaps the most puzzling verse in the chapter.“It would seem from the sixth verse that there is an intimation of suicide attempts which are frustrated by God.”⁴⁰

they will desire to die and death will flee

They will desire is ἐπιθυμήσουοσιν [epithymēsouosin] , an intense desire, elsewhere translated by lust. To die is ἀποθανεῖν [apothanein] , present tense infinitive. The pain of the locusts is so intense that their continual desire will be to find release through death. But they will not find relief because death will flee (φεύγει [pheugei] , present tense—continually flee). Joel was given a glimpse of this intense fear and pain: “Before them the people writhe in pain; All faces are drained of color” (Joel 2:6).

We have record in the gospels of the degree to which demons control their victims:

Then they brought him to Him. And when he saw Him, immediately the spirit convulsed him, and he fell on the ground and wallowed, foaming at the mouth. So He asked his father, “How long has this been happening to him?” And he said, “From childhood. And often he has thrown him both into the fire and into the water to destroy him. But if You can do anything, have compassion on us and help us.” (Mark 9:20-22)

And when He stepped out on the land, there met Him a certain man from the city who had demons for a long time. And he wore no clothes, nor did he live in a house but in the tombs. When he saw Jesus, he cried out, fell down before Him, and with a loud voice said, “What have I to do with You, Jesus, Son of the Most High God? I beg You, do not torment me!” For He had commanded the unclean spirit to come out of the man. For it had often seized him, and he was kept under guard, bound with chains and shackles; and he broke the bonds and was driven by the demon into the wilderness. (Luke 8:27-29)

Perhaps part of the tormenting assigment of the demons is not only to sting their victims, but to ensure they remain unable to take their own lives.

We are not told what will make man unable to commit suicide (Rev. 9:6+), but can speculate that these demonic creatures, anticipating a man’s actions, by simply stinging him at the crucial moment, will prevent him from suicide. What excruciating torture; driven to the point of suicide, but prevented from taking the final step by the very same torment that drives a man to the resolve to take his own life. Man will seek death by any means, even the tormenting locusts, yet they will not be permitted to kill (Rev. 9:5+).⁴¹

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The shape of the locusts was like

Up to this point, the creatures which come up out of the bottomless pit have been identified as “locusts” (Rev. 9:3+). Now, John begins a series of descriptions which are similitudes—representations which approximate what he sees concerning the locusts. Comparative terms such as ὁμιόωμα [homioōma] (likeness, image, form, appearance), ⁴² ὅμοιος [homoios] (like, similar), ⁴³ and ὡς [hōs] (as, like)⁴⁴ will occur frequently in the descriptions which follow. As elsewhere in this book, much of what John is shown exceeds anything he has seen before and so he struggles to relate the vision using similes which provide an approximation of what he is being shown. These comparative terms do not provide license for fanciful symbolism or allegorical interpretation—they represent the closest similarity which John knew for describing what he saw. If anything, they provide support for understanding John’s description as closely accurate of the reality before him.

Before continuing with our study of this passage, we feel it is important to discuss how we are to understand the seemingly fantastic⁴⁵ description of the locusts (and the horses and horsemen of the sixth trumpet) which follow in this chapter. Many find their description so unbelievable that they are driven to spiritualize the passage:

Many commentators interpret the plague as a condition of sinful life rather than an eschatological event. Hendricksen sees the description as “the operation of the powers of darkness in the soul of the wicked during this present age” (p. 147). For Hengstenberg it is the hellish spirit that penetrates the earth (I, pp. 429 ff), and for Dana, the forces of decay and corruption which God will use to undermine the Roman Empire (pp. 126 ff).⁴⁶

As we have observed in our discussion of Interpreting Symbols, the decision to depart from a literal interpretation, which recognizes figures of speech, is a serious one for it places the interpreter upon a sea of subjectivity. Moreover, if all this chapter is meant to teach is general moral principles or even the depravity of men (Jer. 17:9), then how does one explain the excessive details of the vision? What possible purpose could they serve? Why not say the same thing with far fewer words? No, what is being described here is real, literal, and important to understand in detail else God would not have “wasted” words on it.

We would ask the reader to keep in mind several considerations:

Demonic Capabilities - We know next to nothing concerning the demonic realm and especially the transformative capabilities of angels—be they elect or fallen. Scripture records that angels are “ministering spirits” (Ps. 104:4; Heb. 1:7, 14), yet they appear in numerous passages as anatomically accurate human men. When Isaiah, Ezekiel, and John are shown the seraphim and cherubim, there is considerable difficulty describing their appearance in a manner that we could possibly grasp (Isa. 6:2; Eze. 1:10; 10:14; Rev. 4:7+). The description of Satan, the “anointed cherub,” is equally fantastic (Eze. 28:12-14). Thus, we should not be surprised to find malevolent beings of immense spiritual and transformative powers with such fantastic descriptions. “They seem, from their description, to be a kind of Infernal Cherubim. The horse, the man, the lion, and the scorpion are combined in them [Rev. 4:7+].”⁴⁷

Size of the Locusts - We know nothing concerning the size of the demonic locusts. Depending upon their similarity to earthly locusts, they are likely between 0.5 to 7 inches (13 to 175 mm.).⁴⁸ In other words, these demon locusts may be on the scale of insects. The fact that they have a painful, and possibly poisonous sting, which does not kill their victims also points in this direction. For if the locusts were much larger than their largest earthly counterparts, then the sting alone could easily be a mortal wound.⁴⁹

Fantastic Appearance of Natural Insects - When asked to describe a simple spider or dragonfly when viewed under a magnifying glass or a flea under a microscope, how many of us would resort to similes like those of John (Rev. 9:7-10+, 17-19+)? Most, if not all of us! The simple fact is that known insects of the natural world are almost equally bizarre—but lacking in demonic power—to those described here. Consider the following description. The creature had four wings, each of which was covered with something like 250 thousand scales, and a tripartite body with a head as it were with six thousand eyes. Two long hair-like whips extended from its head with which it guided itself over immense distances. Its tongue was like a fire hose and one fourth the length of its body and it pranced upon six legs, the forelegs of which terminated in six needle-like spears. A bizarre fantasy? Not at all! A female monarch butterfly.⁵⁰ A rather benign insect at that!

Once we trade in the Golden Rule of Interpretation for the fools gold of symbolism and allegory, we embark upon a sea of conjecture concerning the identification of this judgment. Bullinger and Seiss, in defense of a literal understanding, identify the mischief which results from jettisoning a literal interpretation:

The most common interpretation sees the fulfilment of this judgment in the Invasion of Europe by the Turks. In that case the “star” is seen to be Mahomet. His “fall from heaven” means that his family was once high and wealthy; he being an orphan and poor. “To him was given the key of the bottomless pit;” i.e., “he professed to receive a key from God.” So that in his case profession was evidently possession! How he opened the pit the interpreters do not tell us, but the “smoke” was his false teaching. Out of the pit came the locusts. Arbah in Hebrew means a locust. That is quite near enough with them for Arabians, though there could hardly be Mahommedans before Mahomet. . . . The “crowns like gold” were the turbans of linen. “Faces as men” means courage. “They had hair as women:” this refers to the horse tail decorations worn by the Pashas on their heads.⁵¹

Many indeed, consider it mere fancy-work, fiction, and symbol, referring to events in the past history of the race and intended to describe quite other things than are thus literally depicted. But the account is given as an account of realities. There is no difficulty involved in the language employed. The grammatical sense is plain and obvious. Neither is there any intimation whatever of any other sense. And if any other sense was intended, there lives not a man who can tell, with any degree of certainty, what that other sense is. Many and great minds have laboured to make out an allegorical and historical interpretation of these locusts from the pit, but thus far, as Alford has justly remarked, only “an endless Babel” has been the result. Alford gives it up. Stuart gives it up. Hengstenberg gives it up. Vaughan gives it up. Others have given it up. And every candid man just give it up, on any scheme that will consistently interpret the Apocalypse as a whole, or preserve to the sacred records the credit and value which this book claims for its contents.⁵²

The text compares these creatures to locusts. Since most of us have probably never studied the appearance and capabilities of even the household spider in detail, let us be wary to take John’s description seriously knowing that God’s severe judgment at the time of the end will certainly call forth such a devilish reality. “What God says is plain enough. He does not ask us to understand it. He asks us to believe it; and this, by God’s help, we mean to do.”⁵³

horses

Joel used similar terminology to describe the locust plague of his day—and the demonic plague of this day.

Their appearance is like the appearance of horses; and like swift steeds, so they run. With a noise like chariots over mountaintops they leap, like the noise of a flaming fire that devours the stubble, like a strong people set in battle array. (Joel 2:4-5) [emphasis added]

We are not alone in understanding Joel’s vision of God’s locust army as depicting something far beyond his immediate event—this ultimate eschatological invading army released from the pit.

At the sight of this terrible army of God the nations tremble, so that their faces grow pale. ʿAmmīm means neither people (see at 1 Kings 22:28) nor the tribes of Israel, but nations generally. Joel is no doubt depicting something more here than the devastation caused by the locusts in his own day.⁵⁴

As will be seen by examining the many similarities between this passage and that of Joel, Joel saw both the local locust plague of his own day, but also understood it as a type (or model) of this demonic locust plague in the final Day of the Lord. Both the natural locusts of Joel’s day and the demonic locusts here represent sovereign judgments of God.⁵⁵ Like John, he resorted to similitude in comparing the locusts with horses:⁵⁶

Such an association is facilitated by three facts: (1) The heads of locusts and horses are similar in appearance. The German and Italian words for “locust” literally mean “hay-horse” [Heupferd] and “little horse” [cavalletta], respectively (Wolff, Joel and Amos, p. 45, n. 46; cf. also Driver, The Books of Joel and Amos, p. 52). (2) Both locusts and human armies advance swiftly. (3) The locusts’ buzzing wings resemble the sound of chariot wheels (for accounts of the sounds made by locusts, see Driver, The Books of Joel and Amos, p. 52).⁵⁷

on their heads were crowns of something like gold

John does not use simile to describe the crowns, but only the material out of which they were made. The crowns they wear also differentiates them from natural locusts. These are from among the hierarchy and rank of fallen angels (Rom. 8:38; Eph. 1:21; 3:10; 6:12; Col. 1:16; 2:10).“Alford understands it of the head of the locusts actually ending in a crown-shaped fillet which resembled gold in its material.”⁵⁸ “Not actual crowns, but AS crowns. Milligan remarks that any yellow brilliancy about the head of the insect is a sufficient foundation for the figure.”⁵⁹ More likely, the crowns are an indicator of the victory the locusts will enjoy over their prey. See Crowns.

their faces were like the faces of men

This indicates they are intelligent rational beings and not normal locusts.

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they had hair like women’s hair

Jeremiah described horses that would “come up like the bristling locusts” [emphasis added] (Jer. 51:27). The word for bristling is סָמָר [sāmār] : “Pertaining to a short, stiff, coarse hair or filament not soft to the touch, and possibly painful to very soft tissues as the feature of an insect whisker.”⁶⁰ The participial form is used of a nail (Ecc. 12:11; Isa. 41:7).“Johnson suggests, ‘The comparison of their hair with that of women may refer (as in other ancient texts) to the locusts’ long antennae.’ ”⁶¹ “An Arabic proverb compares the antlers of locusts to the hair of girls.”⁶² However, these are not natural locusts, so the hair that John sees appears to be long, like that of a woman.

their teeth were like lion’s teeth

Joel describes the natural plague of locusts of his day as a “nation” with teeth of a lion:

For a nation has come up against My land, strong, and without number; His teeth are the teeth of a lion, and he has the fangs of a fierce lion. He has laid waste My vine, and ruined My fig tree; He has stripped it bare and thrown it away; its branches are made white. (Joel 1:6-7) [emphasis added]

In Joel’s description, the teeth are said to be lion-like because of their ability to consume and strip all vegetation bare. Here, the mention of teeth parallels Joel’s locust vision and is an indication of their rapaciousness. There is no indication that the demon locusts will utilize their teeth directly against their victims—it is their tails with which they strike.⁶³

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breastplates

θώρακας [thōrakas] . This word may denote an actual breastplate or “the part of the body covered by the breastplate, the chest.”⁶⁴ It is the word from which we get thorax. Interestingly, we use this word to describe insects. “Thorax: The second or middle region of the body of an arthropod, between the head and the abdomen, in insects bearing the true legs and wings.”⁶⁵ See commentary on Revelation 9:7.

like the sound of chariots with many horses running into battle

The sound of their flight is compared to chariots in battle, so great is their number. Once again, Joel and John agree: “With a noise like chariots Over mountaintops they leap, Like the noise of a flaming fire that devours the stubble, Like a strong people set in battle array.” [emphasis added] (Joel 2:5).

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tails like scorpions, and there were stings in their tails

Stings is κέντρα [kentra] , used also of a pointed stick (Acts 9:5; 26:14) and figuratively to describe the power of death to hurt (1Cor. 15:55). The sting denotes not only the ability to pierce, but possibly also the pain of a poisonous tip, or stinger.⁶⁶ See commentary on Revelation 9:5. The sting of some natural scorpions is extremely painful:

Of a boy stung in the foot by a scorpion, Laborde relates that, although of a race which bears everything with remarkable patience, he rolled on the ground, grinding his teeth, and foaming at the mouth. It was a long time before his complainings moderated, and even then he could make no use of his foot, which was greatly inflamed. And such is the nature of the torment which these locusts from the pit inflict.⁶⁷

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they had a king over them

These locusts are to be contrasted with natural locusts which have no king: “The locusts have no king, yet they all advance in ranks” (Pr. 30:27). These demonic locusts have a king and advance like their natural counterparts:

They run like mighty men, they climb the wall like men of war; every one marches in formation, and they do not break ranks. They do not push one another; every one marches in his own column. Though they lunge between the weapons, they are not cut down. (Joel 2:7-8)

In one of the translations of the LXX, Amos is shown a king over a swarm of locusts: “Thus has the Lord [God] shewed me; and behold, a swarm of locusts coming from the east; and, behold, one caterpillar, king Gog” (Amos 7:1).⁶⁸ Perhaps because the plague of locusts was seen by Amos as a sign of God’s judgment (Deu. 28:38, 42; Amos 4:9; Joel 1:1-7), Gog—the archenemy of Israel—is pictured as their king (Eze. 38:2-3, 14, 16, 18, 21; 39:1, 11; Rev. 20:8+).

angel of the bottomless pit

Regarding the phrase of the bottomless pit (τῆς ἀβύσσου [tēs abyssou] ), Wallace suggests it emphasizes the source from whence the angel came.⁶⁹

Abaddon

Ἀβαδδών [Abaddōn] , a transliteration of the related Hebrew term. The Hebrew term אֲבַדּוֹן [ʾăḇaddôn] is derived from אבד [ʾḇḏ] meaning “to perish, become lost, be ruined.” It is translated by “destruction” and associated with שְׁאוֹל [šeʾôl] in Job 26:6 and Pr. 15:11, where it denotes a place which is seen by the omnipresence and omniscience of God. Abbadon is personified along with death (מָוֶת [māweṯ] ) as having heard of the fame of elusive wisdom (Job 28:22). It is said to be the destination of a consuming fire (Job 31:12) and is associated with the grave (קֶבֶר [qeḇer] ), but differentiated from it (Ps. 88:11). It is said that hell (שְׁאוֹל [šeʾôl] ) and Abbadon (“destruction”) are never full (Pr. 27:20). In all of these uses, it denotes a location which is associated with Sheol and the grave, but differs from them. “The rabbins have made Abaddon the nethermost of the two regions into which they divide the lower world.”⁷⁰

Some suppose him to be Satan:

The king of these locusts is named in both Hebrew and Greek. The name that God gives to him is Abaddon or Apollyon. . . . In it, of course, is one of the titles of Satan of which there are so many in the Bible. We are reminded of the two passages in Matthew’s Gospel where the Lord Himself speaks of the prince of the demons or rather where He comments on the Pharisee’s use of the name, Beelzebub, whom they call the prince of the demons. . . . The Lord said, commenting on the Pharisees’ thought, “If Satan cast out Satan, he is divided against himself” (Mat. 12:26), thus linking the name of the one they called prince of demons to Satan himself.⁷¹

However, if Satan is taken as the fallen star to which the key is given to open the pit (presumably from the outside), and this angel is from the pit, it argues against his identification as Satan. Perhaps this angel is the highest ranking angel which has been confined within the pit for the duration of their demonic captivity? He is probably not related to the elect angel who eventually locks Satan in the pit (Rev. 20:2+).

John gives his title as the angel of the abyss. Some identify this angel as Satan, but his domain is the heavenlies (Eph. 6:12), where he is the “prince of the power of the air” (Eph. 2:2). He is not associated with the abyss until he is cast into it (Rev. 20:1-3+). This angel is better viewed as a high-ranking demon in Satan’s hierarchy.⁷²

Others suppose this angel to be Antichrist:

It is the Destroyer of the Gentiles of Jer. 4:7, translated ‘Spoiler’ in Isa. 16:4 and Jer. 6:24. Suitable name is this for the one who is the great opponent of the Saviour. ‘Destroyer’ is close akin to ‘Death’ in Rev. 6:8+. The reason why his name is given here in both Hebrew and Greek is because he will be connected with and be the destroyer of both Jews and Gentiles! But why give the Hebrew name first? Because the order in judgment, as in grace, is ‘the Jew first’ - see Rom. 2:9 and 1:16 for each, respectively.⁷³

The beast that makes war against the two witnesses is said to ascend out of the bottomless pit (Rev. 11:7+; 17:8+). His coming is “according to the working of Satan, with all power, signs and lying wonders” (2Th. 2:9). His ascent from the pit may speak of his physical origin, the source of his spiritual empowerment, or both. It appears his ascent from the pit takes place when his deadly wound is healed (Rev. 13:3+, 12+) for John implies the order of events: “The beast that you saw [1] was, and [2] is not, and [3] will ascend out of the bottomless pit and [4] go to perdition” (Rev. 17:8a+). It is unlikely that the Antichrist would be found in the pit at its initial opening, already having been emprisoned with demons for an extended period of time⁷⁴ or that he would be said to be a king over demons.⁷⁵ This king is an angel, but nowhere does Scripture refer to Antichrist as an angel. Instead, he is said to be a man (Dan. 7:8; 8:23; 11:37; 2Th. 2:3). Admittedly, there is considerable mystery associated with the Antichrist, especially regarding his origin, how he “is not, and will ascend” and the means by which his “deadly wound was healed” (Rev. 13:3+). Yet, it seems unlikely that this king who is an angel refers to Antichrist. See commentary on Revelation 13 and The Beast.

This angel is probably neither Satan nor Antichrist, but a high-ranking fallen angel who has been king over the emprisoned demons for the duration of their time in the pit.

Apollyon

Ἀπολλύων [Apollyōn] , the Greek translation of the Hebrew אֲבַדּוֹן [ʾăḇaddôn] . The LXX usually translates Hebrew Abaddon as apōleia, “destruction.” Apollyon appears in the nominative case like a proper name would appear in quotes.⁷⁶

Providing the name in both Greek and Hebrew is characteristic of John. “This stylistic trait of giving information in bilingual terms is peculiar to Revelation and the fourth Gospel (John 6:1; 19:13, 17, 20; 20:16).”⁷⁷ It is another piece of evidence in favor of authorship by the Apostle John. See Authorship. “John uses both names to emphasize his impact on both ungodly Jews and Gentiles.”⁷⁸

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One woe is past

This speaks of the first of the three woes (Rev. 8:13+), the judgment of the fifth trumpet (Rev. 9:1-11+). See commentary on Revelation 8:13.

Behold, still two more woes are coming

John writes behold because, as terrible as this first woe has been, the two remaining woes are still worse. This woe brought torment, but the second woe—the judgment of the sixth trumpet—brings the release of a demonic army the likes of which the earth has never seen (Rev. 9:13-19+, 11:14+) and the third woe—the judgments of the seventh trumpet—brings the seven bowls of God’s wrath (Rev. 11:15+; 15:7+; 16:2-4+, 8+, 10+, 12+, 17+).

after these things

μετὰ ταῦτα [meta tauta] , the familiar chronological indicator which partitions John’s vision.

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the sixth angel sounded

This is the sixth angel of the seven which were given trumpets (Rev. 8:2+). When he sounds, the second of the three final woes is brought forth. See commentary on Revelation 8:13.

Each time the trumpet sounds, the judgment which follows is more severe than the previous one. Long ago Isaiah had prophesied that “when thy judgments are in the earth, the inhabitants of the world will learn righteousness” (Isa. 26:9). No doubt, therefore, each succeeding judgment will uncover a few reluctant “learners,” but those that remain unconverted are still more stubborn and thus each visitation must increase in severity.⁷⁹

a voice from the four horns of the golden altar

The voice comes from the golden altar upon which the prayers of the saints were offered and from which they ascended before God (Rev. 8:3-4+). Mention is made of the altar to associate the judgment of the sixth trumpet with the petitions of the saints previously offered upon the altar. The voice could be that of the angel who offered the prayers of the saints upon the altar, but more likely, is the voice of the Father because that which is commanded requires the utmost in authority—the release of the bound angels.⁸⁰ The horns of the altar are intended to signify mercy, for by running to the temple and clinging to them a man could seek sanctuary (1K. 1:50-51; 2:20). But now, a voice of judgment comes from the horns of mercy.

Shockingly, from the altar associated with mercy came words of judgment. God is a merciful, gracious, compassionate God, yet His “Spirit shall not strive with man forever” (Gen. 6:3). When this trumpet judgment occurs, the time for mercy will have passed; the altar of mercy will become an altar of judgment.⁸¹

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saying to the sixth angel who had the trumpet

The sixth angel is tasked with the release of the four bound angels. We are not told how they are bound nor how they are released. We can assume that both their binding and release involves the direct supernatural power of God and the sixth angel is merely the instrument by which this power is administered. Their binding is most likely similar to that which will be experienced by Satan during the Millennial Kingdom (Rev. 20:1-3+) and their loosing like that of Satan at the end of the Millennium (Rev. 20:7+).

release the four angels

These four angels have evidently been reserved in bondage for this special purpose of God. Since there are only four, it is likely that they are a specific group of especially malevolent or powerful angels. Even one angel, in a single night, killed one hundred and eighty-five thousand Assyrians (2K. 19:35). It appears that these four angels will be assisted in their assignment by an additional demonic army. They probably serve as commanders. The number four speaks of the worldwide effect of their destruction. See Four: the Entire World, the Earth.

The Four Angels Bound at the Euphrates

The Four Angels Bound at the Euphrates⁸²

who are bound

τοὺς δεδεμένους [tous dedemenous] , perfect tense passive participle, the ones having been bound. They were bound in the past and remain bound up to this point in preparation for their use in judgment by God. See commentary on Revelation 9:2. Their binding at the Euphrates is similar to the locking away of other fallen angels in the abyss.“These four angels, we are distinctly told are ‘reserved unto judgment.’ The word is εἰς [eis] unto, with a view to judgment (not merely to being judged).”⁸³ See commentary on Revelation 9:1.

Barnhouse takes these to be supernatural powers who, while bound, have actively prevented “the passing of evil forces from the east to the west.”⁸⁴ When they are removed, then forces from beyond the Euphrates are allowed to come into the holy land. This seems unlikely on two counts:

Why would angels who are serving God on an ongoing basis by actively opposing evil be said to be bound? “That the four angels are bound indicates that they are demons (cf. Rev. 20:1+ff.; 2Pe. 2:4; Jude 1:6), since holy angels are nowhere in Scripture said to be bound. Because holy angels always perfectly carry out God’s will, there is no need for Him to restrain them from opposing His will.”⁸⁵

The description of the resulting invasion is so fantastic as to defy explanation as a natural army of men.⁸⁶

at the great river Euphrates

Later, in the sixth bowl judgment, the Euphrates is dried up to prepare the way for the kings of the east to gather to battle against God (Rev. 16:12-14+). The mention of the Euphrates both here and in Revelation 16:12+ provides further evidence that Babylon (Rev. 14:8+; 16:19+; 17:5+; 18:2+, 10+, 21+) is the literal, historical city on the banks of the Euphrates.⁸⁷

Exactly how they are bound there is a mystery, of course. How anything—particularly disembodied spirits—could be chained for four thousand years in a flowing river is unknown, to say the least. . . . No doubt God is equal to the needs of the occasion, however, and can bind them in some quite appropriate and effective manner. . . .⁸⁸

“The Euphrates is linked with the most important events in ancient history. On its banks stood the city of Babylon; the army of Necho was defeated on its banks by Nebuchadnezzar; Cyrus the Younger and Crassus perished after crossing it; Alexander crossed it, and Trajan and Severus descended it.”—Appleton’s Cyclopedia⁸⁹

It was near the Euphrates that sin began, the first lie was told, the first murder was committed, and the tower of Babel (the origin of an entire complex of false religions that spread across the world) was built. The Euphrates was the eastern boundary of the Promised Land (Gen. 15:18; Ex. 23:31; Deu. 11:24), and Israel’s influence extended to the Euphrates during the reigns of David (1Chr. 18:3) and Solomon (2Chr. 9:26). The region near the Euphrates was the central location of three world powers that oppressed Israel: Assyria, Babylon, and Medo-Persia. It was on the banks of the Euphrates that Israel endured seventy long, bitter, wearisome years of captivity (cf. Ps. 137:1-4). It is the river over which the enemies of God will cross to engage in the battle of Armageddon (Rev. 16:12-16+).⁹⁰

Attention has been abundantly called by commentators to the region of the Euphrates as that place where human sin began and also Satan’s empire over man; where the first murder was committed; where the first war confederacy was made (Genesis 14); and back of this it is where Nimrod began to be “a mighty one in the earth,” and where the vast system of Babylonian idolatry, with its trinity of evil—“father, mother and son” originated, to deceive the whole world by the Satanic fable of “the queen of heaven.” Here, moreover, as we saw in Zechariah 5, iniquity is to have its last stage on earth (see Revelation 18+ also).⁹¹

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who had been prepared

οἱ ἡτοιμασμένοι [hoi hētoimasmenoi] , perfect tense passive participle, the ones having been prepared. The preparation was not their own, but that of God. God had actively held them in reserve for this specific time. They are reserved for use in judgment (Isa. 24:21-22; 2Pe. 2:4; Jude 1:6). Indeed, God “works all things according to the counsel of His will” (Eph. 1:11).

for the hour and day and month and year

“The one article and one preposition before the four times, unites them: . . . it denotes the appointed hour of the appointed day of the appointed month of the appointed year.”⁹² They were to be released at the “hour of His judgment” (Rev. 14:7+), a time known only to God (Mark 13:32; Acts 1:7).⁹³ This very moment, as we contemplate the text, these powerful angels and their related demonic horde are pent up awaiting their eventual release whereupon they will rush out upon an unsuspecting world to unleash “hell on earth.” The intensity of their malevolent thoughts and intentions likely escalates as they endure the ongoing frustration of their present captivity. What a horrific and fearsome judgment that will pour forth upon the earth dwellers at the time of the end!

to kill a third of mankind

A third of the population of the earth would be killed by these four angels and the army which they lead (Rev. 9:16-18+). Death will come by three means: fire, smoke, and brimstone. See commentary on Revelation 9:18.

The trumpet judgments share a pattern of affecting one-third of what they target. In the first trumpet judgment, a third of the trees were burned up (Rev. 8:7+). In the second trumpet judgment, a third of the sea became blood, a third of the creatures in the sea perish, and a third of the ships were destroyed (Rev. 8:8-9+). In the third trumpet judgment, a third of the rivers and springs are poisoned (Rev. 8:10-11+). In the fourth trumpet judgment, a third of the sun, moon, and stars were struck so as to be darkened (Rev. 8:12+). In the fifth and sixth trumpet judgments, all men without the seal of God are tormented, and then a third of them are killed.

When the second seal is opened, peace is taken from the earth and people kill one another (Rev. 6:4+). When the third seal is opened, there is great famine and presumably additional deaths occur (Rev. 6:5-6+). When the fourth seal is opened, Death and Hades kill “a fourth of the earth” (Rev. 6:8+). If the fourth of the earth describes a region, then we can’t be sure what proportion of the total population die—it would depend upon the region and the distribution of the population. If we assume that roughly one fourth of the population remaining alive at the time of the third horseman’s ride perish in the judgments of the third seal, then less that 75 percent of the original population prior to opening the first seal remains alive. (Some died during the judgments of the second and third seals.) Additional people die in the preceding trumpet judgments (ships are destroyed, men die from drinking poisoned waters, Rev. 8:9+, 11+). Here an additional third of the remaining population perish, or one-third of the less than 75 percent which remains. After the first six seal and six trumpet judgments, the population of the earth has been reduced by more than half.

If the first seal were loosed today [December 2003], using the current world population of over 6 billion, and neglecting those who will be removed from the earth in the Rapture prior to this time,⁹⁴ more than 3 billion would have died by the end of the sixth trumpet in the judgments from God.⁹⁵ No wonder Jesus said, “For then there shall be great tribulation, such as has not been since the beginning of the world until this time, no, nor ever shall be. And unless those days were shortened, no flesh would be saved; but for the elect’s sake those days will be shortened” (Mat. 24:21-22).

3.9.16 - Revelation 9:16 Open Bible at Rev. 9:16 Listen to Rev. 9:16

two hundred million

δισμυριάδες μυριάδων [dismyriades myriadōn] , two myriads of myriads, an essentially countless number. This is a similar phrase to that found in Revelation 5:11+ to describe the countless angelic host. Only here, the phrase is doubled for heightened effect.⁹⁶ The number should not be thought of as specifically denoting two hundred million, but a vast, essentially numberless host.⁹⁷

Joel saw this army in his vision: “A people come, great and strong, the like of whom has never been, nor will there ever be any such after them, even for many generations” (Joel 2:2). Strong is עָצוּם [ʿāṣûm] , which can denote a “throng, multitude, i.e., pertaining to that which is a large number of countable persons (Ps 35:18).”⁹⁸ “As the morning light spreads itself over the mountains, so a people numerous [Maurer] and strong shall spread themselves.”⁹⁹

Some take the horses and horsemen as denoting a human army from east of the Euphrates:

Armies of this size and sophistication have only been a feasibility in recent times (indeed, the world’s population around 1600 A.D. is estimated to have been 500 million; so at the time Revelation was written the world population may well have only been 200 million—surely, only God could envisage armies of 200 million men in that day and age!). We have a prophecy of human destruction which makes World War II look insignificant.¹⁰⁰

But it would seem this multitude is neither from the east (Rev. 16:12+) nor human:

To summarize why these two hundred million are demons and not Chinese, four things should be noted: first, they are led by four fallen angels; second, the location of the army is stated to be the Euphrates, where Babylon is located (which in the future will be the headquarters of the counterfeit trinity); third, the description given in the text rules out this army’s being human; and fourth, the kings of the east [Rev. 16:12+] are not connected with this at all.¹⁰¹

Moreover, the practical aspects of mobilizing a human army of such size seem insurmountable. It is not simply an issue of manpower alone:¹⁰²

According to General William K. Harrison (an expert in military logistics), an army of 200 million could not be conscripted, supported, and moved to the Middle East without totally disrupting all societal needs and capabilities (“The War of Armageddon,” xerographic copy of unpublished, undated article). As General Harrison brings out on this aspect of Revelation, God has made men with certain limitations; and the actual raising and transporting of an army of the size spoken of in v. 16 completely transcends human capability. All the Allied and Axis forces at their peak in World War II were only about 70 million (The World Almanac, 1971, ed. L. H. Long [New York: Newspaper Enterprise Association, 1970], p. 355). Thus it seems better to understand the vast numbers and description of the horses as indicating demonic hordes.¹⁰³

Some have suggested that this is the human army referred to in Rev. 16:12+ and led by “the kings from the east,” noting that the Red Chinese army reportedly numbered 200 million during the 1970s. But no reference is made to the size of the army led by the kings of the East. Further, that army arrives on the scene during the sixth bowl judgment, which takes place during the seventh trumpet, not the sixth. [emphasis added]¹⁰⁴

I heard the number

John would have been unable to count their number, but was told there were two myriads of myriads so as to relate to his readers their essential numberless value. The vast number of the army is further evidence of the (fallen) angelic origin—for there are countless numbers of angels of which one-third fell (Rev. 7:4+; 12:4+).

3.9.17 - Revelation 9:17 Open Bible at Rev. 9:17 Listen to Rev. 9:17

thus I saw the horses

The previous judgment involved demonic locusts whose appearance was “like horses”—they were not horses, but a similitude. Here, John says he saw horses, but doesn’t mention like or as, as in a similitude. These horses are not like normal horses for they breath fire out of their mouths and harm with “heads” on their tails. Yet, like horses, they are ridden upon by horsemen. “Perhaps they are like the fabled Centaurs—horses with human-like heads and upper bodies, in appearance like men riding horses except that the horses ridden by them are also their own bodies.”¹⁰⁵ Again, Joel describes what is before us:

Their appearance is like the appearance of horses; and like swift steeds, so they run. With a noise like chariots over mountaintops they leap, like the noise of a flaming fire that devours the stubble, like a strong people set in battle array. (Joel 2:4-5)

Note that when John uses simile, what he describes is approximately true to the vision that he is being shown. It is the closest thing he is familiar with to compare that which he sees. This precludes the notions of some that John was describing futuristic military weaponry with which he had no familiarity:

John was writing to addressees with no knowledge of mechanized warfare; to them cavalry was the most formidable military force, so naturally he described his vision in terms to which his readers could relate. The mounts John saw may well be advanced military equipment (which even we may not know how to describe), but which he described using the vocabulary and references of his readers.¹⁰⁶

Mills suggests that John saw something like tanks, helicopter gunships, and other modern mechanized equipment, realized that these represented some sort of unknown futuristic weaponry, and then translated this down in terms of cavalry images for his readers. We find this notion difficult to accept. When John uses simile, he uses the closest object known to him which approximates what he sees. If John had been shown modern military tanks, he would have undoubtedly mentioned something “like chariots with multiple wheels.” If helicopter gunships, then he would have mentioned flight, perhaps “like an eagle,” etc. He clearly saw some sort of animals which were mounted by riders. Understanding this army to be demonic in origin solves many of the conjectural problems posed by attempts to find natural fulfillments in modern warfare, recognizes their huge number, and explains how they are led by four malevolent angels.

hyacinth blue

ὑακίνθινος [huakinthinos] : “Either dark sapphire blue or dark red, depending on which mineral or stone is used for comparison.”¹⁰⁷

The three words . . . translated fire, hyacinth and brimstone are found in no other place in the New Testament. The first of the words is used by Aristotle and Polybius in the sense of flaming or firing. Hyacinth is a translation of a word that is rendered by various authorities as “red color bordering on black” (Thayer), “violet or dark blue” (Bailly), while ancient writers described it as “purple and iron colored” (cit. in Liddell and Scott). In the last half of this same verse and in the following verse three plagues are further described as fire, smoke and brimstone. Each of these words is different from the three used in the description of the breastplate.¹⁰⁸

the heads of the horses were like the heads of lions

It is unclear whether John means that the head of each horse resembled the actual appearance of the head of a lion, or merely that they shared the ferocious characteristics of a lion (1Chr. 12:8). Probably the latter since he calls them “horses.”

out of their mouths came fire, smoke, and brimstone

They devour their enemies in much the same way as the two witnesses (Rev. 11:5+). Fire and brimstone are the result of God’s overwhelming judgment (Gen. 19:24; Deu. 29:23; Job 18:15; Ps. 11:6; Isa. 30:33; 34:9; Eze. 38:22; Luke 17:29; Rev. 14:10+; 19:20+; 20:10+; 21:8+). “A fire devours before them, and behind them a flame burns; the land is like the Garden of Eden before them, and behind them a desolate wilderness” (Joel 2:3a).

No doubt this all sounds fantastic and impossible, so commentators have invented all sorts of figurative meanings to apply to these deadly horses. But these are not the first fire-breathing animals the earth has seen. Ancient nations everywhere describe fire-breathing dragons which formerly existed on earth, and the Bible describes at least one such creature, called leviathan (Job 41:19-21). There are many indications that these dragons were actually dinosaurs, and the fossil evidence does show structures on at least some dinosaurs that could well have served as mixing chambers for flammable chemicals [not to mention methane from digestive processes] that could be expelled in the form of fire and smoke.¹⁰⁹

3.9.18 - Revelation 9:18 Open Bible at Rev. 9:18 Listen to Rev. 9:18

a third of mankind was killed

“The terrible slaughter will completely disrupt human society. The problem of disposing of the dead bodies alone will be inconceivable. The sickly stench of decaying corpses will permeate the world, and it will take an enormous effort on the part of the survivors to bury them in mass graves or burn them.”¹¹⁰ See commentary on Revelation 9:15.

3.9.19 - Revelation 9:19 Open Bible at Rev. 9:19 Listen to Rev. 9:19

their power is in their mouth and in their tails

The nearest antecedent is the horses (Rev. 9:17+b) to which the MT and NU texts attest by including the phrase “of the horses” (τῶν ἵππων [tōn hippōn] ).

their tails are like serpents, having heads; and with them they do harm

The demonic locusts had tails with which they stung (Rev. 9:10+), but these demonic horses differ in that their tails are like serpents rather than scorpions—having heads and a mouth. The fierceness of this army can be seen in the lethal power which attends both ends of the horses. Approaching the horsemen from the rear is of little avail since their tails also harm. Some have suggested John is describing modern military weaponry, but the description and the source of the army (demonic, from the pit) is evidence to the contrary.

3.9.20 - Revelation 9:20 Open Bible at Rev. 9:20 Listen to Rev. 9:20

But the rest of mankind, who were not killed by these plagues

The two-thirds left from the population prior to the sounding of the sixth trumpet (Rev. 9:13+), representing less than half of the original population of the earth. See commentary on Revelation 9:15.

did not repent

The very reason that only one-third were killed was to provide a witness and opportunity for the remaining two-thirds to repent and turn to God. Like Jezebel of the church at Thyatira (Rev. 2:21+)—who is a type for the earth dwellers of the end—they fail to see God’s gracious mercy in giving them additional time to repent.

“Now, therefore,” says the LORD, “Turn to Me with all your heart, with fasting, with weeping, and with mourning.” So rend your heart, and not your garments; return to the LORD your God, for He is gracious and merciful, slow to anger, and of great kindness; and He relents from doing harm. (Joel 2:12-13)

But, as we shall see, the earth dwellers continue to harden their hearts with the result that stays of judgment which indicate God’s mercy and forbearance are met with a continuance or even elevation of their sinful deeds (Rev. 16:8-11+).

This is the purpose of what Jesus described to the church at Philadelphia: “Because you have kept My command to persevere, I also will keep you from the hour of trial which shall come upon the whole world to test those who dwell on the earth.” [emphasis added] Much like the testing of Jesus in the wilderness following His baptism by John (Mat. 4:1-11), this period is meant not so much to see how those being tested respond, but to demonstrate their unchanging character. The analogy of the Tribulation with its plagues to the deliverance of Israel from Egypt is found in the similarity of the character of the earth dwellers to Pharaoh: both refused to repent. In Pharaoh’s case, as the plagues continued to intensify, he continued to harden his heart (Ex. 7:13, 23; 8:15, 19, 32; 9:34). So will the hearts of the earth dwellers. And yet, through the mystery of God’s sovereignty, the continued opposition of the unrepentant will be used to bring Him great glory (Ex. 11:9; Rev. 19:1+). The proverb writer captured the spirit of the unrepentant: “Though you grind a fool in a mortar with a pestle along with crushed grain, Yet his foolishness will not depart from him” (Pr. 27:22). It is God’s specific purpose in the midst of judgment to bring repentance. Yet often, as here, men fail to respond to His correction:

O LORD, are not Your eyes on the truth? You have stricken them, but they have not grieved; You have consumed them, but they have refused to receive correction. They have made their faces harder than rock; they have refused to return. Therefore I said, “Surely these are poor. They are foolish; for they do not know the way of the LORD, the judgment of their God.” (Jer. 5:3-4)

“Also I gave you cleanness of teeth in all your cities. And lack of bread in all your places; yet you have not returned to Me,” says the LORD. “I also withheld rain from you, when there were still three months to the harvest. I made it rain on one city, I withheld rain from another city. One part was rained upon, and where it did not rain the part withered. So two or three cities wandered to another city to drink water, but they were not satisfied; yet you have not returned to Me,” says the LORD. “I blasted you with blight and mildew. When your gardens increased, your vineyards, your fig trees, and your olive trees, the locust devoured them; yet you have not returned to Me,” says the LORD. “I sent among you a plague after the manner of Egypt; your young men I killed with a sword, along with your captive horses; I made the stench of your camps come up into your nostrils; yet you have not returned to Me,” says the LORD. “I overthrew some of you, as God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah, and you were like a firebrand plucked from the burning; yet you have not returned to Me,” says the LORD. “Therefore thus will I do to you, O Israel; because I will do this to you, prepare to meet your God, O Israel!” For behold, He who forms mountains, and creates the wind, Who declares to man what his thought is, and makes the morning darkness, Who treads the high places of the earth-The LORD God of hosts is His name. (Amos 4:6-13)

Most frequently, men complain that if only they had more definite information, then they would repent and believe. Our experience has been that the needed information is more often a smokescreen for a rebellious and unrepentant heart which has no intention of submitting to God. For we have spent many an hour in discussions with such as these—providing information and answering objections—only to find that, having answered one objection, a new one quickly arises in its place! These stand in the place of the rich man who asked that someone from the dead be sent back with more evidence to his brothers so that they would accept the horrible truth of the judgment ahead:

Then he said, ‘I beg you therefore, father, that you would send him to my father’s house, for I have five brothers, that he may testify to them, lest they also come to this place of torment.’ Abraham said to him, ‘They have Moses and the prophets; let them hear them.’ and he said, ‘No, father Abraham; but if one goes to them from the dead, they will repent.’ But he said to him, ‘If they do not hear Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded though one rise from the dead.’ (Luke 16:27-31)

Abraham recognizes that the problem is not one of evidence, but a hard heart. They already have enough evidence to believe, but choose not to. “The fool has said in his heart, ‘There is no God.’ ” (Ps. 14:1; 53:1). Paul catalogs the damning condition of the unregenerate man (Rom. 3:10-18). Even after this catastrophic intervention, men will continue to reject God because they desire independence from God:

The death of one-third of the earth’s remaining population will be the most catastrophic disaster to strike the earth since the Flood. Yet in an amazing display of hardness of heart, the rest of mankind, who were not killed by these plagues, did not repent. It is unimaginable that after years of suffering and death under the terrifying judgments from God, coupled with the powerful preaching of the gospel by the 144,000 Jewish evangelists (Rev. 7:1-8+), the two witnesses (Rev. 11:1-14+), an angel in the sky (Rev. 14:6-7+), and other believers (Mat. 24:14), the survivors will still refuse to repent.¹¹¹

Man’s basic sin is independence; it is not that he blatantly prefers Satan to God; it is just that he wishes not to be under God’s authority. But deep down man chooses Satan because he promises independence. However, this section reveals that Satan will never deliver on his promise, but instead delivers the most vicious form of bondage.¹¹²

the works of their hands

The problem is not men’s hands, but rather the will of men which motivates their hands. Their will is opposed to God and therefore what they produce by their hands does not glorify God, but rather reflects their own selfishness and sin. In the end, without God’s Holy Spirit, men become creative perverts, dangerous geniuses (Gen. 11:6), bent on creating their own hell in pursuit of what they incorrectly perceive to be wisdom and intelligence. “Professing to be wise, they became fools” (Rom. 1:22).¹¹³

The works of men’s hands include the very gods they bow down to (Deu. 4:28; 2K. 19:18; Ps. 115:4; 135:15; Isa. 2:8; 17:8; 37:19; 44:10-20; Jer. 1:16; 10:3-5; 25:6; Acts 7:41; 19:26). This is the thrust of the meaning here—that men continue in idolatry—giving honor and attention to everything except their Creator. Worshiping the creature (Rom. 1:25) and that which men have produced in the place of the one true God.

In the context of the Tribulation, the image of the Beast is the ultimate work of their hands since the False Prophet “deceives those who dwell on the earth . . . to make an image to the beast” (Rev. 13:14+). Thus, they themselves make the ultimate idol (icon) of their own worship! In the delusion which God sends upon the earth (2Th. 2:11), men worship that which they themselves made rather than the God who made them.

worship demons

During the Tribulation, the ultimate devil and idol worship will take place. Men will worship the dragon (Satan) who gives authority to the beast, they will worship the beast, and even the image (idol) of the beast (Rev. 13:4+, 8+, 15+).¹¹⁴ Scripture indicates that although idols themselves are lifeless, the inspiration to make and worship them is demonic in origin. To worship or sacrifice to an idol is to worship or sacrifice to demons (Lev. 17:7; Deu. 32:17). Lest the reader assume sacrifice to demons is a thing of darkened cultures of the past, we only ask how many lives are being offered up in abortion clinics in worship of the “god of convenience” in our supposedly “modern” cultures today? Not only that, but the continuance and even increase of pagan practices around the world clearly show the tendency of men apart from God. In the time of the end, it will only be worse. History records the descent of man, not his ascent.

idols of gold, silver, brass, stone, and wood

As one commentator entitled this section: “Stone Hearts and Stone Idols.”¹¹⁵ At the time of the end, men will worship idols made from the same basic materials as those praised by the men at Belshazzar’s feast (ca. 550 BC, Dan. 5:4, 23). Some readers will no doubt scoff at the notion of idol worship in the same sense as is recorded for ancient cultures. In reply we observe:

Scripture makes plain that when men turn from God, there is virtually no limit to the depravity and ignorance to which they descend (Rom. 1:21-23).

The vantage point of western “civilized” society, benefits from a strong Judeo-Christian foundation. Although that foundation is quickly eroding, we still enjoy benefits which lag behind the erosion. Our assessment of what is possible in false worship is limited by this perspective. God’s assessment is not.

The very idolatry described here—where inanimate items are worshiped—is taking place today in many pagan cultures across the globe.

Pagan belief is rapidly on the rise within our own culture, in the media, and on the internet. With pagan belief will come pagan worship, a return to the darkness of the past.

It can take many generations for godliness to permeate a culture and to reap its benefits. This can all be lost in only one or two generations. Consider that at two times in history every person alive knew God directly: (1) at the time of Adam and Eve and, (2) after the flood. Now stop and consider the many “lost peoples” and cultures which have no notion of God. They are “lost” in the truest sense of the word. At one time their forebears had direct knowledge of the God of the Bible, but intervening generations walked away from Him and darkness now prevails.

Worship of the work of men’s hands extends beyond basic idols of wood, stone, and precious metals. It includes everything that man produces which is not in the service of God. Items as diverse as weapons of war, computer technology, bioengineering and genetic tampering with the basic elements of life. It is not the items themselves that are so much the issue, but the way in which they are employed. In this regard, technology is a large mirror amplifying the fallen character of men. It can be used for good or for evil, but inevitably the evil use winds up dominating. Meanwhile, man persists in his refusal to recognize his depraved nature.

With the rapture of the church, the descent into spiritual darkness will be hastened. “During the last century there has been a tremendous advance in what is called ‘spiritual’ but which is really spiritism or demonism. All this is to increase (until) after the believers have been removed at the rapture of the Church. It will be the predominating state of affairs after all the believers have been taken from the earth.”¹¹⁶

Commentators speak with one voice concerning the real possibility of demon-based worship becoming a reality for “modern man.”

Take Chicago: Arriving in this city at the close of 1893, (the former World’s Fair) I found nearly two pages of the Saturday issue of the newspaper were taken up with the announcement of services at the various churches, and the sermons were generally on solemn subjects by godly men. In 1935, four or five announcements, at most a half a dozen, invited to places where one’s soul would be safe to attend; while the announcements of Spiritualists, Theosophists, Christian Scientists, Unity followers, etc.—those cults that have direct traffic in Satan—ran into the scores. (Six orthodox, against 75 Satanic, in the Chicago Daily News of November 14, 1931.)¹¹⁷

Those sophisticates of western culture who had long deluded themselves in the unscientific sophistries of modern evolutionary humanism will quickly revert to more satisfying practices of ancient evolutionary polytheistic pantheism, acknowledging the demonic powers which operate in the earth and its atmosphere under “the prince of the power of the air, the spirit that now worketh in the children of disobedience” (Ephesians 2:2). This acknowledgment will be even easier for those multitudes who had been devotees of Asian and African cultures, for these already were either pantheistic or animistic or both. For many years prior to Christ’s return for His saints, there will have been a revival of occultism, astrology, spiritism, and kindred “doctrines of devils” (1 Timothy 4:1; 2 Timothy 3:13), even in western cultures, preparing the minds of men everywhere for a worldwide return to pagan idolatry in the final days of the cosmic rebellion. Great worship centers will then be erected, with grotesque images of modern art depicting the various cosmic and terrestrial forces and processes presumably controlled by the principalities and powers of the wicked one (Ephesians 6:12; 1 John 5:19), and these will become objects of worship, with men and women in effect worshiping those evil spirits which they portray and represent.¹¹⁸

It may appear too disparaging to understand of this enlightened age, to entertain the possibility of a return to the ancient worship of images. People may feel insulted at the thought. But the way for it is opening, and the process to effect it is already going on. The minds of anti-Christian religionists everywhere are fast relapsing into the old heathenish philosophies, and I know not what is to hinder their acceptance of the religions with which those philosophies are conjoined. Modifications of them may be made, to conform them somewhat to the requirements of an altered condition of the public mind and taste; but idol-worship will again become, as it is even now becoming, the religion of some who claim to be among the most enlightened and the very illuminators of mankind. Socrates had his demon-guide.¹¹⁹

which can neither see nor hear nor walk

An intentional contrast is made between the lifeless idols which men worship (Ps. 115:7; Isa. 46:5-7) and the true living God.¹²⁰

During the Tribulation, Satan will empower the false prophet to produce an idol which comes as close to emulating life as is possible apart from God: “He was granted power to give breath to the image of the beast, that the image of the beast should both speak and cause as many as would not worship the image of the beast to be killed” (Rev. 13:15+).¹²¹ Since history demonstrates the willingness of men to worship inanimate objects, this lifelike image will be irresistible to the earth dwellers—they will worship both the beast and his image. They will be all-the-more willing because God will send them strong delusion, that they should believe the lie, for “they did not receive the love of the truth, that they might be saved” (2Th. 2:10-11).

If you do not yet know God and believe it preposterous that you would worship an idol, animate or otherwise, beware! For Scripture records that aside from the protection of the Holy Spirit, those who do not know God will not be able to resist the delusion which is sent from God Himself! See commentary on Revelation 13:15.

3.9.21 - Revelation 9:21 Open Bible at Rev. 9:21 Listen to Rev. 9:21

they did not repent

See commentary on Revelation 9:20.

murders

Murder has always been prevalent upon the earth. In “civilized” societies such as ours, it is often hidden out of direct view and under the control of policies related to population control: abortion, euthanasia, and genetic engineering. During the Tribulation, there will be increased murders as those who refuse to worship the beast are “purged” from society (Dan. 9:21, 25; Rev. 13:7+, 15+; 16:6+; 17:6+; 18:24+). Unrepentant murderers will have their place in the second death (Rev. 21:8+). See commentary on Revelation 2:11 and Revelation 20:14.

sorceries

φαρμάκων [pharmakōn] : “Magic potion, charm,”¹²² related to φαρμακεία [pharmakeia] , “employment of drugs for any purpose: sorcery, magic, enchantment.”¹²³ The term occurs in the list of the works of the flesh (Gal. 5:20) and is translated sorcery (witchcraft, KJV). It also describes the sorcery by which Babylon deceived all the nations (Isa. 47:9, 12; Rev. 18:23+).“Used in the Septuagint of the Egyptian sorceries (Ex. 7:22. Of Babylon, Isa. 47:9, 12).”¹²⁴

Sorcery was forbidden by the Law of Moses (Ex. 22:18; Deu. 18:10-11) as were all practices which involved communication with the dead such as conjuring spells (Deu. 18:11), consulting mediums (1S. 28:3-9), spiritism, or calling up the dead (really the demonic realm). This included all forms of magic (Ex. 22:18; Lev. 19:31; Lev. 20:6, 27; 2Chr. 33:6; Mal. 3:5). God condemned all of these practices and was indignant that men would “seek the dead on behalf of the living” (Isa. 8:19). Instead, they were to seek the living God.

One need only view modern cartoons on television or observe the recent Harry Potter phenomenon to observe how the foundation continues to be laid for subsequent generations who will have little reservation to participate in these forbidden practices.¹²⁵

That people are today [1983] being prepared for an irruption of demons, however, seems very probable. The plethora of movies, television programs, and books with demonic themes, along with the latter-day mushroom growth of occult religions and practices, are all surely conditioning men to a widespread belief in Satan and his demons. Furthermore, none of this is driving men to refuge in Christ, as one might at first suppose it would.¹²⁶

Drugs are used in association with sorcery because they place the practitioner into an altered state of consciousness whereby he or she becomes more open to contact with the demonic realm. The following account of a shaman from the Yanomamo tribe illustrates the connection between drug use and the demonic realm—a connection well-known even among “primitive” peoples:

I recently interviewed a man who had spent most of his life communing with spirit entities. There is no doubt as to his “authenticity.” He was a shaman, a medicine man and chief of his Yanomamo tribe, which resides deep in the Amazonian rain forest of Venezuela. At odds with the lie promoted in anthropological circles that the lives of primitive tribes-people are pure, natural and Eden-like and therefore best kept from outside influence —Chief Shoefoot and his peoples violent, fear-filled existence is documented in a book titled The Spirit of the Rain Forest, written by Mark Ritchie . . .

As a young boy, Shoefoot was singled out as one sensitive to the spirit realm and subsequently initiated into the sorcerers world. Again, a shaman is one who, through knowledge and power obtained from the spirits, heals and guides his people. Although the initial process of enabling him to contact the spirits was brutal, involving days of food and water deprivation and having someone force hallucinogenic drugs into his system by blowing them up his nose, the spirits he met were at first benign and curiously captivating. . . . Shoefoot increased his drug intake in order to go deeper into the spirit world to find more trustworthy and benevolent spirits. That led to even more wicked spirits (Luke 11:26), greater frustration, and intense despair.¹²⁷ [emphasis added]

Some, who deny the reality of the spiritual realm, believe experiences such as those of this shaman are brought on by natural causes, such as drug use:

I asked Shoefoot through interpreter Mike Dawson, Joe’s son, who grew up among the Yanomamo, how he would answer a skeptic who thought his experiences with the spirits were nothing more than hallucinations brought on by the drugs he took. Shoefoot’s 70-something-year-old eyes sparkled at the question; he enjoys responding to challenges by skeptics, especially when he speaks to university anthropology students. Its ironic that this “primitive” man considers the highly educated anthropologists who study his people naive at best, deceived at worst. He told me of knowing shamans who had many of the same spirits he had had, yet, unlike him, they did not come to know them as a result of taking drugs. Whether the contacts were made with a clear mind or in a drug-induced state, descriptions and details were nearly always identical they all communed with the same spirits.¹²⁸

During the awful days of the tribulation, the breakdown of law and order will mean that there will be no more restraints on drug use. Furthermore, the fearful judgments on the earth will drive many to drugs as a form of escapism. The merchants of the earth will gladly cooperate because of the great profits involved [Rev. 18:13+].¹²⁹

Interestingly, Jezebel of the church of Thyatira apparently taught believers to experience “the depths of Satan” (Rev. 2:24+), much like her namesake in the OT practiced witchcraft (2K. 9:23). As we discussed previously, Jezebel at Thyatira can be seen as a type for the church which enters the Great Tribulation (Rev. 2:22+) whereas those who overcome and reject her teaching will receive “the morning star” (Rev. 2:28+, which see). Those who practice sorcery will also have their part in the second death (Rev. 21:8+) and will never enter through the gates of the eternal city (Rev. 22:15+).

sexual immorality

πορνείας [porneias] , from which we derive pornography. The word is used of “prostitution, unchastity, fornication, of every kind of unlawful sexual intercourse.”¹³⁰

Writing many years ago, Seiss uncannily identified the trend. One only wonders what he might say if he could see our day:

And interlinked with these sorceries, and reacting the one on the other, will also be the general subversion of marriage and its laws, and the deluging of society with the sins of fornication and adultery. The Apostle uses the word “fornication” alone, as embracing all forms of lewdness, but as if to intimate that marriage will then be hardly recognized any more. And already we hear the institution of legal wedlock denounced and condemned as tyrannical, and all rules, but those of affinity and desire, repudiated as unjust. Already, in some circles, we find the doctrines of free love put forth and defended in the name of right, a better religion, and a higher law. And it would be strange indeed, if the revival of the old heathen philosophies and religions, which justified, sanctioned, and sanctified promiscuous concubinage, did not also bring with it a revival of all these old heathen abominations. [emphasis added]¹³¹

The term for “sexual immorality” is also used to denote spiritual apostasy, that is, idolatry. “This usage was more easily understandable because some Semitic and Graeco-Roman cults were at times connected with sexual debauchery (cf. Hos 6:10; Jer 3:2, 9; 2K. 9:22).”¹³² This is the sense in which Babylon is condemned (Rev. 17:2+, 5+; 18:3+; 19:2+). Perhaps at the time of the end, there will also be a resurgence of idolatrous religious practices involving temple prostitution. In our own day, there is blatant disregard for the laws of marriage, even among those who take the name of Christ.

or their thefts

Theft is a broad sin which underwrites many other sins.

The last crime in this category is that of theft. This is “the statement or general and abounding dishonesty, the obliteration of moral distinctions, the disregard of others’ rights, and the practice of fraud, theft, and deceit wherever it is possible.” In our day corruption in high places gives the example to all classes. The only wrong consists in getting caught.¹³³

The conditions and judgments which John describes in this chapter are difficult for us to imagine. Yet if we understand the inspired pages of Biblical history, we recognize the reality of the events attending the Genesis Flood and the tower of Babel. What man has had the capability of doing in the past can easily be repeated in the future. To those who suggest that “modern man” has thrown off such shackles, we answer with just a few words: Chairman Mao, Stallin, Hitler, holocaust. These were not isolated individuals, but entire historical movements supported by countless others. The capability of the same and worse lies before us in the pages of the book of Revelation.

I suppose many of us tend to regard this description as fanciful, as hyperbole, and to doubt that destruction on this unimaginable scale can come to pass. However, we should recognize that such a view uses our experience as its guide, and that Hiroshima’s population would doubtless have felt exactly the same if someone had prophesied the devastation one atomic bomb was about to wreak on them. But their opinion did not alter the fact one iota.¹³⁴

People are prone to persuade themselves that this world of sense and time is all that we need be concerned about, and hence have no fears of an unseen world of evil, and no decided or active desire for the blessings of an unseen world of good. They live only for earth, not dreaming that this brief life is only the vestibule to worlds of mightier and eternal moment. Their houses are built by the very margin of hell, and yet they rest and feast in them without a feeling of insecurity or of danger. The flames of perdition clamour after them beneath the pavements on which they walk, but they have no sense of fear or serious apprehension. God and angels are ever busy to win their attention to the ways of safety, but they turn a deaf ear and drift along as they list, crying, Peace! Peace! And so will the wicked and the unbelieving go on, until ignored and offended Omnipotence gives over the power to Satan to let loose upon them these horrid beings from the abyss, under whose torment they will wish they never had lived at all, and vainly attempt to make their escape from what they once considered their chief and only good.¹³⁵

For those who have not yet trusted in Jesus Christ for a way back to God, now is the time to be reconciled of your sin. For each day which passes brings us closer to the fearsome realities described in this chapter: the incredible scenes of hellish torture as demonic hordes are released upon an unsuspecting world. But more frightening than all is the lack of any willingness to repent on the part of those left alive who dwell on the earth! How often must one harden his heart before he reaches the point of no return? Will you still be able to consider God’s offer with an open heart tomorrow after having turned away one more time today?

Notes

¹ George Croly, The Apocalypse of St. John (London, England: C. & J. Rivington, 1827), 123-126.

² A. R. Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” in Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997, 1877), Rev. 9:12.

³ Donald Grey Barnhouse, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1971), 168.

⁴ John A. Martin, “Luke,” in John F. Walvoord and Roy B. Zuck, eds., The Bible Knowledge Commentary (Wheaton, IL: SP Publications, 1983), Luke 10:18.

⁵ [Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977), Rev. 9:1] suggests that the “fall” of the star merely describes the descent of an elect angel, as in “having come down” to do God’s will by opening the pit. But here, the angel is said to “fall” (root πιπτω [piptō] ) whereas the elect angel which descends to bind Satan is said to “come down” (root, καταβαίνω [katabainō] ). Moreover, the former is perfect tense whereas the later is present tense.

⁶ Arthur Walkington Pink, The Antichrist (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1999, 1923), s.v. “Antichrist in the Apocalypse.”

⁷ Monty S. Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John (Dallas, TX: 3E Ministries, 1987), Rev. 9:1.

⁸ Timothy Friberg, Barbara Friberg, and Neva F. Miller, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2000), 402.

⁹ James Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Ontario: Woodside Bible Fellowship, 1996), G5421.

¹⁰ Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, and Henry Stuart Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon. With a revised supplement, 1996., With a revised supplement, 1996 (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1996).

¹¹ W. E. Vine, Vine’s Expository Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words (Nashville, IL: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1996), s.v. “#12.”

¹² Frederick William Danker and Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000).

¹³ Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, G12.

¹⁴ Henry Morris, The Revelation Record (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1983), Rev. 9:2.

¹⁵ Barnhouse, Revelation, 169.

¹⁶ E. W. Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1984, 1935), Rev. 9:15.

¹⁷ Later, the demons will undergo their own judgment and suffer torment: Mat. 8:29.

¹⁸ “And the [angels (masculine plural)] who did not keep their proper domain, but left their own abode, He has reserved in everlasting chains under darkness for the judgment of the great day; as [Sodom (neuter plural)] and [Gomorrah (feminine singular)], and the [cities (feminine plural)] around them in a similar manner to [these (masculine plural)], [having given themselves over to sexual immorality (feminine plural)] and [gone after (feminine plural)] strange flesh, are set forth as an example, suffering the vengeance of eternal fire” (Jude 1:6-7).

¹⁹ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 112.

²⁰ New Electronic Translation : NET Bible, electronic edition (Dallas, TX: Biblical Studies Press, 1998).

²¹ We are unable to discuss the many arguments for and against this interpretation as it is beyond the scope of our current study. When all the various considerations and related passages are taken into account, it is our view that it is difficult to escape the plain teaching of Scripture concerning this unnatural event for which specific angels have been locked away.

²² Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 339.

²³ John MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1999), Rev. 9:3.

²⁴ J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 205.

²⁵ How different is the identification of Joel’s “army” when related passages of Scripture are allowed to speak than that which is often promoted by those who hold to dominion theology who frequently identify Joel’s army as the Church!

²⁶ J. Vernon McGee, Thru The Bible Commentary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1997, c1981), Joel 2:1.

²⁷ Jerry Falwell, Edward D. Hindson, and Michael Woodrow Kroll, eds., KJV Bible Commentary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1997, c1994), Joel 2:1-2.

²⁸ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Joel 2:4.

²⁹ Pink, The Antichrist, s.v. “Antichrist in the Apocalypse.”

³⁰ McGee, Thru The Bible Commentary, Joel 2:7.

³¹ William Smith, Smith’s Bible Dictionary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1997), s.v. “Locust.”

³² MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 9:4.

³³ Undoubtedly some will escape this demonic horde by having previously been martyred (Rev. 7:14+).

³⁴ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 9:4.

³⁵ Concerning God’s use of evil for His own purposes: Jdg. 9:23; 1S. 18:10; 1K. 22:22; 2K. 19:7; 2Chr. 18:21; Job 1:12; 2:6; Isa. 37:7; Mat. 4:1; Luke 22:31; John 19:11; 1Cor. 5:5; 1Ti. 1:20; 2Cor. 12:7; Rev. 2:10+; 9:5+; 9:15+; 16:14+; 17:17+; 20:3+; 20:8+.

³⁶ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 9:5.

³⁷ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 9:5.

³⁸ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 9:5.

³⁹ Britannica CD 99 Multimedia Edition, s.v. “scorpion.”

⁴⁰ Barnhouse, Revelation, 171.

⁴¹ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 9:6.

⁴² Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 567.

⁴³ Ibid., 566.

⁴⁴ Ibid., 897.

⁴⁵ American Heritage Online Dictionary, Ver. 3.0A, 3rd ed. (Houghton Mifflin, 1993), s.v. “Bizarre, as in form or appearance; strange..”

⁴⁶ Mounce, The Book of Revelation, Rev. 9:10.

⁴⁷ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 9:3.

⁴⁸ “Scorpions range in size from 13 to 175 mm (0.5 to 7 inches) and have six pairs of appendages. The chelicerae, the small first pair, are used to tear apart prey. The pedipalps, the second pair, are large and have strong, claw-like pincers, which are held horizontally in front and are used as feelers and for grasping prey. The last four pairs, each equipped with a pincer, are walking legs.”—Britannica CD 99 Multimedia Edition, s.v. “scorpion.”

⁴⁹ Against this view, Mounce observes: “John apparently would have us understand the locusts to be of considerable size. Otherwise the description of hair, face, teeth, etc. would tend toward the comic.”—Mounce, The Book of Revelation, Rev. 9:7.

⁵⁰ My description constructed from [Jules H. Poirier, From Darkness to Light to Flight: Monarch—the Miracle Butterfly (El Cajon, CA: Institute for Creation Research, 1995)].

⁵¹ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 9:12.

⁵² Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 207.

⁵³ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 9:12.

⁵⁴ Carl Friedrich Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Commentary on the Old Testament (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2002), Joel 2:4-6.

⁵⁵ “So among Mohammedans, ‘Lord of the locusts’ is a title of God.”—Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Joel 2:11.

⁵⁶ Job also compared the horse with the locust (Job 39:19-20).

⁵⁷ Robert B. Chisholm, “Joel,” in John F. Walvoord and Roy B. Zuck, eds., The Bible Knowledge Commentary (Wheaton, IL: SP Publications, 1983), Joel 2:3.

⁵⁸ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 9:7.

⁵⁹ M. R. Vincent, Vincent’s Word Studies (Escondido, CA: Ephesians Four Group, 2002), Rev. 9:7.

⁶⁰ James Swanson, Dictionary of Biblical Languages With Semantic Domains : Hebrew (Old Testament), electronic ed. (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1997).

⁶¹ Mal Couch, “Angelology in the Book of Revelation,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 159.

⁶² Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 9:8.

⁶³ Those who suggest they will rip and tear their victims by way of their teeth are without scriptural support. That the victims are to be refused death argues against such an understanding. It is better to see the teeth as a parallelism to the destructive abilities of lions as Joel utilizes in relation to rapacious natural locusts which devour every living thing.

⁶⁴ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 367.

⁶⁵ American Heritage Online Dictionary, s.v. “thorax.”

⁶⁶ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 228.

⁶⁷ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 206.

⁶⁸ “Οὕτως ἔδειξέν μοι κύριος καὶ ἰδοὺ ἐπιγονὴ ἀκρίδων ἐρχομένη ἑωθινή καὶ ἰδοὺ βροῦχος εἶς Γωγ ὁ βασιλεύσ. [Houtōs edeixen moi kyrios kai idou epigonē akridōn erchomenē heōthinē kai idou brouchos eis Gōg ho basileuṣ] ”—Septuaginta : With Morphology (Stuttgart, Germany: German Bible Society, 1996, c1979), Amos 7:1.

⁶⁹ “It is possible that this is an attributive or descriptive genitive, but genitive of source indicates origin more than character and hence seems more appropriate in this context.”—Daniel B. Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics - Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House and Galaxie Software, 1999, 2002), 110. “Metonymy of the Adjunct. The name of the pit is given to the angel of the pit, by this figure, by which the abstract is put for the concrete.”—Jerome Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1992), Rev. 9:11.

⁷⁰ Smith, Smith’s Bible Dictionary, s.v. “Apollyon.”

⁷¹ Barnhouse, Revelation, 172-173.

⁷² MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 9:11.

⁷³ Pink, The Antichrist, s.v. “Antichrist in the Apocalypse.”

⁷⁴ Unless we adopt the theory of some that Antichrist already walked the stage of history, was slain, and will be revived yet future. Some consider a revival of Judas as possible fulfillment, but the Antichrist’s deadly wound is by the sword (Rev. 13:14+), whereas Judas committed suicide by hanging (Mat. 27:5).

⁷⁵ The only man said to rule over demons is Jesus Christ (Col. 2:10).

⁷⁶ “Although ancient Greek did not have the convention of quotation marks, it could express essentially the same idea with a nominative of appellation.”—Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics - Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament, 60.

⁷⁷ Alan F. Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), Rev. 9:11.

⁷⁸ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 9:11.

⁷⁹ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 9:13.

⁸⁰ Barnhouse takes the voice to be a personification of the altar itself. [Barnhouse, Revelation, 174].

⁸¹ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 9:13.

⁸² Albrecht Durer (1471 - 1528). Image courtesy of the Connecticut College Wetmore Print Collection.

⁸³ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 9:15.

⁸⁴ Barnhouse, Revelation, 175.

⁸⁵ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 9:14.

⁸⁶ Unless we allow ourselves the luxury of departing from the text and imagining it to describe helicopter gunships and other modern weapons—thus falling into a trap similar to that of the Historicist Interpretation.

⁸⁷ “There is another intriguing possibility, of course. Maybe the Euphrates mentioned here is the antediluvian Euphrates rather than the Babylonian Euphrates. It is barely possible that, deep in the earth, remains the underground storage chamber which controlled the primeval flow into the garden of Eden. Though most of these caverns broke up with their fountains (controlled exit conduits) erupted to help produce the Flood, or at least in the earth’s isostatic readjustments after the Flood, it must may be that the primeval source of Eden’s rivers is still intact.”—Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 9:14.

⁸⁸ Ibid.

⁸⁹ Smith, Smith’s Bible Dictionary, s.v. “Euphrates.”

⁹⁰ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 9:14.

⁹¹ William R. Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1994,c1935), Rev. 9:14.

⁹² Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 9:15.

⁹³ Morris takes the time designation collectively as denoting a duration of their ministry lasting 13 months.

⁹⁴ All true believers will be taken at the Rapture, but it is a difficult number to accurately estimate.

⁹⁵ See the world population clock: [http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/ipc/popclockw].

⁹⁶ A few manuscripts have the lesser μυριάδες μυριάδων [myriades myriadōn] , myriads of myriads.

⁹⁷ “Attempts to reduce this expression to arithmetic miss the point. A ‘double myriad of myriads’ is an indefinite number of incalculable immensity.”—Mounce, The Book of Revelation, Rev. 9:16.

⁹⁸ Swanson, Dictionary of Biblical Languages With Semantic Domains : Hebrew (Old Testament), s.v. “#H6099.”

⁹⁹ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Joel 2:2.

¹⁰⁰ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 9:16.

¹⁰¹ Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 231.

¹⁰² Bear in mind that the passage says “two myriads of myriads” which indicates a numberless multitude rather than precisely “200 million.” But for the sake of argument, a 200 million man army is assumed.

¹⁰³ Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, Rev. 9:13-19.

¹⁰⁴ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 9:16.

¹⁰⁵ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 9:17.

¹⁰⁶ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 9:17.

¹⁰⁷ Friberg, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 387.

¹⁰⁸ Barnhouse, Revelation, 176.

¹⁰⁹ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 9:18.

¹¹⁰ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 9:15.

¹¹¹ Ibid., Rev. 9:20.

¹¹² Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 9:6.

¹¹³ This passage explains why some members of the “North American Man-Boy Love Association,” which advocates sex between adult men and young boys, are among the academic elite.

¹¹⁴ Demons is in the accusative, which Wallace believes may be an indication of an inability to have a true personal relationship with as a false deity. “It may be significant that usually in the NT, the dative direct object is used with προσκυνέω [proskyneō] when true Deity is the object of worship (cf. Mat. 14:33; 28:9; John 4:21; 1Cor. 14:25; Heb. 1:6; Rev. 4:10+; 7:11+; 11:16+; 19:10+; 22:9+). The implication, in part, may be that God is a true God—one with whom human beings can have a personal relation. And usually, when false deity is worshiped, the accusative direct object is used (cf. Rev. 9:20+; 13:8+, 12+; 14:9+, 11+; 20:4+).”—Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics - Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament, 172.

¹¹⁵ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 9:20.

¹¹⁶ Barnhouse, Revelation, 177.

¹¹⁷ Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter, Rev. 9:20.

¹¹⁸ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 9:20.

¹¹⁹ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 214.

¹²⁰ Concerning God as living: Ex. 3:6; Deu. 5:26; Jos. 3:10; 1S. 17:26, 36; 2K. 19:4, 16; Ps. 42:2; 84:2; Isa. 37:4, 17; Jer. 10:10; 23:36; Dan. 6:20, 26; Hos. 1:10; Mat. 16:16; 22:32; 26:63; John 6:69; Acts 14:15; Rom. 9:26; 2Cor. 3:3; 6:16; 1Ti. 3:15; 4:10; 6:17; Heb. 3:12; 9:14; 10:31; 12:22; Rev. 7:2+.

¹²¹ It would appear that the ability to give life to that which is inanimate is essentially that of God alone: Gen. 2:7. Therefore, the breath given to the image of the beast must in some sense be a proximate duplication of that which God alone can do. A “lying wonder” (2Th. 2:9).

¹²² Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 854.

¹²³ Wesley J. Perschbacher, The New Analytical Greek Lexicon of the New Testament (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1999), 426.

¹²⁴ Vincent, Vincent’s Word Studies, Rev. 9:21.

¹²⁵ In response to those who believe that participating in activities such as reading the Harry Potter books is “harmless creativity” we respond with the simple question: Does it not grieve God that we will not train our children in the things of God, but readily expose them to the influence of magic? To believe otherwise is to demonstrate a lack of appreciation for our own tendencies as well as an ignorance of God’s word. Moreover, God knows that even if today’s train ride may seem “harmless” and not end in disaster, the eventual destination—given our dark hearts—is a guaranteed train wreck! His prohibitions against these practices are numerous and serious because He alone understands the nature of man. If we call ourselves Christians, then why would we participate in activities which are unbiblical and undoubtedly grieve our Lord?

¹²⁶ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 9:6.

¹²⁷ T. A. McMahon, “The Spirits of the Lie,” The Berean Call, November 2003. [www.TheBereanCall.org].

¹²⁸ McMahon continues: “Mike added that we of the sophisticated West have trouble relating to a culture in which spirits, i.e., demons, are a real, everyday part of life. However, that doesn’t mean they’re necessarily exclusive to the dense jungles of the Yanomamo. He said that on one autumn trip to the U.S. with Shoefoot, he was shocked as his friend, the former shaman, continually pointed out representations of spirits he had known being featured across America as it celebrated its most financially successful holiday: Halloween. Some time later, Shoefoot was given a sampling of TVs Saturday-morning cartoon characters and power figures. It was more of the same. He was not aware of the worldwide popularity of the Harry Potter books, which introduce children to sorcery and encourage them in the practice of witchcraft. As Mike explained this series of books to him, he was grieved that so many young people were being set up for the suffering and bondage that had tormented his own people.”—T. A. McMahon, “The Spirits of the Lie,” The Berean Call, November 2003. [www.TheBereanCall.org].

¹²⁹ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 19:21.

¹³⁰ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 693.

¹³¹ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 216.

¹³² Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 693.

¹³³ Barnhouse, Revelation, 178.

¹³⁴ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, Rev. 9:21.

¹³⁵ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 210.

2.12 - Systems of Interpretation Listen to Systems of Interpretation

We now arrive at the major fork in the road in understanding the book of Revelation. If you have traveled with us thus far, you are aware of various factors which influence how one understands this last book of the Bible. We’ve discussed how anti-supernaturalism and categorizing the book as apocryphal genre can contribute toward a tendency to see the book as hyperbole or a veiled political document. We’ve also discussed the importance of how symbols are interpreted and the importance of meaning for a proper interpretation to result. We also mentioned attacks upon the authority of the book by way of questioning its apostolic authorship and acceptance into the canon. All of these aspects are brought together in the topic at hand: the various systems of interpretation through which the text of the book is understood.

Ice identifies the major approaches to interpreting prophecy which are typically found when studying the book of Revelation:

There are four approaches to interpreting prophecy, and all related to time: past, present, future, and timeless. These are known as preterism (past), historicism (present), futurism (future), and idealism (timeless).¹

We would add a fifth approach known as eclectic (mixed).

Systems of Interpretation Compared

Name | Time Period | Revelation Chapters 4-19
Preterism | past | Describes the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70 or the fall of Rome in A.D. 476.
Historicism | present | Describes major events of Christian history spanning from John’s time to the Second Coming of Christ.
Futurism | future | Describes a future period prior to the Second Coming of Christ.
Idealism | timeless | Describes spiritual truths. Good will eventually prevail over evil. Readers are encouraged in their current trials.
Ecclectic | mixed | Typically favors idealism while borrowing some elements from other systems.

Each “system of interpretation” approaches the text with a different set of presuppositions and necessarily derives a different understanding of the meaning conveyed by the book. Here is the source of the primary “confusion” over the book and why so many despair of grasping its contents. Not only are there a number of major interpretive systems applied to the book, but within each system there is a certain amount of variation in understanding the secondary features of the text. The amount of interpretive variation within each interpretive system ranges from relatively little (futurist) to large and substantial (historicist, idealist, eclectic).²

In keeping with the previously stated Golden Rule of Interpretation, we believe that the Futurist Interpretation is the correct approach to understanding the book of Revelation. It results in the most consistent understanding among practitioners of any one system and has the benefit of being applicable across the entire body of Scripture from Genesis to Revelation. It also has the advantage of being the normal way most people read throughout the day and is as equally applicable to understanding a breakfast menu as an owner’s manual for an automobile.

When we use literal interpretation, we retain the eschatological worldview of the contemporaries of Jesus and the New Testament:

The Dead Sea Scrolls offer to us a window into the eschatological worldview of Jesus and the New Testament. Their eschatology followed a literal interpretation of prophetic texts and a numerological calculation of temporal indicators in judgment and pronouncements, and understood a postponement of the final age, while not abandoning their hope of it. In many ways their eschatology was not dissimilar from modern Christian premillennialism and reveals that as a system of interpretation, premillennialism is more closely aligned to the first-century Jewish context than competing eschatological systems. [emphasis added]³

Our treatment of the book will make mention of alternative interpretations at important junctures, but to attempt to mention them all would only lead to hopeless confusion and a commentary spanning thousands of pages which might never be completed! “It is nearly impossible to consider all the interpretive options offered by people holding the other three views.”⁴

Nevertheless, it is important to understand each of the popular systems in order to grasp how widely different results can be derived from the identical text.

2.12.1 - The Importance of Interpretation

The importance of having an objective guide to interpret the text can be seen in the following comments of Gregg who has taught the book of Revelation over a considerable period of time. “Over the next decade, I found myself favoring first one view and then another as I became aware of the merits of each.”⁵ “Revelation was written to be understood and to confer a blessing upon its readers, . . . Some readers may be curious about my own approach to the book of Revelation. It is not my desire to showcase my own opinions (which have changed a number of times and may do so again in the future) . . . ” [emphasis added]⁶

When those who purport to guide the inexperienced shift between the major interpretive views, is it any wonder many despair of ever understanding this book? The adverse effects of a waffling teacher upon his students is surely one of the reasons why teachers will receive greater judgment (Jas. 3:1). “Many are told that scholars themselves are woefully divided as to the meaning of this prophecy. And if godly men who study God’s Word cannot figure out its meaning, how can the average Christian? With such a comprehensive and interpretive mountain to climb, Revelation unfortunately remains a closed book to many people.”⁷

If experienced teachers are so unsure about how to approach the text that they admit they may be teaching quite different conclusions to the next batch of students who follow their guidance, how valuable can such guidance be in the first place? Such an approach denies the perspicuity of Scripture and the stated intention God gives for the book (Rev. 1:1+, 3+)!

Gregg’s words above underscore the importance of being consistent in one’s system of interpretation. If one is unsure about the principles underlying how to read and understand the text, then confusion and lack of conviction are sure to be the result. This can hardly result in the blessing promised by God (Rev. 1:3+).

Since every interpreter makes a commitment, implicitly if not explicitly, to a particular system of interpretation, it is important to recognize errors which result when any one of the systems is taken to an unbiblical extreme:

A return to the Biblical text is the only recourse in this strife of opposing theories. The truth in each [interpretive system] is drawn from its accord with the statements of Revelation; the error in each arises from an overextension of the truth or from an exaggeration of some one interest.⁸

In the treatment of interpretive systems which follows, considerably more space is devoted to describing the preterist system. Although it is our view that only the futurist interpretation properly reflects the intended meaning of the text and that the other views are to be faulted in their departure from literal hermeneutics, we spend extra time on preterism because of its seeming rise in popularity at the time of our writing. It is our hope to expose the major shortcomings of the approach so that some who might have been swayed by its teachings are better able to discern the dangers.

For an excellent chart by Daniel Atkin, Robert Sloan, and Craig Blaising summarizing and comparing the views of the different interpretive systems with respect to the book of Revelation, see [Trent C. Butler, Chad Brand, Charles Draper, and Archie England, eds., Broadman and Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary (Nashville, TN: Broadman and Holman Publishers, 2003), s.v. “Revelation”].

2.12.2 - Preterist Interpretation

The term “preterism” is based on the Latin preter, which means “past.” Preterism understands certain eschatological passages which are yet future as having already been fulfilled. All biblical interpreters understand that certain prophecies have been fulfilled, but preterists differ in that they interpret a greater portion of Scripture as already having come to pass. There are different types of preterism resulting from differences in views as to which passages have been fulfilled and what events they were “fulfilled” by.

2.12.2.1 - Types of Preterism

Mild or partial preterism holds that most of the prophecies of Revelation were fulfilled in either the fall of Jerusalem (A.D. 70) or the fall of the Roman Empire (A.D. 476), but the Second Coming of Christ is yet future. This form of preterism is orthodox and is the most frequent view encountered in our day.

Moderate preterism has become, in our day, mainstream preterism. Today it appears to be the most widely held version of preterism. Simply put, moderates see almost all prophecy as fulfilled in the A.D. 70 destruction of Jerusalem, but they also believe that a few passages still teach a yet future second coming (Acts 1:9-11; 1Cor. 15:51-53; 1Th. 4:16-17) and the resurrection of believers at Christ’s bodily return. . . . In addition to R.C. Sproul, some well-known moderate preterists include Kenneth L. Gentry, Jr., Gary DeMar, and the late David Chilton (who converted to full preterism after all his books were published).¹⁰

Full, extreme, or consistent preterism holds that all the prophecies of Revelation are already fulfilled, that we are currently living spiritually in the “new heavens and new earth” and denies a future bodily return of Jesus. Full or consistent preterism is heretical.

Extreme or full preterists view themselves as “consistent” preterists. . . . Extreme preterists believe that “the second coming MUST HAVE already occurred, since it was one of the things predicted in the O.T. which had to be fulfilled by the time Jerusalem was destroyed” . . . This means there will never be a future second coming, for it already occurred in A. D. 70. Further, there will be no bodily resurrection of believers, which is said to have occurred in A.D. 70 in conjunction with the second coming. Full preterists believe that we now have been spiritually resurrected and will live forever with spiritual bodies when we die. . . . Full preterists say . . . we are now living in what we would call the eternal state or the new heavens and new earth of Revelation 21+-22+. Champions of this view include the originator of full preterism, . . . J. Stuart Russell . . . Max R. King and his son, Tim . . . David Chilton . . . Ed Stevens, Don K. Preston, John Noe, and John L. Bray.¹¹

Although mild (partial) preterism is considered orthodox, full (extreme, consistent) preterism denies the bodily Second Coming of Christ and so is outside of orthodoxy. While one is most likely to encounter the mild preterist view in reading commentaries on the book of Revelation, one should be aware of the tendency of mild or partial preterism to develop into full or consistent preterism, thus crossing the line between orthodoxy and heresy. “Extreme preterism is sometimes known as ‘consistent preterism’ because it consistently applies the principles of preterism to all prophecy. If moderate preterists were consistent, they unavoidably would be extreme preterists, and would have to deny the reality of the eternal state.”¹²

Since full (extreme, consistent) preterism is heretical and less frequently encountered, we will focus primarily upon mild (moderate, partial) preterism which seems to be increasingly popular in our day.

In its approach to the book of Revelation, partial preterism divides into two primary views concerning what events are foretold by the book: “Preterists hold that the major prophecies of the book were fulfilled either in the fall of Jerusalem (AD 70) or the fall of Rome (AD 476).”¹³ “The second form of preterist interpretation holds that Revelation is a prophecy of the fall of the Roman Empire, ‘Babylon the Great,’ the persecutor of the saints, in the fifth century A.D. The purpose of the book is to encourage Christians to endure because their persecutors assuredly will be judged.”¹⁴

2.12.2.2 - The Motivations of Preterism

Although all preterists insist that their view of Scripture is the best way to understand and explain the text, it is useful to understand that some preterists are influenced in their tendency to interpret future passages as having been already fulfilled by a variety of motives. One motive is to respond to the criticism of skeptics who have pointed out that Jesus’ promises to come soon have not yet materialized. Preterists believe that their view that Jesus has come in a “spiritual way” prior to A.D. 70 vindicates the Bible in the eyes of such skeptics (e.g., Bertrand Russell). But tailoring interpretation to favor non-believers is unlikely to win them to Christ.

Do preterists think that Bertrand Russell, or anyone else who is antagonistic to the Christian faith, is going to be convinced that the Bible is God’s Word by arguing that Jesus came in A.D. 70? A preterist coming [of Christ] is a pathetic coming. It does no honor. . . to the integrity of Scripture. The substitutionary atonement of Christ, the Trinitarian nature of the Godhead, and many other [doctrines], are all truths that come from Scripture, but also truths that invite the attack of agnostics, atheists, humanists, and secularists. Why is it, when we come to prophecy, that suddenly we must tailor our interpretation to suit non-believers?¹⁵

As we have previously mentioned, there is also the motivation to remove what appears to be a coming global judgment out of the path of Christian reconstructionism and dominion. How are Christians to be motivated to convert the governmental institutions of the world through political action if the book of Revelation, understood in a normal way, seems to describe an unparalleled time of persecution and global catastrophe in divine response by God to global apostasy on the part of the nations?

[Gentry] associates cultural defeatism and retreatist pietism with assigning a late date to Revelation and wants to date the book before A.D. 70 so as to have biblical support for the implementation of long-term Christian cultural progress and dominion. This probably reflects his basic motivation for the early dating of Revelation: a desire for an undiluted rationale to support Christian social and political involvement.¹⁶

If it is not practical to undermine the authority of the book, then the next best thing is to reinterpret its teachings in a way which sweeps its predictive revelation aside. This is accomplished within preterism by moving the future back to the past.¹⁷

But how could what appears to be a global time of unparalleled trouble (Dan. 12:1; Jer. 30:7; Mat. 24:21; Mark 13:19; Rev. 3:10+; 7:14+) be moved from the future to the past? The way preterism accomplishes this shift is to explain that the book’s description of a coming time of tribulation involving Babylon and the earth dwellers is actually a veiled description of God’s wrath being poured out on Jerusalem and the Jews in the destruction of Jerusalem by Rome in A.D. 70.

The Preterist will be glad to remind the futurist that the opening verses of Revelation chapter one indicate a first-century fulfillment: “The Revelation of Jesus Christ, which God gave unto him, to shew unto his servants things which must shortly come to pass. . . for the time is at hand” (Rev. 1:1+, 3+). For the preterist, the book of Revelation was written around A.D. 68 and it has the same focus as the Olivet Discourse: some impending disaster in the immediate future that will affect the ancient Roman world. What might that be? Preterists unanimously point to the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70.¹⁸

The events of the book are understood as describing this time period, localized to the events of Rome and the Mediterranean, and during which Nero (most commonly) occupies the role of the Beast of Revelation 13+. In the destruction of Jerusalem, the Jewish state finds its ultimate judgment and complete rejection while the blessings of the kingdom are transferred to the “New Israel,” the Church. Never mind that John uses completely different terms to describe the primary recipients of God’s wrath, the preterist manages to maneuver Israel into place as the recipient of God’s judgment. “ ‘The preterist perspective . . . sees . . . Babylon the Great’ represent[ing] apostate Israel, who aids Rome in oppressing Christians. Accordingly, part of the purpose of the book is to encourage Christians that their Jewish persecutors will be judged for their apostasy and to assure the readers that they are now the true Israel.”¹⁹ The preterist identifies the Beast of Revelation with pagan Rome which Daniel sees as the object of final judgment, but then insists that it is apostate Israel that is the focus of God’s judgment in the book of Revelation.²⁰

Although many preterists are devout, conservative, and orthodox in their views, the preterist system of interpretation has also attracted liberal and neo-orthodox interpreters who tend to view the Scriptures as a textbook for sociological progress and minimize its supernatural and judgmental elements.²¹

In summary, preterism is often fueled by several underlying motivations: First, a desire to move the time of tribulation described by the book of Revelation from the future into the past. This removes a major stumbling block to the view of Dominion Theology as embraced by Christian reconstructionists that all the world’s institutions will eventually come under the sway of Christianity through the worldwide dissemination and progression of the gospel. Second, a desire to reinterpret the many passages in both OT and NT which speak of a future time of restoration and blessing involving the nation Israel as applying to the Church. Israel’s rejection of Messiah Jesus is seen as an irrecoverable error necessitating the replacement of Israel by the Church as the spiritual inheritor of previous promises to Israel.²² Third, an attempt to interpret Scripture in a way which minimizes the objections of skeptics. Fourth, a desire on the part of more liberal preterists to avoid taking predictive prophesy as supernatural and descriptive of events to come.

2.12.2.3 - The Beginning of Preterism

As will become evident in our discussion of the futurist system of interpretation, the early church was not preterist in its outlook.

Dr. Henry Alford summarized the early history of preterism this way: “The Praeterist view found no favour, and was hardly so much as thought of, in the times of primitive Christianity. Those who lived near the date of the book itself had no idea that its groups of prophetic imagery were intended merely to describe things then passing, and to be in a few years completed.”²³

Justin Martyr (c. 100-165), who would have been in a position to know believers who had lived through the events of Nero and the fall of Jerusalem, knows nothing of preterism:

Justin Martyr . . . certainly knew many believers who had lived through the events of A.D. 70. He also clearly regarded the second coming of Christ as a future event. . . . Justin, who could not have written much more than fifty years after the destruction of Jerusalem, still saw a future fulfillment of both the Tribulation prophecies and the return of Christ in glory. [emphasis added]²⁴

The Didache or Teaching of the Twelve (dated as early as A.D. 70 or soon thereafter) evidences a futurist interpretation of the Olivet Discourse, one of the favorite passages frequently used in support of the preterist view.²⁵

Most cite the Spanish Jesuit Alcasar, who died in 1614, as the first real preterist.²⁶ Even then, his development of a preterist interpretation is seen to be in response to the Reformers having identified Babylon with the Roman church and a need to provide an alternative understanding:

[Alcazar’s] work was not free from controversial bias. The Reformers had identified Babylon with the Roman church, and had succeeded in making the Revelation a powerful controversial weapon in their favor. In order to offset this interpretation, Alcazar attempted to show that Revelation had no application to the future. [emphasis added]²⁷

Tenney puts his finger on the heart-beat of preterism. The same motivation fueled Alcasar as modern preterists: a desire to show that what God appears to have predicted concerning the future is in fact not coming upon the earth. It is our conviction that preterism is helping to lay the groundwork to undermine the predictions of the book of Revelation so that a future apostate Church lacks an understanding of the anti-Christ role it occupies prior to His return.

It seems that the further we get from the events of John’s day, the more popular it becomes to understand events of his day as having “fulfilled” the predictions of the book of Revelation. But what is especially troubling about this trend is that evidence seems totally lacking that those much closer to the events and culture of John’s day had any notion of the preterist perspective:²⁸

If the preterist contention that the prophecies of the Olivet Discourse and Revelation were fulfilled in the first century is true, then why is there no evidence that the early church understood these prophecies in this way? . . . There is zero indication, from known, extant writings, that anyone understood the New Testament prophecies from a preterist perspective.²⁹

2.12.2.4 - Hermeneutics of Preterism

Although a full discussion of the hermeneutics of preterism is beyond the scope of our purpose here, it is helpful to understand some key aspects concerning how preterists approach the interpretation of Scripture in general, and the book of Revelation in particular.

The hermeneutics of preterism places great emphasis on all passages which convey the notion of “soon” or could be understood as teaching that certain events should have occurred near to the time of the New Testament.

The preterist system of interpretation involves a “slippery slope” where some so-called “time texts” are said to have already been fulfilled (Rev. 1:3+; 2:16+; 3:11+), whereas other equivalent time texts are left as possibly future (e.g., Rev. 22:20+). The “slippery slope” begins with mild preterism, and leads toward full (extreme) preterism which denies the Second Coming of Christ (heresy). The basic tension preterism has is if some of the passages which state that Jesus’ coming is “near” must indicate His return within the generation that heard these statements, then why not all such passages? Yet if this view is applied to all such passages consistently (the view of consistent preterism), then passages such as Revelation 22:20+, “Surely, I am coming quickly,” which an overwhelming number of commentators hold to refer to His physical, bodily return, must also have been fulfilled and so all of Jesus’ promises about His Second Coming must have already occurred. The problem here is that the preterist approach denies the doctrine of imminency. (See our discussion of Imminency.)

Preterists believe in the doctrine of imminency, but deny that passages which teach the any-moment return of Christ have in view His literal Second Coming. “Our study of the New Testament is drastically off-course if we fail to take into account the apostolic expectation of an imminent Coming of Christ (not the Second Coming) which would destroy ‘this generation’ of Israel and fully establish the New Covenant Church.”³⁰ But Scripture teaches that the any-moment coming of Jesus is not just a symbolic “cloud coming” of preterism which is neither discernible by the skeptical world nor by His Church,³¹ rather, He may come at any moment to gather the Church to Himself (John 14:1-3; 1Th. 4:13-18; 1Cor. 15:51-53).

So one thing to notice concerning the hermeneutics of mild preterism is its inconsistent treatment of passages concerning the coming of Christ. It tends to place as many Second Coming passages in the past as possible, taking care not to post-date passages which are especially germane to Christ’s bodily Second Coming and risk falling into the heresy of full preterism. This is what happened with the late David Chilton. His commentary on the book of Revelation, written while a mild preterist, takes Revelation 22:6-7+ as having been fulfilled in the first-century.³² Eventually he came to believe that all Second Coming passages found their fulfillment in the first century and became a full preterist, denying a future bodily return of Christ.

It seems that more and more preterists are becoming hyperpreterists. . . . [mild preterism’s view] opens the door for people to move into the heretical position of hyper-preterism. . . . we have already seen the late David Chilton take this route. Walt Hibbard, the former owner of Great Christian Books (previously known as Puritan and Reformed Book Company), once a reconstructionist, moved from partial to full preterism. . . . Once a person accepts the basic tenets of preterism, it is hard to stop and resist the appeal to preterize all Bible prophecy.³³

Most preterists stop short of allegorizing away the bodily return of Christ (the error of hyper-preterism). But it is frankly hard to see how any preterist could ever give a credible refutation of hyper-preterism from Scripture, given the fact that the hermeneutical approach underlying both views is identical. Hyper-preterists simply apply the preterist method more consistently to all New Testament prophecy.³⁴

The preterist interpreter views all prophetic passages through a set of glasses which require that nearly all time indicators such as “soon,” “quickly,” “near,” “at hand,” etc. be understood as having had a first century fulfillment. As we mentioned above, for the preterist who holds to a yet future literal bodily return of Christ, there are at least some passages concerning His return which do not have a first-century fulfillment (e.g., Rev. 22:20+). The problem for the preterist then becomes one of determining which passages teach an imminent return which he will allow to stretch out for nearly 2000 years like the futurist, and which to assert as being already fulfilled by a non-physical cloud coming of Christ. For wherever a “time text” is associated with the return of Jesus which the preterist believes requires a first-century fulfillment, an invisible, spiritual coming of Christ “must” have occurred. But this gets tricky because non-literal, invisible “comings” are a dime a dozen—being impossible to objectively validate since there are no witnesses.³⁵ Here is the Achilles Heel of the preterist hermeneutic: when and when not to “go spiritual” in understanding a passage.

While the initial dilemma is restricted mostly to Second Coming passages, it soon extends outward to a myriad of prophetic predictions because in order to find a first-century fulfillment to the many details which Scripture has revealed as yet future, the preterist is forced into searching historic documents in a sort of “newspaper exegesis after-the-fact” to find some event or persona who has a similarity to the Scriptural text.

Preterists search first century “newspapers” to see what events fit in with their scheme of first-century fulfillment. Though futurists are often charged with practicing “newspaper exegesis,” preterists are the real masters of the art. Interestingly, for the preterist, the closer we move to the time of the Lord’s physical return, the farther we get from the events they believe are indicated in the book of Revelation.³⁶

Sometimes a similar event or persona is found, although never one that fulfills the details of the text for a careful reader. Other times the record of history is unable to produce. This eventuates a symbolic interpretation or spiritualization of the text because some prophetic events are completely lacking a first-century analog. Thus enters another characteristic of preterist interpretation: a flipping back and forth between taking the text literally or symbolically:

The biggest problem with the preterist position is the lack of consistent hermeneutics. They work hard to find historical evidence of [literal] prophetic fulfillment in the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70. Any time an event described in a prophecy cannot be linked to an actual historical event, preterists immediately resort to a symbolic interpretation of the text. . . . What are the criteria for taking something literally? When does something become symbolic?³⁷

Preterists are inconsistent when they interpret Revelation’s numbers. On the one hand, they interpret the numbers 42 (Revelation 13:5+), 666 (Revelation 13:8+), and 1+, 5+, and 7+ (Revelation 17:10+) in a straightforward, literal fashion. On the other hand, preterists contend that the numbers 1,000, 12,000, and 144,000 are purely symbolic.³⁸

The preterist hermeneutic is like a vehicle with two gears. The route along the text proceeds in first gear (literal interpretation) until a “bump” appears in the road (lack of historic fulfillment). Then the preterist shifts to second gear (symbolic or figurative interpretation) to get over the bump before dropping back into first gear.

Since preterism sees almost all of the book of Revelation as having already been fulfilled in the past, it holds that nearly the entire book is focused solely on the readership of John’s day.³⁹ One wonders how many first-time readers of the book of Revelation who arrive without any special bias would reach the following conclusion of preterism?

The Book of Revelation is not about the Second Coming of Christ. It is about the destruction of Israel and Christ’s victory over His enemies in the establishment of the New Covenant Temple. In fact, as we shall see, the word coming as used in the book of Revelation never refers to the Second Coming. Revelation prophesies the judgment of God on apostate Israel. [emphasis added]⁴⁰

2.12.2.5 - Damaging God’s Word

There are so many problems and dangers associated with preterism, it is difficult to know how to enumerate them. Here we will touch on our main concerns regarding this system of interpretation and the damage it does to God’s Word:

A Denial of Predictive Prophecy - Preterism removes the capstone of God’s written revelation. The last book of the Bible no longer includes information covering the entire sway of history through the physical Second Coming of Christ, but has largely spent its significance as a historical document concerning events over 1900 years ago involving Rome and Israel. All that remains is a hazy notion that somehow the eternal state must be what we are experiencing on earth now.⁴¹

A Denial of Global Judgment - Preterism localizes the book of Revelation making it nearly impossible to see how God could have described events truly global and future if that had been His intent.⁴²

A Denial of Reality - If we are in the new heavens and new earth of Revelation 21+-22+ as preterists would have us believe, then Scripture means nothing. Either that, or we need to begin embracing a dualistic view of reality which denies our common senses, similar to that of Christian Science. The transition set forth in the creation of a new heavens and a new earth and a complete removal of the curse of Genesis is simply not evident to any objective observer. If this is the new heavens, Jesus was a charlatan.⁴³ Moreover, it would be news to most people in the world that the decisive victory of Satan portrayed in the book of Revelation has already been accomplished.⁴⁴

A Blurring of Canonical Boundaries - Preterism majors on searching first-century non-canonical writings for “fulfillments” to predictive prophecy. The results are predictable. Teaching and writing by preterists invariably draws almost as heavily from non-canonical writings (the “fulfillments”) as Scripture (the predictions). We have witnessed the effects of this blurring of the boundary of the canon firsthand, especially on new untaught believers. The result is the elevation of faulty historic writings and the denigration of inerrant Scripture. There is also the danger of pointing inexperienced believers to errant and uninspired apocryphal and historical writings as the main diet in the place of God’s Holy Word.⁴⁵

A Denial of the Imminent Second Coming - As more and more passages dealing with Christ’s return are interpreted as first-century “cloud comings,” the imminent expectation of His Second Coming, so central to the expectation of the New Testament, fades. Commenting on the writing of commentaries, preterist Chilton observes, “Indeed, if my eschatology is correct, the Church has many more years left to write many more words!” [emphasis added]⁴⁶ So much for an expectation of the imminent return of our Lord!

2.12.3 - Idealist Interpretation

Mounce and Osborne provide a good summary of the idealist approach to interpreting the book of Revelation

Its proponents hold that Revelation is not to be taken in reference to any specific events at all but as an expression of those basic principles on which God acts throughout history. . . . The idealist approach continues the allegorical interpretation which dominated exegesis throughout the medieval period and still finds favor with those inclined to minimize the historical character of the coming consummation. . . . Its weakness lies in the fact that it denies to the book any specific historical fulfillment.⁴⁷

This popular approach argues that the symbols do not relate to historical events but rather to timeless spiritual truths. . . . As such, it relates primarily to the church between the advents, that is, between Christ’s first and second comings. Thus it concerns the battle between God and evil and between the church and the world at all times in church history. . . . The millennium in this approach is not a future event but the final cycle of the book . . . describing the church age.⁴⁸

By employing allegorical interpretation, the book is reduced to a symbolic exhibition of good versus evil. “The more moderate form of allegorical interpretation, following Augustine, . . . regards the book of Revelation as presenting in a symbolic way the total conflict between Christianity and evil or, as Augustine put it, the City of God versus the City of Satan.”⁴⁹

Idealists have much in common with preterists in that they avoid an understanding of the book of Revelation which would seem to be describing future events. Here again, there is an overemphasis on the readers of John’s day, as if the book were only written to describe historic events of their time and hold devotional value for those that follow:

Its flaw is not so much in what it affirms as in what it denies. Many idealists could be classed as preterists, since they hold that the imagery of the Apocalypse is taken from its immediate world, and that the prevailing conditions of Domitian’s reign are reflected in the symbolic episodes that fill its pages. They refuse to assign to them any literal historical significance for the future, and they deny all predictive prophecy except in the most general sense of the ultimate triumph of righteousness. “The problem with this alternative is that it holds that Revelation does not depict any final consummation to history, whether in God’s final victory or in a last judgment of the realm of evil.”⁵¹ ⁵⁰

Idealist Calkins summarizes idealism in five propositions:

1) It is an irresistible summons to heroic living. 2) The book contains matchless appeals to endurance. 3) It tells us that evil is marked for overthrow in the end. 4) It gives us a new and wonderful picture of Christ. 5) The Apocalypse reveals to us the fact that history is in the mind of God and in the hand of Christ as the author and reviewer of the moral destinies of men.⁵²

Thus, the capstone of biblical revelation, chock full of self-proclaimed prophetic relevance, is reduced to something akin to a devotional.⁵³

Idealism also suffers from an inconsistency of interpretation where small sections are interpreted literally, but then the interpreter reverts back to symbolism and allegory. There is no clear or consistent means for determining when this shift should occur. A fundamental mistake is made when the fact that John is receiving revelation through a series of visions is seen as license to hold that John’s communication is something less than logically coherent.

They have John in a sort of “dream world” until their personally contrived formula has him revert to a literal mode of predicting the future in more precise terms. To be sure, the bulk of the Apocalypse resulted from John’s prophetic trance(s) . . . (Rev. 1:10+; 4:2+; 17:3+; 21:10+). There is, however, no justification for equating such a trance with a dream where logical coherence is nonexistent. Though in some sort of ecstatic state, John’s spirit was wide awake and its powers were exercised with unusual alertness and clarity.⁵⁴

In our view, the idealist interpretation has only one aspect to commend it: an appreciation of the value of the realities recorded in the book of Revelation to all the people of God throughout history. Especially to those who face great trials, persecution, or even martyrdom. With this, we wholeheartedly agree. In almost every other way, we oppose the idealist interpretation because it violates the Golden Rule of Interpretation and makes an accurate historical understanding of the events God has revealed almost impossible.

The bankruptcy of this approach is best illustrated by the huge variation in the interpretive results of its practitioners. If the idealist interpretation is the correct one, then the true meaning of the book of Revelation cannot be reliably determined. But then perhaps it would not matter if the book were given only to inspire the saints!

2.12.4 - Historicist Interpretation

The historicist system of interpretation understands the book of Revelation as setting forth the major events of Christian history spanning the time of John until the present.⁵⁵ “Historicist interpreters generally see Revelation as predicting the major movements of Christian history, most of which have been fulfilled up to the time of the commentator.”⁵⁶ “Proponents of this method have tended to take Rev. 2+-19+, including the seals, trumpets, and bowls as well as the interludes, as prophetic of salvation history, that is, the development of church history within world history.”⁵⁷ This view has also been called the continuist view.⁵⁸

The beginning of historicism has been attributed to Joachim of Fiore (12th century) or Nicolas of Lyra (died 1340).

This approach began with Joachim of Fiore in the twelfth century. He claimed that a vision had told him the 1,260 days of the Apocalypse prophesied the events of Western history from the time of the apostles until the present. The Franciscans followed Joachim and like him interpreted the book relating to pagan Rome and the papacy (due to corruption in the church). Later the Reformers . . . also favored this method, with the pope as the Antichrist.⁵⁹

Nicolas of Lyra (teacher of theology at Paris, died 1340) . . . Abandoning the theory of recapitulation, he finds in the course of the book prediction of a continuous series of events from the apostolic age to the final consummation. The seals refer to the period extending into the reign of Domitian; in the later parts are predicted the Arian and other heresies, the spread of Mohammedism, Charlemagne, the Crusades, and other historical details.⁶⁰

The historicist view has been the interpretive approach of numerous well-known individuals: Albert Barnes, Bengel, Elliott, Martin Luther, Joseph Mede, Isaac Newton, Vitringa, William Whiston, and John Wycliffe.⁶¹ See Ice for a summary of historicist interpretation of Revelation 6+-19+ (that of Albert Barnes).⁶²

One of the problems the historicist view encounters is that the events of the book of Revelation appear to be clustered within a relatively short time period (Rev. 11:2-3+; 12:6+, 14+; 13:5+). In order to apply this period to history from the time of John to that of the interpreter, the 1260 days of the time period are understood as “prophetic days” and interpreted as years

The principal difficulty in the way was to dispose of the predictions which limited the final stage of Antichrist’s career to forty-two months, or twelve hundred sixty days. This was accomplished by what is known as the “year-day” theory, which regards each of the 1260 days as “prophetic days,” that is, as 1260 years, and thus sufficient room was afforded to allow for the protracted history of Roman Catholicism.⁶³

A variation on this approach was to use the 2,300 days of Daniel 8:14 to arrive at yet a longer period of time.⁶⁴

One of the primary motives behind the full development of historicism was a desire to interpret the book of Revelation as an anti-Roman Catholic polemic where the Beast was seen as denoting the pope and the papacy. This suited the needs of the enemies of the “Babylonish” papacy, especially during the Reformation. “This method of interpreting the book of Revelation achieved considerable stature in the Reformation because of its identification of the pope and the papacy with the beasts of Revelation 13+. Thiessen lists Wycliffe, Luther, Joseph Mede, Sir Isaac Newton, William Whiston, Elliott, Vitringa, Bengel, and Barnes as adherents of this approach.”⁶⁵ Pink sees historicism and its anti-pope focus as being a key contributor to the rise of postmillennialism

The dominant view which has been held by Protestants since the time of the Reformation is that the many predictions relating to the Antichrist describe, instead, the rise, progress, and doom of the papacy. This mistake has led to others, and given rise to the scheme of prophetic interpretation which has prevailed throughout Christendom. When the predictions concerning the Man of Sin were allegorized, consistency required that all associated and collateral predictions should also be allegorized, and especially those which relate to his doom, and the kingdom which is to be established on the overthrow of his power. When the period of his predicted course was made to measure the whole duration of the papal system, it naturally followed that the predictions of the associated events should be applied to the history of Europe from the time that the Bishop of Rome became recognized as the head of the Western Churches. It was, really, this mistake of Luther and his contemporaries in applying to Rome the prophecies concerning the Antichrist which is responsible, we believe, for the whole modern system of post-millennialism.⁶⁶

Historicism suffers with idealism in the variety of interpretations which arise from its proponents

Elliott, in his Horae Apocalypticae, holds that the trumpets (Rev. 8:6+-9:21+) cover the period from A.D. 395 to A.D. 1453, beginning with the attacks on the Western Roman empire by the Goths and concluding with the fall of the Eastern empire to the Turks. The first trumpet was the invasion of the Goths under Alaric, who sacked Rome; the second was the invasion under Genseric, who conquered North Africa; the third was the raid of the Huns under Attila, who devastated central Europe. The fourth was the collapse of the empire under the conquest of Odoacer. The locusts of the fifth trumpet were the Moslem hordes that poured into the west between the sixth and eighth centuries, and the sixth judgment of the four angels bound at the Euphrates (Rev. 9:14+) was the growth and spread of the Turkish power.⁶⁷

This has led to endless speculation that is totally without biblical support. Identifications have included monks and friars as “locusts,” Muhammad as the “fallen star,” Alaric the Goth as the first trumpet, Elizabeth I as the first bowl, Martin Luther as the angel of Sardis, Adolf Hitler as the red horse.⁶⁸

The key problem for historicism is the need to constrain the events of the book of Revelation into the historic mold brought to the text by the interpreter. Since different interpreters give priority and attention to different historical events or geographical regions, the results predictably vary. Moreover, when the chain of events of the book mismatch those of the historic period, there is the need to leave literal interpretation for the flexibility of spiritual interpretation. Thus, an inconsistent interpretive approach results.⁶⁹ John Hendrik de Vries decries the historical method of interpretation: “It turns exegesis into an artful play of ingenuity.”⁷⁰

Historicism is not very popular today. This is partly because of its consistent failure to account for the actual events of history to our own time.⁷¹ The variation in results obtained by proponents has also been so great that it tends to invalidate the approach.⁷² Osborne lists a number of weaknesses of the system, including: (1) an identification only with Western Church history; (2) the inherent speculation involved in the parallels with world history;⁷³ (3) the fact that it must be reworked with each new period of world history.⁷⁴

The historicist position, . . . suffers from the inability of interpreters of this school to establish a specific verifiable criterion of judgment whereby positive identification for the fulfillment of specific prophecies can be proved to be historically fulfilled by specific events in world history, in historical instances of fulfillment to which most of the interpreters of this school could agree. The method requires the student of Revelation to go outside the Bible and seek for the fulfillment of predictions in the past events of world history, and to one not well taught in history the method is impossible to carry out, leaving the book of Revelation largely closed to the ordinary reader.⁷⁵

The historical interpreters differ so much among themselves that we may well ask, Which one of them are we to believe? It is this very diversity which has caused so many earnest students to put the Apocalypse aside in despair.⁷⁶

Modern advocates of historicism include the Seventh-Day Adventists and the followers of the late David Koresh of Waco, Texas.⁷⁷

2.12.5 - Futurist Interpretation

The approach to interpreting the book of Revelation which has gained perhaps the widest exposure of all systems of interpretation in recent times is the futurist interpretation. This is a result of a number of seminaries in the recent past which have championed a literal interpretative approach to all of Scripture within a framework which understands related Old Testament passages and promises involving Israel, and which distinguishes between Israel and the Church. The futurist interpretation is the basic interpretive framework behind the hugely popular Left Behind series of novels by authors Tim LaHaye and Jerry Jenkins.⁷⁸

Futurism derives from the consistent application of literal hermeneutics, the Golden Rule of Interpretation, across the entire body of Scripture, including the book of Revelation. Contrary to the claims of many of its critics, it is not an a priori view which is imposed on the text.⁷⁹ As evidenced by the testimony of the early Church, futurism is the most natural result of a plain reading of the text and the way that most unbiased readers would understand the book on their first reading.

Futurism gets its label from its refusal to see unfulfilled passages as having been fulfilled by approximately similar events in the past. Hence, it holds that many of the events in the book of Revelation await future fulfillment:

The futurist generally believes that all of the visions from Revelation 4:1+ to the end of the book are yet to be fulfilled in the period immediately preceding and following the second advent of Christ. The reason for the view is found in the comparison of Revelation 1:1+, 19+ and 4:1+.⁸⁰

Futurists see eschatological passages being fulfilled during a future time, primarily during the seventieth week of Daniel, at the second coming of Christ, and during the millennium. While all dispensationalists are futurists, not all futurists are dispensationalists. Futurists are also the most literal in their interpretation of prophecy passages. Dr. Tenney says: “The more literal an interpretation that one adopts, the more strongly will he be construed to be a futurist.”⁸¹

Osborne summarizes the two primary forms taken by futurism:⁸²

There are two forms of this approach, dispensationalism and what has been called “classic premillennialism.” Dispensationalists believe that God has brought about his plan of salvation in a series of dispensations or stages centering on his election of Israel to be his covenant people. Therefore, the church age is a parenthesis in this plan, as God turned to the Gentiles until the Jewish people find national revival (Rom. 11;25-32). At the end of that period, the church will be raptured, inaugurating a seven-year tribulation period in the middle of which the Antichrist will make himself known (Rev. 13+) and instigate the “great tribulation” . . . At the end of that period . . . Christ returns in judgment, followed by a literal millennium (Rev. 20:1-10+), great white throne judgment (Rev. 20:11-15+), and the beginning of eternity . . . Classical premillennialism is similar but does not hold to dispensations. Thus there is only one return of Christ, after the tribulation period (Mat. 24:29-31; cf. Rev. 19:11-21+) and it is the whole church, not just the nation of Israel, that passes through the tribulation period.⁸³

Futurism was undeniably the system of interpretation held by the majority in the early church. “Variations of this view were held by the earliest expositors, such as Justin Martyr (d.165), Irenaeus (d.c.195), Hippolytus (d.236), and Victorinus (d.c.303).”⁸⁴ Modern futurists wholeheartedly agree with the statement of Jerome, writing in A.D. 393: “John . . . saw . . . an Apocalypse containing boundless mysteries of the future”⁸⁵ As early as Irenaeus (130-200) and Hippolytus (170-236), basic futuristic concepts such as the remaining week of Daniel’s seventy weeks (see our discussion of related passages and themes) had already become evident:

When Knowles deals with the next major contributors—Irenaeus (130-200) and his disciple Hippolytus (170-236)—he describes their views as “undoubtedly the forerunners of the modern dispensational interpreters of the Seventy Weeks.” Knowles draws the following conclusion about Irenaeus and Hippolytus: “. . .we may say that Irenaeus presented the seed of an idea that found its full growth in the writings of Hippolytus. In the works of these fathers, we can find most of the basic concepts of the modern futuristic view of the seventieth week of Daniel ix. That they were dependent to some extent upon earlier material is no doubt true. Certainly we can see the influence of pre-Christian Jewish exegesis at times, but, by and large, we must regard them as the founders of the school of interpretation, and in this lies their significance for the history of exegesis.”⁸⁶

Because futurism is a result of literal hermeneutics (see below) and the early church was spared the damaging effects of allegorical interpretation, the early church also understood Scripture to teach a future, one-thousand-year reign of Christ on earth in fulfillment of OT promises of the Messianic Kingdom.⁸⁷ This was a widespread view among early interpreters:

[Justin Martyr] asserts that it teaches a literal Millennial Kingdom of the saints to be established in Jerusalem, and after the thousand years the general resurrection and judgment. . . . Irenaeus . . . finds in the book the doctrine of chiliasm, that is, of an earthly Millennial Kingdom. . . . Hippolytus is a chiliast . . . identifies . . . Antichrist, who was represented by Antiochus Epiphanes and who will come out of the tribe of Dan, will reign 3 1/2 years, persecuting the Church and putting to death the two Witnesses, the forerunners of the parousia (held to be Elijah and Enoch). . . . Victorinus . . . understands the Revelation in a literal, chiliastic, sense . . . The two witnesses are Elijah and Jeremiah; the 144,000 are Jews who in the last days will be converted by the preaching of Elijah . . . the false prophet, will cause the image of Antichrist to be set up in the temple at Jerusalem.⁸⁸

Notice that Victorinus, writing well in advance of modern futurists, but after the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70, sees the Temple of Revelation as being a future Temple, just like modern futurists.

Unfortunately, with the rise of allegorical interpretation and the opposition of the heresy of Montanism (which utilized an extravagant form of millennial teaching drawn from the book of Revelation),⁸⁹ the futurist view fell into disfavor, not to be seen in a favorable light again for over a thousand years.⁹⁰

During the Reformation, literal interpretation flourished in response to the allegorical methods employed throughout the Middle Ages by the Roman Church. However, the Reformers never fully extended literalism to prophetic passages and key Reformers did not fully appreciate the book of Revelation.

The primary fork in the road between futurism and all other systems of interpretation concerning the book of Revelation comes in the refusal of the futurist to be imprecise with the details of God’s revelation.⁹¹ For example, when a passage states that a man “performs great signs, so that he even makes fire come down from heaven on the earth in the sight of men” (Rev. 13:13+), the futurist expects fulfillment to involve: (1) a man; (2) performing great signs in a similar way that great signs were performed in the OT and by Christ in the gospels; (3) who calls down literal fire from literal heaven as was done in the OT; (4) viewed by other men. He then asks the simple question: Is there any reliable historic record of such an event since the time of John’s writing? The obvious answer is, “No!” Hence this event awaits future fulfillment. It really is that simple!

There is a strong connection between literal interpretation and futurism: “The more literal an interpretation that one adopts, the more strongly will he be construed to be a futurist.”⁹² Literal interpretation allows the text to speak for itself:⁹³

Critics frequently misrepresent futurism as if it places its entire emphasis on understanding the book of Revelation as applying to the future: “The futurist position especially encounters the difficulty that the book would have had no significant relevance for a first-century readership.” [emphasis added]⁹⁴

This is a major misunderstanding of the futurist position which holds that the early chapters of the book are specifically addressed to the then-existing churches in Asia Minor and fully appreciates the historical setting and contents of these passages. Moreover, futurism concurs with Swete that the events of the book of Revelation are relevant in every age as a great source of blessing and security for persecuted believers:

In the Epistle of the Churches of Vienne and Lyons, written in 177 to their brethren in Asia and Phrygia, which bears many signs of the use of the Apocalypse by the Christian societies of South Gaul during the troubles in the reign of Marcus Aurelius. . . . It is impossible to doubt that the roll which contained St John’s great letter to the parent Churches in Asia was often in the hands of the daughter Churches in Gaul, and perhaps accompanied the confessors to the prisons where they awaited the martyr’s crown.⁹⁵

The critics of futurism require complete primary relevance of the entire book for the readers of John’s own day. But those most closely associated with the culture and times of the readers evidence no such requirement! The witness of Justin Martyr and Irenaeus is especially important because they both had close association with the earliest Christians who would have been familiar with the times during which John wrote the book of Revelation. Even so, they fail to understand the events recorded in the book in the way in which preterists or idealists insist, but reflect the futurist view. Writing in the early 2nd century, they were much better positioned than we to understand the relevance of John’s message to their times! Are they to be accused of being guilty of making the book “irrelevant?”

The mistake being made is constraining the book of Revelation as if it had only a single purpose. No matter which view is taken, if one fails to understand the many purposes of the book, the interpretive result will be the lacking. Preterist Chilton remarks: “No Biblical writer ever revealed the future merely for the sake of satisfying curiosity: The goal was always to direct God’s people toward right action in the present. . . . The prophets told of the future only in order to stimulate godly living.” [emphasis added]⁹⁶ If Chilton were correct, then there would be little reason for prophecy to be predictive. The fact is, the prophets gave prophecy for more reasons than merely the stimulation of godly living. This was indeed an important reason, but not the only reason. The many fulfilled prophecies testifying to the identity of Jesus at His First Coming provide an abundant counter example to Chilton’s claim.

It is a misrepresentation of the futurist interpretation to assert that it denies the relevance of the text to the first-century readership. This is tantamount to saying that appreciating the prophetic predictions throughout Scripture essentially denies the relevance of the same passages to those who originally received them. The pattern of prophetic passages throughout Scripture is clearly one of both immediate local application and future prediction. Even in cases where there is no immediate local application by way of historical events (e.g., Isa. 53), the passages still contain inestimable worth to the original recipients in setting forth the will of God as well as inspirational value in the sure hope of what God will do in the future (Rom. 8:24-25). In the Apocalypse, this dual application of prophetic Scripture (both immediate/local and future/remote) is made explicit in the organizational framework set forth by Christ (Rev. 1:19+) and in the setting off of the seven epistles from the remaining material.

Other criticisms of futurism are manifestly silly. Gregg denies futurists the right to use the analogy of Scripture (Scripture interprets Scripture):

A major feature of the Tribulation expected by futurists is its seven-year duration, divided in the middle by the Antichrist’s violating a treaty he had made with Israel and setting up an image of himself in the rebuilt Jewish temple in Jerusalem. Yet none of these elements can be discovered from a literal interpretation of any passage in Revelation. . . . The futurist believes that Revelation 20+ describes a period of world peace and justice with Christ reigning on earth from Jerusalem, though no part of this description can be found in the chapter itself, taken literally. This observation does not mean that this futurist scenario cannot be true. But it must be derived by reading into the passages in Revelation features that are not plainly stated.⁹⁷

Gregg would have futurists interpret the book of Revelation as if it were delivered with no connection to existing prophetic information given by God. Never mind what the rest of Scripture has to say about Israel, Daniel’s seventy weeks, Jacob’s trouble, the Great Tribulation predicted by Jesus, or other matters. Those who attempt a comprehensive understanding of Scripture by bringing together everything God has said on related subjects are accused of “reading into” passages that which is simply not there!

Obviously, care needs to be exercised when connecting passages which seem to have related aspects, but if a good case can be made for a correlation, then the interpreter who fails in this synthesis is failing in his task before God. Chiding futurists who correlate the little horn of Daniel (Dan. 7:8), the man of sin of Paul (2Th. 2:3), and the Beast of Revelation (Rev. 13:1+) because of obvious and intentional similarities given in Scripture, but providing no sensible or profitable synthesis in its place is a pattern frequently demonstrated by critics. This is the primary reason why futurists can offer a systematic and detailed outline of eschatological events while the other systems fail to provide anything even remotely similar. It almost seems that the critics of futurism dislike the certainty and coherence it offers in its interpretation of prophecy. But if God supernaturally gave the inspired Scriptures through a single author (the Holy Spirit), why shouldn’t such coherence and correlation be expected?

To the futurist, the book of Revelation has relevancy to John, to the seven churches of Asia, to the Church throughout history, and to the saints all the way through the Second Coming of Christ and into the eternal state. Now that’s relevancy!

The book of Revelation is important to us because it portrays the world as a global village. Entering the twenty-first century, no better expression describes our earth and its people. Besides a mushrooming population, other factors are pushing all humanity together, such as an interlinking economy, jet age transportation, and satellite communications.⁹⁸

We believe in the futurist interpretation of the book of Revelation. This is because we are convinced of the Golden Rule of Interpretation as the key to properly understanding God’s Revelation. This is true of all written communication where the desire of the author is to convey a clear message rather than to puzzle or obscure). It is our conviction and experience that applying the Golden Rule from Genesis to Revelation will result in a futurist interpretation of Scripture and is the only reliable means of accurately knowing what God intended to the degree we may understand Him as His finite creatures.

2.12.6 - Ecclectic Interpretation

The final system of interpretation we discuss briefly is that of an eclectic interpretation. This system picks and chooses elements from each of the other interpretive systems and applies them at different places in the text. It is the ultimate “interpretive smorgasbord” whose proponents proclaim combines the best from each system. “The solution is to allow the preterist, idealist, and futurist methods to interact in such a way that the strengths are maximized and the weaknesses minimized.”⁹⁹ This sounds appealing and is in keeping with the trend towards diversity so prevalent in our day. Rather than struggle within the restrictive framework of any one system, why not “have them all?”

The answer, once again, is hermeneutics, hermeneutics, hermeneutics! Thomas identifies the Achilles Heel of the eclectic approach: “It leaves to human judgment the determination of where the details of a text end and its general picture begins. Allowing this liberty for subjective opinion cannot qualify as objective interpretation.”¹⁰⁰

One can’t simply combine the elements from disparate systems of interpretation, for they are often at odds with one another. Therefore, the subjectivity (a word to be avoided in interpretation) of the interpreter now rules over the choice of when to use which system. Obviously, different interpreters will make this decision differently across the text and the results will be as eclectic as the system itself. This, too, is a bad thing if you believe that God’s Word has one primary meaning which He desires all His saints to understand.

Taking one example from Beale:

Accordingly, no specific prophesied historical events are discerned in the book, except for the final coming of Christ to deliver and judge and to establish the final form of the kingdom in a consummated new creation—though there are a few exceptions to this rule. . . . ([e].g., Rev. 2:10+, 22+ and 3:9-10+, which are unconditional prophecies to be fulfilled imminently in the specific local churches of Smyrna, Thyatira, and Philadelphia).¹⁰¹

Here Beale arbitrarily and personally decides that “no specific prophesied historical events are discussed,” but then immediately makes equally arbitrary exceptions. And if things which are said to three of the seven churches can be held to be “unconditional prophecies,” why not the many other prophecies throughout the rest of the book? We submit that no two eclectic interpreters will make the same distinctions as to which portions of the text are to be treated historically, literally, symbolically, figuratively, or devotionally. Therefore, a reliable meaning cannot be derived from such an approach. This is not to say that futurists unanimously agree about the precise details of related matters, but it is easily demonstrated that they arrive at a much narrower variation in understanding—a cluster of “near hits” around the center of the target while the eclectic interpreters are scattered all over the target.

A growth in popularity of the eclectic interpretation is to be expected given our postmodern age, for the eclectic system of interpretation has much in common with it: First, the tendency to embrace all paths as being approximately equivalent; Second, the desire to avoid treating other views negatively; Third, the willingness to allow for a variety of interpretations of what truth is (your truth is your truth, my truth is my truth). The Word of God’s objective claim that there is a single path to truth undermines the claims of an eclectic approach much as it does the claims of postmodernism.

Those who advocate this view are often idealists who recognize some of the weaknesses of their system and desire to dabble in aspects of the other systems. The resulting interpretation is highly varied and idealistic in overall tone.

Notes

¹ Thomas Ice, “What Is Preterism?,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 18.

² The astute reader will recognize the smaller variation in the interpretive results of the futurist system as an implicit endorsement of its validity.

³ Randall Price, “Dead Sea Scrolls, Eschatology of the,” in Mal Couch, ed., Dictionary of Premillennial Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1996), 91.

⁴ John MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1999), 11.

⁵ Steve Gregg, Revelation Four Views: A Parallel Commentary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1997), 1.

⁶ Ibid., 4.

⁷ Mal Couch, “Why is Revelation Important?,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 16.

⁸ Merrill C. Tenney, Interpreting Revelation (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1957), 144.

⁹ Trent C. Butler, Chad Brand, Charles Draper, and Archie England, eds., Broadman and Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary (Nashville, TN: Broadman and Holman Publishers, 2003), s.v. “Revelation.”

¹⁰ Ice, “What Is Preterism?,” 22-23.

¹¹ Ibid., 23-24.

¹² Larry Spargimino, “How Preterists Misuse History to Advance their View of Prophecy,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 19.

¹³ Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977), 41.

¹⁴ Gregory K. Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1999), 45.

¹⁵ Spargimino, “How Preterists Misuse History to Advance their View of Prophecy,” 26-27.

¹⁶ Robert L. Thomas, “Theonomy and the Dating of Revelation,” in Richard L. Mayhue, ed., The Master’s Seminary Journal, vol. 5 (Sun Valley, CA: The Master’s Seminary, 1994), 187-188.

¹⁷ Idealism is also guilty of reinterpreting the book to avoid the obvious implications of a horrific time yet future coming upon the world.

¹⁸ Spargimino, “How Preterists Misuse History to Advance their View of Prophecy,” 9.

¹⁹ Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, 44.

²⁰ “The prophecies of Daniel 2 and 7 alluded to throughout the Apocalypse foresee a last judgment of the evil nations, not primarily of unbelieving Israel. Interestingly, these preterist interpreters identify the beast of Daniel 7 in Rev. 13:1+ff. with a pagan nation (Rome), which Daniel then sees as the object of final judgment. But then they identify apostate Israel elsewhere in the book as the main object of Daniel’s prophesied final judgment.”—Ibid.

²¹ “Since the preterist and idealist interpretations are not committed to predictive prophecy in Revelation, they tend chiefly to be advocated today by liberal or neo-orthodox interpreters. To them, Revelation is merely a statement of faith in sociological progress and the eventual triumph of a more equable world order.”—Henry Morris, The Revelation Record (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1983), 26. “The [preterist] view [is] held by a majority of contemporary scholars, not a few of whom are identified with the liberal interpretation of Christianity.”—Alan F. Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 13.

²² Regardless of statements by Paul to the contrary: Rom. 11:11-12.

²³ Thomas Ice, “The History of Preterism,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 45.

²⁴ John MacArthur, “Signs in the Sky,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 113.

²⁵ “The full text of The Didache was rediscovered little more than a hundred years ago, in a codex found in Constantinople in 1873. This document proves that those who actually lived through the events of A.D. 70 regarded Matthew 24:29-31—the entire Olivet Discourse—as yet-unfulfilled prophecy.”—Ibid., 112.

²⁶ “[A] Spanish Jesuit, Alcasar (died 1614), was the first to interpret the entire premillennial part of Revelation (chaps. 4-19) as falling totally within the age of the Apocalyptist and the centuries immediately following. . . . Alcasar was a thoroughgoing ‘preterist.’ ”—Mounce, The Book of Revelation, 40-41.

²⁷ Tenney, Interpreting Revelation, 136.

²⁸ Contrast the following statement with the claims of Gary North who writes in the publisher’s preface to Chilton: “[the preterist] viewpoint is an old one, stretching back to the early church.”—David Chilton, The Days of Vengeance (Tyler, TX: Dominion Press, 1987), xv.

²⁹ Ice, “The History of Preterism,” 39.

³⁰ Chilton, The Days of Vengeance, 575.

³¹ “The nature of the event has to do with a ‘Cloud Coming’ of Christ . . .”—Kenneth L. Gentry, Before Jerusalem Fell: Dating the Book of Revelation (Atlanta, GA: American Vision, 1998), 123.

³² “In case we might miss it, he says again, at the close of the book, that ‘the Lord, the God of the spirits of the prophets, sent His angel to show to His bond-servants the things which must shortly take place’ (Rev. 22:6+). Given the fact that one important proof of a true prophet lay in the fact that his predictions came true (Deu. 18:21-22), St. John’s first-century readers had every reason to expect his book to have immediate significance.”—Chilton, The Days of Vengeance, 42.

³³ Thomas Ice, “Some Practical Dangers of Preterism,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 426.

³⁴ MacArthur, “Signs in the Sky,” 111.

³⁵ Isn’t this the very reason why the Scriptures indicate the return of Jesus will be visible, global, and unmistakable?

³⁶ Spargimino, “How Preterists Misuse History to Advance their View of Prophecy,” 20.

³⁷ Gordon Franz, “Was ‘Babylon’ Destroyed when Jerusalem Fell in A.D. 70?,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 236.

³⁸ Andy Woods, “Revelation 13 and the First Beast,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 243.

³⁹ “[Preterists assume] that the book uses a future orientation not to describe future reality but to challenge the situation of the original readers. There are two main variations within preterist interpretation: those who see the book describing events leading to the predicted judgment of apostate Israel and the destruction of the Jewish Temple in A.D. 70 and those who understand its focus as describing the situation of the Christian church within the Roman Empire (the conflict between church and state).”—Grant R. Osborne, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2002), 1. Osborne mentions a third variation which has more in common with the idealist interpretation, providing “a spatial interaction between the earthly and the heavenly so as to give new meaning to the present situation.”—Ibid., 19.

⁴⁰ Chilton, The Days of Vengeance, 43.

⁴¹ “The preterist has an interpretation which has a firm pedestal, but which has no finished sculpture to place on it.”—Tenney, Interpreting Revelation, 144.

⁴² Concerning Revelation 10:11+ wherein John is told, “And he said to me, ‘You must prophesy again about many peoples, nations, tongues, and kings.’,” Chilton says, “St. John’s prophecy regarding the destruction of Israel and the establishing of the New Covenant will encompass the nations of the world. . . . John is to extend the proclamation of [the] Gospel to all nations.”—Chilton, The Days of Vengeance, 270. But this is a misreading of the text. The text states that what John will yet reveal in the book is about these global entities not to them. The passage has nothing to do with proclaiming the gospel, but everything to do with proclaiming the revelation which is being given to John which concerns these peoples, nations, tongues, and kings. The fact is, the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70 is just not that big of a deal to the modern man in Siberia and is not what is in view.

⁴³ “The city of God, described in the last chapters of the book, is obviously unrealized. Even if it be regarded as a symbol of some perfect state of human society, it has not yet been achieved. The preterist view simply does not account adequately for the claim of Revelation to be a prediction of the future.”—Tenney, Interpreting Revelation, 137.

⁴⁴ “The major problem with the preterist position is that the decisive victory portrayed in the latter chapters of the Apocalypse was never achieved. It is difficult to believe that John envisioned anything less than the complete overthrow of Satan, the final destruction of evil, and the eternal reign of God.”—Mounce, The Book of Revelation, 41-42. “[Mild preterist] Gentry actually believes we are in some way in the new heavens and the new earth of Revelation 21+-22+. If this is true, then we all must be living in the ghetto side of the New Jerusalem. But there is no ghetto in the New Jerusalem.”—Ice, “Some Practical Dangers of Preterism,” 420.

⁴⁵ “Because of their first-century template for interpreting Bible prophecy, preterists come close to investing certain historians with canonic authority. . . . Should Josephus’s writings become the sixty-seventh book of the Bible?”—Spargimino, “How Preterists Misuse History to Advance their View of Prophecy,” 219.

⁴⁶ Chilton, The Days of Vengeance, xiii.

⁴⁷ Mounce, The Book of Revelation, 43.

⁴⁸ Osborne, Revelation, 20.

⁴⁹ John F. Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1966), 17.

⁵⁰ Tenney, Interpreting Revelation, 143.

⁵¹ Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, 48.

⁵² Ice, “What Is Preterism?,” 21.

⁵³ Robertson says, “There seems abundant evidence to believe that this apocalypse, written during the stress and storm of Domitian’s persecution, was intended to cheer the persecuted Christians with a view of certain victory at last, but with no scheme of history in view.” [emphasis added]—Mal Couch, Introductory Thoughts on Revelation (Ft. Worth, TX: Tyndale Theological Seminary, n.d.).

⁵⁴ Tenney, Interpreting Revelation, 1:34.

⁵⁵ One of the problems with this approach is that as Jesus delays in His coming, the “present” is constantly changing requiring a re-analysis of the “fit” between the events given by John and the span of history.

⁵⁶ Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, 46.

⁵⁷ Osborne, Revelation, 19.

⁵⁸ Mal Couch, Classical Evangelical Hermeneutics (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications), 258.

⁵⁹ Osborne, Revelation, 18.

⁶⁰ Isbon T. Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2001), 329.

⁶¹ “This [view] was held by Martin Luther, Isaac Newton, Elliott, and others.”—Mal Couch, “Interpreting the Book of Revelation,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 47. “This method of interpreting the book of Revelation achieved considerable stature in the Reformation because of its identification of the pope and the papacy with the beasts of Revelation 13+. Thiessen lists Wycliffe, Luther, Joseph Mede, Sir Isaac Newton, William Whiston, Elliott, Vitringa, Bengel, and Barnes as adherents of this approach.”—Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ, 18.

⁶² Ice, “What Is Preterism?,” 19.

⁶³ Arthur Walkington Pink, The Antichrist (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1999, 1923), s.v. “intro.”

⁶⁴ “This spiritualistic approach is built upon the day/year theory, whereby 1260 days (literally 3 1/2 years) mentioned in Daniel and Revelation cover the time (1260 years) of the domination of Antichrist over the church. Another variation is to apply the day/year theory to the 2,300 days of Daniel 8:14. Thus, the historicist attempts to figure out when Antichrist came to power (i.e., the Roman Church and the papacy) by adding 1,260 or 2,300 years to arrive at the time of the second coming and the defeat of Antichrist.”—Ice, “What Is Preterism?,” 18.

⁶⁵ Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ, 18.

⁶⁶ Pink, The Antichrist, s.v. “intro.”

⁶⁷ Tenney, Interpreting Revelation, 138.

⁶⁸ Edward Hindson, Revelation: Unlocking the Future (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), 14.

⁶⁹ “The historicist is constantly confronted with the dilemma of a far-fetched spiritualization in order to maintain the chain of historical events, or else if he makes the events literal in accordance with the language of the text he is compelled to acknowledge that no comparable events in history have happened.”—Tenney, Interpreting Revelation, 138.

⁷⁰ Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ, 19-20.

⁷¹ “The deterrent to a strictly dated interpretation of Revelation is the failure of all such schemes that have hitherto been proposed. No matter how the figures and intervals in it have been pressed and twisted to yield results, no clear parallel to the current era has yet been devised.”—Tenney, Interpreting Revelation, 135.

⁷² “Proponents of this view living at different periods of church history cannot agree with one another, since they limit the meaning of the symbols only to specific historical referents contemporary with their own times.”—Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, 46.

⁷³ Preterism suffers from this same weakness, although in a more restricted historic time-frame.

⁷⁴ Osborne, Revelation, 19.

⁷⁵ Jerome Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1992), Rev. 4:1.

⁷⁶ E. W. Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1984, 1935), Rev. 8:7.

⁷⁷ “Those who followed events surrounding David Koresh in Waco, Texas, may be interested to know that he, along with [Seventh-Day] Adventists, are among the few historicists of contemporary times. This view was popular from the time of the Reformation to the beginning of the twentieth century, and has diminished since.”—Ice, “What Is Preterism?,” 18.

⁷⁸ Dr. Tim LaHaye is a noted futurist theologian having published numerous works on prophecy, some of which we draw on in this work. See the bibliography.

⁷⁹ We can offer our own experience in support of this claim. Having been born-again and taught for five years within a Church which embraced preterism, it was our own careful study of the details of Scripture across the entire span of books which caused us to reject preterism in favor of what we only later came to understand was called futurism.

⁸⁰ Tenney, Interpreting Revelation, 139.

⁸¹ Ice, “What Is Preterism?,” 21.

⁸² There is also a form of extreme futurism in which even the first three chapters of the book of Revelation are seen as yet future. [Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation]

⁸³ Osborne, Revelation, 20-21.

⁸⁴ Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, 12.

⁸⁵ “In two places, Jerome stated clearly that John was banished under Domitian. First, in his Against Jovinianum (A.D. 393), Jerome wrote that John was ‘a prophet, for he saw in the island of Patmos, to which he had been banished by the Emperor Domitian as a martyr for the Lord, an Apocalypse containing boundless mysteries of the future.’ ”—Mark Hitchcock, “The Stake in the Heart—The A.D. 95 Date of Revelation,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 135.

⁸⁶ Thomas Ice, “The 70 Weeks of Daniel,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 350.

⁸⁷ “The early church fathers believed in a literal, thousand-year, earthly reign of Christ because they interpreted the teachings of Revelation in a normal rather than mystical way.”—Larry V. Crutchfield, “Revelation in the New Testament,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 25.

⁸⁸ Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John, 320.

⁸⁹ “The opposition to the heresy of Montanism, which made great use of the Apocalypse and gave extravagant form to its millennial teaching, caused it to be either rejected or differently interpreted.”—Ibid., 323.

⁹⁰ “This was the method employed by some of the earliest fathers (e.g., Justin, Irenaeus, Hippolytus), but with the triumph of the allegorical method . . . after Origen and of the amillennial view after Augustine and Ticonius, the futurist method (and chiliasm) was not seen again for over a thousand years.”—Osborne, Revelation, 20.

⁹¹ As we noted earlier, this is one reason why many who are trained in the sciences and engineering tend toward this view of Scripture. Being trained in logic and the analysis of details, we reject the approximate “fulfillments” and interpretations of the other systems in favor of a God Who fulfills His predictions down to the gnat’s eyelash.

⁹² Tenney, Interpreting Revelation, 142.

⁹³ “Dispensationalism is actually built on the idea of letting the Bible speak for itself with a normal, literal hermeneutic. If simple rules of grammar and observation are put into place, the Scriptures will begin to make sense, from Genesis to Revelation.”—Couch, “Why is Revelation Important?,” 41.

⁹⁴ Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, 47.

⁹⁵ Henry Barclay Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1998, 1906), xciii.

⁹⁶ Chilton, The Days of Vengeance, 27.

⁹⁷ Gregg, Revelation Four Views: A Parallel Commentary, 41.

⁹⁸ Couch, “Why is Revelation Important?,” 17.

⁹⁹ Osborne, Revelation, 21.

¹⁰⁰ Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 1-7 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1992), 35.

¹⁰¹ Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, 48.

2.5 - Anti-supernatural Bias Listen to Anti-supernatural Bias

A watchful eye must be kept whenever referring to source material outside of Scripture, especially in regard to the attitudes and assumptions of the writers of same. Even those who think of themselves as fundamentally¹ conservative in outlook and upholders of evangelical distinctives (e.g., inspiration, inerrancy) may be found proposing ideas which are at odds with these foundational understandings of the Scriptures.

Couch identifies key elements of evangelicalism:

A great many within the evangelical camp hold strongly to the doctrines of revelation, inspiration, and even inerrancy of the original texts of Scripture. Since the Reformation, evangelicals as a whole claim to take the Word of God literally, reading the prophets and apostles in a literal manner and accepting the historicity of the Scriptures at face value.²

The importance of these evangelical distinctives has been recognized by Thomas:

Since about the middle of the twentieth century, a movement known as evangelicalism has had a considerable impact in thwarting the advance of liberalism in Christian circles. Evangelicals have been a major force in the creation of new organizations, seminaries, denominations, and local churches that honor the Bible as the inerrant Word of God.³

McGrath writes:

Evangelicalism is historic Christianity. Its beliefs correspond to the central doctrines of the Christian church down the ages . . . In its vigorous defense of the biblical foundations, theological legitimacy, and spiritual relevance of these doctrines, evangelicalism has shown itself to have every right to claim to be a modern standard bearer of historic, orthodox Christianity. . . . the future of Christianity may come increasingly to depend on evangelicalism.⁴

Whenever evangelical principles are compromised, there will always be serious repercussions. As is often the case where Satan is afoot, the results are typically subtle and take time to come to full fruition—like introducing a small amount of poison into a fresh cool drink which the drinker doesn’t detect until it eventually takes its deadly toll. Nowhere is this implicit denial of evangelical distinctives more evident than in historical-critical discussions of authorship, the dependency of source material, and appeal to extra-biblical literature as the key to understanding the divine message.⁵ As Couch observes, the problem is not with the historical-critical approach itself, but with the bias of those who practice it. “Historical-critical interpretation in and of itself is not bad, it is an intelligent, research-oriented approach to the determination of Scripture. Many of the scholars who employed this method, however, held an anti-supernatural bias.” [emphasis added]⁶

Because of the correlation between biblical Christianity and evangelicalism, some commentators realize it is advantageous to suppress their opposition to evangelical principles. Herein lies the danger: some commentators who claim to be evangelical in outlook endorse liberal methodologies which in essence deny evangelicalism. They often embrace rational skepticism which is the foundation of an anti-supernatural worldview. “By adopting the methodologies of those who are less friendly to a high view of Scripture, most evangelical specialists have surrendered traditional, orthodox understandings of historicity.”⁷ Although Thomas deals primarily with the application of liberal principles to the synoptic gospels, many of the same principles populate popular commentaries on the book of Revelation in our day.

This accommodation of liberal principles by those who claim to be evangelical was noted by Schaeffer: “The evangelical church has accommodated to the world spirit of the age. First, there has been accommodation on Scripture, so that many who call themselves evangelicals hold a weakened view of the Bible and no longer affirm the truth of all the Bible teaches- . . . As part of this, many evangelicals are now accepting the higher critical methods in the study of the Bible.”⁸ Schaeffer recognizes the high view of Scripture as the dividing line between those who are truly evangelical and those who are not: “Holding to a strong view of Scripture or not holding to it is the watershed of the evangelical world. . . . evangelicalism is not consistently evangelical unless there is a line drawn between those who take a full view of Scripture and those who do not.”⁹ Let the reader beware! Much of what would pass itself off as evangelical commentary on the book of Revelation is not truly so—having embraced anti-supernatural presuppositions which are rejected by evangelicalism.

In accord with our stated policy of inoculation, we will spend some time helping our reader to more easily identify when anti-supernatural bias is afoot so that he may be aware of its presence and avoid its consequences.

By way of introduction, we offer the following example: “It seems likely that John has written his book carefully to signify the perfect plan of God and the completeness of his work.”¹⁰ Can you identify the hint of anti-supernatural bias in the preceding quote discussing John’s motive for writing the book? Although admittedly a subtle example, the anti-supernatural bias is evident in the word carefully. This commentator is saying between the lines that the book of Revelation is a carefully constructed literary work which we are to implicitly assume is of human origin, thought, purpose, and design. Here we see one of the key characteristics (and dangers) of anti-supernaturalism: it communicates on two levels. On the surface level are explicit statements which may condone evangelical principles. Below the surface is an implicit denial of same. The effect is much like a friend, who upon gaining the reader’s trust, sets about slowly and methodically to betray that trust.¹¹

Other cases are more easily detected. For example, it is fairly commonplace to encounter discussion concerning the authorship of John suggesting it was written by a person of another name. But this asks the reader to endorse the notion that God has packaged His message of divine perfection within a lie (claiming to be written by John, but actually written by someone with another name)! Another commonly-encountered attitude of academic sophistication is a blatant disregard for inerrancy, such as found in redaction-critical theories whose implicit denial of inspiration is exceeded only by their creativity and appeal to total speculation. Aune believes “the author composed several different apocalyptic tracts for a variety of reasons over twenty to thirty years and then decided to combine them into a single document.”¹² Never mind the introduction to the Apocalypse which says otherwise.¹³ Those who spawn these elaborate constructions may have sincere intentions and believe they are performing a service for Christ, but such is the nature of deceivers who are more effective having been deceived themselves (2Ti. 3:13). History illustrates one of Satan’s main tools against the church to be well-meaning believers who lacked an appreciation for the long-term effects of the fully-developed fruit of their ‘contribution’ to Christ.¹⁴ As has been observed: “The road to hell is paved with good intentions.”

2.5.1 - Implicit Denial of Evangelical Principles

To aid the reader in his appreciation of the various ways in which anti-supernatural bias enters in, we offer the following examples from well-known commentators.

We find Beckwith denying the historicity of Genesis and attributing the contents of Daniel to myth:

In the first period of biblical history, that contained in the first eleven chapters of the book of Genesis, we have a legendary story of a primitive age before the separation of mankind into the tribes that formed the nations of the earth. . . . In tracing the external features of the story to an early legend we do not, it must be observed, change the religious character of the narrative. [emphasis added]¹⁵

The figure of the Beast is derived from tradition. There ran through ancient mythologies and Hebrew folk-lore legends of a monster opposing itself to supreme powers in conflicts which symbolized the struggle of chaos against order, evil against good, death against life. Some form of that myth suggested to the author of Daniel (7) the figures of the beasts of his vision, and the same source furnished . . . our Apocalyptist’s representation of Satan in the form of a dragon-monster. [emphasis added]¹⁶

Couch identifies such views as reflecting a low view of Scripture known as limited inerrancy:

The term limited inerrancy means that the Bible, when speaking of matters of faith and practice (i.e., salvation, principles relating to the Christian life, etc.), is free from error. But in matters of science, history, or biography, it can be supposed that there are mistakes. While God inspired the writers in matters of salvation and living for Christ, He left them on their own [without supernatural assistance] when it came to other matters. Characteristic beliefs associated with limited inerrancy are . . . the book of Daniel was written around 150 B.C. instead of 536 B.C.; Adam and Eve are not historical persons, but figures meant to reveal spiritual truths.¹⁷

Fiorenza and Beale attribute the motive for John’s writing as being his own (but see Rev. 1:11+, 19+), that John fails to consider OT context, and supposed that John deliberately transforms the material to arrive at his own thesis:

Fiorenza points to the anthological style of John . . . “He does not interpret the OT but uses its words, images, phrases, and patterns as a language arsenal in order to make his own theological statement or express his own theological vision.” Beale lists reasons why many believe John fails to consider the OT context: . . . [including] his prophetic spirit that causes him to center on his own authority rather than that of the OT . . . I argue . . . John is faithful on the whole to the OT context but nevertheless transforms it deliberately by applying it to his thesis.¹⁸

One can only wonder at the anti-supernatural nature of such statements which attribute the Revelation to the initiative and genius of John rather than what the text itself records: that John merely recorded what he was told and shown.¹⁹ The visions given John were dutifully recorded on-the-fly, as is evidenced by the need to interrupt John in the midst of writing in order to suppress certain facts from the record: “Now when the seven thunders uttered their voices, I was about to write: but I heard a voice from heaven saying, ‘Seal up the things which the seven thunders uttered, and do not write them’ ” [emphasis added] (Rev. 10:4+).

Swete tells us that the book of Daniel, an essential foundation for understanding the book of Revelation, was written after the events it records (committing a prophetic misdemeanor of some sort), and wasn’t written by Daniel, regardless of the statement of Jesus to the contrary (Mat. 24:15; Mark 13:14):

[The book of Daniel] seems to belong to the interval B.C. 168-165, the years during which the hand of Antiochus Epiphanes lay heavy on the Jewish people. The writer’s purpose is to strengthen the religious section of the nation under this supreme test of their faith and loyalty. He is carried back in the Spirit to the days of the Exile, and identifies himself with Daniel, a Jewish captive at Babylon, who is represented as foreseeing a series of great visions . . . From the standpoint of the writer all events later than the age of Daniel are ex hypothesi future. [emphasis added]²⁰

Collins, in commentating on the five kings of Revelation 17:10+, seems incredulous that John might actually be recording true prophecy—prediction in advance of the actual events:

The five who have fallen would be the five emperors immediately preceding Domitian, namely, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, and Titus. The one who has not yet come must be Nerva, who indeed ‘remained,’ i.e., ruled, for only a short time (96-98 C.E.). This is the solution of Victorinus (comm. in apoc. 17:10). There are two problems with this solution. How did the author know that Nerva would remain a short time? Was this genuine prophecy? Or was it eschatological dogma that happened to be historically accurate? [emphasis added]²¹

It hardly need be said that an expositor who denies supernatural prophecy is a most unlikely guide to the most prophetic book of the New Testament!

A common element among these skeptical guides to the book of Revelation is their refusal to accept the source of John’s visions as being determined and provided by God. They consistently attempt to attribute the visions to John’s own motives and creative abilities working from borrowed sources:

In many cases it is difficult, if not impossible, to identify the source of John’s imagery. Some find the raw material for this plague [Rev. 8:8+] in the volcanic action of the area. . . . Others look to Jewish apocalyptic for the source of the imagery.²²

What a contrast are the comments of those who truly represent the evangelical viewpoint. For example, Thomas undercuts the oft-heard anti-supernatural sophistry concerning John’s literary borrowing of the apocalyptic genre: “the literary genre of inspired writings was not the choice of the human author, but was an inevitable result of the manner in which God chose to reveal his message to that prophet. This, of course, distinguishes them from uninspired but similar works whose writers did, in fact, choose a particular genre.” [emphasis added]²³

Seiss also recognizes the dangers of reliance upon the theories of men. We would do well to adopt his approach when reading what John recorded: “Candid readers will hardly deny [this work] the merit of . . . straightforwardness in the treatment of Divine things, simplicity . . . direct leaning on the Sacred Word over against the stilted theories and rationalistic systems of men.”²⁴

Is it any wonder that it is the “common man,” whom academics often look down on with scorn, whom God has trusted to carry forward the common-sense meaning of His Word? Academies will come and go, theories will incessantly rise to be debunked, but the simple meaning of the Word once entrusted to the saints (Jude 1:3) will be faithfully carried forward by those who seek God in simplicity and are guided by His Spirit into all truth (John 14:26; 16:13-14; 1Cor. 2:10-13; Eph. 3:5; 1Jn. 2:20, 27).

As we discuss the date of the book of Revelation, its authorship, and its audience and purpose, the attentive reader will notice the anti-supernatural biases of many who attempt to contribute to an understanding of the book. Let us be wary of such speculation and cling to the basic elements as set forth by the very Word of God.

Notes

¹ “In 1910, the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church issued the Five Fundamentals of the Faith, which included: first, the inspiration of the Scriptures; second, the Virgin Birth; third, the substitutionary atonement; fourth, the resurrection of Jesus; and fifth, the miracles of Jesus. Those who subscribed to these five points were labeled ‘Fundamentalists,’ and so a new word was coined. . . . The General Assembly issued these in 1910 and reaffirmed them in 1916 and 1923.”—Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 73.

² Mal Couch, Classical Evangelical Hermeneutics (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications), 11.

³ Robert L. Thomas, “The ‘Jesus Crisis’: What Is It?,” in Robert L. Thomas and F. David Farnell, eds., The Jesus Crisis: The Inroads of Historical Criticism into Evangelical Scholarship (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1998), 13.

⁴ Ibid.

⁵ For an excellent treatment of this topic, see [Ibid.] and [Gerhard Maier, The End of the Historical-Critical Method (St. Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House, 1977)].

⁶ Couch, Classical Evangelical Hermeneutics, 20.

⁷ Thomas, “The “Jesus Crisis”: What Is It?,” 13.

⁸ Francis A. Schaeffer, The Complete Works of Francis A. Schaeffer (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books, 1982), 5:320-321.

⁹ Ibid., 333.

¹⁰ Grant R. Osborne, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2002), 17.

¹¹ Perhaps the most powerful weapon of Satan is the packaging of truth with deadly error. As we take in the truth, we often fail to spit out the error which rides along with it.

¹² Osborne, Revelation, 28.

¹³ Compare Aune’s elaborate construction with Osborne: “The unity of language and thought in the book is so extensive that many recent commentators assume unity and do not even discuss redactional theories.”—Ibid., 27.

¹⁴ One wonders how often these contributions are fueled by pride rather than a godly reverence for and belief in the sufficiency of what God has set forth. How many modern-day paraphrases of God’s verbally inspired Word fall prey to this very error?

¹⁵ Isbon T. Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2001), 4.

¹⁶ Ibid., 393.

¹⁷ Couch, Classical Evangelical Hermeneutics, 18.

¹⁸ Osborne, Revelation, 25-26.

¹⁹ How would such rational skepticism fly when faced with the need to explain the personal motives and natural origin of Isaiah in writing his 53rd chapter?

²⁰ Henry Barclay Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1998, 1906), xx.

²¹ Adela Yarbro Collins, “Book of Revelation,” in David Noel Freeman, ed., The Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York, NY: Doubleday, 1996, c1992), 5:700.

²² Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977), 186.

²³ Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 1-7 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1992), 29.

²⁴ J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), v.

3.10 - Revelation 10

3.10.1 - Revelation 10:1 Open Bible at Rev. 10:1 Listen to Rev. 10:1

The judgments of the first six seals and first six trumpets are now behind us. The seventh trumpet yet remains—containing the seven bowls—which is itself within the seventh seal (Rev. 8:1+). In a similar way to which chapter 7 stood between the sixth and seventh seal judgments, this chapter is placed between the sixth and seventh trumpets and sets the stage for that final trumpet.

These interludes encourage God’s people in the midst of the fury and horror of divine judgment, and remind them that God is still in sovereign control of all events. During the interludes God comforts His people with the knowledge that He has not forgotten them, and that they will ultimately be victorious.¹

It should be noted that the effects of the sixth trumpet may not yet be entirely complete: for the second woe is only said to be past after the ministry of the two witnesses in Revelation 11:3-13+:²

This part of the Apocalypse is sometimes treated as an episode, thrown between the second and third woe-trumpets, and having little or no relation to either. This is an error. We have still to deal with the blast of the sixth Trumpet. It is only in the fourteenth verse of the eleventh chapter, that we find the note of indication that the woe of the sixth Trumpet is accomplished.³

The theme of this chapter appears to be the declaration of God’s intention and right to take possession of the earth—both land and sea—and to bring to fulfillment the many prophetic themes found in Scripture which point to the establishment of God’s kingdom on earth. See The Arrival of God’s Kingdom. The judgments which come forth in the seventh trumpet (which include the seven bowls of God’s wrath) are in many ways parallel to the judgment of the flood in the days of Noah. Jesus compared the suddenness of the judgments of the end with the suddenness with which Noah’s flood arrived upon an unsuspecting populace (Mat. 24:37-38; Luke 17:26). We see an allusion to the judgment of Noah in the rainbow which is on the head of the mighty angel who occupies the central role in this chapter (Rev. 10:1+).

another mighty angel

The description of this mighty angel has significant similarities to that of deity.

3.10.1.1 - Divine Similarities

Caution is needed when attempting to establish the identity of this angel, even though the ultimate identity of the angel has little effect upon the purpose of the chapter.⁴ For the discussion concerning the angel’s identity often includes imprecise logic—most frequently found in the form of sweeping statements which either affirm or deny his identification as Christ based on similarities between this passage and other portions of Scripture.

For example:

What absolutely forbids this angel being Christ is the oath sworn by the angel in Rev. 10:5-6+, one that could never come from the lips of the second person of the Trinity (Beckwith, Mounce).⁵

This is faulty logic, for elsewhere Scripture readily affirms that God swears by Himself:

For when God made a promise to Abraham, because He could swear by no one greater, He swore by Himself, saying, “Surely blessing I will bless you, and multiplying I will multiply you.” (Heb. 6:13-14) [emphasis added]

Similar non-sequiturs⁶ characterize much of the discussion on this subject. It seems that many interpreters arrive at chapter ten with an a priori view regarding the identity of the angel and simply amass snippets from supporting Scriptures in an attempt to bolster their position. Another example: some assert that this angel is Christ because of the many similarities in his description with the angel of Daniel 10.⁷ But this conclusion assumes the deity of the angel in Daniel 10, an assumption which is difficult to maintain when one considers that Daniel’s angel required assistance from Michael (Dan. 10:13, 21). Yet this crucial detail is not addressed.⁸ Care should be exercised when evaluating the evidence both for and against the divine identification. Certainly, the appearance and activities of the angel are remarkably similar to that of deity.

Divine Similarities

Characteristic | Mighty Angel | Divinity
Traveling with clouds. | Rev. 10:1+ | Ex. 16:10; Ps. 97:2; Dan. 7:13; Mat. 24:30; Rev. 1:7+
Associated with rainbow. | Rev. 10:1+ | Rev. 4:3+
Radiant face. | Rev. 10:1+ | Rev. 1:16+
Feet like fire. | Rev. 10:1+ | Rev. 1:15+
Holding a book. | Rev. 10:2+ | Rev. 5:8+
Like a lion. | Rev. 10:3+ | Rev. 5:5+
Swears by God. | Rev. 10:6+⁹ | Deu. 32:40; Heb. 6:13
Authority over land and sea. | Rev. 10:2+, 5+, 8+ | Gen. 1:9-10; Zec. 9:10; Mat. 28:18; Eph. 1:22; Rev. 5:13+

Adding to these similarities is the OT representation of the second person of the Trinity by an angel, the Angel of the Lord.¹⁰

Yet, Similarity does not make identity. These similarities do not necessitate identifying this mighty angel as the second person of the Trinity. Mighty angel is ἄγγελον ἰσχυρὸν [angelon ischyron] , the same phrase which is translated “strong angel” in Revelation 5:2+. There, a strong angel asks “Who is worthy to open the scroll and to loose its seals,” to which the answer will eventually come forth: “the Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root of David has prevailed to open the scroll” (Rev. 5:5+). Since the strong angel in chapter 5+ is not Christ, then this mighty angel need not be understood as Christ. Later, a mighty angel (ἄγγελος ἰσχυρὸς [angelos ischyros] ) takes up a great stone and throws it into the sea to indicate how Babylon will be destroyed (Rev. 18:21+). As we have previously noted (Rev. 6:2+), it seems unlikely that any of these mighty angels are to be understood as Christ because the Lamb is still in heaven in the process of loosing the seals and does not ride forth until all seven seal, trumpet, and bowl judgments have been initiated (Rev. 19:11+). He is the instigator of all that flows forth in the judgments, but does not participate in them until His literal, bodily coming to take up His kingdom. Although the description of angels may at times be very similar to the description of God’s glory (e.g., Dan. 10:4 cf. Rev. 1:14-15+), this is not a reliable indicator of deity, as in the vision given to Daniel where a most glorious angel nevertheless requires the assistance of Michael to withstand other fallen angels (Dan. 10:12, 20). Moreover, on the mount of transfiguration, not only was Jesus transfigured, but Moses and Elijah also appeared in great glory (Mat. 17:3; Mark 9:4; Luke 9:30). Thus, glorious manifestations, as here, need not necessitate a divine identification. In the phrase another mighty angel, another is αλλος [allos] (another similar angel) rather than ἑτερος [heteros] (another different angel). This angel is like other angels, whereas Christ is essentially different from angels.¹¹ When Christ appears in the Revelation, He receives an unambiguous title:

Whenever Jesus Christ appears in Revelation John gives Him an unmistakable title. He is called “the faithful witness, the firstborn of the dead, and the ruler of the kings of the earth” (Rev. 1:5+), the son of man (Rev. 1:13+), the first and the last (Rev. 1:17+), the living One (Rev. 1:18+), the Son of God (Rev. 2:18+), “He who is holy, who is true” (Rev. 3:7+), “the Amen, the faithful and true Witness, the Beginning of the creation of God” (Rev. 3:14+), “the Lion that is from the tribe of Judah, the Root of David” (Rev. 5:5+), the Lamb (Rev. 6:1+, 16+; 7:17+; 8:1+), Faithful and True (Rev. 19:11+), the Word of God (Rev. 19:13+), and “King of Kings, and Lord of Lords” (Rev. 19:16+). It is reasonable to assume that if Christ were the angel in view here He would be distinctly identified.¹²

It is our view that this angel is not Christ, but a divine emissary whose great glory and declarative actions indicate he is acting in the authority of God and asserting the right and intention of God to reclaim the globe in the judgments which will follow. This angel represents Christ in a similar way to which the Angel of Jehovah represented Jehovah in the OT, but with an important difference: this angel is not divine.coming down from heaven

This phrase probably denotes angels which normally reside in heaven, perhaps even in His immediate presence. Perhaps this angel is one of the seven “presence angels” which stand before God (Rev. 8:2+) and which were given the seven trumpets (Rev. 8:2+). Later, another angel, not called mighty, but having great authority, comes down from heaven to announce the impending fall of Babylon (Rev. 18:1-2+). The angel who binds Satan, an assignment necessitating great authority and power, also is said to come down from heaven (Rev. 20:1+).

clothed with a cloud

Clouds generally attend the divine presence. See commentary on Revelation 1:7. Clouds are associated with the resurrection of the two human witnesses (Rev. 11:12+). See Divine Similarities.

a rainbow was on his head

The only angel said to have a rainbow on his head. This passage undoubtedly contributed to artist depictions of halos which often characterized religious artwork.¹³ Here, the rainbow is a reminder of God’s covenant with Noah (Gen. 9:11-17; Isa. 54:9). Fausset takes the rainbow as “the emblem of covenant mercy to God’s people, amidst judgments on God’s foes.”¹⁴ But this ignores the setting of the Noahic covenant which came after the destruction of the flood in which Noah and his family were preserved in the ark. The rainbow does not indicate a covenant with certain people over against other people for the covenant following the flood was “between God and every living creature of all flesh that is on the earth” (Gen. 9:16). In the more severe judgments to come within the seventh trumpet, God has promised never again to flood the entire earth as He did in the days of Noah (Isa. 54:9). Judgment must now come by a different means (2Pe. 3:5-7). The rainbow is also an indicator of God’s general faithfulness to covenant. The mystery declared to the prophets (Rev. 10:7+) which He has promised, is sure to come to pass. The angel’s stance on both earth and sea indicate, as during Noah’s flood, the global nature of the judgments which will attend his roar (Rev. 10:3+).

Up to now, even though the wicked prosper, in the midst of God’s direct judgment we can expect that those who know Him will be specially protected:

You have said, ‘It is useless to serve God; what profit is it that we have kept His ordinance, and that we have walked as mourners before the LORD of hosts? So now we call the proud blessed, for those who do wickedness are raised up; they even tempt God and go free.’ Then those who feared the LORD spoke to one another, and the LORD listened and heard them; so a book of remembrance was written before Him for those who fear the LORD and who meditate on His name. “They shall be Mine,” says the LORD of hosts, “On the day that I make them My jewels. And I will spare them as a man spares his own son who serves him.” Then you shall again discern between the righteous and the wicked, between one who serves God and one who does not serve Him. “For behold, the day is coming, burning like an oven, and all the proud, yes, all who do wickedly will be stubble. And the day which is coming shall burn them up,” says the LORD of hosts, “That will leave them neither root nor branch. But to you who fear My name The Sun of Righteousness shall arise with healing in His wings; and you shall go out and grow fat like stall-fed calves.” (Mal. 3:14-4:2)

his face was like the sun

This angel has a radiant countenance like the glorious angel which Daniel saw (Dan. 10:6). See Divine Similarities.

his feet like pillars of fire

His burning feet speak of judgment. That which he stands upon—the earth and the nations—will be judged (Isa. 63:3-6; Rev. 14:19-20+). See commentary on Revelation 1:15. The description of this angel closely parallels that of Daniel’s vision (Dan. 10:6). See Divine Similarities.

Since the theme of the Exodus is always in the background of this central section of Revelation, it is quite possible that the angel’s legs would recall the pillar of fire and cloud that gave both protection (Ex. 14:19, 24) and guidance (Ex. 13:21-22) to the children of Israel in their wilderness journey. Farrer notes that the description of the angel fits his message—affirming God’s fidelity to his covenants (Rev. 10:7+): the bow reminding of God’s promise through Noah, the pillar of fire God’s presence in the wilderness, and the scroll the tablets of stone.¹⁵

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He had a little book

The book is a βιβλαρίδιον [biblaridion] , little book, rather than a βιβλίον [biblion] , book.¹⁶ This book is differentiated from the scroll held by the Lamb (Rev. 5:8+). See Divine Similarities.

The book is similar to the scroll (or book) which Ezekiel was instructed to eat (Eze. 3:1-2). Both Ezekiel and John are told to eat the book, both books were sweet to the taste but bitter in the stomach, and both books contained prophecy which the prophet was to ingest and deliver to other men (Rev. 10:9-11+ cf. Eze. 2:9-3:4). This book is “little” because it contains a relatively lesser portion of the overall prophetic content within the seven-sealed scroll loosed by the Lamb (Rev. 5:1-2+). The contents of this little book are consumable and digestible by John whereas it is almost certain that he could never have ingested the full contents of the seven-sealed scroll. See commentary on Revelation 5:1 and Revelation 10:11.

open in his hand

Like the Lamb before the throne (Rev. 5:7-8+), this angel has a book in his hand. The Lamb’s book is said to be in His right hand but this angel appears to hold his book in his left hand because while holding the book he raises his right hand (Rev. 10:1+, MT and NU texts) in an oath. Whereas the Lamb’s book was originally sealed, this book is open. Open is ἠνεῳγμένον [ēneōgmenon] , perfect tense passive participle, having previously been opened. By now the Lamb’s book has had all seven seals removed (Rev. 8:1+) and probably lies completely open too. As intriguing as these similarities may be, this book is undoubtedly not the seven-sealed scroll for it is said to be smaller. Moreover, unless this angel is Christ, he is among those who are unworthy to even “look at it” (Rev. 5:3+), much less take hold of it (Rev. 10:8+).

his right foot on the sea and his left foot on the land

That which he places his feet upon he demonstrates his authority over (Deu. 11:24). “The setting or planting of his feet on sea and land is the formal taking possession of both; or the formal expression of the purpose to do so.”¹⁷ And is δὲ [de] which often indicates an adversative relationship: but. Left is εὐώνυμον [euōnymon] : “Used by the Greeks as a euphemism for left, the left hand, the left side, as a replacement for ἀριστερός [aristeros] (left) in opposition to the right, since omens on the left were regarded as unfortunate (Mat. 20:21).”¹⁸ His right foot (the side of favor) is placed upon the sea but his left foot (the side of disfavor) is placed on the land. This is a literal depiction with a possibly additional secondary symbolism: (1) the sea and land depict the entire physical globe; and 2) the sea represents the Gentile nations (Rev. 13:1+; 17:15+) while the land may represent the Jewish nation as stewards of the Promised Land (Gen. 13:15; Lev. 25:10-28; 27:24; 2Chr. 10:7; Ps. 83:12; Joel 1:6; 3:2).¹⁹ The authority the angel represents is complete: both geopolitically and nationally (Ps. 2:8; 89:25; Zec. 9:10; Mat. 28:18; Eph. 1:22). The placement of the disfavored foot upon the land, if the land is representative of Israel, may indicate that judgment will begin with the Jewish nation—those who have the greater revelation and responsibility (Rom. 2:9 cf. Mat. 10:15; Luke 12:47-48). See commentary on Revelation 13:1 and Revelation 13:11.

See Divine Similarities.

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a loud voice

Like Christ, the angel spoke with a loud or great voice (Rev. 1:10+). The voice of this mighty angel is also similar to that of the strong angel who asked Who is worthy to open the scroll and to loose its seals? (Rev. 5:2+). So too, the angel ascending from the east, having the seal of the living God also cried out with a loud voice (Rev. 7:2+)

as when a lion roars

Unlike Christ’s voice, this angel’s voice is not “as of a trumpet” (Rev. 1:10+) or “as the sound of many waters” (Rev. 1:15+), but as when a lion roars. Roar is μυκάται [mykatai] from μυκάομαι [mykaomai] ,“The verb here is originally applied to the lowing of cattle, expressing the sound, ‘moo-ka-omai.’ Both Aristophanes and Theocritus use it of the roar of the lion, and the former of thunder. Homer, of the ring of the shield and the hissing of meat on the spit.”²⁰

The great volume of the voice itself does not necessitate identifying the angel with divinity for the impressive voice of mighty angels is well attested (1Th. 4:16; Rev. 5:2+; 7:2+; 8:13+; 12:10+; 14:7+, 15+; 16:1+; 18:2+). Some who interpret this angel as Christ understand the roar as indicating His identity as the “Lion of the tribe of Judah” (Rev. 5:5+)²¹ (see Divine Similarities), but this is unnecessary. The context indicates lion is used as a simile to indicate the ferocity and volume of his cry. Moreover, there are other references to lion-like attributes in Revelation besides those of Christ (Rev. 4:7+; 9:8+, 17+; 13:2+). The roaring of a lion is an allusion to passages which set forth God’s ferociousness in judgment.

When Jeremiah prophesies the seventy years of captivity of Israel in Babylon to be followed by the eventual return to the land (Jer. 25:11-12), he continues to speak forth a judgment of God among “all the nations . . . to whom the LORD has sent me” (Jer. 25:17). The list of Gentile nations destined for judgment is extensive (Jer. 25:18-26) and neither will Israel be spared: “ ‘For behold, I begin to bring calamity on the city which is called by My name, and should you be utterly unpunished? You shall not be unpunished, for I will call for a sword on “all the inhabitants of the earth”,’ says the LORD of hosts” [emphasis added] (Jer. 25:29). In this global judgment, the LORD is said to roar as a lion. The judgment prophesied by Jeremiah involves both “His fold” (Israel) and “all flesh” (Gentile nations).

Therefore prophesy against them all these words, and say to them: “The LORD will roar from on high, and utter His voice from His holy habitation; He will roar mightily against His fold. He will give a shout, as those who tread the grapes, Against all the inhabitants of the earth. A noise will come to the ends of the earth-For the LORD has a controversy with the nations; He will plead His case with all flesh. He will give those who are wicked to the sword,” says the LORD. Thus says the LORD of hosts: “Behold, disaster shall go forth from nation to nation, and a great whirlwind shall be raised up from the farthest parts of the earth. And at that day the slain of the LORD shall be from one end of the earth even to the other end of the earth. They shall not be lamented, or gathered, or buried; they shall become refuse on the ground. Wail, shepherds, and cry! Roll about in the ashes, you leaders of the flock! For the days of your slaughter and your dispersions are fulfilled; you shall fall like a precious vessel. And the shepherds will have no way to flee, nor the leaders of the flock to escape. A voice of the cry of the shepherds, and a wailing of the leaders to the flock will be heard. For the LORD has plundered their pasture, and the peaceful dwellings are cut down because of the fierce anger of the LORD. He has left His lair like the lion; for their land is desolate because of the fierceness of the Oppressor, and because of His fierce anger.” (Jer. 25:30-38) [emphasis added]

When we recall the extensive parallels between the previous chapter and Joel, it is little surprise that Joel expresses the same theme. This angel gives a roar as a lion to awaken the people of the earth in preparation for the judgment of God against all nations:

Let the nations be wakened, and come up to the Valley of Jehoshaphat; for there I will sit to judge all the surrounding nations. Put in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe. Come, go down; for the winepress is full, the vats overflow-For their wickedness is great. Multitudes, multitudes in the valley of decision! For the day of the LORD is near in the valley of decision. The sun and moon will grow dark, and the stars will diminish their brightness. The LORD also will roar from Zion, and utter His voice from Jerusalem; the heavens and earth will shake; but the LORD will be a shelter for His people, and the strength of the children of Israel. (Joel 3:12-16)

The nations will soon be gathered to the Valley of Jehoshaphat (a compound from Hebrew Yahweh and shaphat, meaning “Jehovah has judged”²² ), and there God “will sit to judge all the surrounding nations” (Rev. 16:12-16+, which see). Notice too, the winepress motif, symbolized in this chapter by the mighty angel’s stance: standing upon both sea and land. Although both the Jewish nation and the Gentile nations will be judged according to Jeremiah, Joel reminds us of an extremely important distinction between Israel and all other nations: Israel alone is God’s chosen nation and has unconditional everlasting promises of divine protection (Isa. 44:21; Jer. 31:35-37; 33:20-22; Rom. 11:1, 25-29). Therefore, in the midst of the judgment of God, “the LORD will be a shelter for His people, and the strength of the children of Israel” (Joel 3:16).²³ Isaiah also records God’s promise to defend Jerusalem and Mount Zion. He stirs himself “As a lion roars, and a young lion over his prey” (Isa. 31:4). See commentary on Revelation 12.

seven thunders uttered their voices

The voices are said to be their own, ἐαυτῶν [eautōn] , indicating “intensive possession: ‘their own’ voices. The voices were and remained ‘their own,’ not shared with anyone else and therefore perpetuated (Alford).”²⁴ In the vision of the throne room in heaven, John heard “thunderings and voices” (Rev. 4:5+). One of the living creatures whose announcement attends the opening of the first seal is said to have “a voice like thunder” (Rev. 6:1+), but there are only four living creatures, not seven. Two aspects of these thunderous voices are left as a mystery for us: (1) their identity, and 2) what they said. It may be that the lion-like cry of this mighty angel was replied to by the “seven angels having the last seven plagues, for in them the wrath of God is complete” [emphasis added] (Rev. 15:1+). The correlation between the seven thunders and the seven angels with the seven last plagues is strengthened by what the mighty angel announces, “in the days of the sounding of the seventh angel, when he is about to sound, the mystery of God would be finished, as He declared to His servants the prophets” [emphasis added] (Rev. 10:7+). “These may have been angel-voices, the effect (thunder) being put, by Metonymy, for the cause.”²⁵ On the other hand, what the seven thunders utter is apparently of great importance and divine privacy, for John is not allowed to record what is said. This argues for identifying the thunders with the very voice of God Himself in that they evidently declare the mystery of God which must remain a mystery throughout the centuries from the day of John to the time of the end.²⁶ The following verse indicates that the seven thunders uttered more than one message. We are probably right to assume that each of the seven thunders uttered a unique message, although we cannot be dogmatic on this point. The seven thunders and their seven utterances are an indication of the completeness of judgment which attend their declaration. See Seven: Perfection, Completeness.

One might ask whether the seven thunders are the Seven Spirits before the throne (Rev. 1:4+; 4:6+)? But, as we have seen, the Seven Spirits refer to the Holy Spirit and there is no record in Scripture of the Spirit speaking in a direct auditory manner.

John had earlier noted there were thunderings proceeding from God’s throne (Revelation 5:5+) along with voices. It is probably that these seven thunderous voices which followed the great cry . . . were nothing less than seven pronouncements from the very throne of God.²⁷

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I was about to write

Since John was instructed, “What you see, write in a book” (Rev. 1:11+) and “Write the things which you have seen, and the things which are, and the things which will take place after this” (Rev. 1:19+), he was dutifully recording the things which he was being shown.

a voice from heaven

The source of the voice is unidentified, but ultimately of divine authority for it forbids John from recording what he had previously been instructed by God to record (Rev. 1:11+, 19+). Later, this same voice tells John to take the little book from the mighty angel (Rev. 10:8+).

Seal up the things . . . do not write them

Although John’s primary purpose in writing Revelation is to reveal (Rev. 1:1+; 22:10+), here he is commanded to omit the utterance of the seven thunders from the biblical record. Daniel was also told to seal up what he had been shown in a vision (Dan. 8:26; 12:4, 9). In Daniel’s case, the sealing appears to denote the inability to understand the contents until a later time when knowledge and understanding of the Scriptures would increase. Here, the sealing pertains to the actual revelation which is completely omitted from the record. Amos records, “Surely the Lord GOD does nothing unless he reveals His secret to His servants the prophets” (Amos 3:7). This principle is not violated here because the prophet, John, is allowed to hear what the thunders utter, even though told not to write it down for his readers.

It is ultimately fruitless for us to speculate as to what was omitted because the reason John may not record their utterance appears to be related to the outworking of the mystery of God. Therefore, it may not be known what they said until it comes to pass—for God has not chosen to reveal their message to us.

Here is a definite commandment from God that no indication shall be given as to the correct interpretation of the seven thunders. In spite of this, however, some commentators have attempted to do that which God forbade John to do. It seems that the reverent student of the Word of God can do nothing but pass on to that which follows.²⁸

Here, we would do well to remember the words of Moses and the Psalm writer: “The secret things belong to the LORD our God” (Deu. 29:29) and “It is the glory of God to conceal a matter” (Pr. 25:2).²⁹

As the visible portion of an iceberg is only a small part of the iceberg, most of which is hidden from man’s sight, so God’s disclosures reveal only part of his total being and purposes.³⁰

A related passage in the Psalms attributes a sevenfold aspect to the voice of the LORD. Interestingly, it is found in conjunction with a reference to God’s reign as judge during the Noahic flood which we have seen is related to the global judgment set forth in this chapter:

The voice of the LORD is over the waters; the God of glory thunders; the LORD is over many waters. The voice of the LORD is powerful; the voice of the LORD is full of majesty. The voice of the LORD breaks the cedars, yes, the LORD splinters the cedars of Lebanon. He makes them also skip like a calf, Lebanon and Sirion like a young wild ox. The voice of the LORD divides the flames of fire. The voice of the LORD shakes the wilderness; the LORD shakes the Wilderness of Kadesh. The voice of the LORD makes the deer give birth, and strips the forests bare; and in His temple everyone says, “Glory!” The LORD sat enthroned at the Flood, and the LORD sits as King forever. (Ps 29:3-10) [emphasis added]

Although we may not know what the seven thunders said, we can infer from the context and related passages that it concerns aspects of the remaining seven judgments (the seven bowls subsumed within the seventh trumpet) which result in the kingdoms of this world becoming the kingdoms of the Father and His Christ (Rev. 11:15+). Perhaps the contents of the utterances demonstrate similar themes as that which the Psalm writer recorded.

As to their contents, perhaps they uttered “inexpressible words, which it is not lawful for a man to utter” (2Cor. 12:4). Perhaps their contents would be unbearable down through the centuries:

So terrible are they that God in mercy withholds them, since “sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof.” The godly are thus kept from morbid ponderings over the evil to come; and the ungodly are not driven by despair into utter recklessness of life.³¹

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standing

ἐστῶτα [estōta] , perfect tense participle, while having stood. The angel is still standing on the sea and land when he raises his hand to swear.

raised up his hand to heaven

Raising the hand was a common practice when taking an oath (Gen. 14:22; Deu. 32:40; Eze. 20:5, 15; 36:7; 47:14). The MT and NU texts indicate the angel raised his right hand, in which case the book would be held in his left hand. Another powerful angel lifted both hands before Daniel to swear “by Him who lives forever” (Dan. 12:7).

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swore by Him who lives forever and ever

Here and in Daniel 12, the angels swear to underscore the unchangeable nature of the message they give. In both cases, the aspect of the message being emphasized is the timing with which prophesied events will take place. Daniel’s angel indicated that the final period when the power of Israel would be shattered would be “times, time and half a time” (Dan. 12:7). Here, the angel tells John that the long history of delay where God’s grace prevented Him from moving in final judgment has come to an end. See Divine Similarities.

There is no higher person by which one can swear than the eternal God (Rev. 1:18+; 4:9+).

who created heaven and . . . the earth and . . . the sea

Emphasis is placed upon the identity of God as Creator, for the declaration of the angel in this chapter is intimately connected with God repossessing the title to the earth (both land and sea, indeed the entire creation), which has been marred by the interposition of sin and Satan. Mention of God’s creative acts over both the earth and sea parallels his stance (Rev. 10:2+). God owns that which He has created (Gen. 2:1; 1Cor. 10:26)! See commentary on Revelation 4:11.

there should be delay no longer

χρόνος οὐκέτι ἔσται [chronos ouketi estai] , time no longer it will be. “Signifying not the abolition of time, which is impossible, but that there would be no further delay or waiting (Rev. 6:10+) for the accomplishment of God’s covenanted and promised purposes.”³² The truth of this statement is found in the response of the devil after having been cast to earth (Rev. 12:12+). Although prophetic events such as the coming of Christ for His church and the Day of the Lord are Imminent—they could begin at any time—history has evidenced a delay in the consummation of things:

The true attitude of the Church, and that to which all the representations and admonitions of the Scriptures are framed, is to be looking and ready any day and every day for the coming of Christ to seize away his waiting and watching saints. But in faithfully assuming this attitude, and thus hoping and expecting the speedy fulfilment of what has been promised, the Church has been made to see one notable and quickening period after another pass away without bringing the consummation which was anticipated. Eve thought the promise on the point of fulfilment when Cain was born; but He whom she was expecting was yet 4,000 years away. When Simeon took the infant Savior to his bosom . . . he supposed that the time for the consummation had arrived; but it was only the preliminary advent that he had lived to witness. . . . The early Christians were lively in their expectations that yet in their day the standard of the coming One would be seen unfurled in the sky, and all their hopes be consummated; but the days of the Apostles and of the apostolic fathers passed, and still “the Bridegroom tarried.” . . . Although the Saviour may come any day, and our duty is to be looking for Him every day, it is still possible that all present prognostications on the subject may fail, as they have always failed; that years and years of earnest and confident expectation may go by without bringing the Lord from heaven; and that delay after delay, and ever repeating prolongations of the time of waiting may intervene, till it becomes necessary for the preservation of the faith of God’s people to hear the fresh edict from the lips of their Lord, that “there shall be no more delay.” Though the coming of the consummation be slow, it will come. There is not another truth in God’s word that is so peculiarly authenticated. . . . Shall we then have any doubt upon the subject? Shall we allow the failure of men’s figures and prognostications to shake our confidence or obscure our hope? Shall we suffer the many and long delays that have occurred, or that ever may occur, to drive us into the scoffer’s ranks?³³

Habakkuk set forth the principle of the patience that is needed in regard to prophetic pronouncements of God: “For the vision is yet for an appointed time; but at the end it will speak, and it will not lie. Though it tarries, wait for it; because it will surely come, it will not tarry” (Hab. 2:3).

God’s prophetic timetable is not ours. How often we forget! The result is the discrediting of His Holy Word as we misrepresent that which it teaches by making it conform to our own expectations concerning the age within which we find ourselves in the plan of history. But we must be patient! God’s predictions are sure, but they are for an appointed time which He alone knows. Let us remember that! That which God has predicted “He will manifest in His own time” [emphasis added] (1Ti. 6:15).

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in the days of the sounding of the seventh angel

This refers to the time period during which the seventh angel sounds and the final seven bowl judgments pour forth (Rev. 11:15+; (16). See Literary Structure.

the mystery of God

A mystery is something which is unknowable by man unless revealed by God:

The New Testament mystery doctrines (see T. Ernest Wilson, Mystery Doctrines of the New Testament, pp. 10-12) make an interesting study, and may be listed as follows (1) the faith, 1Ti. 3:9. (2) the church, Rom. 16:25. (3) the gospel, Eph. 6:19. (4) Jew and Gentile in one body, Eph. 3. (5) the bride, Eph. 5:32. Rev. 19+, 20+. (6) seven stars and seven churches, Rev. 1:20+. (7) of godliness, 1Ti. 3:16. (8) kingdom of heaven, Mat. 13:11. (9) Israel’s blindness, Rom. 11:25. (10) rapture of the church, 1Cor. 15:51. (11) His will, Eph. 1:9. (12) of God, Rev. 10:7+. (13) the indwelling Christ, Col. 1:24-29. (14) the Godhead of Christ, Col. 2:2, 9. (15) of iniquity, 2Th. 2:7. (16) Babylon, Rev. 17:5+. Isa. 2:1-4.³⁴

NT mysteries reveal information which was not previously made known: “The mystery [of Rev. 10:7+] is that there will be a series of seven climactic judgments that will destroy the satanic mystery of the man of sin. This was not revealed in the Old Testament.”³⁵

The expression, “the mystery of God,” in this connection seems to indicate all those counsels and dealings of God made known by Him to and through the Old Testament prophets, concerning His governmental proceedings with men on earth looking always toward the establishment of the kingdom in the hands of Christ. When Christ comes to take the kingdom, there will be no mystery, but, on the contrary, manifestation. “The earth shall be full of the knowledge of Jehovah, as the waters cover the sea”—that is, universally and compulsorily (Isaiah 11:9).³⁶

See commentary on Revelation 1:20.

would be finished

ἐτελέσθη [etelesthē] , prophetic aorist, which emphasizes the certainty of the future event as if it had already occurred.³⁷ The completion comes in the sounding of the seventh trumpet, which initiates the seven bowls of God’s wrath. When the final (seventh) bowl is poured forth, “a loud voice came out of the temple in heaven, from the throne, saying, ‘It is done!’ ” (Rev. 16:17+).

All the pain, sorrow, suffering, and evil in the world cause the godly to long for God to intervene. A day is coming when He will break His silence, a day when all the purposes of God concerning men and the world will be consummated. . . . All the atheists, agnostics, and scoffers who mocked the thought that Christ would return (2Pe. 3:3-4) will be silenced. The millennia of sin, lies, murders, thefts, wars, and the persecution and martyrdom of God’s people will be over. Satan and his demon hosts will be bound and cast into the abyss for a thousand years (Rev. 20:1-3+), unable any longer to tempt, torment, or accuse believers. The desert will become a blossoming garden (cf. Isa. 35:1; 51:3; Eze. 36:34-35), people will live long lives (Isa. 65:20), and there will be peace between former enemies at all levels of society—and even in the animal kingdom (Isa. 11:6-8).³⁸

He declared to His servants the prophets

Declared is εὐηγγέλισεν [euēngelisen] , he announced good news. The message declared to the prophets was ultimately one of good news: the gospel! Not only of Christ’s provision for man’s sin, but of God’s ultimate reclamation of fallen creation. The complete gospel includes much more than individual redemption, but extends to the entire redemptive revelation of God:

We, therefore, plant ourselves upon the divinest of records, and upon the most authentic, direct, and solemn of all sacred utterances, and say, that he whose gospel drops and repudiates from its central themes the grand doctrine of the consummation of all things, as portrayed in this Apocalypse, is not the true Gospel of God.³⁹

As we have attempted to emphasize throughout our study, the book of Revelation is not a “head without a body.” It is intimately connected with a large amount of prophetic material set forth elsewhere in Scripture. This fact alone undermines the attempt by preterist interpreters to limit the scope of the book. For to limit the scope of Revelation to the events surrounding the judgment of Jerusalem by Rome in A.D. 70 necessitates the cutting short of all the grand prophetic themes of Scripture. Indeed, some preterists implicitly recognize this fact when they assert that we are already in the new heavens and new earth. See Preterist Interpretation.

No, we must leave the preterists to follow their own dead-end path which lops off huge parts of God’s prophetic program and understand the book of Revelation within the grand scheme of God’s entire redemptive plan for all nations, nay, for the entire globe, nay, for all of creation! See Related Passages and Themes.

The phrase the prophets is best understood as denoting the Old Testament prophets because “the relative silence of NT prophecy in regard to the fulfillment of Israel’s hope and kingdom is notable. The occurrences of προφήτης [prophētēs] in the Gospels, Acts, and the Epistles are predominantly references to OT prophets.”⁴⁰ Although what is to come is a mystery, the non-mysterious aspects of the mystery were declared to the OT prophets.:

The mystery previously hidden refers to all the unknown details that are revealed from this point to the end of Revelation, when the new heavens and new earth are created. God had preached that mystery (without all the details revealed in the New Testament) to His servants the prophets in the Old Testament, and men like Daniel, Ezekiel, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Joel, Amos, and Zechariah wrote of end-time events. Much of the detail, however, was hidden and not revealed until the New Testament (for example in Mat. 24, 25, and 2Th. 1:5-2:12), and more particularly in the previous chapters of Revelation.⁴¹

The mystery was declared by God to His servants (Dan. 9:6; Amos 3:7; Zec. 1:6). The prophets were not free to speculate concerning God’s plan for history using their own uninspired words. They were His servants and He saw to it that they obeyed to record precisely that which He desired to have recorded in Holy Scripture! For how could He call them servant (even “slaves,” δούλους [doulous] ) if they did not serve His will? And what could be said of a God who was unable to control His servants—those set aside for His specific use? Those commentators who would deny the inspiration and inerrancy of Scripture, of which there is no shortage, must stumble on this point. Here, John tells us that what will be fulfilled is what God declared to His servants: that which they recorded and was preserved for our learning.

If the Lord spoke through His servants the prophets, only to have what He said be hopelessly twisted and distorted so that it was no longer inerrant in all matters which it records, then how could He hold men to it? Would it be fair to condemn men for eternity in flames if the very message which sets forth their doom and the offer of eternal life is itself hopelessly flawed? For even if the main message were somehow preserved (the view of partial inspiration), what man could be condemned for failing to trust in it if it could be shown that numerous passages were in error? And who is responsible for deciding what portions are the true message of God reliably preserved and which portions are not His, but flawed distortions of His original message? Clearly, views which fail to acknowledge the reliability of God’s Word make Scripture akin to Swiss cheese—full of holes.⁴² See Anti-supernatural Bias.

Since the mystery which will be finished was declared to His servants the prophets, we might expect that the mystery involves the consummation of a wide range of prophetic themes which run like threads throughout both testaments. Jerome Smith provides a cogent summary of what may be involved in this “ultimate mystery.”

This “mystery” which is to be finished involves (1) the resolution of the problem of evil, which was first manifest in the Garden of Eden, as the first sin seemingly interrupted the purpose for Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. The fall brought the attendant curse upon man and all creation, the curse now announced to be removed. The prophets speak unitedly of the coming Messianic Kingdom as a time of regeneration, restitution, and restoration, when earth will be restored to its paradisiacal state, a time when the curse is removed (Rev. *22:3; Gen. *3:15; Isa. 11:6-9; 60:21; Zec. 14:11; Acts 3:19-21). (2) the resolution of the apparent paradox of election and free will, and a clarification to us of the orderings of providence (1Cor. 13:12; Eph. 1:11). (3) the consummation of the mystery of godliness, involving the human and divine cooperating in establishing the Davidic theocratic kingdom (Isa. 54:1; Mat. 22:41-46; John 1:51; 1Cor. 15:50; Eph. 1:10; 1Ti. 3:16). (4) the completion of our redemption and the establishment of our inheritance (Mat. 19:27-30; Rom. 8:23; Eph. 1:11; 4:30; Heb. 9:28; 1Jn. 3:2). (5) the pre-tribulational, premillennial personal appearance of Christ for believers to prepare the organization of, and to set up, his kingdom before its open, public manifestation (Deu. 33:2; Isa. 11:11; 1Cor. 15:51-52; 1Th. 4:16-18; Tit. 2:13; Rev. 11:17-18+). (6) the accomplishment of divine vengeance and retribution in the Day of the Lord (Is. 61:2; 63:4; Rev. 1:10+). (7) the open revelation of Christ, the overthrow of Antichrist, the investiture of the kingdom, the exaltation of the saints, the overthrow of Satan (Dan. 7:13-14; Luke 10:18; Col. 3:4; 2Th. 1:10; 2:8; Rev. 20:10+). Because this finishing occurs at the beginning of the seventh trumpet (which itself is clearly premillennial), the finishing is necessarily premillennial, not postmillennial. The theme of all the prophets is the fulfillment of the covenants and promises in the “sure mercies of David” in establishing the Messianic Kingdom, which is the kingdom of God upon earth, as our eternal inheritance (Isa. 55:3; Mat; 5:5; Acts 1:3, 6; 13:34; 15:14-18; 28:31; Rom. 4:13; 8:17).⁴³

Peter emphasized this same truth in his first sermon after the Day of Pentecost, that heaven would receive Jesus “until the times of restoration of all things, which God has spoken by the mouth of all His holy prophets since the world began” (Acts 3:21). This is an act of redemption, but on a far grander scale then human salvation alone. Our kinsman-redeemer will restore the entire created order. See commentary on Revelation 5:2.

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the voice which I heard from heaven

The same voice which instructed John not to write what the seven thunders uttered (Rev. 10:4+). The divine authority of this voice is seen in its command which countermanded God’s earlier instructions that John was to record what he saw. Here, the divine authority is seen again in that John boldly approaches a mighty angel and tells him to turn over the book.

open in the hand

See commentary on Revelation 10:2.

who stands on the sea and on the earth

See commentary on Revelation 10:2.

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Give me

One would typically expect an imperative mood verb here—as when commanding: you give. Here it is an infinitive, δοῦναι μοι [dounai moi] , to give to me, probably reflecting John’s tentativeness to tell such a mighty angel what to do. Even though John’s authority and instruction is from heaven, it is no small thing to approach this mighty angel and tell him anything! John could only approach the mighty angel knowing he had received divine command to do so:

The soul who is obedient—who yields unquestioning submission to the expressed will of God—is for the time omnipotent. He walks and acts in the strength of the Creator—the maker of heaven and earth. Fear? he knows it not. The invisible God, seen by faith, makes him invincible in the path of obedience—“immortal till his work is done.”⁴⁴

Take and eat

λάβε καὶ κατάφαγε [labe kai kataphage] , two verbs in the imperative mood: You take and you eat! The response of the mighty angel to John indicates his superior power and is intended to overcome John’s reluctance to touch, much less take, this important book held in the hands of such a mighty being.

Eat is from κατεσθίω [katesthiō] meaning: “Consume, devour, swallow.”⁴⁵ The emphasis is upon John completely consuming what he is given to eat. Eating God’s Word is a frequent theme of Scripture and indicates the acceptance, digesting of, meditating upon, and sustenance derived from that which is eaten (Jer. 15:16). Job declared, “I have not departed from the commandment of His lips; I have treasured the words of His mouth more than my necessary food” (Job 23:12). Jesus, the Word of God, referred to Himself as the Bread of Life (Job 23:12; John 6:27-35, 48). In the same way that God made Israel dependent upon manna, so too are His servants to be dependent upon his Word.⁴⁶

John was told to eat prophetic revelation much like that of Ezekiel. See commentary on Revelation 10:11.

it will make your stomach bitter

Bitter is πικρανεῖ [pikranei] , used “Of honey when wormwood is mixed.”⁴⁷ How well this describes God’s prophetic Word! It is honey for the obedient, but mixed with wormwood (Rev. 8:11+) in the face of disobedience. This is the very essence of the Word of God. For those who follow it, it is the Word of Life. For those who reject it, it is the Word of Death. This dual nature of God’s Word was understood by Paul:

Now thanks be to God who always leads us in triumph in Christ, and through us diffuses the fragrance of His knowledge in every place. For we are to God the fragrance of Christ among those who are being saved and among those who are perishing. To the one we are the aroma of death leading to death, and to the other the aroma of life leading to life. And who is sufficient for these things? (2Cor. 2:14-16)

The bitterness would develop after John had tasted its sweetness, when its contents were fully digested.“There was sweetness in the assurance that the prayers of God’s Israel, who had ‘cried day and night unto Him,’ were about to be answered.”⁴⁸ But the mature student of God’s prophetic Word will come to appreciate its bitterness. The new believer, excited by the prospect of God’s intervention into history, readily exults in God’s prophetic program, but often fails to appreciate the alternate aspect of the fulfillment of God’s promises—the eternal damnation of those who have not yet trusted in Christ. The bitterness which John will experience is an appreciation of God’s grace and mercy and the realization that in the completion of the mystery of God, judgment will have overcome the current age of mercy resulting in the eternal loss of countless persons who continue in their rejection of God. For undoubtedly the book contains “lamentations and mourning and woe” (Eze. 2:10).

it will be as sweet as honey in your mouth

See commentary on Revelation 10:10.

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ate it

κατέφαγον [katephagon] , John totally consumed or devoured it (cf. Mat. 13:4; 23:14; John 2:17).

St. John Swallows the Little Book

St. John Swallows the Little Book⁴⁹

sweet as honey in my mouth. But . . . my stomach became bitter

Although the initial taste was sweet, the result was bitterness. “ ‘Turn your stomach,’ or ‘be hard on your stomach’ is a better translation than ‘bitter’ in Rev. 10:9+, for we have no sense of taste in our stomachs.”⁵⁰

All of God’s Holy Word is sweet (Ps. 19:10; 119:103), but especially the initial exposure to prophetic passages. Often, those who “eat” prophetic Scripture “sit on the edge of their seat” and focus on its quick fulfillment. Like a perpetual “sugar high,” it provides an initial surge of energy and motivation, but will never sustain like a balanced meal of God’s Word. The continual chasing after the latest prophetic conference, while superficially treating prophetic passages and never grasping important aspects of God’s character—His heart for the lost and His ultimate interest in restoration over judgment—is sure to lead to disillusionment and will shipwreck the faith of some. Critics of the Rapture rightfully point to those who continually overemphasize prophetic passages within a shallow framework of Scriptural understanding and are forever watching for Antichrist rather than Christ.

To almost all people, prophecy is sweet. Prophetic conferences draw larger audiences than virtually any other kind of conference. The voluminous sale of the more sensational prophecy books is another evidence of how “sweet” BIble prophecy has become to so many people. But if “sweetness” is all there is, then it is worth little. Every student of prophecy should have the second experience that John had: bitterness in the stomach. A knowledge of things to come should give every believer a burden for people. For the way of escape from these things is the Rapture, and the requirement to qualify for the Rapture is the acceptance of Messiah now. A true student of prophecy will not simply stop with the knowledge of things to come. Rather this knowledge will create the strong burden to preach the gospel to others and thereby give them a way of escape.⁵¹

The healthy saint is not sustained by hype, be it prophetic or charismatic, but seeks to know Christ through His Word and to make Him known with compassion and sensitivity—as Jesus walked in the gospels. The balanced study of God’s Word brings a burden for the lost and a growing realization of the destiny of those who fail to respond to God’s gracious offer. The desire to see God quickly judge is mitigated by a desire to see His grace prevail. Amos responded to those who desired the Day of the Lord:

Woe to you who desire the day of the LORD! For what good is the day of the LORD to you? It will be darkness, and not light. It will be as though a man fled from a lion, and a bear met him! Or as though he went into the house, leaned his hand on the wall, and a serpent bit him! Is not the day of the LORD darkness, and not light? Is it not very dark, with no brightness in it? (Amos 5:18-20)

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he said

The TR text has the singular form, he said whereas the MT and NU texts have the plural form, they said. If the former, then the mighty angel was speaking. If the latter, then perhaps both the voice from heaven and the mighty angel or several angels spoke in unison.⁵²

You must prophesy again

You must is δεῖ σε [dei se] which indicates necessity, often to attain a certain intended result.⁵³ John is told to prophesy again. That which he has been relating up to now is prophetic, not some veiled political document in an apocalyptic genre. See The Genre of the book of Revelation. See Audience and Purpose.

Victorinus, who wrote the first commentary on Revelation, understood this phrase to indicate John’s subsequent release from Patmos for how could John deliver what he must prophesy if he were to remain on Patmos?

Victorinus [d. c. A.D. 304], who wrote the first commentary on Revelation . . . at Revelation 10:11+ notes: “He says this, because when John said these things he was in the island of Patmos, condemned to labor of the mines by Caesar Domitian. There, therefore, he saw the Apocalypse; and when grown old, he thought that he should at length receive his quittance by suffering, Domitian being killed, all his judgments were discharged. And John being dismissed from the mines, thus subsequently delivered the same Apocalypse which he had received from God.”⁵⁴

about many peoples, nations, tongues, and kings

The fourfold designation: peoples, nations, tongues, kings, indicates the global scope of the message John is prophesying. See Four: the Entire World, the Earth.

Both Ezekiel’s scroll and John’s book are closely related. (See commentary on Revelation 10:2.) Both contain prophecy. However, a significant difference occurs between what Ezekiel and John ingest: Ezekiel eats a message intended for Israel, but John eats a message for all nations. Ezekiel is told to prophesy to the “house of Israel, not to many people of unfamiliar speech” (Eze. 3:6), whereas John “must prophesy again about many peoples, nations, tongues, and kings” (Rev. 10:11+). The message of Revelation is about a multinational, multiethnic population. It is global in nature and cannot be restricted to the events of the A.D. 70 destruction of Jerusalem by Rome as preterists contend.“It is no one Empire or Emperor that is concerned in the prophecies of the second half of the Apocalypse; not merely Rome or Nero or Domitian, but a multitude of races, kingdoms, and crowned heads.”⁵⁵ See commentary on Revelation 1:7.

The group John is to prophecy about includes those who “dwell on the earth,” who view the bodies of slain witnesses (Rev. 11:9+). This is the same group which an angel preaches the everlasting gospel to (Rev. 14:6+). These are the ones upon which the harlot, Babylon, sits (Rev. 17:15+). About is ἐπι [epi] which can also be translated against (Luke 12:52-53). For much of what John relates is both about and against the earth dwellers around the globe.

Notes

¹ John MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1999), Rev. 10:1.

² Thomas suggests that the sixth trumpet is closed at the end of chapter 9. “Some prefer to include Rev. 10:1+-11:13+ as part of the sixth trumpet judgment because of the declaration of 11:14+ that at that point the second woe has passed. This conclusion is uncalled for, however, in light of the clear indication of 9:20-21+ that the sixth trumpet has ended there.”—Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 8-22 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1995), Rev. 10:1. But Rev. 9:20-21+ says nothing specifically about the sixth trumpet being ended. All that can be said is that it indicates a definite lull in the action which immediately followed the sounding of the sixth trumpet.

³ J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 223.

⁴ This can be established from the lack of any detailed, proof-positive identification found in the text. Yet there is much discussion concerning whether this angel is Christ or simply a powerful angel.

⁵ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 10:1.

⁶ “non sequitur 1. An inference or conclusion that does not follow from the premises or evidence.”—American Heritage Online Dictionary, Ver. 3.0A, 3rd ed. (Houghton Mifflin, 1993).

⁷ Henry Morris, The Revelation Record (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1983), 181.

⁸ Those commentators who understand the vision of Daniel 10:5-9 as being a theophany—a vision of God—usually see the messenger of the subsequent verses (10-21) as a different individual, possibly Gabriel. This allows the first vision to be that of Christ while allowing the second individual to be an angel who seeks assistance from Michael (Dan. 10:13, 21). A problem with this view is the unity of the text which argues that the same individual is in view in both sections of the passage. The arguments for and against seeing one versus two heavenly individuals in Daniel 10 are beyond the scope of our treatment here other than to recognize that the similarities between Revelation 10+ and Daniel 10 are insufficient to unambiguously establish the divinity of the angel of Revelation 10+.

⁹ Another mighty angel, who requires Michael’s assistance and is therefore not divine (Dan. 10:20), swears by God (Dan. 12:7 cf. Dan. 10:5).

¹⁰ It should be noted that these were preincarnate appearances of Jesus. John’s vision is seen after the incarnation. Concerning the Angel of the Lord: Gen. 16:7-11; 22:11, 15; Ex. 3:2; 14:19; 23:20-23; 32:34; Num. 22:22-35; Jdg. 2:1, 4; 5:23; 6:11-22; 13:3-21; 2S. 24:16; 1K. 19:7; 2K. 1:3, 15; 19:35; 1Chr. 21:12-30; Ps. 34:7; 35:5-6; Isa. 37:36; 63:9; Hos. 12:4; Zec. 1:11-12; 3:1-6; 12:8; cf. Acts 7:30-31, 35, 37-38.

¹¹ Although, as we have observed, Christ is referred to as an angel or messenger in His OT appearances as the Angel of Jehovah, we are now speaking of the incarnate glorified Christ. “While the preincarnate Christ appeared in the Old Testament as the Angel of the Lord, the New Testament nowhere refers to Him as an angel.”—MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 10:1.

¹² MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 10:1.

¹³ “Some interpret the rainbow as the natural result of light from the angel’s face refracted by the cloud in which he was arrayed.”—Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977), Rev. 10:1.

¹⁴ A. R. Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” in Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997, 1877), Rev. 10:1.

¹⁵ Mounce, The Book of Revelation, Rev. 10:1.

¹⁶ Although the same book is later designated as a βιβλίον [biblion] (Rev. 10:8+).

¹⁷ E. W. Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1984, 1935), Rev. 10:2.

¹⁸ Timothy Friberg, Barbara Friberg, and Neva F. Miller, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2000), 4:182.

¹⁹ “Since God was the ultimate owner of the land of Israel, since He had given tenant possession of the land to the people of Israel forever (Gen. 13:15; 2Chr. 10:7), and since the Israelites were only the tenant administrators of God’s land, they were forbidden to sell the land forever [Lev. 25:23]. . . If . . . an Israelite became so poverty-stricken that he was forced to sell the portion of land that was his tenant possession, he did not sell the ownership of the land. Instead, he sold the tenant possession or administration of the portion of the land for a temporary period of time (Lev. 25:16, 25-27). . . . God required that a sold tenant possession be returned to the original tenant or his heir in the year of jubilee (Lev. 25:10, 13, 28; 27:24).”—Renald E. Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come (Bellmawr, NJ: The Friends of Israel Gospel Ministry, 1995), 78-79.

²⁰ M. R. Vincent, Vincent’s Word Studies (Escondido, CA: Ephesians Four Group, 2002), Rev. 10:3.

²¹ “We have already seen who it is that is called ‘the Lion from the tribe of Judah.’ ”—Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, Rev. 10:3.

²² James Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Ontario: Woodside Bible Fellowship, 1996), H3092.

²³ This does not refer to the believers in general for nowhere are believers called the children of Israel. This uniquely designates the physical seed of Jacob. Believers are the spiritual seed of Abraham (Rom. 4:11-18; Gal. 3:7-8, 29). “ ‘Abraham’s seed,’ therefore, is not necessarily equivalent of a Jew or a member of the people of Israel. God’s promise to Abraham encompassed both ‘a great nation’ and ‘all peoples on earth’ (Gen. 12:2-3). Both of these groups, therefore, share the fulfillment of that promise in the salvation of God without being merged into each other. It is significant that when the fulfillment of the Abrahamic promise is related to the Gentiles, it is specifically this statement about ‘all nations,’ not any reference to the ‘great nation’ or Israel, that the apostle uses as OT support (Gal. 3:8). Again, there is sharing, but not identity.”—Robert L. Saucy, “Israel and the Church: A Case for Discontinuity,” in John S. Feinberg, ed., Continuity And Discontinuity (Westchester, IL: Crossway Books, 1988), 254.

²⁴ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, 76.

²⁵ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 10:4.

²⁶ “As usual, interpretation has run wild as to the seven thunders. As a few illustrations may be cited: Vitringa, the seven crusades; Daubuz, the seven kingdoms which received the Reformation; Elliott, the bull fulminated against Luther from the seven-hilled city, etc.”—Vincent, Vincent’s Word Studies, Rev. 10:3. “Some would have use believe that these seven thunders are the Papal Bulls issued against Luther and the Reformation [Elliott, vol. ii., p. 100, etc.]. If this be so, then God sealed the book in vain for all know what those thunders uttered.”—Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 10:4.

²⁷ Morris, The Revelation Record, Rev. 10:3.

²⁸ Donald Grey Barnhouse, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1971), 183.

²⁹ This is not the only portion of the divine record which is not recorded: John 20:30; 21:25.

³⁰ Alan F. Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), Rev. 5:4.

³¹ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 10:4.

³² Jerome Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1992), Rev. 10:6.

³³ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, Rev. 10:6.

³⁴ Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, Rom. 16:25.

³⁵ Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 702.

³⁶ William R. Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1994,c1935), Rev. 10:7.

³⁷ “An author sometimes uses the aorist for the future to stress the certainty of the event. It involves a ‘rhetorical transfer’ of a future event as though it were past.”—Daniel B. Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics - Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House and Galaxie Software, 1999, 2002), 564.

³⁸ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 10:1.

³⁹ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, Rev. 10:7.

⁴⁰ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 10:7.

⁴¹ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, 10:7.

⁴² It is not our purpose here to treat the reliability of the Scriptures in great detail. For those who call Jesus “Lord,” the most revealing study which can be done is to survey the NT for passages where Jesus refers to the Scriptures (sometimes referred to as the Law and the Prophets). The unbiased reader will readily appreciate that Jesus held the generation of his day responsible for their understanding and response to God solely upon the contents of the written Scriptures. He constantly and unfailingly points to the “Scriptures.” He never recognizes a personal existential encounter with God, but identifies the ultimate truth about God as being the objective written record. What Scripture records are the very words of God: Ex. 24:4; 34:27; Num. 33:2; Deu. 31:9, 24; 31:26; 1Chr. 28:19; Isa. 8:1; Isa. 30:8; Jer. 1:9; 30:2; 36:2, 28, 32; Dan. 12:4; 1Cor. 2:13; 14:37; 1Th. 4:2, 15; Rev. 1:19+; 10:4+.

⁴³ Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, Rev. 10:7.

⁴⁴ Walter Scott, Exposition of The Revelation (London, England: Pickering & Inglis, n.d.), Rev. 10:9.

⁴⁵ Frederick William Danker and Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 442.

⁴⁶ Interestingly, each man was to daily collect the manna for his own household. How different would our country be if each father approached bible study this way—rather than ignoring the Word or relying upon a professional clergy to gather manna for him once a week?

⁴⁷ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 657.

⁴⁸ Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation, Rev. 10:11.

⁴⁹ Albrecht Durer (1471 - 1528). Image courtesy of the Connecticut College Wetmore Print Collection.

⁵⁰ Monty S. Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John (Dallas, TX: 3E Ministries, 1987), Rev. 10:9.

⁵¹ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 243.

⁵² “‘They,’ who told John he must prophesy, we may surmise were heavenly ‘watchers’ (as in Daniel 4:13, 17): for the mind of God as to earthly judgments and prophetic programs is well known by those dwelling in the light of heaven (compare Revelation 7:13+, 14+; 11:15+, 21:1+; 22:9+).”—Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter, Rev. 10:11.

⁵³ Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 172.

⁵⁴ Mark Hitchcock, “The Stake in the Heart—The A.D. 95 Date of Revelation,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 133.

⁵⁵ Henry Barclay Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1998, 1906), Rev. 10:11.

2.4 - Theme Listen to Theme

While it seems tempting to identify a primary theme of the book of Revelation, it appears that there are actually a number of themes which receive great emphasis within the book: the sovereignty of God, worship of God, and the arrival of God’s Kingdom.

2.4.1 - The Sovereignty of God

One the most prevalent doctrines throughout Scripture is the sovereignty of God (Job 9:17; 33:13; Ecc. 3:14; Isa. 46:10-11; Mat. 10:29; Eph. 1:11) and the book of Revelation is no exception. Within the book of Revelation, God’s sovereignty is demonstrated by His powerful intervention in the events of history. From the opening of the first seal by the Lamb (Rev. 6:1+) to the pouring forth of the seventh bowl, whereupon God pronounces “It is done!” (Rev. 16:17+), it is manifestly clear that the physical and spiritual events which transpire are the direct result of God’s initiative.

This sovereign might is seen in the incredible use of ἐδόθη [edothē] ( . . . “was given”), a divine passive that points to God’s control of the events. This verb is used frequently in the book (Rev. 6:2+, 4+, 8+, 11+; 7:2+; 8:2+, 3+; 9:1+, 3+, 5+; 11:1+, 2+; 12:14+; 13:5+, 7+, 14+, 15+; 16:8+) and is especially clustered in the passages on the four horsemen (Rev. 6:1-8+) and the activities of the beast (Rev. 13:5-15+). In other words, even the actions of the forces of evil are controlled by God. Everything they do comes only by the permission of God.¹

The very descriptions of God throughout the book emphasize the immutability of His purposes, which presents a threat to those who oppose Him but provides ultimate security for those who trust in Him.

Revelation presents a sovereign God whose purposes must be victorious. He is almighty (Rev. 1:8+), everlasting (Rev. 4:8+), seated upon the throne of the universe (Rev. 4:2+), the Creator of all things (Rev. 4:11+). His authority is greater than that of evil (Rev. 12:10+), and His name is the security of those who trust in Him (Rev. 14:1+).²

The sovereignty of God is manifest in the visions of heaven and His throne, an image which occurs some forty-six times in the book.³ God’s sovereign control is illustrated by His role as Creator (Rev. 3:14+; 4:11+; 10:6+) and the necessity of His sustenance for its continuance (Rev. 20:11+; 21:1+).⁴

2.4.2 - Worship of God

The first question of the Westminster Confession asks: “What is the chief and highest end of man?” To which the following answer is given: “Man’s chief and highest end is to glorify God, and fully to enjoy him forever.” [emphasis added] Like God’s sovereignty, the theme of God’s glory stretches from Genesis to Revelation. His manifest presence among His people is represented by His abiding glory (shekinah, Ex. 14:10; 16:10; 24:15-16; 40:34; Lev. 9:23; Num. 14:10; 16:19, 42; 20:6; 2Chr. 7:1; Isa. 4:5; 35:2; 40:5; Eze. 1:28; 3:23; 9:3; 10:18; Acts 9:3 ).

Here in the last book of the Bible, God’s glory is seen through the visions and choruses of worship and praise offered up to God. From the first chapter, the glory of God and John’s response are clearly revealed (Rev. 1:17+).

Worship is one of [the book’s] strongest emphases. The first vision of the book brought the writer prostrate before the figure of the living Christ who appeared to him on Patmos. Through the long series of visions that followed there are repeated references to worship. . . . The implication of the book is that worship is a token of the genuineness of spiritual life now. The contrast between the saved and the lost in Revelation could be called a contrast in worship, since the latter worship the beast (Rev. 13:4+, 8+, 12+, 15+). Man is made to worship someone, and if he will not have the true God, he will inevitably turn to a false idol.⁵

Tenney notes the importance of worship in an ongoing celestial commentary of the events transpiring on earth below.⁶

Poetic Expressions of Praise

Title | Passage | Participants | Occasion
Tersanctus: “Holy, holy, holy” | Rev. 4:8+ | Living Creatures | Constant worship
“Worthy art Thou” in Creation | Rev. 4:11+ | Twenty-four Elders | Worship by Elders
“Worthy art Thou” in Redemption | Rev. 5:8-10+ | Living Creatures and Elders | Lamb’s assumption of rights
“Worthy is the Lamb” | Rev. 5:11-12+ | Angels, Living Creatures, Elders | Lamb’s assumption of rights
“Unto him that sitteth” | Rev. 5:13+ | Every created thing | Lamb’s assumption of rights
“Salvation unto our God” | Rev. 7:9-10+ | Great multitude | Sealing of 144,000
“Amen. Blessing. . .” | Rev. 7:11-12+ | Angels | Sealing of 144,000
“The kingdom of the world” | Rev. 11:15+ | Great voices | Seventh angel
“We give thee thanks” | Rev. 11:16-18+ | Elders | Seventh trumpet
“Great and marvellous” | Rev. 15:2-4+ | Victors over Beast | Seven last plagues
“Four Hallelujahs” | Rev. 19:1-8+ | Great multitude, Elders, Living Creatures, Great voices | Fall of Babylon, Marriage of Lamb

Whenever the reader is tempted to focus on the enormity of the events transpiring on the earth below, the scene shifts to the heavens above, the ultimate source of what is transpiring, and the destination of the glory derived from all that transpires in His creation. “No matter how many parentheses and digressions may be introduced, the Revelation maintains the celestial setting for terrestrial events. Behind the changing panorama of human history described under the symbolic pictures abides the unchanging reality of an eternal world in which God’s purpose is unfailing and His Christ victorious.”⁷

The importance of glory and its expression through worship is also evident in the degree to which Satan parodies God in a short-lived attempt to subvert God’s glory for himself.

Indeed, everything Satan does is a parody or “great imitation” of what God has already done. The mark of the beast (Rev. 13:16-17+) in the right hand or forehead is a mere copy of God sealing the saints in the forehead (Rev. 7:3+). The false trinity (the dragon, beast, and false prophet, Rev. 16:13+) is an obvious copy of the triune Godhead. The mortal wound that is healed (Rev. 13:3+, 12+) imitates the death and resurrection of the Lord. The dragon giving the beast his power; throne, and “great” authority (Rev. 13:2+) copies the relationship between God and Christ. The demand for the nations to worship the beast and dragon (Rev. 13:8+, 14-15+) follows the constant commands in Scripture to worship God.⁸

Here in the book of Revelation the attempt of the creature to occupy the role of the Creator comes to its vain conclusion (Isa. 14:13-14; Mat. 4:9; Luke 4:7; Rev. 13:4+, 8+, 12+, 15+; 14:11+; 16:2+; 19:20+). Near the close of the book, the angel informs John and those who would read or hear this prophecy that it is God Who alone is to be worshiped (Rev. 22:9+).⁹

2.4.3 - The Arrival of God’s Kingdom

When the New Testament opens, we find John the Baptist preaching, “Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand” (Mat. 3:2) [emphasis added]. Later, when John was imprisoned, Jesus too preached, “the gospel of the kingdom of God” (Mark 1:14). During this time of Jesus’ early ministry while his disciples had no understanding of His destiny on the cross, they too announced, “The kingdom of heaven is at hand” (Mat. 10:7) [emphasis added]. At the time of these early pronouncements, there is no additional explanation given to the hearers concerning the nature of this kingdom. It is evident that these pronouncements were in keeping with the expectations set forth by the very promises of God in the Old Testament. Promises which would have been familiar to the “lost sheep of the house of Israel” (Isa. 49:5; Mat. 10:5-6; 15:24; Mark 7:27; John 1:11; Acts 10:36).

Thus, read in the light of its evident Old Testament context, the phrase ‘kingdom of heaven’ does not refer to a kingdom located in heaven as opposed to the earth, but rather to the coming to earth of a kingdom which is heavenly as to its origin and character.¹⁰

After the religious leaders of the Jews committed the ultimate sin of blaspheming the Holy Spirit by attributing the works of Jesus to demon-possession (Mat. 12:24-31; Mark 3:22, 28-30; Luke 11:15; John 7:20), Jesus began using parables to teach new truths concerning this kingdom (Mat. 13, especially Mat. 13:52). An important new truth which Jesus began to reveal was the delay before the kingdom of God would come fully on earth: “Now as they heard these things, He spoke another parable, because He was near Jerusalem and because they thought the kingdom of God would appear immediately” (Luke 19:11) [emphasis added]. ¹¹

When the disciples asked Jesus how to pray, His example included a petition to the Father to bring about His kingdom on earth (Mat. 6:10).¹² Later, Jesus told His disciples that in the “regeneration” they would sit on thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel (Mat. 19:28). Immediately prior to his ascension, the disciples asked about the coming of the kingdom: “Lord, will You at this time restore the kingdom to Israel?” (Acts 1:6). Jesus never corrected this expectation of the kingdom of God on earth, but indicated that the timing of its arrival was yet future and that in the meantime a special period of time characterized by the permanent indwelling of the Holy Spirit to move the gospel across the world was the more immediate task (Acts 1:7-8).

Jesus had just been speaking for forty days of the kingdom of God (Acts 1:4), and no doubt the content of his discussions prompted this question. Christ’s answer must not be understood to be a denial of the hope reflected in this question, a hope firmly founded upon the provisions of the Davidic Covenant and the predictions of the prophets (Isa. 11:11; 55:3), but a confirmation of it. If the disciples were mistaken in this hope, this would have been a most opportune time to correct them, but Christ did not (John 14:2; 20:29; Rom. 15:8). Yet, misunderstanding this, many expositors have gone far astray in their understanding of the prophetic plan of God revealed in Scripture. Misunderstanding on this point is virtually fatal to understanding Biblical prophecy as a whole.¹³

This last book of the Bible includes key events related to God’s kingdom coming to earth and its extension into the eternal state. The King extends His rightful rule over all the nations (Rev. 12:5+; 19:15+). Here is recorded the final defeat of the kingdoms of man (Ps. 2:1-2; Dan. 2:34-35, 44-45; Rev. 1:5+; 19:15-21+), the ushering in of the Millennial Kingdom on earth (Rev. 11:15+; Rev. 20:4+), the demise of the kingdom of Satan (Rev. 20:2+, 10+), and the permanent dwelling of the King among His subjects (Rev. 21:3+; 22:3+).

Although relatively little is said concerning the earthy nature of the Millennial Kingdom in Revelation 20:4+, this is but a small slice of all that God has said concerning this time of peace and great blessing upon the earth: Isa. 2:1-4; 9:7; 11:1-16; 60:1-12; 65:17-25; Jer. 23:3-8; 31:31-40; Eze. 37:15-28; Eze. 44-48; Zec. 8:1-17; 14:8-11; Mic. 4:1-8. That this period cannot refer to the eternal state (Rev. 21+, 22+) is clear for it includes the continuance of physical birth, (Isa. 65:23), sin (Isa. 60:12; 65:20), and physical death (Isa. 65:20).

The belief in the Messianic Kingdom does not rest on this passage [Rev. 20:4+] alone. In fact, it hardly rests on it at all. The basis for the belief in the Millennial Kingdom is twofold. First: there are the unfulfilled promises of the Jewish covenants, promises that can only be fulfilled in a Messianic Kingdom. Second: there are the unfulfilled prophecies of the Jewish prophets. . . . The only real contribution that the book of Revelation makes to the knowledge of the Kingdom is to disclose just how long the Messianic kingdom will last—namely one thousand years—for which the term Millennium is used. This is the one key truth concerning the Kingdom that was not revealed in the Old Testament.¹⁴

See Millennial Kingdom.

Tenney identifies three NT principles which receive special emphasis within the Revelation: judgment, redemption, and the establishment of the kingdom of God.

Judgment, redemption, and kingdom are interrelated parts of the public establishment of God’s salvation. judgments are the fate of the unrepentant and the unredeemed, as the kingdom is the destiny of the redeemed believers. Redemption exempts one from judgment, and makes him ready for the kingdom.¹⁵

This redemptive work of God goes beyond the establishment of a mediatorial kingdom ruled by Jesus in Jerusalem for one thousand years. It includes the redemption of all that was originally given to man and the restoration of conditions prior to the Fall (Gen. 3:6, 14-19). See the discussion concerning Genesis and Revelation as Bookends for more information on the complete restoration brought about through the events recorded in the book of Revelation.

The arrival of God’s kingdom on earth is inseparably linked with the arrival of the King Himself. “The return of Jesus to this earth is the central theme of this book. It will deal with events leading up to, accompanying, and following the Second Coming.”¹⁶ The kingdom has no temporal power prior to the Second Coming.¹⁷ This emphasis on the imminent coming of Jesus Christ is found in many statements throughout the book (Rev. 1:7+; 2:25+; 3:3+, 11+; 16:15+; 19:11-16+; 22:7+, 12+, 20+). This last book of the Bible amplifies the teaching found throughout the NT that believers are to live in constant expectation of His return.¹⁸

2.4.4 - A Worldwide Revival

It should not be missed that in accordance with God’s desire that all should come to repentance (2Pe. 3:9), the events of the book of Revelation are intended to serve as a final call to those who God knows will yet respond to the message of the gospel. This can be seen in the special ministries of the 144,000 Jewish servants (Rev. 7+, 14+), the two witnesses (Rev. 11:3+), and the angel proclaiming the gospel message worldwide (Rev. 14:16+). In response to their testimony, a large number of people will come to faith in Christ, although many will be martyred (Rev. 6:9-11+; 7:13-14+).¹⁹

Those who refuse to respond to the gospel message are shown to be unbending in their rejection of God and without any hint of repentance (Rev. 9:20-21+; 16:9+, 11+, 21+). Thus, the events preceding the Second Coming of Christ serve as a global “threshing” where the wheat (believers) is separated from the chaff (unbelievers) by the extreme tests which come upon the world (Luke 21:34-36; Rev. 3:10+). In our sorrow over the destiny of the chaff, let us not overlook the wheat which is harvested to the glory of God (Rev. 14:14-16+).

Notes

¹ Grant R. Osborne, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2002), 32.

² Merrill C. Tenney, Interpreting Revelation (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1957), 198.

³ “One of the predominant images is that of God on his throne . . . occurring forty-six times.”—Osborne, Revelation, 33.

⁴ “The ultimate proof of his control over this world is that he both created and sustains it.”—Ibid., 32-33.

⁵ Tenney, Interpreting Revelation, 199-200.

⁶ Ibid., 36-37.

⁷ Ibid., 37.

⁸ Osborne, Revelation, 34.

⁹ One might also wonder whether the judgments which are poured out upon the earth are an indication that those dwelling upon the earth have placed undue emphasis upon the earth, while neglecting its Creator. Perhaps this is an indication of the fully-developed fruit of unbridled environmentalism which includes an idolatrous worship of the earth.

¹⁰ Alva J. McClain, The Greatness Of The Kingdom (Winona Lake, IN: BMH Books, 1959), 280.

¹¹ The future aspect of the kingdom is found throughout Scripture: Ps. 110:1; Dan. 7:11-14, 21-22, 25-27; Mat. 6:2; 7:21-22; 19:28; 25:31; 26:29; Mark 14:25; Luke 11:2; 19:11, 15; 21:31; 22:16-18, 29-30; 23:51; Acts 1:6-7; 14:22; 1Cor. 15:24; 2Ti. 4:1; Heb. 2:8; Rev. 3:21+; 11:15+, 17+; 12:10+; 19:20+.

¹² “Bauckham asserts that Revelation as a whole can be seen as the fulfillment of the first three petitions of the Lord’s Prayer: May your name be made sacred, your kingdom come, and your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. The earthly scene, where his name is not made sacred and his will not done, is soon to be transformed by the sovereign action of the enthroned God.”—Osborne, Revelation, 33.

¹³ Jerome Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1992), Acts 1:6.

¹⁴ Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 381.

¹⁵ Tenney, Interpreting Revelation, 30-31.

¹⁶ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 15.

¹⁷ “The papacy has ever grasped at ‘temporal power.’ She wants to rule the world now, before Christ comes—thus proving herself false; . . . God’s saints, with their Lord, await expectantly the Father’s time.”—William R. Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1994,c1935), 60.

¹⁸ This is known as the doctrine of imminency which states that the return of Jesus for His church (the Rapture) can occur at any moment without warning. There are no preconditions—events which must transpire—before He comes. The pretribulation rapture position is the only position which preserves the doctrine of imminency in that every other rapture position holds that the Rapture takes place after the beginning of the Tribulation. If Jesus could truly come “tonight,” but the Tribulation (Daniel’s 70th week) cannot start until Antichrist signs a covenant with Israel (Dan. 9:27), then mid- or post-tribulation Rapture is not ‘imminent.’ NT passages which teach the imminency of His return include: 1Cor. 1:7; 4:5; 15:51-52; 16:22; Php. 3:20; 4:5; 1Th. 1:10; 2Th. 3:10-12; Tit. 2:13; Jas. 5:7-9; 1Jn. 2:28; Rev. 3:11+; 22:7+, 12+, 17+, 20+.

¹⁹ “By means of the 144,000 Jews, God will accomplish the second purpose of the Great Tribulation, that of bringing about a worldwide revival.”—Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 179-180.

4.8 - Imminency Listen to Imminency

Imminence is “The quality or condition of being about to occur.”¹ In Scripture, the coming of Jesus Christ is portrayed as an imminent event.² This means that Jesus can come at any moment: there is no event which must transpire before He comes. Imminency makes it impossible to know when He might come so the believer must remain constantly on the lookout in case the Lord were to return and find him unprepared (Mat. 24:43; Luke 12:37-39; 1Th. 4:15-17; Rev. 3:3+). Many passages which teach the imminency of events utilize phrases such as “soon,” “quickly,” and “is near.” These events are described from the perspective of God Who “declares the end from the beginning” (Isa. 46:10). From His perspective, these events are certain but their timing is unspecified. They are “imminent”:

Just as “quickly” is used in Revelation to teach imminence, so also is “near” or “at hand” (enguʿs) used to mean imminency and thus its usage does not support a first-century fulfillment. Philip E. Hughes rightly says, “The time is near, that is to say, the time of fulfillment is imminent. This interval between the comings of Christ is the time of the last days, and the last of these last days is always impending.” . . . It is better to see enguʿs as a term that teaches the imminency of a period of time that could begin to happen without the warning of signs.³

4.8.1 - The Present Value of Future Events

These passages convey that the predicted events are certain and that they may occur at any moment and are intended to evoke in the reader the ongoing expectation that the event is “about to happen” and thereby provide motivation for godly living (2Pe. 3:10-14):

The Impending Advent is the theme which pervades [the book of Revelation] from its commencement to its close. And just in proportion as he who is awake to the great truth of the Saviour’s speedy coming, and is engaged in waiting and preparing himself accordingly, is a better man, and in a safer condition, and really more happy, than the half-Christian and lukewarm;—in that same proportion is he who reads, hears, and keeps the words of this prophecy blessed beyond all other people.⁴

What a check, what an incentive, what a bridle, what a spur, such thoughts as these would be to us! Take this for the guide of your whole life. Act as if Jesus would come during the act in which you are engaged; and if you would not wish to be caught in that act by the Coming of the Lord, let it not be your act.—Charles Spurgeon, “Watching for Christ’s Coming” in Sermons on the Second Coming of Christ, 137-138.⁵

4.8.2 - Certainty versus Uncertainty

An imminent event is characterized by both certainty and uncertainty:

The event is certain to take place. It is not a matter of “if,” but “when.”

The timing of the event is uncertain. The event may take place immediately, or it may be delayed indefinitely.

It is important to differentiate between the words immediate and imminent. Immediate speaks of taking effect without delay, which does not allow for any intervening events. But imminent speaks of impending—that is, it may happen at any time. Some other events can intervene, but this does not affect the fact of the return. In the New Testament, the coming of Christ is set forth as imminent rather than immediate.⁶

This tension between certainty and uncertainty leads to several important observations:

A. T. Pierson stated, ‘Imminence is the combination of two conditions, viz,: certainty and uncertainty. By an imminent event we mean one which is certain to occur at some time, uncertain at what time.’ . . . Since we never know exactly when an imminent event will occur, three things are true. First, we cannot count on a certain amount of time transpiring before the imminent event happens; therefore, we should always be prepared for it to happen at any moment. Second, we cannot legitimately set a date for its happening. As soon as we set a date for an imminent event, we destroy the concept of imminency because we thereby say that a certain amount of time must transpire before that event can happen. A specific date for an event is contrary to the concept that the event could happen at any moment. Third, we cannot legitimately say that an imminent event will happen soon. . . . an imminent event may take place within a short time, but it does not have to do so in order to be imminent. Thus ‘imminent’ is not equal to ‘soon.’⁷

Events which are seen as imminent can never be said to follow upon some other non-imminent event, for that would establish a precursor to the imminent event thereby destroying its imminency. This is a key factor in favor of the pretribulational rapture of the Church. For if the Church remains to witness the signing of the 7-year covenant by Antichrist (Dan. 9:27) or the abomination of desolation (Dan. 12:11; Mat. 24:15) as pre-wrath and post-tribulational rapture positions teach, then the coming of Jesus for His church (1Th. 4:17) is no longer imminent and the Church will begin to watch for Antichrist rather than Christ!

No other prophecy in the Bible remains to be fulfilled before the imminent event occurs. Therefore, if two prophesied events are imminent [the rapture and the beginning of the Day of the Lord], neither can precede the other... If both the rapture of the church and the beginning of the day of the Lord are occurrences that could come at any moment, the timing of the rapture is not open for debate. The only way that both events could be imminent is for them to be simultaneous. If one preceded the other even by a brief moment, the other would not be imminent because of the sign provided by the earlier happening. This fact constitutes strong biblical support for the pretribulational rapture.⁸

The doctrine of imminence forbids the participation of the church in any part of the seventieth week. The multitude of signs given to Israel to stir them to expectancy would then also be for the church, and the church could not be looking for Christ until these signs had been fulfilled. The fact that no signs are given to the church, but she, rather, is commanded to watch for Christ, precludes her participation in the seventieth week.⁹

The writers of Scripture anticipated that many would scoff at the delay in promise of His “soon” coming: “Although Christ’s coming is the next event, it may be delayed so long that people begin to question whether He will ever come (cf. Mat. 24:36, 39; 2Pe. 3:3, 4).”¹⁰

Notes

¹ American Heritage Online Dictionary, Ver. 3.0A, 3rd ed. (Houghton Mifflin, 1993).

² Mat. 24:42-48; Mark 13:33-37; Luke 12:35-40; Rom. 13:12; 1Cor. 7:29; Php. 3:20-21; 4:5; 1Th. 1:10; Tit. 2:13; Heb. 9:28; Jas. 5:8; 1Pe. 4:7; 1Jn. 2:18; Jude 1:21; Rev. 3:11+; Rev. 22:7+, 10+, 20+.

³ Thomas Ice, “Preterist ‘Time Texts’,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 106.

⁴ J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 28.

⁵ Renald E. Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come (Bellmawr, NJ: The Friends of Israel Gospel Ministry, 1995), 147.

⁶ Mal Couch, “The War Over Words,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 294.

⁷ Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 127.

⁸ Robert L. Thomas, “Imminence in the NT, Especially Paul’s Thessalonian Epistles,” in Richard L. Mayhue, ed., The Master’s Seminary Journal, vol. 13 no. 1 (Sun Valley, CA: The Master’s Seminary, Spring 2002), 191,213.

⁹ J. Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1958), 204.

¹⁰ John MacArthur, The MacArthur Study Bible (Nashville, TN: Word Publishing, 1997).

4.14 - Rapture Listen to Rapture

One of the significant things any interpreter of the book of Revelation will notice is the abrupt shift in focus which takes place between chapters three and four. Chapters two and three, which describe “the things which are” (Rev. 1:19+), are focused entirely on the Church. Then, abruptly, chapter four opens, John ascends to heaven “in the Spirit,” and the Church is no longer mentioned until the close of the book. This shift in focus and absence of all mention of the Church would in itself be somewhat remarkable. But when it is combined with what Scripture elsewhere teaches concerning the character and destiny of the Church, it provides additional evidence that the Church will not be present on the earth during the events of Revelation 4+ through Revelation 19+, including the period of the tribulation.

Twenty-four verses in the book of Revelation refer to the church. . . . Twenty of the 24 verses refer to the church in the present church age (Rev. 1:4+, 11+, 20+; 2:1+, 7+, 8+, 11+, 12+, 17+, 18+, 23+, 29+; 3:1+, 6+, 7+, 13+, 14+, 22+; 22:16+, 17+). Two verses refer to the church in the marriage of the Lamb, which will take place in heaven, not on the earth (Rev. 19:7+, 8+). Two verses refer to the church in the eternal state (Rev. 21:2+, 9+). It is important to note that there are no references to the church on the earth in chapters 4 through 18, the chapters relating specifically to the 70th week of Daniel 9, including the seals, trumpets, and bowls.¹

The church is mentioned 17 times in the first three chapters of Revelation, but after John (a member of the church) is called up to heaven at the beginning of chapter 4, he looks down on the events of the Tribulation, and the church is not mentioned or seen again until chapter 19, when she returns to the earth with her Bridegroom at His glorious appearing. Why? The answer is obvious: She isn’t in the Tribulation. She is raptured to be with her Lord before it begins!²

In our day, the Rapture has come under attack by many. Some think it represents the novel teachings of “defeatist Christians.” Others think it is pure fantasy. Still others seem to savor the idea of the Church going through the events of the Tribulation in order to “prove her metal” or refine her. We find it difficult to understand why there is such opposition by Christians to the idea that the bridegroom would come for His bride prior to pouring forth His wrath (John 14:1-3)?

If the Church is to come through the tribulation judgments that are to come upon the earth, then, say it plainly, there is no blessed hope in the Bible.³

So determined, however, are many not to have this blessed hope, or even to allow others to have it, that they would rather hold that this “great and terrible day of the Lord” is our only “hope” and (!) thus be driven to interpret the “thief” [Rev. 3:3+] or Christ coming as a friend to fetch us away as he steals precious jewels. And this is done in the face of the opposite statement in 1 Thessalonians 5:4, that day shall “not come as a thief” on the church. . . . this thief is to be watched against: but Christ is to be watched for!⁴

Our treatment of the subject here is not intended to be exhaustive by any means—this is a commentary on the book of Revelation, not a book on the Rapture. However, the Rapture is an important aspect of understanding the Revelation given by John and especially the nature and purpose of the Tribulation period which it describes. In what follows, we outline aspects of the Rapture which are relevant to understanding the book of Revelation and mention additional resources for further study by the interested reader.

4.14.1 - Is there a Rapture?

A frequently-heard statement by Christians is, “There’s no rapture mentioned in the Bible!” As we shall see, this is an inaccurate statement on two counts:

The term “rapture” is a biblical term.

The teaching of the Rapture is found in Scripture even if the term is absent.

In the first case, we need to recognize that “the Bible” has changed form over time. Originally, the Bible was written in Hebrew and Greek. But for most of the history of the Church, the Bible used by the majority of people was not in these original languages. Instead, people used a translation in their native language, just as we use an English translation today. And for the greater part of the history of the Church, the translation used by most in the West was the Latin Vulgate. This was “the Bible” for over a thousand years—and dominated Bible study and doctrine for a period far longer than any other translation.⁵ It reigned supreme in the West until the time of the Reformation when men began to return to study the original language texts and translate them into the vulgar tongues (e.g., German, English).

The term rapture means “to seize” and “to carry off,” and is taken from the phrase “caught up” in 1Th. 4:17 in the Latin Vulgate which reads:

Deinde nos, qui vivimus, qui relinquimur, simul rapiemur cum illis in nubibus obviam Christo in aera, et sic sempe cum Domino erimus. [Then we, who are alive, who remain, together will be caught up with them in the clouds to meet Christ in the air, and so always with the Lord we will be.] [emphasis added]

So we see that the term “rapture” is in the Bible—it just depends which Bible you are talking about! If you mean one of the recent translations which have only been on the scene for decades, or even the KJV which is hundreds of years old, then you won’t find the term. But if you are talking about the Grand Daddy of all Bibles which ruled for a millennium (the Vulgate), then the term is indeed there!

Even if we could not find the actual term “rapture” in a Bible, it would not indicate that the doctrine of the Rapture is not taught within Scripture. After all, we don’t find the terms Trinity, omnipresence, or omniscience in Scripture, but these doctrines are clearly taught by Scripture. So all that is necessary to establish the truth of a teaching is whether the concept is found in Scripture. Here too, the Rapture passes the test.

4.14.2 - What is the Rapture?

If we go back to the original language of the New Testament, we find the rapiemur of 1Th. 4:17 in the Vulgate to be a translation of the Greek term ἁρπαγησόμεθα [harpagēsometha] which is the 1st person, plural, future tense, passive voice, indicative mood form of the verb ἁρπάζω [harpazō] meaning to “snatch, seize, i.e., take suddenly and vehemently”⁶ and which can denote “rescue from a threatening danger.”⁷

In general usage, it describes: how violent men take the kingdom by force (Mat. 11:12); carrying off property from the strong man’s house (Mat. 12:29); how the evil one snatches away what has been sown (Mat. 13:19); or how the people approached Jesus to take Him by force and make Him king (John 6:15).

The term is also used of supernatural events where God takes people in the Spirit and transports them either physically or in a vision. Philip was caught away from the Ethiopian eunuch to Azotus (Acts 8:39), the Apostle Paul was caught up to the third heaven (2Cor. 12:2), and those who are alive and remain will be caught up to meet Christ in the air (1Cor. 15:51-52; 1Th. 4:17). The same term is used to describe the ascension of Christ who was caught up to God and His throne (Rev. 12:5+).

When we extend our study of this “catching away” to include the Old Testament, we find numerous rapture events including: Enoch (Gen. 5); Elijah (2K. 2); Isaiah (Isa. 6); Jesus (Acts 1:11; Rev. 12:5+); Philip (Acts 8); Paul (2Cor. 12); The Church (1Th. 4); and the Two Witnesses (Rev. 11+).⁸

The Scriptures present six raptures. Four have already taken place. Two are still to come. . . . The four raptures that have taken place include when both Enoch and Elijah who were taken up from earth to heaven without experiencing death (Gen. 5:24; Heb. 11:5; 2K. 2:1, 11), when the Lord Jesus ascended to heaven after His death and resurrection (Mark 16:19; Acts 1:9-11; Rev. 12:5+), and when Paul referred to the rapture of a man (probably Paul himself) to the third heaven (2Cor. 12:2-4). . . . The other future rapture [besides that of the church, 1Th. 4:17] will occur when the two witnesses of the future Tribulation period ascend to heaven after God has resurrected them from the dead (Rev. 11:3+, 11-12+).⁹

The Rapture, in the sense we are using the term, is the “catching away” of persons to a new location by the power of God without their initiation or control. We are specifically interested in the Rapture of the Church—the event which describes the translation of the living and dead in Christ to be caught up in the clouds forever to be with Him (1Th. 4:17).

4.14.3 - How Many Comings of Christ?

Typically, we speak of only two “comings” of Christ. The First Coming was His virgin birth by Mary and subsequent ministry which ended at the cross and His ascension. The Second Coming will be at the end of the age to judge evil and establish His kingdom. So far, so good.

But how are we to understand the coming of the Holy Spirit on the day of Pentecost? After all, Christ said:

And I will pray the Father, and He will give you another Helper, that He may abide with you forever— the Spirit of truth, whom the world cannot receive, because it neither sees Him nor knows Him; but you know Him, for He dwells with you and will be in you. I will not leave you orphans; I will come to you. (John 14:16-18) [emphasis added]

Elsewhere, we see that the Holy Spirit is “the Spirit of Christ” (Rom. 8:9; 1Pe. 1:11). So in a sense, “Christ came” on the Day of Pentecost for it was His Spirit which breathed life into a new creation on that day: the Body of Christ (1Cor. 12:13). If we include this “coming,” we have at least three comings of Christ—two physical and one spiritual. We know these three comings are all different because of differences in the situations which attend each event.

What we are doing here is analogous to the way we study “coming” passages in the Old Testament. In the Old Testament, we notice some passages which describe the coming Messiah as a victorious king (e.g., Ps. 2; Isa. 9:6) and other passages which describe Him as a suffering servant (e.g., Ps. 22; Isa. 53). How are we to reconcile these differences? One solution, taken by many who reject Christ, is to assume these passages describe two different individuals. The correct solution, which we understand from the New Testament, is to understand that a single individual is in view, but He comes multiple times. At His First Coming, He is the suffering servant. At His Second Coming¹⁰ He is the victorious King who will reign eternally. As Christians studying the Old Testament, we think nothing strange in noticing the irreconcilable differences between these “coming” passages and understand them as describing different events.

This same situation occurs when a careful study is made of the many “coming” passages within the New Testament which describe His future coming. The “coming” passages differ in numerous ways which make it impossible to see them all describing the same event.

4.14.3.1 - Rapture versus Second Coming

The following contrasts are found in passages describing the coming of Christ. We suggest that these differences are an indication that different comings are in view: the coming of Christ as bridegroom for His expectant Church (the Rapture) versus the Second Coming of Christ upon an unbelieving world in judgment.

Contrasts Between the Rapture and the Second Coming

Rapture | Second Coming
Christ comes for His own (John 14:3; 1Th. 5:28; 2Th. 2:1). | Christ comes with His own (1Th. 3:13; Jude 1:14; Rev. 19:14+).¹¹
Christ comes in the air (1Th. 4:17). | Christ comes to the earth (Zec. 14:4; Acts 1:11).¹²
Christ claims His bride (1Th. 4:16-17). | Christ comes with His bride (Rev. 19:6-14+).¹³
Removal of believers (1Th. 4:17). | Manifestation of Christ (Mal. 4:2).¹⁴
Only His own see Him (1Th. 4:13-18). | Every eye shall see Him (Rev. 1:7+).¹⁵
Tribulation begins (2Th. 1:6-9). | Millennial Kingdom begins (Rev. 20:1-7+).¹⁶
Saved are delivered from wrath (1Th. 1:10; 1Th. 5:9). | Unsaved experience the wrath of God (Rev. 6:12-17+).¹⁷
No signs precede rapture (1Th. 5:1-3). | Signs precede Second Coming (Luke 21:11, 15).¹⁸
Focus is Lord and Church (1Th. 4:13-18). | Focus is Israel and kingdom (Mat. 24:14).¹⁹
World is deceived (2Th. 2:3-12). | Satan is bound so he cannot deceive (Rev. 20:1-2+).²⁰
Believers depart the earth (1Th. 4:15-17).²¹ | Unbelievers are taken away from the earth (Mat. 24:37-41).²²
Unbelievers remain on earth. | Believers remain on earth (Mat. 25:34).²³
No mention of establishing Christ’s Kingdom on earth. | Christ has come to set up His Kingdom on earth (Mat. 25:31, 34).²⁴
Christians taken to the Father’s house (John 14:1-3). | Resurrected saints do not see the Father’s house (Rev. 20:4+).²⁵
Imminent—could happen at any moment. | Cannot occur for at least 7 years.²⁶
Precedes the career of the man of sin. (2Th. 2:1-3). | Terminates the career of the man of sin (Rev. 19:20+).

4.14.4 - The Holy Spirit and the Rapture

An important aspect concerning the Rapture is the unique relationship between the Holy Spirit and the Body of Christ which was created on the Day of Pentecost when the Holy Spirit came in a new way to earth. While it is beyond the scope of our treatment here to tackle this subject in-depth, several important points should be noted.

4.14.4.1 - The Coming of the Spirit

The Holy Spirit has always been present and ministering upon the earth (Gen. 1:2).

Prior to the Day of Pentecost, the Holy Spirit came upon and filled believers (Num. 24:2; Jdg. 3:10; 6:34; 1S. 10:6; 19:20; 2Chr. 15:2; 20:14; Luke 1:67), but His presence was not permanent (1S. 16:13-14; Ps. 51:11).

Prior to the Day of Pentecost, John explains that the Holy Spirit “had not yet been given because Jesus was not yet glorified” (John 7:39). Notice that the Holy Spirit has always been omnipresent and ministering upon the earth, but John clearly says at that time that He “had not yet been given” (John 14:16).

The Holy Spirit came to the earth to begin a new ministry on the Day of Pentecost (Acts 1:4-8; 2:1-4, 17; 11:15).

The new ministry of the Holy Spirit during this, the church age, is baptizing believers into the Body of Christ (1Cor. 12:5, 12-13) wherein believers are permanently indwelt and sealed with the Spirit (2Cor. 1:22; Eph. 1:13; 4:30).

It is important to grasp two aspects regarding this important transition which took place on the Day of Pentecost:

The Holy Spirit ministered on earth before the formation of the Church and He will continue to minister on the earth after the departure of the Church at the Rapture.

The Holy Spirit never permanently indwelt believers prior to the Day of Pentecost. The Church is a unique spiritual organism which began on the Day of Pentecost and which has a unique relationship to the Spirit.

As you can see, there are elements of continuity and discontinuity which attend the Day of Pentecost. This is important to grasp because these same elements of continuity and discontinuity attend the Rapture of the Church when the Holy Spirit is removed from the earth in the sense He came at Pentecost but continues to minister upon the earth in the Tribulation period in the same sense He did prior to the Day of Pentecost. His “coming” on the Day of Pentecost and subsequent “removal” at the Rapture of the Church has no effect upon His role in salvation. Salvation has always been by grace through faith alone and by spiritual regeneration in which the Holy Spirit plays a key role (John 3:5-8; Gal. 4:29).

For a more detailed discussion of the significance of the Day of Pentecost in relation to the ministry of the Holy Spirit, see [Tony Garland, “Does Dispensationalism Teach Two Ways of Salvation?,” in The Conservative Theological Journal, vol. 7 no. 20 (Fort Worth, TX: Tyndale Theological Seminary, March 2003), 58-59].

4.14.4.2 - Who is the Restrainer?

In a key passage concerning “the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ and our gathering together to Him,” Paul relates that the Day of Christ (NU—Day of the Lord) cannot come unless the man of sin is revealed (2Th. 2:1-4) and that the man of sin was being actively restrained at the time Paul wrote.

And now you know what is restraining, that he may be revealed in his own time. For the mystery of lawlessness is already at work; only He who now restrains will do so until He is taken out of the way. (2Th. 2:6-7) [emphasis added]

The Restrainer is referred to both in the neuter (what) and masculine (he) gender. This mix of gender appears in relation to the Holy Spirit Who is a person, but also described using a Greek term which is neuter in gender (πνευμα [pneuma] ). It is also said that the Restrainer “now restrains” and will continue to do so until “He is taken out of the way.” Since the man of sin has yet to be revealed,²⁸ we can infer that the Restrainer, whoever or whatever he is, has been effectively suppressing the revelation of the man of sin for over 2000 years. When we collect the pieces of evidence concerning the identity of the Restrainer, we find:

The Restrainer is referred to as both neuter (τὸ κατέχον [to katechon] , “what is restraining”) and masculine (ὁ κατέχων [ho katechōn] , “He who now restrains”).

The Restrainer existed in Paul’s day.

The Restrainer has been continually and effectively restraining for nearly 2,000 years so far.

The Restrainer is powerful enough to suppress the spiritual powers of darkness seeking to promote the man of sin.

The restraint is global.

Numerous suggestions have been made concerning the identity of the Restrainer:

Several of these views do not necessarily involve a supernatural force. These include the Jewish state and James, Paul and the preaching of the gospel, the Roman Empire, and human government. Other views may be grouped as hostile supernatural views, which include Satan, a hostile false prophet, a general hostile force in the form of the mystery of lawlessness and human government, and the preincarnate state of the man of lawlessness. In several views ὁ κατέχων [ho katechōn] is seen as a benevolent supernatural figure rather than a hostile one. Usually an angel, such as Michael, or another type of heavenly being, such as Elijah, or a mythological being, is suggested. The most common supernatural figure suggested, though, is God Himself.²⁹

Of the various suggestions, it would seem that the Restrainer must be supernatural in power. For what government could restrain Satan and do so continuously for 2,000 years? Yet, Scripture indicates that the Holy Spirit had just such a ministry (Gen. 6:3; 20:6; John 16:18). It seems the best solution for the identity of the Restrainer is the Holy Spirit Himself.“The first participle (τὸ κατέχο [to katecho] ) conforms to the gender of πνεῦμα [pneuma] . The second participle ὁ κατέχων [ho katechōn] confirms the personality of the Holy Spirit.”³⁰

If this is so, this has significant implications concerning the Rapture of the Church because we previously saw that the Holy Spirit indwells those who are baptized into the Body of Christ permanently for the day of redemption. It is impossible that the Holy Spirit could depart from indwelling the sealed believer—He cannot be taken out of the way unless all born-again believers indwelt by Him are taken with Him!

The Holy Spirit came down into the world at Pentecost in a special sense in which He had never been in the world, to dwell in the Church, the body of believers which is called the temple of the Holy Spirit (1Cor. 6:19). When all believers are removed to heaven according to the promise made to the church in Philadelphia (Rev. 3:10+), . . . the Holy Spirit goes out of the world in the sense that He came into it at Pentecost.³¹

This was precisely Paul’s point in his letter to the Thessalonians. Some of them thought that they had already entered the Day of the Lord, but Paul reassures them that this could not be the case for the man of sin must first be revealed and he will not be revealed until the Restrainer has been taken out of the way. The Thessalonian believers would be “gathered together” to Christ before the man of sin would be revealed.

Since the ministry of the Holy Spirit includes indwelling believers and working through the church, then ἐκ μέσου γένηται [ek mesou genētai] (“taken out of the way”) could possibly refer to the removal of the Holy Spirit through the removal of the church in the pretribulational rapture. Since the passage concerns the gathering of believers, this cryptic apocalyptic reference to the Spirit, who indwells the church, is probably in view. This would be an encouragement to the Thessalonian believers to stop being alarmed about any false teaching on the Day of the Lord.³²

Who or what is restraining the satanically empowered movement against God’s law and is postponing the revelation of the man of sin? Some say it is the Roman Empire. But the empire has long vanished and “the holder back” is not yet revealed. Another suggestion is that this is Satan, but it is difficult to see why he would hold back sin. Others suggest that human governments are holding back sin and the revealing of the Antichrist. But human governments will not end prior to the Antichrist’s unveiling. Nor do all governments restrain sin; many encourage it! The Holy Spirit of God is the only Person with sufficient (supernatural) power to do this restraining. Some object to this being the Holy Spirit on the grounds that to katechon in 2 Thessalonians 2:6 is neuter (“what is holding back”). But this is no problem for two reasons: (a) The neuter is sometimes used of the Holy Spirit (John 14:26; 15:26; 16:13-14). (b) In 2 Thessalonians 2:7 the words are masculine: ho katechōn, the one who . . . holds it back. How does He do it? Through Christians, whom He indwells and through whom He works in society to hold back the swelling tide of lawless living. How will He be taken out of the way? When the church leaves the earth in the Rapture, the Holy Spirit will be taken out of the way in the sense that His unique lawlessness-restraining ministry through God’s people will be removed (cf. Gen. 6:3). The removal of the Restrainer at the time of the Rapture must obviously precede the day of the Lord. Paul’s reasoning is thus a strong argument for the pretribulational Rapture: the Thessalonians were not in the Great Tribulation because the Rapture had not yet occurred.³³

Many suggestions have been made to identify the restraining force of 1Th. 4:6, 7. These include: (1) human government; (2) preaching of the gospel; (3) the binding of Satan; (4) the providence of God; (5) the Jewish state; (6) the church; (7) the Holy Spirit; and 8) Michael. Whatever now restrains the Antichrist of 1Th. 4:3, 4, 8-10 from being revealed in the fullness of his apostasy and evil, must be more than human or even angelic power.³⁴

The restraint which has withheld the revelation of Antichrist all these years involves both the Holy Spirit and the Word of God. Some understand the neuter τὸ κατέχον [to katechon] , (“what is restraining”) as denoting the Word of God, whereas ὁ κατέχων [ho katechōn] , (“He who now restrains”) denotes the Holy Spirit. If so, the former may be the means by which the later agent performs His ministry through the Church.

Regarding the association of the Holy Spirit with the gospel, it might be said that neither the Spirit nor the gospel (or the Word of God) operate independently of each other. This is true of Creation when God spoke and the Spirit hovered over the waters (Gen. 1:1-3). The gospel came in power and in the Holy Spirit (1Th. 1:5). Sanctification comes through both the Word and the Spirit (cf. Ps. 119:9, 11; 1Th. 4:8; 2Th. 2:13; 2Ti. 3:16-17). The sword of the Spirit is the Word of God (Eph. 6:17).³⁵

For a more detailed discussion of the identity of the Restrainer, see [Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 259-263] and [Powell, “The Identity of the “Restrainer” in 2 Thessalonians 2:6-7”].

4.14.4.3 - How were People Saved before Pentecost?

We pause here to reiterate the point made earlier: people have always been saved by spiritual regeneration, being “born of the Spirit” (John 3:5-6). Yet John made it clear that the Holy Spirit “had not yet been given” prior to the Day of Pentecost (John 7:39). The new ministry of the Spirit which began on the Day of Pentecost was not that of regeneration, but of baptism into the Body of Christ (1Cor. 12:13). Prior to the Day of Pentecost, believers were never baptized into the Body of Christ. Therefore, the Body of Christ is a new and unique organism ministering in Christ’s absence during the present age.

4.14.4.4 - How are People Saved in the Tribulation?

When the Holy Spirit, as the Restrainer, is taken out of the way, the Body of Christ will go with Him, but He will still minister on the earth to save souls during the Tribulation to follow. In the same way He participated in regenerating people prior to Pentecost, so will He after the Rapture.

From this chapter (Rev. 7+) it should be evident that the Holy Spirit will be still at work in the Tribulation, for the work of regeneration is His particular ministry. While the work of restraining evil is removed, allowing the Antichrist to begin his evil rise to power, the Holy Spirit Himself will still be in the world and will have an active ministry. While He will no longer be baptizing (for that is a special ministry for the Church only), He will be performing some of His other ministries, such as regeneration, filling, sealing, etc. In all this, the second purpose of the Tribulation will be accomplished: that of bringing about a worldwide revival.³⁸

For further discussion of the role of the Holy Spirit during the Tribulation, see [Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 263-274].

4.14.5 - Is all Tribulation the Same?

Critics of a pretribulational rapture point to many verses which indicate that Christians will undergo tribulation—as is also demonstrated by experience (Mat. 13:21; Mark 4:17; John 16:33; Rom. 5:3; 8:35; 2Cor. 1:4; 7:4; Rev. 1:9+). They rightly argue that tribulation refines the saints and develops their character. They conclude that the Church must go through the time of God’s wrath in order to prove and refine the saints of the end time. However, Revelation 3:10+ contradicts this view because it indicates that the purpose of the Tribulation is to test the earth dwellers, not the Church.

Also, there is an important difference between general tribulation which is the result of Satan and a sinful world (Mat. 24:21, 29; Mark 13:19; Rev. 7:14+) and tribulation which is the result of the outpouring of God’s wrath on an unbelieving world (Ps. 2:12; Isa. 13:9, 13; 63:3; Jer. 10:10; Rev. 6:16-17+; 11:18+; 14:8-10+; 19+; 15:1+, 7+; 16:17+, 19+; 19:15+). It is the Lamb Himself who opens the seven seals which lead to the events of the seven trumpets and seven bowls (Rev. 6:1+). It is the bridegroom who initiates the events which trigger the Tribulation of the end! Will the bridegroom pour out His wrath upon His own bride? Scripture says no!⁴⁰ (See Church Betrothed to Christ.) The Church will be kept from the “hour of trial which shall come upon the whole world, to test those who dwell on the earth” (Rev. 3:10+). The Church is kept not from the trial, but from the very hour of trial (see commentary on Revelation 3:10).

Many additional verses indicate that the Church is not appointed to endure God’s wrath, that it will be exempted from this time period (Luke 21:36; Rom. 5:9; 1Th. 1:10; 5:9). Although some saints in history have been kept through times of tribulation (e.g., Noah’s family in the Ark, Israel at the Passover), others were kept from God’s judgment (e.g., Enoch prior to Noah’s flood, Lot and his daughters in Sodom). In the case of the Church, as Christ’s bride she is not appointed to wrath, but like Enoch will “walk with God” for God will “take her” (cf. Gen. 5:24).

4.14.6 - Delivered from the Wrath to Come

Some have understood Paul’s teaching concerning the delivery of believers from the “wrath to come” (1Th. 1:10) as describing their exemption from the wrath of judgment which unbelievers will undergo for rejecting Christ (John 3:18-19, 36). But everywhere in Scripture, the benefits of redemption are fully and immediately applied at the time of redemption. Believers have eternal life (John 3:15; Acts 13:48; 1Jn. 5:13). The wrath to come does not speak of the potential judgment of believers which has already been averted by their saving faith, but the “hour of trial which shall come upon the whole world, to test those who dwell on the earth” (Rev. 3:10+).

Much more then, having now been justified by His blood, we shall be saved from wrath through Him. For if when we were enemies we were reconciled to God through the death of His Son, much more, having been reconciled, we shall be saved by His life. (Rom. 5:9-10) [emphasis added]

The justification is present tense and entirely complete. The believer stands totally and completely justified the moment he comes to faith. The wrath here is future.

The wrath of God here [1Th. 1:10] is future, and hence, cannot refer to the general wrath of God against sin which is a present reality. This wrath is future. While Hell and the Lake of Fire are also future, they cannot be what this passage is referring to. By virtue of salvation, the believer is already redeemed from Hell. . . . the wrath that the Church is being delivered from is the wrath of the Great Tribulation. He is coming for the specific purpose of delivering the Church from the wrath to come, namely, the Tribulation period.⁴¹

The salvation spoken of here [1Th. 5:9] is future, and so cannot be soteriological, which is a present reality. The salvation here is eschatological, referring to the redemption of the body which will occur at the Rapture. It is this salvation that the Church has been appointed to and not to the wrath of the Day of the Lord.⁴²

4.14.7 - The Church and the book of Revelation

Some note that although the term “church” (εκκλησία [ekklēsia] ) is not found in chapters 6-18 of the book of Revelation, “saints” (ἁγίων [hagiōn] , Rev. 13:7+) are frequently the subject of the events of the Tribulation period. Yet this does not prove that the Church is present at that time because saints is a generic term which describes believers of all ages. And as we have already discussed, saints of the present Church age enjoy a unique relationship by virtue of the coming of the Holy Spirit on the Day of Pentecost which differentiates them from saints of other ages, including the Tribulation period.

The fact that saints are found in the Tribulation does not prove that the Church is there any more than the existence of saints in the Old Testament proves that the Church was there. It has already been shown that the Church began at Pentecost with the baptizing ministry of the Holy Spirit. Thus, the Old Testament saints are not part of the Church. In the same way, the existence of saints in the Tribulation does not prove that the Church is there either, and not even once are they called the Church. The Church, as such, is never mentioned in any passage dealing with the Tribulation. . . . in chapters 6-18 [of the book of Revelation], which deal with the Tribulation period itself, the Church is not even mentioned once. This is most unusual in light of the prominence of the Church in the chapters dealing with events prior to and after the Tribulation. . . . This is only an argument from silence, but within the structure of the book of Revelation it is a powerful case indeed. From the viewpoint of pure exposition, it is impossible for anyone to turn to a Tribulation passage and to show that the Church is there.⁴³

4.14.8 - The Timing of the Rapture

Although there are a variety of views as to when the Church is caught away to be with Christ, we believe the Scriptures indicate a catching away of the saints prior to the Tribulation or 70th week of Daniel (Dan. 9:24-27).

There are expositors who argue that Revelation supports a pretribulational rapture of the church. They cite the following arguments: (1) the promise of exemption from tribulation that was given to the church of Philadelphia (Rev. 3:10+); (2) John’s spiritual translation to heaven as [a typological] indication of the Rapture (Rev. 4:1-2+); (3) the presence of the twenty-four elders in heaven which indicates that the church is removed during the Tribulation (Rev. 4:4+ff); (4) the absence of any reference to the church in Revelation 4+-18+; (5) the marriage supper of the Lamb coming down with Christ at His Second Coming (Rev. 19:7-9+); (6) The complete absence of any statement of rapture in the closing days of the Tribulation.⁴⁴

Additional reasons for a pretribulational rapture include: (7) the Jewish focus of Daniel’s 70th week in light of the distinctions made between the Church and Israel (Rom. 11:25-26);⁴⁵ (8) the imminent coming of Christ for His Church precludes prophetic views⁴⁶ which hold that events such as the revealing of Antichrist or the signing of the seven-year covenant take place before the Rapture (Dan. 9:27; 2Th. 2:1-4); (9) the Church is everywhere instructed to watch for Christ but never Antichrist (Tit. 2:13);⁴⁷ (10) believing sheep (which would have been caught up in a posttribulation rapture) are found upon the earth at Christ’s coming (Mat. 25:31).

4.14.9 - Typology and the Rapture

It is a well-established fact that Scripture contains typology—passages which do not explicitly teach doctrine, but which provide “hints” concerning aspects of God’s plans and actions. For example, Christ points to the incident where Moses raises a serpent on a pole (Num. 21:9) as a type (demonstration or model) of His crucifixion (John 3:14-16). Although the doctrine of the crucifixion cannot be taught from the passage in Numbers, by God’s design the correlation between the incident of the serpent on a pole and the crucifixion is meant to be instructive and worthy of study:

Example of Biblical Typology: Moses and the Serpent on a Pole (Num. 21)

Type (Model) | Antitype (Fulfillment)
The Israelites were bitten by serpents resulting in death (Num. 21:6). | Adam and Eve, and by extension all of mankind, were “bitten by Satan” resulting in the curse of death (Gen. 3:1, 19).
Moses lifted up the serpent on a pole (Num. 21:9). | Jesus was lifted up on a tree (Acts 5:30).
Moses placed a serpent on the pole (Num. 21:9). | Jesus was nailed to the cross. God made Him who knew no sin to be sin for us (Isa. 53:6, 10; 2Cor. 5:21).
Merely looking on the serpent on the pole provided life (Num. 21:9).⁴⁸ | Merely trusting in Jesus on the cross provides life (Isa. 45:22; John 3:16; Rev. 2:7+).
The serpent was cursed (Gen. 3:14). | Christ was made a curse for us (Gal. 3:13).
The serpent deceived man using a tree (Gen. 3:6; Num. 21:9). | Christ redeemed man using a tree (Acts 10:39).
The serpent, representing sin, was brazen—a metal not consumed by fire, representing judgment (Num. 21:9). | Those who trust in Christ are sinners, but their sin is judged while they themselves are not consumed.

These are a few examples of the extent to which typology can reveal subtle aspects concerning a related event. Here, the serpent on a pole incident sets forth numerous aspects of the crucifixion of Christ hundreds of years in advance. We could make a similar study of Abraham’s offering of Isaac which models, in advance, the offering of another Son by another Father on the very same mountain (Gen. 22). Or we could point to the book of Ruth and the way in which Boaz, Ruth, and Naomi model Jesus, the Church, and Israel.⁴⁹

Our point here is to establish the fact that God has embedded within the events of Scripture small “gems” of additional insight into future events for those with eyes to see them. These typological hints cannot be used to teach doctrine, but neither should they be ignored. The student of God’s Word who ignores them is overlooking a mine of riches.

In the case of the Rapture and God’s judgment, we have several typological examples we might note:

Noah’s flood: Enoch was raptured prior to the flood. (Noah and his family were preserved through the flood.)

Sodom and Gomorrah: Lot and his daughters were rescued prior to judgment. The angels could not destroy Sodom until Lot had been removed (Gen. 19:22).

After the seven letters to the seven churches of chapters 2 and 3 of Revelation, John hears a voice like a trumpet calling him up to heaven (Rev. 4:1+ cf. 1Th. 4:16). Thereafter, the Church appears in heaven.

The overcomer at the church of Thyatira is promised “the morning star” (Rev. 2:28+). The morning star is Christ (Rev. 22:16+). The morning star rises near the end of the long night, before the night has run its course and before the dawn. The night is the current age. The day is the millennial reign of Christ. The morning star will appear to those who watch for Him before the night concludes (Heb. 9:28).

These examples vary from somewhat simple and compelling (the rapture of Enoch prior to the flood) to complex and tenuous (the morning star) and are by no means exhaustive. On their own, they are mere hints or possibilities. But when combined with the other factors listed above, they reinforce the teaching that a category of believers—those who “walk with Him,” His own Body of Christ—will be taken up before He pours forth His wrath in judgment upon “those who dwell upon the earth.”

Postribulationalists reject this conclusion, contending there is no reason why Christians in the last generation deserve to escape the great tribulation. The fact is, however, that Christians in every other generation have escaped the great tribulation, so there is no reason why the last should be singled out for participation in it.⁵⁰

4.14.10 - Additional Resources on the Rapture

For those who wish to study the issues surrounding the Rapture in greater detail, we suggest the following resources:

Ice, Thomas and Timothy Demy. The Return. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1999.⁵¹

Ice, Thomas and Timothy Demy. When The Trumpet Sounds. Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 1995.⁵²

LaHaye, Tim. The Rapture. Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2002.⁵³

Pentecost, J. Dwight. Things To Come: A Study In Biblical Eschatology Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1958.⁵⁴

Ryrie, Charles C. Come Quickly, Lord Jesus. Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 1996.⁵⁵

Showers, Renald E. Maranatha, Our Lord Come. Bellmawr, NJ: Friends of Israel Gospel Ministry, 1995.⁵⁶

Stanton, Gerald B. Kept From The Hour, 4th ed. Miami Springs, FL: Schoettle Publishing Co., Inc., 1991.⁵⁷

Walvoord, John F. The Rapture Question. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1979.⁵⁸

Resources which discuss the pre-wrath rapture position include:

Fruchtenbaum, Arnold G. A Review of the Pre-Wrath Rapture of the Church. Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, n.d.

McClean, John A. “Another Look at Rosenthal’s ‘Pre-Wrath Rapture.’ ” Bibliotheca Sacra⁵⁹

Rosenthal, Marvin. The Pre-Wrath Rapture of the Church. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1990.

Showers, Renald E. The Pre-Wrath Rapture View. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001.

Stanton, Gerald B. “A Review of the Pre-Wrath Rapture of the Church.” Bibliotheca Sacra⁶⁰

We do not advocate the pre-wrath rapture position because we believe it suffers from numerous problems—including the denial of an imminent return of Christ for His Church.

For those of us who may be bedazzled or dazed by the current blizzard of alternate theories, positions, and prophetic perspectives blowing our way, there is a simple test we can use to check for truth. It involves one word: Imminence. What does the purveyor of a new, novel, or absurd approach to end-times events have to say about the imminent return of Christ, which the Scriptures declare to be the watchword of the church? Any proposition that ignores, delays, or mutilates the clear meaning of the word and the way in which the early church understood imminence—the any-moment return of Christ—should be immediately discredited.⁶¹

Notes

¹ Renald E. Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come (Bellmawr, NJ: The Friends of Israel Gospel Ministry, 1995), 245.

² Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, Charting the End Times (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2001), 108.

³ Donald Grey Barnhouse, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1971), 77.

⁴ E. W. Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1984, 1935), 194.

⁵ Norman L. Geisler and William E. Nix, A General Introduction to the Bible (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1986), 26.

⁶ Frederick William Danker and Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 109.

⁷ Ibid.

⁸ LaHaye, Charting the End Times, 110.

⁹ Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 11.

¹⁰ We use the term in its traditional sense: to denote his physical coming yet future.

¹¹ Thomas Ice and Timothy J. Demy, The Return (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1999), 101-102.

¹² Ibid.

¹³ Ibid.

¹⁴ Ibid.

¹⁵ Ibid.

¹⁶ Ibid.

¹⁷ Ibid.

¹⁸ [Ibid.] [J. Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1958), 207]

¹⁹ Ice, The Return, 101-102.

²⁰ Ibid.

²¹ A critical problem for the posttribulational rapture view is its inability to explain the Sheep and Goat Judgment of Matthew 25:31-46. If all believers are caught up during the Second Coming of Christ at the end of the Tribulation, then only unbelievers are left upon the earth. Yet when Jesus gathers the nations upon His arrival and kingdom (Mat. 25:31) sheep are found in their midst. These sheep demonstrate their faith by their works and enter the Millennial Kingdom. When did they come to faith if all the faithful were caught up to meet Him at His return? The solution is found in recognizing the sheep as saints which came to faith after the Rapture of the Church and survive the Tribulation to populate the Millennial Kingdom. See Who Populates the Millennial Kingdom?

²² Richard L. Mayhue, “Why a Pretribulational Rapture,” in Richard L. Mayhue, ed., The Master’s Seminary Journal, vol. 13 no. 1 (Sun Valley, CA: The Master’s Seminary, Spring 2002), 247.

²³ Ibid.

²⁴ Ibid.

²⁵ LaHaye, Charting the End Times, 112.

²⁶ Ibid.

²⁷ Tony Garland, “Does Dispensationalism Teach Two Ways of Salvation?,” in The Conservative Theological Journal, vol. 7 no. 20 (Fort Worth, TX: Tyndale Theological Seminary, March 2003), 58-59.

²⁸ See our discussion why Nero cannot be the man of sin.

²⁹ Charles E. Powell, “The Identity of the ‘Restrainer’ in 2 Thessalonians 2:6-7,” in Bibliotheca Sacra, vol. 154 no. 615 (Dallas, TX: Dallas Theological Seminary, July-Sep 1997), 328-329.

³⁰ Ibid., 330.

³¹ Barnhouse, Revelation, 120-121.

³² Powell, “The Identity of the “Restrainer” in 2 Thessalonians 2:6-7,” 330.

³³ Thomas L. Constable, “2 Thessalonians,” in John F. Walvoord and Roy B. Zuck, eds., The Bible Knowledge Commentary (Wheaton, IL: SP Publications, 1983), 2Th. 2:7.

³⁴ John MacArthur, The MacArthur Study Bible (Nashville, TN: Word Publishing, 1997), 2Th. 2:6.

³⁵ Powell, “The Identity of the “Restrainer” in 2 Thessalonians 2:6-7,” 331.

³⁶ Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 259-263.

³⁷ Powell, “The Identity of the “Restrainer” in 2 Thessalonians 2:6-7.”

³⁸ Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 224.

³⁹ Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 263-274.

⁴⁰ It is not a light thing to maintain that the Church goes through the Tribulation for it casts a large shadow over the character of her bridegroom!

⁴¹ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 153.

⁴² Ibid., 154.

⁴³ Ibid., 151.

⁴⁴ John A. McLean, “Structure of the Book of Revelation,” in Mal Couch, ed., Dictionary of Premillennial Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1996), 372-373.

⁴⁵ “God does not intend the church to be present on the earth for any part of the 70 weeks or 490 years that He has determined specifically for Israel and Jerusalem [Dan. 9:24-27]. He intends to keep His 70-weeks program for Israel and Jerusalem and His program for the church separate and distinct from each other, just as Israel and the church are distinct entities.”—Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 246.

⁴⁶ Such as the pre-wrath rapture view.

⁴⁷ “Such passages as 1 Thessalonians 5:6; Titus 2:13; Revelation 3:3+ all warn the believer to be watching for the Lord Himself, not for signs that would precede His coming. . . . the object of the believer’s attention is always directed to Christ, never to these portents.”—Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 203.

⁴⁸ Looking on the serpent was an act demonstrating faith.

⁴⁹ Did the saints of Moses’ and Abraham’s day understand the details of these types? Perhaps some—like Moses and Abraham—did, but the majority probably did not. Yet it is clear that those who maintained a close relationship with God and carefully studied His Word often understand subtleties which others were unaware of (Luke 2:25-38).

⁵⁰ Henry Morris, The Revelation Record (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1983), Rev. 3:10.

⁵¹ Ice, The Return.

⁵² Thomas Ice and Timothy J. Demy, When the Trumpet Sounds (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 1995).

⁵³ Tim LaHaye, The Rapture (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2002).

⁵⁴ Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology.

⁵⁵ Charles C. Ryrie, Come Quickly, Lord Jesus (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 1996).

⁵⁶ Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come.

⁵⁷ Gerald B. Stanton, Kept from the Hour, 4th ed. (Miami Springs, FL: Schoettle Publishing, Co., Inc., 1991).

⁵⁸ John F. Walvoord, The Rapture Question (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1979).

⁵⁹ John A. McClean, “Another Look at Rosenthal’s ‘Pre-Wrath Rapture’,” in Bibliotheca Sacra, vol. 148 no. 592 (Dallas, TX: Dallas Theological Seminary, Oct-Dec 1991).

⁶⁰ Gerald B. Stanton, “A Review of the Pre-Wrath Rapture of the Church,” in Bibliotheca Sacra, vol. 148 no. 589 (Dallas, TX: Dallas Theological Seminary, Jan-Mar 1991).

⁶¹ Elwood McQuaid, “Expecting a Call Any Moment,” in Elwood McQuaid, ed., Israel My Glory (Westville, NJ: Friends of Israel Gospel Ministry, January/February 2005), 10.

2.3 - Audience and Purpose Listen to Audience and Purpose

A great variety of opinion attends the identification of the purpose and the audience for whom John wrote. Some of this can be attributed to confusion, but there can be no doubt that the varied motives of interpreters play a large role in the discussion. For if it were possible to restrict the role of the book of Revelation to a particular audience or narrow purpose, then its relevance to believers occupying other geographic or historic positions will necessarily be reduced. The reader must know that this is a driving motive behind some interpretations which aspire to relegate John’s message to the dustbin of history in order to avoid the conclusion that many events described therein are yet future.

2.3.1 - Can’t God Prophesy?

Perhaps the most puzzling statements encountered in the discussion of the purpose of the book of Revelation are those which assert that this most prophetic of New Testament books is not about predictive prophecy:

The fact [is] clear, that the book is not a prediction of the great movements in the world and the Church in the later centuries of European history, or in the centuries which are yet to come. . . . these and many like inquiries all proceed from an utter misconception of the character of prophecy.¹

St. John did not write a textbook on prophecy. Instead, he recorded a heavenly worship service in progress.²

While we might agree that the book of Revelation is not a textbook and records a heavenly worship service, to imply the book is not about prophecy goes too far. Even Chilton himself seems inconsistent on this point. ³

Beckwith confidently tells us that the book cannot be about “great movements in the world,” whether in European history (which we would tend to agree with) “nor in . . . centuries yet to come.” With a stroke of the pen he asserts that God had no intention of revealing historical events yet future. Even Chilton must admit: “John himself reminds us repeatedly, [the book] is a prophecy.”⁴ Not just a prophecy, but “completely in keeping with the writings of the other Biblical prophets.”⁵

And how did God utilize the other biblical prophets? As all interpreters ought to be quick to recognize, prophecy was never given primarily for its predictive content. It was always given with an emphasis on motivating its hearers to repent and return to God. Perhaps the quintessential example is that of the prophet Jonah who was sent to a people he despised and delivered a prophetic message which had its intended effect of turning the Ninevites to God and avoiding judgment (Jonah 3:5-10). The minute we lose sight of the motivational motor behind God’s prophetic Word is the time when we begin to distort and cheapen what God wants us to understand. And so it is with the book of Revelation. It is a book of revealing, especially of the true character and righteous judgment of Jesus Christ. This message is set within the context of real-world history with an emphasis on a coming time of wrath and judgment which should serve as a huge motivator for those who do not yet know Jesus Christ to consider their error! But for all this, it is equally an error to deny the plain predictive aspects of biblical prophecy. One need only consider how Herod was informed of the predicted birth place of the Messiah (Mat. 2:5-6 cf. Mic. 5:2) or how Jesus arranged to ride into Jerusalem on a donkey (Mat. 21:2-5 cf. Zec. 9:9) in order to fulfill Zechariah’s prediction concerning the Messiah in order to see that prophecy includes a predictive element. Has not God Himself said:

Remember the former things of old, for I am God, and there is no other; I am God, and there is none like Me, Declaring the end from the beginning, and from ancient times things that are not yet done, saying, ‘My counsel shall stand, and I will do all My pleasure,’ (Isa. 46:9-10) [emphasis added]

Why would these interpreters be so quick to assert that John’s message is light on prophetic content or not really dealing with predictive events anchored in history? The answer lies in their motives. They desire to interpret the book from a preterist perspective which denies the future application of its contents. Let the reader beware: much of what is written concerning the book of Revelation is flavored by the predisposition of the commentator. It is our intent in the introduction to our work to attempt to acquaint the reader with a number of these predispositions so that he will be better equipped to judge for himself the validity of the conclusions of such interpreters.

In response to those who minimize the predictive element of the book of Revelation, Couch states: “Why can’t Revelation be a treasure house for the prophetical archaeologist if it is indeed a book of prophecy? Can’t God write prophecy? Can’t He give us the plan of the ages?”⁶

It is important to understand what the book claims for itself. The words prophecy, prophesy, prophesying, prophet, and prophets are forms used twenty-one times in the writing. And the way these words are used leaves no doubt that the book is forecasting events yet to come. No other New Testament book uses this term about itself in such a clear way.⁷

This prophetic content is not intended for mere head-knowledge, but like all of God’s written revelation, it must travel the 18 inches from our head to our heart with the express design of affecting a change in our daily living:

The anticipation of seeing Jesus when he comes should cause us to live and act in a godly manner. As John wrote, we will be like Jesus when He appears (1 John 3:2), and so “every one who has this hope fixed on Him purifies himself, just as He is pure” (1Jn. 3:3). [Peter] also wrote of this cleansing effect of prophecy when he wrote about the new heavens and the new earth. “Beloved, since you look for these things, be diligent to be found by Him in peace, spotless and blameless” (2 Peter 3:14).⁸

2.3.2 - Overemphasis on Immediate Audience or Events

Although the principles of grammatical historical interpretation duly recognize the importance of the immediate audience of God’s revelation,⁹ this fact cannot be used to undercut God’s ability to reveal events far future from the day of the immediate readers. When interpreters overemphasize the immediate audience, it makes it difficult to see how God could reveal future events to those same readers without running foul of the limited scope of such interpreters. Indeed, this is the case in the book before us. When the application to the immediate audience dominates the purpose of the book, then interpreters tend to search the local history of the first readers in an attempt to find events which, in their mind, “match” the events described by God. Two such examples are the Roman practice of emperor worship¹⁰ and the myth that Nero would revive from the dead.¹¹

Such interpretations do not match the plain meaning of the text. Emperor worship was not a serious factor at the time of Nero, especially in Asia (see the discussion concerning the date when the book was written). Nor did Nero fulfill the biblical requirements of the beast (Nero committed suicide in 68 AD whereas the beast is cast alive into the Lake of Fire at the return of Jesus Christ, Rev. 19:20+). Nor has Nero been revived in the intervening centuries. (We discuss reasons why Nero cannot be the Beast of Revelation elsewhere.)

One wonders if God doesn’t ask Himself, “How can I tell these people about events future to the time of the recipients of My revelation without them attempting to find everything I say fulfilled in their own time?”

2.3.2.1 - Misunderstood Motive

Another stumbling block to an accurate interpretation of the book of Revelation is attributing the wrong motives to its authorship. To listen to some commentators, one gets the idea that the Book was written only after long and careful thought by John upon the geopolitical climate of his day and the impact the culture was having upon the affairs of the church:

One thing that can probably be agreed upon by the majority of commentators is that a contributing reason for John’s motive in writing is the perceived discrepancy in the Christian audience between, on the one hand, belief that the kingdom had been inaugurated, that God was sovereign over history, and that Christ would soon return to conclude history and, on the other hand, the reality that forces of evil continued to exist, to dominate culture and even flourish, while oppressing believers to varying degrees. How did the truth of the gospel relate practically and specifically to the difficult cultural, social, political, and economic realities.¹²

The reader should not miss the fact that John has just been “reinterpreted” from an obedient servant simply responding to the commands of His Lord (Rev. 1:19+; 2:1+, 12+; 3:1+, 7+, 14+; 4:1+; etc.) into a savvy geopolitical analyst complete with his own motives!

Another frequently heard, but incorrect, motive is found in devotional and inspirational content. “St. John’s primary concern in writing the book of Revelation was just this very thing: to strengthen the Christian community in the faith of Jesus Christ’s Lordship, to make them aware that the persecutions they suffered were integrally involved in the great war of history.”¹³

Again, the problem is not in recognizing that the book of Revelation does provide great spiritual encouragement and even immediate instructions for the seven churches of Asia, but it is manifestly unbiblical to assert that this was John’s primary task and to imply that John had his own motivations for writing the book.

2.3.2.1.1 - Anti-Supernatural Motive for Writing

Here we must discuss a common thread which runs throughout many works on the book of Revelation and which is particularly troubling. It is the hallmark of much which passes for academic learning in our times. Anti-supernaturalism: a prevalent bias against the supernatural and an overt reliance upon the natural. A substitution of the rational and analytical capabilities of man for the revealed truth and intervention of God. An elevation of learned opinion over the simple statements of Holy Writ.

There is no shortage of interpreters who are quick to attribute the writing of the book of Revelation to causes other than the direct intervention and command of God upon John: “It was natural that the Church of the first century should produce such a writing, for Christian hope centered in the coming of the kingdom of God and his Christ.” [emphasis added]¹⁴ “The major thrust of Revelation is not sociopolitical but theological. John is more concerned with countering the heresy that was creeping into the churches toward the close of the first century than in addressing the political situation.”¹⁵

These opinions, although from learned sources, are directly opposed to the simple statements of the book itself, which Mills correctly recognizes:

[His motive] is simply to fulfill his charge to faithfully record the vision he had been privileged to see. However, this same verse provides us with a clue to the divine purpose in the book, for it was, firstly, to provide a divine assessment of the condition of the churches which it addresses (the things which are), and then, secondly, to record ‘the things which shall take place after these things.’ This last purpose is prophetic, as is clearly stated in Rev. 1:3+; and this provides a clue as to the major purpose of the book. [emphasis added]¹⁶

Where these anti-supernatural interpreters would have us envision John pondering for some number of months over the potential letter which he planned to write, carefully considering various purposes and ideas which he hoped to frame in his message, the biblical reality is miles apart. “John was writing as fast as he could to record the visions he was seeing.”¹⁷

Peter had this to say concerning “John’s motive:”

And so we have the prophetic word confirmed, which you do well to heed as a light that shines in a dark place, until the day dawns and the morning star rises in your hearts; knowing this first, that no prophecy of Scripture is of any private interpretation, for prophecy never came by the will of man, but holy men of God spoke as they were moved by the Holy Spirit. (2Pe. 1:19-21) [emphasis added]

2.3.2.2 - Relevance to the Immediate Audience

A frequent assertion by those who are not in favor of the book of Revelation describing future events is that if the book were to describe events yet future to the time of the hearers, then it would necessarily be irrelevant:

A predictive work which is totally unrelated to its own day could have no meaning for its readers because they would be unable to bridge the gap of thought between themselves and its prophecies. One might as well give a textbook on thermo-nuclear fission to a medieval monk and expect him to understand it as to present a work of complete prediction of the future to a man of any era and assume that he would profit by it unless some means were established by which he could connect his own times with the events which were to come.¹⁸

If we go along with dispensational interpreters in finding the Rapture of the church at Revelation 4:1+, then the book becomes largely irrelevant, not only to the original readers, but also to all Christians of any age. . . . This leaves it far from obvious why Christians should take an interest in such events, or why God wished to reveal them.¹⁹

One wonders if these same commentators ever considered Isaiah’s unmatched prophecy of the Suffering Servant? What value might this have had to his immediate readership living between 739 and 686 BC?²⁰ According to their criteria it must have been “largely irrelevant” to Isaiah’s contemporaries since it sets forth in great detail the crucifixion of our Lord at least six centuries before the actual events. Obviously, these interpreters are aware of the many prophetic examples such as Isaiah, but choose to treat them differently because they have no bearing on events yet future to our own time.

This insistence that all the events of the book of Revelation must pertain to the immediate hearers is without foundation and runs directly counter to the whole tenor of prophetic revelation throughout Scripture. Even many of those who lived as contemporaries of John failed to understand their contemporary Scriptures as being fulfilled in their day.²¹

Moreover, aspects of the prophecies themselves were not necessarily understood by the prophet himself, not to mention his contemporaries: “Interpreters of the Revelation should bear in mind two important passages: 1Pe. 1:12; 2Pe. 1:20, 21. Doubtless much which is designedly obscure to us will be clear to those for whom it was written as the time approaches.”²²

To use the argument that the book must be understood by the first generation of Christians completely as a refutation of the futuristic position is not reasonable nor backed by the study of prophecy in Scripture in general. . . . it is strange that such an objection should be considered weighty. Much of the prophecy of the Bible deals with the distant future, including the Old Testament promises of the coming Messiah . . . the difficulty with this point of view is twofold: (1) Prophecy, as given in the Scripture, was not necessarily understandable by the writer or his generation, as illustrated in the case of Daniel (Dan. 12:4, 9). It is questionable whether the great prophets of the Old Testament always understood what they were writing (cf. 1 Peter 1:10-12). (2) It is of the nature of prophecy that often it cannot be understood until the time of the generation which achieves fulfillment.²³

2.3.2.2.1 - The Present Value of Future Events

Tenney explains that God’s prophetic word is relevant for all readers in all ages:

Even though the Revelation may not find its fulfilment in the events of the present day nor even within the next century, it may still be relevant to the present situation. . . . One of the marvels of the written Word of God is its perennial relevance to every time and situation. Its principles are universally applicable, although its predictions may fit only one specific era. . . . There are four ways in which Revelation may be meaningful for this present age: (1) by giving to us the divine estimate of history; (2) by predicting the future to a definite degree; (3) by contributing theologically to the structure of Christian thought; and (4) by offering a spiritual stimulus to daily living.²⁴

2.3.3 - Purpose

The biblical interpreter who does not suffer from anti-supernaturalism will forgo attempts to plumb the depths of John’s psyche to establish the purpose of his writing. Instead, he will recognize that John himself had no purpose! But that God, by direct supernatural intervention, simply told John to write. And as a dutiful servant, John did just that!

The purpose of the book is not found in John, but in the plain statements given in the book and by an understanding of the content of the book. Mills provides an excellent summary:

The divine purpose in this book can be seen as threefold. The first purpose is to reveal Christ in His deistic glory. Chapter 1 introduces the risen Christ as possessing all the effulgence of the glory of the Father and also presents Him in a judgmental capacity (the sword of Rev. 1:16+). The purpose of revealing Christ in this glory is to depict clearly and unmistakably His deity-a fact which was already under question by some heretical sects-and also to present Him in an unmistakable judgmental role. This purpose, stated in chapter 1+, pervades the whole book; . . . The second purpose is explicit in Chapters 2+-3+, and meets the particular needs and circumstances of particular churches at a particular time. . . . to address the needs of the seven churches, and thereafter to leave a body of admonition, commendation, and promise which would be applicable to the Church Age. . . . The third purpose, achieved in Chapters 4-22, is to confirm the apocalyptic and millennial prophecies of the Old Testament. With the emergence of the mystery age, the Church Age, questions would understandably arise as to whether God’s program had been abandoned, modified or whatever. The purpose of these nineteen chapters is to reaffirm these prophecies, to consolidate and supplement them into a fuller and more chronological record. . . A secondary purpose is to give the Church a focus for the hope that each believer has by giving a preview of the Millennial Kingdom and of the eternal life which follows it. Revelation thus completes the New Testament argument by summarizing and consolidating those Old Testament prophecies of the Messianic Age of Righteousness which were unfulfilled at the end of the apostolic age, and by clarifying that these prophecies were still to be fulfilled at, or just prior to, our Lord’s second advent, at which time He will set up the earthly kingdom prophesied in the Old Testament (we now know this as the Millennial Kingdom from Revelation 20+). Secondly, Revelation also completes the New Testament presentation of Jesus Christ by displaying Him in His eternal glory, thereby refuting any attempt to leave Jesus as merely human or less than fully God. And thirdly, Revelation addresses the needs of the Church at the end of the apostolic age, thus leaving a picture of a Church as diverse as that which has succeeded it, and, consequently, a body of principles which provide admonition, commendation, and promise that is applicable throughout the Church Age. [emphasis added]²⁵

Notes

¹ Isbon T. Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2001), 303.

² David Chilton, The Days of Vengeance (Tyler, TX: Dominion Press, 1987), xii.

³ “The book of Revelation is not an apocalyptic tract; it is, instead, as St. John himself reminds us repeatedly, a prophecy (Rev. 1:3+; 10:11+; 22:7+, 10+, 18-19+), completely in keeping with the writings of the other biblical prophets.”—Ibid., 27.

⁴ Ibid.

⁵ Ibid.

⁶ Mal Couch, “Interpreting the Book of Revelation,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 51.

⁷ Mal Couch, “The Literary Structure of Revelation,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 81.

⁸ Mal Couch, “Bibliology in the Book of Revelation,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 89.

⁹ That’s what historico means—the historical context is key to understanding the text.

¹⁰ “Revelation presupposes that Christians were being required to participate to some degree in the imperial cult (e.g., Rev. 13:4-8+, 15-16+; 14:9-11+; 15:2+; 16:2+; 19:20+; 20:4+).”—Gregory K. Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1999), 5.

¹¹ “Some commentators argue that some passages in Revelation reflect a ‘revival of Nero’ myth, especially Rev. 13:3-4+ and 17:8+, 11+, which speak of the demise of the beast and subsequent revival. The Nero myth held that Nero would return from the dead and lead a Parthian army against the Roman Empire. If these texts reflect the myth, then Revelation is better dated later than earlier, since presumably it took time for the myth to arise, develop, and circulate after Nero’s death in 68 AD.”—Ibid., 17.

¹² Ibid., 28.

¹³ Chilton, The Days of Vengeance, 39.

¹⁴ Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John, 156.

¹⁵ Alan F. Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 4.

¹⁶ Monty S. Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John (Dallas, TX: 3E Ministries, 1987), s.v. “Introduction.”

¹⁷ Edward Hindson, Revelation: Unlocking the Future (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), 4.

¹⁸ Merrill C. Tenney, Interpreting Revelation (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1957), 137.

¹⁹ Steve Gregg, Revelation Four Views: A Parallel Commentary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1997), 42.

²⁰ John MacArthur, The MacArthur Study Bible (Nashville, TN: Word Publishing, 1997), 952.

²¹ “The full text of The Didache was rediscovered little more than a hundred years ago, in a codex found in Constantinople in 1873. This document proves that those who actually lived through the events of A.D. 70 regarded Matthew 24:29-31—the entire Olivet Discourse—as yet-unfulfilled prophecy.”—John MacArthur, “Signs in the Sky,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 112.

²² C. I. Scofield, The Scofield Study Bible (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2002, 1909), Rev. 1:1.

²³ John F. Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1966), 21-23.

²⁴ Tenney, Interpreting Revelation, 194, 195.

²⁵ Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John, s.v. “Introduction.”

2.11 - Date Listen to Date

Having discussed the authorship and acceptance of the book of Revelation, we now turn our attention to an examination of the various dates proposed for when the book was written. Dates for the book have been proposed from as early as A.D. 41 to as late as A.D. 117, although the majority of scholars have placed it between A.D. 54 and A.D. 96.¹

Our treatment of the date the book was written is intended mainly to acquaint the unfamiliar reader with the significance of the topic and the major arguments presented in support of the most popular dates. The works cited here provide additional background for those who are interested in delving into this matter further.

2.11.1 - Significance of the Date

The significance of the date of the book of Revelation depends to a great degree on the interpretive system one holds. The Preterist Interpretation requires that the book be written during the reign of Nero before the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70. If the book proves to have been written after A.D. 70, then the entire basis of the preterist interpretation collapses. Other systems of interpretation are not so sensitive to the date of writing, since their interpretive frameworks do not connect the events of the book as directly to the events attending the fall of Jerusalem.

The reason the preterist position is intent on dating the book before A.D. 70 is twofold: First, they insist that the theme of the book centers on the near-term destruction of Jerusalem prophesied by Jesus (Luke 21:22).² Second, modern preterism is often associated with the Christian Reconstruction movement which holds to Dominion Theology which cannot accept a worldwide rejection of Christ and a time of global judgment prior to His return. Those who accept the teaching that the book of Revelation predicts a future time of judgment coming upon the earth are seen as ‘defeatists,’³ so there is significant motivation to try to prove an early date over against the traditional late date.⁴

The reader should be aware of the major weakness of those who depend upon an early date for their interpretation: “The danger of dependence on a particular date for the writing of Revelation is aptly stated by Howard Winters: ‘When the interpretation depends upon the date, the interpretation can never be more certain than the date itself—if the date is wrong, then, of necessity the interpretation is wrong.’ ”⁵

In a review of fellow preterist David Chilton’s commentary on Revelation, entitled The Days of Vengeance, Kenneth Gentry observes, “If it could be demonstrated that Revelation were written 25 years after the Fall of Jerusalem, Chilton’s entire labor would go up in smoke.” Another preterist, R. C. Sproul, observes, “If the book was written after A.D. 70, then its contents manifestly do not refer to the events surrounding the fall of Jerusalem—unless the book is a wholesale fraud, having been composed after the predicted events had already occurred.”⁶

For systems of interpretation other than the preterist, the date is not critical. Either an early or a late date for the writing of the book of Revelation will not significantly affect the understanding of the book. But if the book of Revelation proves to have been written after the fall of Jerusalem in A.D. 70, then the preterist interpretation can be rejected.

Hitchcock has noted the narrow date range which modern preterism depends upon for its interpretation of the book. He also observes that many of those who support an early date do not necessarily support a date as early as is required by the modern preterists:

While it is true that many scholars do hold to a pre-70 date for Revelation, it is critical to observe that the preterist position requires more than just a pre-70 date. According to Gentry, Revelation anticipates the destruction of Jerusalem (August A.D. 70), the death of Nero (June A.D. 68), and the formal imperial engagement of the Jewish war (spring A.D. 67). Therefore, for preterists, the earliest Revelation could have been written . . . is the beginning of the Neronic persecution in November A.D. 64, and the latest possible date . . . is spring A.D. 67. The date Gentry favors is A.D. 65. . . . the problem Gentry faces is that almost all of the scholars he lists in support of his position do not actually support his position at all. These early-date advocates hold an early date, but not an early-enough date to support the preterist position.⁷

Although there are other early-date advocates, the most vocal advocates of our time have a specific agenda: to localize the prophetic content of the book of Revelation in both time (prior to A.D. 70) and place (events surrounding Jerusalem and within the boundaries of the historic Roman Empire). This agenda provides two key results: First, the future judgment of the “earth dwellers” and tribulation upon the earth is moved to the past clearing the way for Christian Reconstructionism and dominion. Second, the events of Revelation are poured out specifically upon the Jews rather than the entire disbelieving world. In concert with Replacement Theology, they believe the nation of Israel has been irrevocably replaced by the Church in the program of God.

It is our belief that when all the evidence is taken into account, the traditional late date is supported. But even if the early date turns out to be valid in the end, it still would not prove that the events of the book are found exclusively in the events of the past. In other words, the early date is necessary for the preterist interpretation, but not sufficient to prove that the text applies strictly to the immediate readers of John’s day.

2.11.2 - The Nature of Internal Evidence

As we saw when discussing the authorship of the book, there are two primary sources of evidence available when analyzing a biblical text: internal and external. We also noted that the interpretation of internal evidence is especially subject to subjective bias. External evidence has the advantage of being less subject to the bias of the interpreter.⁸

Those who favor an early date for the book of Revelation, and who wish to minimize the external evidence in favor of a later date, would have us place a greater emphasis on internal evidence than external evidence. “Conservative Christianity must recognize that the essential and determinative evidence ought to be drawn from the internal testimony of the scriptural record itself, when it is available.”⁹ The key point of contention in regard to the use of internal evidence is found in Gentry’s last phrase: when it is available. Leaving aside the interpretation of internal evidence which has its own problems, the determination of what constitutes internal evidence is highly problematic. Most often, the selection of internal evidence is driven by the a priori stance of the interpreter. What one interpreter sees as being “determinative” and “conclusive,” another interpreter sees as indicative of something else entirely.

For example, Hemer understands Revelation 6:6+ as being significant internal evidence of a late date: “We adduce reasons for accepting the view that Rev. 6:6+ alludes to an edict issued by Domitian in AD 92 to restrict the growing of vines in the provinces . . . and connect this with the contemporary setting of the Philadelphian letter.”¹⁰ Here lies the problem: who determines when a textual artifact is connected with a historical situation approximate to the time of writing? Hemer is sure that Domitian’s edict restricting the growing of vines is the source for John’s puzzling statement in Revelation 6:6+. Yet many other interpreters see no such connection and understand the passage in an entirely different light. The crux of the matter is determining when historical similarity equates to textual dependence or identity? This involves a huge amount of subjectivity on the part of the interpreter.

It is also frequently the case that the internal evidence results from the view which the interpreter has brought to the text, which is then used in support for the view: “As we will see . . . the book of Revelation is primarily a prophecy of the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans. This fact alone places St. John’s authorship somewhere before September of A.D. 70.”¹¹

Here we see half of an “interpretive circle” which operates in the interpretation of internal evidence by early date advocates: the book is obviously a prediction of the destruction of Jerusalem and therefore must have been written prior to the event. The other half of this circle is as follows: the book was written before A.D. 70 and therefore must have the destruction of Jerusalem in view as its major theme. Internal evidence which contradicts this conclusion is minimized or reinterpreted.¹²

The main problem with internal evidence is that it is subject to too many conflicting interpretations. What one person believes is “significant” internal evidence for their particular view is often possible to explain in totally different ways. The identity of the seven kings and seven heads of Revelation 17:9-11+ is one such commonly-used piece of internal “evidence.” “[Gentry takes] the contemporary reign of the sixth king in Rev. 17:9-11+ and the integrity of the temple and Jerusalem in Rev. 11:1-13+ to exemplify arguments that are ‘virtually certain’ proof of a date some time in the sixties.”¹³ But, as Mounce observes, it is inadvisable to utilize something as evidence which is subject to such a diversity of interpretations. “The interpretation of the seven heads of the beast set forth in Rev. 17:10-11+ is also presented as favoring the early date. Here again the divergence of opinion regarding this figure precludes the advisability of attempting to build a chronology on it.”¹⁴

It is our position that internal evidence is highly overrated in the field of biblical studies as is evident from its fruitlessness. This is plainly evident in the conclusions drawn from academic considerations of internal evidence drawn from the four gospels.¹⁵

2.11.3 - Evidence for an Early Date

2.11.3.1 - Internal Evidence for an Early Date

Aspects of the text of the book of Revelation have been understood by some as being indicative of an earlier date.

Chilton holds that since Scripture teaches that all prophecy would be complete by the end of the 70th week of Daniel (Dan. 9:24-27) and since the book of Revelation contains prophetic material, therefore the book must have been written prior to the end of Daniel’s 70th week:

We have a priori teaching from Scripture itself that all special revelation ended by A.D. 70. The angel Gabriel told Daniel that the “seventy weeks” were to end with the destruction of Jerusalem (Dan. 9:24-27); and that period would also serve to “seal up the vision and prophecy” (Dan. 9:24). In other words, special revelation would stop—be “sealed up”—by the time Jerusalem was destroyed. [emphasis added]¹⁶

We concur with Chilton’s basic premise: prophecy and vision will be sealed up at the conclusion of the 70 weeks of Daniel. But Chilton assumes the 70th week is completed with the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70—a view which is fundamentally flawed. ¹⁷ This is the interpretive equivalent of “two wrongs don’t make a right.” Here is revealed another Achilles heel of reliance upon internal evidence: it is too easily subject to cross-correlation which seems supportive, but is not necessarily related. Chilton misinterprets the meaning of a passage in Daniel to “prove” his interpretation of John’s passage, but both interpretations are in error.

Edersheim held that the many allusions in John’s Gospel and the book of Revelation to aspects of priestly service in the Temple inferred that John had close association with the priestly line (John 18:15-16) and that the Temple was still in service at the time both books were written.

These [allusions] naturally suggest the twofold inference that the book of Revelation and the Fourth Gospel must have been written before the Temple services had actually ceased, and by one who had not merely been intimately acquainted with, but probably at one time an actor in them. . . . it seems highly improbable that a book so full of liturgical allusions as the book of Revelation—and these, many of them, not too great or important points, but to minutia—could have been written by any other than a priest, and one who had at one time been in actual service in the Temple itself, and thus become so intimately conversant with its details, that they came to him naturally, as part of the imagery he employed.¹⁸

While we might concur with Edersheim’s observations concerning John’s knowledge of priestly duties and the allusions found in his works, all that seems to be necessary is for John to have had such knowledge at some point during his life. Clearly, the Temple was in operation during the times recorded by John’s Gospel (John 2:14-19). But does John’s acquaintance with the Temple necessitate that its service was contemporaneous with the writing of the book of Revelation? The obvious answer is, “no.” Any writer’s knowledge is cumulative: it is often the case that a writer expresses knowledge gained from an earlier point in his life. This is not at all unusual. Further, there is no reason why direct revelation from God, as is the case with the book of Revelation, might not convey details not previously known to the prophet. Let the reader pause to make note of this frequent pattern involving internal evidence: what could possibly be true is asserted as being requisite. The former interpretation of the evidence is nearly always admissible, but the latter conclusion does not necessarily follow. This leap from “would seem” to “must” is commonly found in arguments based on internal evidence.

An entire category of internal evidence surrounds the assertion that the Beast of Revelation (Rev. 11:7+; 13:1-18+; etc.) is to be understood as a veiled political reference to Nero. At least three aspects of the life of Nero are said to be found in John’s description of the Beast: First, Nero’s persecution of Christians (Rev. 13:7+); Second, the myth that after his death Nero would come to life again (cf. Rev. 13:3+, 14+; 17:8+, 11+); Third, the “number of the name” of the Beast (Rev. 13:16-18+) matches that of “Caesar Nero.”¹⁹ While it is true that similarities can be found between the final Beast of world history and Nero (or many other anti-Christian leaders of history), similarity does not prove identity. The major problem with interpreting Nero as the Beast is that Nero doesn’t even come close to fulfilling numerous details of the text—not the least of which is being killed, resurrected, and then cast alive into the Lake of Fire at the Second Coming of Christ (Rev. 19:20+). Nero committed suicide never to rise again. We discuss these issues in greater depth in our discussion of Nero.

What is probably considered to be the most significant internal evidence for a pre-A.D. 70 date by early date advocates is John’s mention of a Temple in Revelation 11+: “We wholeheartedly concur with Adams’s [sic] assessment that the fact that the Temple was standing when Revelation was written is ‘unmistakable proof that Revelation was written before 70 A.D.’ ”²⁰ ` While we would concur with the last portion of Gentry’s statement. If the Temple were standing when Revelation was written, then it is indeed unmistakable that Revelation was written prior to the destruction of the Temple. The problem is with the first part of the statement. Gentry equates John’s mention of a Temple as being equivalent to the fact that the Temple stood at that time.²¹ His statement goes beyond the demonstrable facts. Gentry continues, “How could John be commanded to symbolically measure what did not exist?”²² Here again, the assertions of the early date advocates go far beyond what can be reliably concluded (or proven) from the text itself. As many have observed, a similar pattern has been established within the book of Ezekiel where the prophet is given a vision of another Temple at a time when no Temple stood²³ and Ezekiel’s temple is also measured. Clearly, Ezekiel’s mention of a Temple, including not only measurements as in John, but myriads of details far in excess of John stand as unassailable evidence against the claim that mere mention of a Temple by John proves as fact that he wrote prior to the destruction of Herod’s Temple in A.D. 70. Not only is this pattern of prophetic revelation concerning a future Temple found in Ezekiel, but also in Daniel (Dan. 9:27; 12:11):

The chief preterist argument for the Neronic date from Revelation is the mention of the temple in Revelation 11:1-2+. . . . this interpretation fails to take into account the Old Testament prophetic parallels. . . . especially Daniel and Ezekiel. In both of these Old Testament prophetic books a Temple is mentioned that is not in existence at the time the author is writing. . . . Ezekiel received news of the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem in Ezekiel 33. However, after receiving the news, in Ezekiel 40-48, Ezekiel, like John, receives a vision of a Temple that, if taken literally, has never existed up to this day. Moreover, Ezekiel, like John, is told to measure the Temple he sees in his vision.²⁴

Even if Herod’s Temple were to have been standing at the time John wrote, the Temple he mentions in Revelation 11+ could still have been a future Temple. After all, Zechariah, writing during the Second Temple era, described a Temple future to his day.²⁵ Significantly, Zechariah also mentions measurement in association with the revelation he was given.

The internal evidence which early-date advocates assert as proof of a pre-A.D. 70 date for the book of Revelation falls short. In each case, the interpretation of the evidence is either flawed or overstated. At most, the evidence makes a case for the possibility of a pre-A.D. 70 date, but cannot be taken as objective evidence of this as a necessity.

2.11.3.2 - External Evidence for an Early Date

We now turn to the external evidence for an early date. This evidence tends to be less subjective and therefore more significant than the internal evidence.

Johnson cites several early documents which suggest that Paul borrowed from the pattern of the seven letters in the book of Revelation in writing his epistles: “Some external evidence for the early date exists in the Muratorian Fragment (170-190) and the Monarchian Prologues (250-350). These documents claim that Paul wrote to seven churches following the pattern of John’s example in Revelation. But this would date the book before the Pauline Epistles!”²⁶ This is not very strong evidence because it really is just an early form of the sort of arguments which characterize textual criticism (internal evidence). As we have mentioned, similarity does not prove identity.²⁷

It has also been held that Papias indicates, in relation to Jesus’ prophecy of Mark 10:39, that John was martyred contemporaneously with his brother James. Since James was martyred in A.D. 63, this would make a late date for the book of Revelation impossible.²⁸ Papias’ statement is preserved in the writings of “George the Sinner” of the 9th century:

After Domitian, Nerva reigned one year. He re-called John from the island and allowed him to live in Ephesus. At that time he was the sole survivor of the twelve disciples, and after writing the Gospel that bears his name was honored with martyrdom. For Papias, the bishop of Hierapolis, who had seen him with his own eyes, claims in the second book of the Sayings of the Lord that he was killed by the Jews, thus clearly fulfilling, together with his brother, Christ’s prophecy concerning them and their own confession and agreement about this.—George the Sinner (9th century), Chronicle²⁹

Papias’ statement simply says that like James, John was “killed by the Jews.” It does not necessarily follow that they perished at the same time. It appears that George the Sinner understood John’s martyrdom to have been after his return from Patmos at the conclusion of Domitian’s reign. Thus the statement of Papias does not necessitate an early date for John’s death. Moreover, church tradition relates that although John came to Ephesus in A.D. 66,³⁰ he survived at least until the time of Trajan (A.D. 98 - 117).³¹

The major external evidence offered by early date advocate Gentry involves a forced and unconvincing reinterpretation of a key late-date testimony. This in itself is an indication of the dearth of external evidence for an early date. The controversy surrounds the interpretation of an important statement made by Irenaeus (ca. A.D. 180):

We will not, however, incur the risk of pronouncing positively as to the name of Antichrist; for if it were necessary that his name should be distinctly revealed in this present time, it would have been announced by him who beheld the apocalyptic vision. For that was seen no very long time since, but almost in our day, towards the end of Domitian’s reign.³²

Schaff comments on the statement of Irenaeus: “The traditional date of composition at the end of Domitian’s reign (95 or 96) rests on the clear and weighty testimony of Irenaeus, is confirmed by Eusebius and Jerome, and has still its learned defenders. . .”³³ Even though Schaff’s own views concerning the date differed from the “learned defenders” he mentions, ³⁴ it is clear that he understands the statement of Irenaeus in its straightforward sense. Irenaeus is stating that it was the apocalyptic vision which was seen toward the end of Domitian’s reign.

Early date advocates, such as Gentry, attempt to obscure the plain statement of Irenaeus by casting a shadow over its interpretation:

The most serious potential objection to the common translation has to do with the understanding of ἐωράθη [eōrathē] , “was seen.” What is the subject of this verb? Is it “him who saw the Apocalypse” (i.e., John) or “the Apocalypse”? What of these two antecedents “was seen” “almost” in Irenaeus’s time and near “the end of the reign of Domitian”?³⁵

Gentry wants to insert doubt where none exists in order to perform his preterist ‘sleight of hand.’ He reverses the plain sense of the text, having us understand that it was John which was seen towards the end of Domitian’s reign, not the apocalyptic vision. Gentry goes to great lengths in his attempt to undermine the obvious reading of Irenaeus. If he is not successful at this, he suggests that the Latin translation is in error. And if that doesn’t persuade the reader, he spends several more pages convincing the reader that Irenaeus isn’t a reliable witness anyhow: “If Irenaeus’s famous statement is not to be re-interpreted along the lines of the argument as outlined above . . . it may still be removed as a hindrance to early date advocacy on [other] grounds.”³⁶ Hitchcock counters Gentry’s attempt at reinterpreting Irenaeus:

There are four simple points that render Gentry’s position highly suspect. First, the nearest antecedent to the verb “it was seen” is “the apocalypse” . . . David Aune observes, “Further the passive verb eorathe, ‘he/she/it was seen,’ does not appear to be the most appropriate way to describe the length of a person’s life. . .” Second the verb “was seen” fits perfectly the noun apokalupsis. . . Third, if John were the intended subject . . . Irenaeus . . . would have surely said that John lived into the reign of Trajan, a fact that Irenaeus knew well. Fourth, the vast majority of scholars . . . have accepted the fact that this statement refers to the time the Apocalypse was seen.³⁷

It should also be recognized where early-date advocate Gentry is eventually headed with his argument: an identification of Nero as the Beast of Revelation. He conveniently omits the statements of Irenaeus immediately following those in question which clearly indicate that Irenaeus had no such notion of Nero as the Beast:

But when this Antichrist shall have devastated all things in this world, he will reign for three years and six months, and sit in the temple at Jerusalem; and then the Lord will come from heaven in the clouds, in the glory of the Father, sending this man and those who follow him into the lake of fire; but bringing in for the righteous the times of the kingdom, that is, the rest, the hallowed seventh day; and restoring to Abraham the promised inheritance, in which kingdom the Lord declared, that “many coming from the east and from the west should sit down with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.”³⁸

A few commentators have suggested that “it was seen” should be translated “he [John] was seen,” so that the phrase does not mean the Apocalypse was written during Domitian’s time but only that John was seen during Domitian’s time. But “the Apocalypse” is the closest antecedent, and the Latin translation of Irenaeus supports this understanding of the clause. The majority of patristic writers and subsequent commentators up to the present understand Irenaeus’s words as referring to the time when the Apocalypse “was seen.” In the same context, Irenaeus discusses various possible identifications for the number of the “beast” (666). But he does not entertain the possibility that the beast is to be identified with Nero, and he even rejects the possibility that the beast is to be identified with any Roman emperor at all. [emphasis added]³⁹

Here is a man writing approximately 110 years after the death of Nero and infinitely closer than us to the culture and events of that time who understands the Beast of Revelation to be yet future. No wonder Gentry fails to mention this, because the full context of Irenaeus’ statement undermines the main thesis of the preterists! Irenaeus understands the Beast to be a future world figure who will reign for a literal three and one-half years (Rev. 11:2+; 13:5+) and be destroyed at the Second Coming of Christ ushering in the Messianic Kingdom (predicted by the OT) upon the earth. Gentry is trying to bend the simple statement of an early church futurist to serve the modern-day preterist agenda.

2.11.4 - Evidence for a Late Date

Having examined the main evidence in support of an early date for the book of Revelation, we turn now to the evidence supporting a late date, near the end of the reign of Domitian (A.D. 95-96).

2.11.4.1 - Internal Evidence for a Late Date

As with the evidence for an early date, we will examine both internal and external evidence. We repeat our previous caution concerning the nature of internal evidence. Most of it is highly subjective and very tentative in nature and should be regarded with a suitably skeptical eye.

2.11.4.1.1 - Changes since the Writing of the Epistles

An entire class of internal evidence falls into the general category of differences which have been noticed between the epistles and the book of Revelation. These differences are thought to provide evidence of a significant span of time between the time the epistles were written and the writing of the book of Revelation. Some of the epistles are thought to have been written near the time of the early date suggested for the book of Revelation (e.g., A.D. 66-67 for 2 Timothy; 67-68 for 2 Peter). If the book of Revelation was written at approximately the same time as the epistles, how do we account for the differences which have been observed?

In the book of Revelation, John writes about the conditions prevailing in the seven churches of Asia. In two of the churches (Ephesians, Laodicea), the conditions described by John seem to differ from that described by the epistles:

If John wrote Revelation in A.D. 64-67, then the letter to the church at Ephesus in Revelation 2:1-7+ overlaps with Paul’s two letters to Timothy, who was the pastor of the church when Paul wrote to him. . . . Yet Paul makes no mention of the loss of first love or the presence of the Nicolaitans at Ephesus in his correspondence with Timothy. Neither does he mention these problems in his Ephesian epistle, which was probably written in A.D. 62.⁴⁰

On the question, When the Apocalypse was given, we have a certain amount of implicit evidence here (Rev. 2:4-5+), in this reproach with which the Lord reproaches the Ephesian Angel; such as has its value in confirming the ecclesiastical tradition which places it in the reign of Domitian, as against the more modern view which gives the reign of Nero as the date of the composition of this Book. It has well been observed that in St. Paul’s Epistle to the Church of Ephesus there are no signs, nor even presentiments, of this approaching spiritual declension with which the great Searcher of hearts upbraids it here. . . . Those who place the Apocalypse in the reign of Nero hardly allow ten years between that condition and this—too brief a period for so great and lamentable a change. It is inconceivable that there should have been such a letting go of first love in so brief a time. . . . Place the Apocalypse under Domitian, and thirty years will have elapsed since St. Paul wrote his Epistle to Ephesus—exactly the interval which we require, exactly the life of a generation. The outlines of the truth are still preserved; but the truth itself is not for a second generation what it was for the first.⁴¹

Similar changes have been noted in the Laodicean Church:

The church at Laodicea was the only one of the seven churches (and possibly Sardis) that did not receive any commendations in Revelation 2+-3+. In his letter to the Colossians, probably written in A.D. 60-62, Paul indicates that the church was an active group (Colossians 4:13). He mentions the church three times in his letter (Col. 2:2; 4:13, 16). It would certainly take more than two to seven years for the church to depart so completely from its earlier acceptable status such that absolutely nothing good could be said about it in Revelation.⁴²

Another significant difference between the book of Revelation and the epistles concerns the Nicolaitans. At the time of the book of Revelation, the Nicolaitans appear to be a well-established and distinct heretical sect with a well-known title. For all their prominence in the letters to the seven churches (Rev. 2:6+, 15+), absolutely no mention is made of them in the epistles which otherwise spend considerable time warning against heretical tendencies.⁴³

Perhaps even more significant is the lack of mention of Paul within the book of Revelation. Paul had a profound and lengthy ministry at Ephesus—the church addressed by one of the letters of the book of Revelation (Rev. 2:1-7+). If Paul ministered in Ephesus for almost 3 years beginning in A.D. 52⁴⁴ and John wrote within just 12-16 years of Paul’s ministry (as held by early date advocates), it seems very unusual that there was not the slightest inference about Paul in any of the letters to the Asian churches. But if John wrote much later, near the end of the 90s, then something more than 40 years would have passed and the generation which saw Paul’s ministry would no longer be living.

Revelation 2:1-7+ makes no mention of the great missionary work of Paul in Asia Minor. On his third missionary journey Paul headquartered in Ephesus for three years and had a profound ministry there. If John wrote in A.D. 64-67, then the omission of any mention of Paul in the letters to the seven churches of Asia Minor is inexplicable. However, if John wrote 30 years later to second-generation Christians in the churches, then the omission is easily understood.⁴⁵

2.11.4.1.2 - Emperor Worship

There has been much discussion and disagreement concerning the significance of emperor worship in relation to establishing the date of the book of Revelation. As we mentioned in our discussion of the internal evidence for the early date, there are those who consider the worship of the Roman Emperors to be one of the keys to identifying the Beast of Revelation with Nero. So much so that they understand the events of the book as primarily centering around the Emperor Cult associated with the Roman Caesars, thereby interpreting it to be a veiled political document of John’s day.

The primary problem with understanding emperor worship at John’s time as a major contributor to dating the book lies in the assumption that much of what is described within the book relates to Rome and the Caesars of that time. But this is not as obvious as some would assume. First, the persecutions which the seven churches are said to be undergoing are not necessarily a reflection of the emperor cult. Second, the association of the Beast with the current emperor of Rome is uncertain. None of the Roman emperors are known to have fulfilled the specific predictions set forth by John, unless God be accused of the extensive use of hyperbole throughout the prophecy. In fact, none of the specifics revealed concerning the activities of the Beast can be definitively assigned to any of the Roman emperors. Therefore, it is our feeling that any allusions to emperor worship thought to be in the text are dubious and of only secondary value in establishing a date with any reliability.

The main argument in favor of the late date in relation to emperor worship is found in the belief that at the time of Nero, emperor worship (where the emperor was regarded as god) had not fully come to the fore: “He was not tempted like his predecessors to imagine himself divine, preferring to gain credit for brilliant endowments of a human type. He shrank from the title of Divus and the erection of temples in his honour, because they seemed to forebode the approach of death, and Nero loved life better than a shadowy immortality.”⁴⁶

At a later date, under Domitian, emperor worship is said to have developed more fully,⁴⁷ “It is known that Domitian went beyond his predecessor in asserting his own divinity.”⁴⁸

More important for the [dating] issue here is that Nero was not deified, though there is some evidence that he wished to be. However, there was no widespread demand that he be recognized as such. . . . the coins of the 90s prove Domitian’s megalomania; they show even his wife was called the mother of the divine Caesar. . . . the imperial cult was apparently much more developed and prominent in Domitian’s day than it was in Nero’s time.⁴⁹

Under Nero and his successors down to Domitian, the emperor-cult continued as one of the established religious institutions, but its progress is not signalized by edicts enforcing it, or by notorious persecutions arising from it. It is in the reign of Domitian (81-96) that we reach an insistence upon the cultus more vehement and more threatening for the future. . . . Clement of Rome, contemporary with Domitian, refers to his course in the quite general words ‘the sudden and repeated calamities and adversities which have befallen us.’⁵⁰

We are told by ancient Roman writers that toward the end of Domitian’s reign there was more chaos in the cultural and social spheres of the Empire than in any prior time. Furthermore, we are informed that Domitian insisted on greater divine titles than earlier emperors in order to increase his tyrannical hold on the reigns of government. Those refusing to acknowledge these new titles were persecuted.⁵¹

Whatever the case may be, it is our feeling that the state of emperor worship at the time of John is not a reliable indicator of the date of the book, whether early or late, because it cannot be clearly shown that the events within the book which appear similar are in fact truly related. Especially given the global and eschatological focus of this last book of the Bible.

2.11.4.1.3 - Other Evidence

A handful of other lines of evidence are seen as supporting the late date.

Some have seen the independent spirit of the Laodicean church in Revelation 3:17+ as an allusion to the city’s unaided reconstruction after a severe earthquake during the reign of Nero.⁵² The completion of the reconstruction, undertaken without assistance by Rome, is seen to have required more time than a Neronian date for the book of Revelation.⁵³

The mention of opposition to the churches at Smyrna and Philadelphia from “synagogues of Satan” (Rev. 2:9+; 3:9+) is seen to be more likely under Domitian than Nero. Under the reign of Domitian, Christianity was increasingly no longer viewed as a sect within the umbrella of Judaism, and had the advantage of being a legally-permitted well-established faith. Also, in A.D. 90, a curse was inserted into the synagogue service with the intention of flushing out any believers in Jesus as Messiah.

An explanation is offered of the ‘synagogues of Satan’ at Smyrna and Philadelphia (Rev. 2:9+; 3:9+) which links them with conflicts operative under Domitian. It is further argued that the occasion was provided by the conjunction of that emperor’s policy with the insertion of the curse of the Minim in the Shemoneh ʿEsreh in about AD 90. The aftermath of the controversy may be traced in a problem passage in Ignatius (ad Philad. 8.2) as it affected one of the very churches under discussion.⁵⁴

Although we recognize the weakness of internal evidence in general, we note that Hemer, one of few who has studied the cultural allusions of the book of Revelation in great detail, concludes:

I started with a provisional acceptance of the orthodox Domitianic dating, and have been confirmed in that view by further study. . . . We accordingly reaffirm the Domitianic date of the letters in the light of the kind of evidence here considered, while recognizing that many of these indications are uncertain. Cumulatively they align themselves with the case widely accepted on other grounds that the Revelation was written about AD 95.⁵⁵

2.11.4.2 - External Evidence for a Late Date

2.11.4.2.1 - Early Testimony

As mentioned previously, a major early testimony to the late date of the book of Revelation is found in the statement by Irenaeus (ca. 130-200) to the effect that John’s apocalyptic vision was seen towards the end of Domitian’s reign:

We will not, however, incur the risk of pronouncing positively as to the name of Antichrist; for if it were necessary that his name should be distinctly revealed in this present time, it would have been announced by him who beheld the apocalyptic vision. For that was seen no very long time since, but almost in our day, towards the end of Domitian’s reign.⁵⁶

As we mentioned above, a straightforward reading of the statement of Irenaeus indicates that it was the vision, not John, that was seen during the reign of Domitian. Eusebius (b. ca. 260) certainly understood it in that light. “In the Chronicle, Eusebius lists these events in the fourteenth year of Domitian: ‘Persecution of Christians and under him the apostle John is banished to Patmos and sees his Apocalypse, as Irenaeus mentions.’ ”⁵⁷

Eusebius also records that “ancient Christian tradition” held that John had been banished under Domitian:

But after Domitian had reigned fifteen years and Nerva succeeded to the empire, the Roman Senate, according to the writers that record the history of those days, voted that Domitian’s honors should be cancelled, and that those who had been unjustly banished should return to their homes and have their property restored to them. It was at this time that the apostle John returned from his banishment in the island and took up his abode in Ephesus, according to an ancient Christian tradition.⁵⁸

It appears that Eusebius drew some of his material from Hegesippus:

Eusebius says, “After Domitian had reigned fifteen years, Nerva succeeded. The sentences of Domitian were annulled, and the Roman Senate decreed the return of those who had been unjustly banished and the restoration of their property. Those who committed the story of those times to writing relate it. At that time, too, the story of ancient Christians relates that the apostle John, after his banishment to the island, took up his abode at Ephesus.” The key phrase here is, “Those who committed the story of those times to writing relate it.” To whom is Eusebius referring? The context indicates he is referring to Hegesippus, whom he has just referred to twice as a source for his information.⁵⁹

Although there is no doubt that subsequent testimony within the early church was influenced by Irenaeus, nonetheless it will be seen that this view has strong support, which would seem unlikely if a bona fide alternate view of an early date also had currency in the early church.

Tertullian (ca. 160-220) and Origen (ca. 185-254) support the late date.⁶⁰ Although they do not specifically say that John was banished by Domitian, Jerome and Eusebius interpreted Tertullian as holding this view:

While Tertullian [c. A.D. 160-220] does not specifically say that John was banished to Patmos during the reign of Domitian, he is credited by Jerome with doing so. In addition, Eusebius quotes Tertullian’s Apology 5, which was written in A.D. 197, and then follows with his own statements that reveal he interpreted Tertullian as following the prevailing tradition of placing John’s exile under Domitian.⁶¹

Clement of Alexandria (c. 150-215) in his Quis Salvus Dives (Who Is the Rich Man That Shall Be Saved?) cites the story handed down of John being removed from Patmos to Ephesus upon the death of “the tyrant.” The “tyrant” is likely Domitian rather than Nero because Eusebius cites Clement with Irenaeus as a witness to the Domitian exile.⁶²

The late date is attested to by the mid-second century Acts of John,⁶³ andVictorinus (d. ca. 304) who wrote the first commentary on the book of Revelation:

Victorinus [d. c. A.D. 304], who wrote the first commentary on Revelation . . . at Revelation 10:11+ notes: “He says this, because when John said these things he was in the island of Patmos, condemned to labor of the mines by Caesar Domitian. There, therefore, he saw the Apocalypse; and when grown old, he thought that he should at length receive his quittance by suffering, Domitian being killed, all his judgments were discharged. And John being dismissed form the mines, thus subsequently delivered the same Apocalypse which he had received from God.” Commenting further upon Revelation 17:10+, Victorinus states, “The time must be understood in which the written Apocalypse was published, since then reigned Caesar Domitian.”⁶⁴

Jerome, writing around 390, continues the witness of the late date:

In two places, Jerome stated clearly that John was banished under Domitian. First, in his Against Jovinianum (A.D. 393), Jerome wrote that John was “a prophet, for he saw in the island of Patmos, to which he had been banished by the Emperor Domitian as a martyr for the Lord, an Apocalypse containing boundless mysteries of the future.” Second, Jerome’s most specific statement is found in his Lives of Illustrious Men, where he writes about John’s banishment: “In the fourteenth year then after Nero, Domitian having raised a second persecution, he was banished to the island of Patmos, and wrote the Apocalypse, on which Justin Martyr and Irenaeus afterwards wrote commentaries.”⁶⁵

Although opponents of the late date would have us understand this abundant witness as a single statement by Irenaeus uncritically echoed by those that followed, it stands to reason that if there had been a significant historic witness otherwise, there would necessarily be more indication in the historic record.

2.11.4.2.2 - Nature of Christian Persecution

We discussed previously the bearing which emperor worship might have as internal evidence on the question at hand. There, we were dealing with a specific form of persecution related to the requirement to worship the Roman Emperor. We treated this as internal evidence because the connection between emperor worship and the description of the Beast and persecution of believers is tentative.

Here we look at persecution in general during the time of Nero and Domitian. The connection between generic persecution and the churches of Asia, especially Smyrna, is more definite than that of emperor worship. The letters to the seven churches are clearly written to reflect actual conditions experienced by those churches at the time of writing. Although they say nothing explicit in relation to emperor worship, the fact of Christian martyrdom is undeniable (Rev. 2:10+, 13+).

Beale prefers the later date because of indications that general Christian persecution intensified near the end of the first century:

The letters in Revelation suggest that Jewish Christians were tempted to escape persecution by seeking some form of identification with Jewish synagogues, which were exempted from emperor worship, and that Gentile Christians were tempted to compromise with trade guild cults and even the emperor cult in order to escape persecution. Such a situation is more likely to have been present toward the end of the first century rather than earlier.⁶⁶

There is even record of Christian persecution involving both execution and exile under Domitian:

Dio Casius records that Domitian executed the aristocrat Flavious Clemens and banished his wife Flavia Domitilla because of “atheism” (ἀθεότης [atheotēs] ). . . . Dio’s full statement views “atheism” as “a charge on which many others who drifted into Jewish ways were condemned.” A similar but later statement affirms that Domitian’s persecution was explicitly two-pronged, being directed against “maiestas [treason]” or against “adopting the Jewish mode of life.” . . . With particular reference to Flavia Domitilla, inscriptions and Christian tradition affirm that she professed Christianity, which would have made her a prime candidate for a charge of “atheism” by those believing in the deity of the emperor.⁶⁷

Beale also notes that evidence is lacking that Nero’s persecution of Christians extended beyond Rome to Asia Minor as reflected by the letters to the seven churches there.⁶⁸

The different treatment of Peter and Paul (executed) versus John (banished) is more difficult to explain if all three occurred under Nero’s reign:

Church history consistently testifies that both Peter and Paul were executed in Rome near the end of Nero’s reign. Preterists maintain that during this same time the apostle John was banished to Patmos by Nero. Why would Nero execute Peter and Paul and banish John? This seems inconsistent. The different punishments for Peter and Paul as compared with John argue for the fact that they were persecuted under different rulers. Moreover, there is no evidence of Nero’s use of banishment for Christians.⁶⁹

Overall, it seems that evidence of Christian persecution in the book of Revelation is more characteristic of the reign of Domitian than that of Nero.

2.11.4.2.3 - The Church at Smyrna

Some have observed that the church at Smyrna may not have existed until almost the time of Nero allowing precious little time for it to have earned a reputation suitable for the commendation given by Christ (Rev. 2:8-11+).⁷⁰ Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, writing to the Philippians (ca. 110) indicates that the church at Smyrna post-dated Paul’s ministry, which is more in keeping with a late date:

In his letter to the Philippians written in about A.D. 110, Polycarp says that the Smyrnaeans did not know the Lord during the time Paul was ministering. “But I have not observed or heard of any such thing among you, in whose midst the blessed Paul labored, and who were his letters of recommendation in the beginning. For he boasts about you in all the churches—those alone, that is, which at that time had come to know the Lord, for we had not yet come to know him.” [emphasis added]⁷¹

2.11.4.2.4 - John in Asia

Thomas notes that if John arrived in Asia Minor in the late 60s, the early date must overcome problems of timing:

A second reason for preferring the later date is the timing of John’s arrival in Asia. According to the best information, he did not come to Asia from Palestine before the late 60s, at the time of the Jewish revolt of A.D. 66-70. This was after Paul’s final visit to Asia in A.D. 65. . . . A Neronic dating would hardly allow time for him to have settled in Asia, to have replaced Paul as the respected leader of the Asian churches, and then to have been exiled to Patmos before Nero’s death in A.D. 68.⁷²

Notes

¹ “The book of Revelation has been dated as early as Claudius (AD 41-54) and as late as Trajan (AD 98-117). . . . The majority of scholars place the composition of the Apocalypse either during the reign of Domitian (AD 81-96) or toward the end or immediately after the reign of Nero (AD 54-68).”—Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977), 31-32.

² “The early date is especially important to those viewing the main intention of the book as prophecy of the imminent destruction of Jerusalem: interpreters who hold to the early date generally understand the book primarily as a polemic against apostate Jewish faith.”—Gregory K. Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1999), 4.

³ “[Gentry] associates cultural defeatism and retreatist pietism with assigning a late date to Revelation and wants to date the book before A.D. 70 so as to have biblical support for the implementation of long-term Christian cultural progress and dominion.”—Robert L. Thomas, “Theonomy and the Dating of Revelation,” in Richard L. Mayhue, ed., The Master’s Seminary Journal, vol. 5 (Sun Valley, CA: The Master’s Seminary, 1994), 187-188.

⁴ “Based on the historical evidence, the date, therefore, must be before the death of Domitian, who was assassinated in A.D. 96, as the apostle was apparently released from his exile shortly after this.”—John F. Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1966), s.v. “Latest Possible Date.”

⁵ Mark Hitchcock, “The Stake in the Heart—The A.D. 95 Date of Revelation,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 124.

⁶ Ibid., 123.

⁷ Ibid., 125.

⁸ This is not to deny the influence of bias upon the interpretation of all evidence. For example, evolutionists and creationists are faced with the same objective evidence, but arrive at a totally different interpretation of the evidence.

⁹ Kenneth L. Gentry, Before Jerusalem Fell: Dating the Book of Revelation (Atlanta, GA: American Vision, 1998), 113.

¹⁰ Colin J. Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1989), 4.

¹¹ David Chilton, The Days of Vengeance (Tyler, TX: Dominion Press, 1987), 4.

¹² Jerusalem is mentioned separately from Babylon and Jerusalem is not known to have been referred to as “Babylon” any time prior to A.D. 70. Yet it is Babylon which is the object of God’s total destruction (Rev. 18+), not Jerusalem.

¹³ Thomas, “Theonomy and the Dating of Revelation,” 186.

¹⁴ Mounce, The Book of Revelation, 35.

¹⁵ Robert L. Thomas, “The ‘Jesus Crisis’: What Is It?,” in Robert L. Thomas and F. David Farnell, eds., The Jesus Crisis: The Inroads of Historical Criticism into Evangelical Scholarship (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1998).

¹⁶ Chilton, The Days of Vengeance, 5.

¹⁷ “The text that Jesus cited concerning the Temple’s desecration, Dan. 9:27, predicts that the one who desecrates this Temple will himself be destroyed. By contrast, those who destroyed the temple in A.D. 70 (in fulfillment of Jesus’ prediction)—the Roman emperor Vespasian and his son Titus—were not destroyed but returned to Rome in triumph carrying vessels from the destroyed Temple.”—Thomas Ice, “The Great Tribulation is Future,” in Kenneth L. Gentry and Thomas Ice, The Great Tribulation: Past or Future? (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1999), 126. “However, if this interpretation is taken [that the abomination of desolation refers to the worship of the Roman standards in the temple precincts], Mat. 24:16-20 is difficult if not impossible to explain. By then it would be too late for the followers of the Lord Jesus to escape; the Romans had already taken the city by this time. D.A. Carson notes, ‘by the time the Romans had actually desecrated the temple in A.D. 70, it was too late for anyone in the city to flee.’ ”—Ibid., 138.

¹⁸ Alfred Edersheim, The Temple: Its Ministry and Services (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1994), s.v. “ch. 7.”

¹⁹ “The name which fits the circumstances most admirably is that of the nefarious Nero Caesar.”—Gentry, Before Jerusalem Fell: Dating the Book of Revelation, 198.

²⁰ Ibid., 168.

²¹ What is perhaps more significant than John’s mention of a Temple is the lack of explicit mention of the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70. Although this may seem unusual, neither is it conclusive evidence of an early date. The destruction of Jerusalem would have been widely known to readers of his day obviating any need to discuss it. Moreover, the major focus of the book involves events of global magnitude preceding the Second Coming of Christ—events which are at least 1900 years beyond the Roman destruction of Jerusalem.

²² Gentry, Before Jerusalem Fell: Dating the Book of Revelation, 173.

²³ “The twenty-fifth year of the captivity, and the fourteenth year after the city was smitten, i.e., taken and reduced to ashes, are the year 575 before Christ.”—Carl Friedrich Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Commentary on the Old Testament (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2002), Eze. 40:1.

²⁴ Hitchcock, “The Stake in the Heart—The A.D. 95 Date of Revelation,” 140.

²⁵ “When [Zec. 1:16] was written, the Second Temple was still standing so the reference can only be to the rebuilding of the Temple the Romans destroyed in 70 AD.” Israel Today Magazine, April 2001, 22.

²⁶ Alan F. Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 10.

²⁷ How much better to understand the parallel between Paul’s church epistles and the seven letters of Revelation as evidence of common authorship by the Holy Spirit.

²⁸ “Thus it is obvious that James died in the year A.D. 63, for that is the date on the ossuary lid. Which brings us to the very date that Josephus, the great first century historian, said of James, one of the first early church leaders, who was martyred for his faith in A.D. 63. It also agrees with Dr. Luke, author of the book of Acts that describes the scene in Acts 12:2.”—LaHaye, “Newsletter,” in Thomas Ice, ed., Pre-Trib Perspectives (Dallas, TX: Pre-Trib Research Center, January 2003), 2.

²⁹ J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, The Apostolic Fathers, 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1989), 318.

³⁰ “Tradition claims that John had come to Ephesus in A.D. 66. That meant he had been there for nearly thirty years. . . . By A.D. 95, he was an old man—probably in his eighties.”—Edward Hindson, Revelation: Unlocking the Future (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), 20.

³¹ “Irenaeus and others record that John, the theologian and apostle, survived until the time of Trajan [A.D. 98-117].—Eusebius, Chronicle”—Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, 313.

³² Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe, Ante-Nicene Fathers Vol. I (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Company, 1885), s.v. “ECF 1.1.7.1.5.31.”

³³ Philip Schaff and David Schley Schaff, History of the Christian Church (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1997, 1916), 1.XII.101.

³⁴ Schaff goes on to state that the internal evidence favors an earlier date,“The internal evidence strongly favors an earlier date between the death of Nero (June 9, 68) and the destruction of Jerusalem (August 10, 70).”—Ibid., but as we have pointed out, external evidence should take precedence over internal evidence which is subject to greater interpretive bias.

³⁵ Gentry, Before Jerusalem Fell: Dating the Book of Revelation, 48-49.

³⁶ Ibid., 61.

³⁷ Hitchcock, “The Stake in the Heart—The A.D. 95 Date of Revelation,” 128-129.

³⁸ Roberts, Ante-Nicene Fathers Vol. I, s.v. “ECF 1.1.7.1.5.31.”

³⁹ Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, 20.

⁴⁰ Hitchcock, “The Stake in the Heart—The A.D. 95 Date of Revelation,” 146.

⁴¹ Richard Chenevix Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1861), 77.

⁴² Hitchcock, “The Stake in the Heart—The A.D. 95 Date of Revelation,” 148.

⁴³ “The Nicolaitan party, of which there is no certain trace in the Epistles of St. Paul, is now widely distributed and firmly rooted.”—Henry Barclay Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1998, 1906), cxvii. “The existence of a distinct heretical sect with the well-known title, the Nicolaitans, presupposes some distance in time from the apostolic epistles (in which they are not even hinted at).”—Mounce, The Book of Revelation, 34.

⁴⁴ “Leaving Corinth in the spring of A.D. 52, Paul paid a brief visit to Palestine and then traveled overland to Ephesus, chief city of the province of Asia, which he made his base for the next phase of his activity, lasting nearly three years (Acts 20:31).”—F. F. Bruce, “Paul the Apostle,” in Geoffrey W. Bromiley, ed., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979, 1915), 3:716.

⁴⁵ Hitchcock, “The Stake in the Heart—The A.D. 95 Date of Revelation,” 147.

⁴⁶ Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John, lxxxiv.

⁴⁷ Yet not all agree. David Aune, writing in the forward to Hemer states: “Hemer affirms the historicity of ‘the Domitianic persecution,’ though scholarship during the last twenty-five years has shown that an official and empire-wide persecution under the reign of Domitian has no firm historical basis but was in fact a Christian legend which reached full-blown form with Eusebius of Caesarea in the early fourth century AD.”—Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, xviii.

⁴⁸ Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John, lxxxii.

⁴⁹ Grant R. Osborne, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2002), 6-7.

⁵⁰ Isbon T. Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2001), 200,204.

⁵¹ Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, 5.

⁵² “The city of Laodicea was destroyed by an earthquake in A.D. 17 in the reign of Tiberius (A.D. 14-37) and again in A.D. 60 when Nero was emperor (A.D. 54-68).”—Mal Couch, “Interpreting the Book of Revelation,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 52.

⁵³ “Rev. 3:17+ has been connected with Laodicea’s unaided recovery from the earthquake of Nero’s reign . . . but I argue the strong probability that the reference is to a later stage of reconstruction, mentioned in the earlier Sibylline Oracles (4.108 of about AD 80), and occupying a full generation between the disaster and the time of Domitian.”—Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, 4.

⁵⁴ Ibid.

⁵⁵ Ibid., 5,3.

⁵⁶ Roberts, Ante-Nicene Fathers Vol. I, s.v. “ECF 1.1.7.1.5.31.”

⁵⁷ Hitchcock, “The Stake in the Heart—The A.D. 95 Date of Revelation,” 134.

⁵⁸ Ibid.

⁵⁹ Ibid., 127.

⁶⁰ “Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, and Origen all support the late date, but . . . they don’t specifically say that John was banished by Domitian.”—Ibid., 138.

⁶¹ Ibid., 123.

⁶² Ibid.

⁶³ “The apocryphal book The Acts of John clearly states that John wrote the book of Revelation on Patmos during Domitian’s reign.”—Gordon Franz, “Was ‘Babylon’ Destroyed when Jerusalem Fell in A.D. 70?,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 222.

⁶⁴ Hitchcock, “The Stake in the Heart—The A.D. 95 Date of Revelation,” 133.

⁶⁵ Ibid., 135.

⁶⁶ Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, 13.

⁶⁷ Ibid., 6-7,9.

⁶⁸ “There is no evidence that Nero’s persecution of Christians in Rome extended also to Asia Minor, where the churches addressed in the Apocalypse are located.”—Ibid., 12.

⁶⁹ Hitchcock, “The Stake in the Heart—The A.D. 95 Date of Revelation,” 149.

⁷⁰ “As suggested by many commentators, the very existence of the church at Smyrna suggests a later date, since it is possible that the church was not even established until 60-64 A.D.”—Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, 17.

⁷¹ Hitchcock, “The Stake in the Heart—The A.D. 95 Date of Revelation,” 147.

⁷² Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 1-7 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1992), 22.

2.9 - Authorship Listen to Authorship

When one considers the contribution of the book of Revelation to the completion of the canon, its prophetic emphasis, and its teaching concerning controversial doctrines,¹ it is not surprising to find opposition to the book throughout its history. This opposition has centered in an attack upon its canonicity in conjunction with a denial of its apostolic authorship.²

As we discussed previously, the style of writing of the original Greek text raised additional questions as to the authorship of the book. The primary reason given for rejecting John the Apostle as author is the style of the Greek.

Here we should mention that the entire area of textual and New Testament criticism is fraught with difficulties in lack of objectivity. “The subject presents one of these questions in New Testament criticism in which mental bent, apart from the bias of prejudgment, is chiefly influential in determining the conclusion reached.”³ Critics often come to the subject with preconceptions which result in an underemphasis on objective evidence in favor of overemphasis on subjective evidence.

An example of objective evidence would be external evidence such as the testimony of early Church Fathers as to the authorship. Subjective evidence usually consists of internal evidence derived from an analysis of the text itself. The problem with internal textual evidence, as used in textual criticism, is that it is highly malleable and easily conformed to the biases of the critic. Johnson recognizes the contribution which presuppositions play in the conclusions reached and notes how unfruitful textual analysis has been in attempting to shed light on the authorship of the book:

The evidence that allegedly argues against a single author revolves around a number of internal difficulties. These fall into four categories: (1) the presence of doublets—the same scene or vision described twice; (2) sequence problems—persons or things introduced seemingly for the first time when in fact they had already been mentioned; (3) seeming misplaced verses and larger sections; and (4) distinctive content within certain sections that does not fit the rest of the book. In each case, however, there are satisfying alternative explanations. In fact, the difficulties just named stem more from the reader’s presuppositions than from the text itself. Dissection of the text has been notoriously unfruitful in yielding further light on the book itself. [emphasis added]⁴

Guthrie makes the pithy observation regarding Dionysius’ attack on Johannine authorship: “In this Dionysius foreshadowed, as a man born before his due time, those modern schools of criticism which have peopled early Christian history with a whole army of unknown writers, whose works attained as great a prominence as their authors obtained obscurity.”⁵ As Guthrie has noted, the critics would have us believe that works of great prominence, such as the book of Revelation, accepted as part of the canon, must have been written by one or more obscure authors now lost to the mists of history. The critical tendency has become so prevalent and applied so widely to biblical texts that proving that the book of Revelation somehow differs essentially from John’s Gospel no longer provides the conclusion that it’s author can’t be John! “Dissimilarity with the Gospel neither proves nor disproves the apostolic authorship of the Apocalypse (since more often than not the Gospel is held by modern critics to be the work of someone other than John the apostle)” [emphasis added]⁶ .

When approaching the issue of the authorship of the book of Revelation, we should bear these two factors in mind: First, greater emphasis should be placed on the testimony of the early church (objective evidence) than analysis of internal factors within the text (subjective evidence); Second, attacks upon the Apostolic authorship are often coupled with an attempt to discredit the book and an attendant opposition to its doctrines (e.g., its Jewish emphasis, a literal millennium).

2.9.1 - Apostolic Authorship Opposed

Opposition to the Apostolic authorship of the book of Revelation was initiated because its teachings were thought to be incompatible with the rest of the New Testament or to be too Jewish in emphasis. A Roman presbyter by the name of Caius who held the book of Revelation to be inconsistent with other parts of the New Testament first attributed the authorship to Cerinthus rather than John the Apostle. Caius’ criticisms were refuted by Hippolytus, but the issue was not put to rest.⁷

Marcion, a second-century Gnostic, who rejected much of the New Testament because of his anti-Semitic stance, also rejected the book of Revelation holding that its authorship was not apostolic.⁸

By the middle of the third century, opposition to apostolic authorship had also arisen from Dionysius the Great, the bishop of Alexandria. Although he felt that the book was inspired, his opposition to millenarianism (the belief in a literal one thousand-year kingdom on earth, Rev. 20:4+) was thought to have been one of the key factors which brought about his denial of apostolic authorship.⁹ Dionysius also based his rejection of apostolic authorship upon an analysis of the differences between the text of the book of Revelation and that of John’s Gospel. Thomas has since shown that Dionysius’ analysis was flawed.¹⁰ As bishop of Alexandria, Dionysius had great influence and his conclusions were to color the acceptance of the book of Revelation as part of the canon within the eastern church for years to come. (We discuss this in greater depth in our treatment of the acceptance of the book of Revelation into the canon.)

Eusebius followed Dionysius in rejecting apostolic authorship and attributed the authorship to a different John.¹¹ Eusebius believed that Papias’s mention of a “John the Elder” identified a different John at Ephesus from John the apostle and that this John wrote the book of Revelation. But there are reasons for understanding this mention by Papias as being the self-same John of the fourth gospel.¹²

Rejection of apostolic authorship continued in various places, especially the eastern church, right up to the time of the Reformation. Erasmus, Luther, and Zwingli all regarded the book as non-apostolic, largely because of their opposition to its teaching of a literal thousand-year-reign of Christ on earth. Both Luther and Calvin more or less ignored the book.¹³

2.9.2 - Alternatives to the Apostle John

The author of the book of Revelation claims to be simply, “John” (Rev. 1:1+, 4+, 9+; 21:2+; 22:8+). While most throughout church history have understood the author to be the Apostle John, others have suggested it to be the work of other men named John or even those not named John. Osborne has identified seven main alternatives suggested as author of the book:¹⁴

There have been several suggestions: (1) John the apostle; (2) the elder John; (3) John Mark; (4) John the Baptist; (5) another John; (6) Cerinthus; and (7) someone using the name of John the apostle as a pseudonym.¹⁵

To this list, we could add a recent eighth suggestion that the book is a composite work of several authors. Swete observes the weaknesses of this eighth suggestion:

It is taken for granted by some recent authorities that the Apocalypse is a composite work. But does this conviction rest on more than the reiterated assertion of writers who have found in the analysis of the book a fascinating field for intellectual exercise? When the enquirer investigates the grounds on which the hypotheses of compilation rests, . . . The phenomena which suggest diversity of authorship admit for the most part of another explanation; they may well be due to the method of the author or the necessities of his plan.¹⁶

As we mentioned above, such theories are based upon an overt emphasis on subjective internal evidence.¹⁷ Even then, there is significant internal evidence of the unity of the book for those with eyes to see.¹⁸

The proposal which has received the greatest attention is that the book of Revelation is the work of a “John the Presbyter,” a second John besides the Apostle who resided at Ephesus. This idea hinges entirely upon a fragment from Papias which is only preserved for us by Eusebius. The idea of a different John was called attention to by Eusebius, yet church history prior to that time is silent as to this possibility:

Except in an obscure fragment of Papias, preserved in Eusebius H. E. III. 39, no mention of the Presbyter John is found before the fourth century. Eusebius is the first to point out the existence of such a person as evidenced by the fragment which he preserves from the introduction to Papias’ book . . . It must be said that the sole explicit historical evidence for the existence of John the Presbyter, as distinguished from the Apostle, is this passage of Papias. And while we are compelled to interpret the passage as witnessing to his existence, yet there remains the extraordinary fact . . . that no other trace of such a person appears till about the beginning of the fourth century, when Eusebius called attention to the significance of Papias’ language, though Papias’ book had been well known through the centuries.¹⁹

This suggestion of Eusebius is still popular among some today, although Swete notes that we know almost nothing about this figure, which is odd if indeed he were the author of such an important work. “Perhaps no conjecture hazarded by an ancient writer has been so widely adopted in modern times. A conjecture it still remains, for no fresh light has been thrown on the enigmatic figure of John the Elder. But this circumstance has not prevented scholars from confidently attributing to him one or more of the Johannine group of writings.”²⁰

Along with “John the Elder,” some, such as Calvin, have suggested John Mark (the author of the book of Mark).²¹ But this seems unlikely because there is no evidence in the New Testament or the early church of John Mark being associated with the Asian church²² nor are there any significant linguistic similarities between Mark’s gospel and the book of Revelation.²³

2.9.3 - Internal Evidence

2.9.3.1 - Subjectivity of Internal Evidence

The two main areas of evidence for determining the authorship of the book are internal and external. Internal evidence is based on the contents of the book itself as set forth by the text and includes its self-claims, attributes, and grammatical signature. As we mentioned above, internal evidence is generally less reliable than external evidence. Not because the evidence itself is inherently flawed, but because determining which internal attributes of the book are of significance in relation to authorship and what those attributes imply concerning the author is fraught with subjective assessment.

There is severe danger in relying solely on internal evidence for conclusions about authorship when there is a strong consensus of ancient tradition covering the same. One’s use of internal criteria can and often does become quite subjective, allowing him to prove just about anything he sets out to prove. Sometimes, when there is no such consensus among the ancients, one must rely on internal matters, as is the case with the epistle to the Hebrews. But to use internal evidence to counteract a consistent tradition coming from the earliest period of church history is very ill-advised.²⁴

To help the reader more readily appreciate the subjective nature of drawing inferences solely from internal textual evidence, we need only cite the bogus conclusion of Collins in regard to the book of Revelation:

The most significant internal evidence for the date of Revelation is to be found in its references to the destruction of a city called Babylon (14:8; 16:19; 17:5; 18:2, 10, 21). It is highly unlikely that the author of Revelation would have been interested in the conquest of the historical Babylon by the Persians in the 6th century B.C.E. or in the occasions on which it was sacked during the period of the wars among the successors of Alexander. It is even less likely that the author hoped for the destruction of a fortified town called Babylon at the head of the delta of Egypt that was the headquarters of a Roman legion during the early empire. . . . The explanation [by the angel] that follows makes clear that the woman represents the city of Rome. . . . The use of this symbolic name is thus an important indication of the date of Revelation. It implies that the work was written after the destruction of the temple by Titus, that is, after 70 C.E.²⁵

To Collins, the mention of Babylon at the time of the author is an obvious indicator that he must be describing Rome, not Babylon. And John must desire the destruction of Rome because the Roman Empire had destroyed Jerusalem by the time of John’s writing. Therefore, the book must have been written after 70 A.D. While this author agrees that the book of Revelation was written later than 70 A.D., this is a precarious position based on a faulty set of assertions! Collins’ subjectivity in his assessment of the internal evidence is evident. He totally ignores the possibility that this prophetic book (Rev. 1:3+, 19+; 10:7+, 11+; 22:6-7+, 10+, 18-19+) may be describing literal Babylon in the far distant future to John’s time. Thus is illustrated a major weakness in the use of internal evidence: the subjective nature of its application often results in taking a wrong fork in the road of interpretation which renders all subsequent conclusions void. So with internal evidence, we must proceed with caution.

2.9.3.2 - Simplicity of Title

Many have noted the simplicity of the title given by the author as simply “John.” This in itself is evidence for the apostleship of the author:

The writer avouches himself as “John;” but, though there may have been other men named John in the Church at this time, John the Presbyter and others, still it is well-nigh impossible to conceive any other but John the Apostle who would have named himself by this name alone, with no further style or addition. We instinctively feel that for any one [sic] else there would have been an affectation of simplicity, concealing a most real arrogance, in the very plainness of this title. Who else, without this arrogance, could have assumed that thus to mention himself was sufficient to ensure his recognition, or that he had a right to appropriate this name in so absolute a manner to himself?²⁶

The writer is evidently known to the readers and needs no specific introduction. “The opening words lay no emphasis upon the call and authorization of the prophet (contrast Isa. 6; Jer. 1). His identity and authority are known to readers to whom he needs no introduction.”²⁷ Beale notes that the form of identification, lacking any specific claim to apostleship, also renders the use of “John” as a pseudonym by some other writer unlikely: “If an unknown author were attempting to identify himself with a well-known Christian figure like the apostle John, he would probably call himself not just ‘John’ but ‘John the apostle.’ ”²⁸ Hilgenfield concurs:“ ‘An unknown John,’ remarks Hilgenfield, ‘whose name has disappeared from history, leaving hardly any trace behind it, can scarcely have given commands in the name of Christ and the Spirit to the seven churches.’ ”²⁹

2.9.3.3 - Authority of Author

Then too, the authority which the author wields within the text can also be best explained if written by John the Apostle:

It is worth noting that the author of the Apocalypse exercised an authority over the Asian churches that went beyond that normally associated with NT prophets. This leads to the conclusion that although he wrote as a prophet, he functioned among his churches as an apostle.³⁰

He commends the Church of Ephesus for trying and convicting “them which say they are apostles, and are not,” by which he implies his own undoubted claim to apostolic inspiration (Rev. 2:2+), as declaring in the seven epistles Christ’s will revealed through him.³¹

2.9.3.4 - Textual Similarities

Others have highlighted what they see as differences in the text between the book of Revelation and John’s Gospel, but there are many similarities as well. Only in these two books is Jesus called the λόγος [logos] in the NT. Smalley “argues that the three main christological titles—Word, Lamb of God, and Son of Man—are so similar between the Gospel and the Apocalypse that they suggest unity of authorship.”³² Haupt comments on the prominence of μαρτυρία [martyria] as a signature of John’s writings, also found in the Apocalypse. Haupt also notes the frequent use of triplets and septets as a signature of John’s gospel. In the opening chapters of all three of John’s writings, we find a reference to Jesus as the “Word” (John 1:1; 1Jn. 1:1; Rev. 1:2+).³³

The frequent use of “overcome” also appears to be a signature of John:

The use of νικα῀ν [nikan] , with [the single exception of Rom. 12:21] is exclusively St. John’s; and the frequent recurrence of it on the one side in his Gospel and Epistles, and on the other in the Apocalypse (thus compare John 16:32; 1Jn. 2;13-14; 5:4-5, with Rev. 2:11+, 17+, 26+; 3:5+, 12+, 21+; 12:11+; 21:7+), constitutes an interesting point of contact between the language of this Book and of those others whereof he was the author as well.³⁴

Fausset observes John’s unique use of the Greek diminutive for “Lamb,” “The Greek diminutive for ‘Lamb’ (arnion, literally, ‘lambkin’) occurs twenty-nine times in the Apocalypse, and the only other place where it occurs is John 21:15. In John’s writings alone is Christ called directly ‘the Lamb’ (John 1:29, 36).”³⁵ Osborne favors the view that the Apocalypse was written by John the Apostle and cites a number of similarities:

(1) the only two books in the NT to argue for the deity of Christ on the basis of the “oneness motif” between God and Jesus are John and the Apocalypse; (2) they share a similar theme—God seeking to bring the world to repentance; (3) Mounce observes that the same Greek verb (ekkenteō) used in the Septuagint version of Zec. 12:10 appears both in John 19:37 and Rev. 1:7+, but appears nowhere else in the NT; (4) the identification by Ozanne of words and phrases common to John and the Apocalypse such as “conquer,” “keep the word,” “keep the commandments,” “dwell,” “sign,” “witness,” “true.”³⁶

Swete provides a list of some 27 phrases found in common in various parts of the book as evidence of a single author.³⁷ Thomas provides an extensive review of common vocabulary and syntactical similarities between Revelation and the other writings of the apostle John.³⁸

Swete observes that the differences found between the book of Revelation and John’s other writings which are thought to indicate a different author are overrated and fail to take into account the differences in the content and themes of the books:

It is to be remembered that whereas the simple narrative of the Evangelist demands for the most part only commonest words of daily life, the Apocalyptist deals with a great variety of subjects, some of which call for a liberal use of special terms. . . . the enumeration of articles of merchandize in Rev. 18:11-13+ is responsible for twelve of the words peculiar to this book, and the list of precious stones in Rev. 21:19+f. for ten more.³⁹

2.9.4 - External Evidence

2.9.4.1 - Testimony of the Early Church

As we have noted, the external evidence should be granted greater weight than internal evidence due to its less subjective nature. As Thomas noted above, it would be foolish of us to reject the early and objective evidence of historical witness in favor of late, subjective theories of internal grammatical and textual analysis.⁴⁰

The earliest testimony to the Apostle John as author appears to be that of Justin Martyr. He appeals to the book of Revelation as an acknowledged work of John the Apostle.⁴¹ (See Beckwith for an extended treatment of the church tradition that John ministered at Ephesus after his release from Patmos and died of old age in Asia Minor. [Ibid., 366-392].) His testimony is of special significance because he lived for some time at Ephesus amidst the seven churches of Revelation 2+ and 3+ who were direct recipients of the book and because some of Revelation’s original readers would still have been alive to refute or correct him on this point if need be.⁴³ Justin’s testimony was echoed by Irenaeus, Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria, and Origen.⁴⁴

Another early witness is that of Papias. As bishop of Hierapolis near Laodicea, one of the seven churches(Rev. 3:14+), his testimony to apostolic authorship is especially weighty.⁴⁵ He placed great emphasis on oral teaching derived from those who once knew the apostles and is less likely to have simply repeated the written tradition of others.

Victorinus (d. c. A.D. 304) also states that the book of Revelation was written by John the Apostle during the reign of Domitian. “Victorinus of Pettau states that John was banished (damnatus) by Domitian to a mine or quarry (metallum) on the island of Patmos, where he saw the revelation (in Apoc. 10:11). In another passage, he explicitly says that the work was written during the time of Domitian (in Apoc. 17:10).”⁴⁶

Fausset observes that the weight of such historic testimony, especially in view of its contemporary locale and time to that of the book of Revelation, is convincing.⁴⁷

Tregelles well says [New Testament Historic Evidence], “There is no book of the New Testament for which we have such clear, ample, and numerous testimonies in the second century as we have in favor of the Apocalypse. The more closely the witnesses were connected with the apostle John (as was the case with Irenaeus), the more explicit is their testimony. That doubts should prevail in after ages must have originated either in ignorance of the earlier testimony, or else from some supposed intuition of what an apostle ought to have written. The objections on the ground of internal style can weigh nothing against the actual evidence. It is in vain to argue, a priori, that John could not have written this book when we have the evidence of several competent witnesses that he did write it.”⁴⁸

2.9.4.2 - Testimony of Enemies of the Early Church

Sometimes enemies can be friends. Such is the case regarding the contribution to this topic of the testimony by those who opposed the early church. Ladd notes the opposition of the Alogi who opposed the doctrine of Jesus as “the Word.” They rejected the book of Revelation as they did all literature by John the Apostle, thus attesting the early tradition of John the Apostle as author.⁴⁹ The witness of early Gnosticism also attributes authorship to John the Apostle:

An important witness for the apostolic authorship of Revelation has more recently come from the Gnostic materials discovered in 1945 at Chenoboskion in Upper Egypt. One of the documents is the Apocryphon of John, which cites Revelation 1:19+ and claims to be written by “John, the brother of James, these who are sons of Zebedee.” Helmbold cites authorities who date the Apocryphon as early as the end of the first century and notes that in any event it cannot be given a date much later than about AD 150.⁵⁰

Those who deny apostolic authorship of the book of Revelation must explain how it came to be that this important body of prophetic revelation was given through an individual who lacked the intimacy with God which characterizes other revelatory writers within Scripture? In other instances, especially significant passages in the Word of God are given through individuals who have a special intimacy with God. For example, the Torah (Pentateuch—first five books of the Bible) were given through Moses whom God spoke with “face to face” (Num. 12:7-8). Next to Jesus, no other prophet had the status and access to God as Moses (Deu. 18:18). In the case of prophetic revelation of the distant future, Daniel is also unique. Having no sin on record⁵¹ and called “greatly beloved” of God (Dan. 9:23; 10:11, 19), it was through him that God chose to give prophecies of great significance to the subjects of the book of Revelation. Are we now to hold that this capstone of all prophetic revelation, the book of Revelation, is the work of some obscure secondary and not the Apostle John? How much more sound to expect God to entrust this important work to the “disciple whom Jesus loved” (John 19:26; 20:2; 21:7, 20).

Here we find the disciple whom Jesus so dearly loved. John had been with the Savior since the beginning. He had left the family fishing business to follow the carpenter from Nazareth. He was in the “inner circle” with Peter and James. At the Last Supper, he was seated next to Jesus and leaned over on his shoulder to talk to Him. He was the only disciple to show up at the cross. It was there that Jesus entrusted the care of His mother, Mary, to His beloved disciple (John 19:25-27).⁵²

It is against the very character of God, as revealed throughout Scripture, to entrust such a significant work to someone whose identity the critics would have us believe has been lost to history.

If external evidence of historic testimony is given primacy, especially that of those closest to the time and area of authorship, then it seems best to understand the human author as the Apostle John who had the great privilege of being the servant through whom God would close the canon.⁵³

Notes

¹ e.g., the existence, timing, and nature of the Millennium and the description of a future time of catastrophic events coming upon the earth.

² “The determining factor in New Testament canonization was inspiration, and the primary test was apostolicity . . . If it could be determined that a book had apostolic authority, there would be no reason to question its authenticity or veracity.”—Norman L. Geisler and William E. Nix, A General Introduction to the Bible (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1986), 283.

³ Isbon T. Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2001), 354.

⁴ Alan F. Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 7.

⁵ John MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1999), 5.

⁶ Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977), 29.

⁷ “A zealous anti-Montanist the Roman presbyter Caius in the time of Zephyrinus (pp. 199-217) wrote a Dialogue against the Montanist Proclus in which he attributed the Apocalypse to Cerinthus . . . [finding] various discrepancies between it and the other parts of the New Testament. . . . Caius criticism was . . . taken up and refuted by Hippolytus.”—Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John, 340. “Cerinthus . . . resided in Ephesus around the turn of the first century. Included in his heretical potpourri of doctrines was the notion that at Christ’s second coming a millennium characterized by sensuous pleasures would be established.”—Larry V. Crutchfield, “Revelation in the New Testament,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 26.

⁸ “The first to reject apostolic authorship was Marcion, the second-century Gnostic who rejected all non-Pauline books (apart from an edited version of Luke) . . . because of their Jewish influence. Dionysius . . . was the first to develop a series of arguments for his position, . . . Dionysius believed that ‘another (unknown) John’ wrote Revelation.”—Grant R. Osborne, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2002), 3.

⁹ “Toward the middle of the third century Dionysius the Great, bishop of Alexandria, in his opposition to millenarianism and apparently influenced by Caius, took up anew the question of the authenticity of the Apocalypse . . . concluding that the John who wrote it was not the Apostle, he nevertheless accepted it as divinely inspired . . . The criticism of so illustrious a figure in the church as Dionysius could not fail to exert influence, especially in Egypt and the east.”—Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John, 341.

¹⁰ “Twelve of the nineteen terms or expressions with which Dionysius says the Apocalypse has no connection or affinity . . . are found in the book, some of them with great frequency.”—Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 1-7 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1992), 6-7.

¹¹ “Following in his [Dionysius’] footsteps Eusebius, . . . bishop of Caesarea . . . saw a second John as the author of the book.”—Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John, 341.

¹² [Osborne, Revelation, 3], [MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, 6].

¹³ “The Dutch reformer Desiderius Erasmus, German reformer Martin Luther, and Swiss reformer Ulrich Zwingli . . . all regarded it as a nonapostolic work. All three did so largely because it teaches a literal thousand-year earthly reign of Christ. Essentially, John Calvin and Luther simply ignored John’s Revelation.”—Crutchfield, “Revelation in the New Testament,” 33.

¹⁴ It should be noted that several of these options are directly at odds with a belief in the inspiration of Revelation and its inclusion in the Canon. For example, if the book was written by Cerinthus or using a pseudonym, then we have what would amount to divine inerrancy set forth within the framework of a lie.

¹⁵ Osborne, Revelation, 2.

¹⁶ Henry Barclay Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1998, 1906), xlviii.

¹⁷ The facts of the internal textual elements themselves are not subjective, but deciding which are important and what they mean is highly subjective.

¹⁸ “Swete points to twenty-seven phrases in the early chapters that are matched up by nearly the same wording in the final chapters. ‘Such coincidences leave no doubt that the same writers has been at work.’ ”—Mal Couch, “The Literary Structure of Revelation,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 70.

¹⁹ Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John, 362,366.

²⁰ Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John, clxxii.

²¹ “As for the authorship of the Apocalypse, Calvin suggested John Mark as a good candidate.”—Crutchfield, “Revelation in the New Testament,” 34.

²² “There is nothing in the New Testament or early tradition associating [John] Mark in this way with the Asian church.”—Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John, 347.

²³ “There exist no significant linguistic similarities between Mark’s gospel and the Apocalypse, nor does the Evangelist display characteristics of a visionary possessed of a strong prophetic consciousness.”—Mounce, The Book of Revelation, 25.

²⁴ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 10.

²⁵ Adela Yarbro Collins, “Book of Revelation,” in David Noel Freeman, ed., The Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York, NY: Doubleday, 1996, c1992), 5:700.

²⁶ Richard Chenevix Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1861), 2-3.

²⁷ Colin J. Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1989), 30-31.

²⁸ Gregory K. Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1999), 34.

²⁹ Walter Scott, Exposition of The Revelation (London, England: Pickering & Inglis, n.d.), 431n.

³⁰ Mounce, The Book of Revelation, 26.

³¹ A. R. Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” in Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997, 1877), Rev. 1:1.

³² Osborne, Revelation, 5.

³³ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 4-5.

³⁴ Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia, 90-91.

³⁵ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 1:1.

³⁶ Osborne, Revelation, 5.

³⁷ Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John, xlii-xliv.

³⁸ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 11-15.

³⁹ Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John, cxvi.

⁴⁰ Unfortunately, the tendency of academics is to reject historical witness in favor of novel theories. It is not clear whether this is fueled simply by the need for new Ph.D. topics or simply a reflection of human pride.

⁴¹ “The earliest testimony recorded is that of Justin, who lived some time at Ephesus, the center of the region to which the book was sent, at a date when the generation to which it first came had not yet passed away.”—Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John, 349.

⁴² Ibid., 366-392.

⁴³ “The testimony of Justin and Irenaeus is especially significant, since they lived in Ephesus and Smyrna when some of Revelation’s original readers would still have been alive. That the church could have been mistaken about who wrote Revelation virtually from the time it was written is inconceivable.”—MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, 4.

⁴⁴ “Justin Martyr in the mid-second century wrote that the apostle John was the author (Dialogue with Trypho 81.4), and this became the accepted view (so also Irenaeus, Against Heresies 4.20.11; Tertullian, Against Marcion 3.14.3; Clement of Alexandria, Paedagogus 2.108; Origen, De principiis 1.2.10).”—Osborne, Revelation, 2-3. “Irenaeus . . . a younger contemporary of Papias and Justin . . . makes frequent and explicit reference to the Apocalypse as that of ‘John the disciple of the Lord’ and he shows distinctly that by this term he means John the Apostle. From this time on the same testimony appears generally in the fathers, e.g. Clement of Alexandrian, Tertullian, Origen, etc.”—Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John, 349-350.

⁴⁵ “Papias . . . recognized the book, according to Andreas, as inspired, . . . from the manner in which Andreas refers to Papias’ view of the book, . . . he regarded him as agreeing with his own opinion, that the author was the Apostle.”—Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John, 349. “Papias was bishop of Hierapolis, near Laodicea, one of the seven churches.”—Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 1:1.

⁴⁶ Collins, “Book of Revelation,” 5:700.

⁴⁷ “These testimonies of persons contemporary with John’s immediate successors, and more or less connected with the region of the seven churches to which Revelation is addressed, are most convincing.”—Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 1:1.

⁴⁸ Ibid.

⁴⁹ “The first opposition to its apostolicity came from the Alogi (ca. A.D. 170), who opposed the Logos doctrine of the Fourth Gospel and therefore rejected all Johannine literature. The Alogi therefore testify indirectly to the Johannine tradition and to the tradition that the Gospel and Revelation came from the same hand.”—G. E. Ladd, “Revelation, Book of,” in Geoffrey W. Bromiley, ed., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979, 1915), 4:172.

⁵⁰ Mounce, The Book of Revelation, 28.

⁵¹ But being a sinner nonetheless (Rom. 3:19).

⁵² Edward Hindson, Revelation: Unlocking the Future (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), 20.

⁵³ “Indeed, it would be a serious mistake to regard John as the originator of this book, for it would then become merely a human being’s comments and prediction of the future, which would deprive the book of all its authority and impact. We therefore need to recognize, right at the outset, that this book was virtually dictated by God, and that John was merely the privileged scribe who recorded what he saw and heard (this is not to suggest that God dictated all Scripture, but this certainly holds good in large measure for Revelation).”—Monty S. Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John (Dallas, TX: 3E Ministries, 1987), s.v. “Introduction.”

2.10 - Acceptance into the Canon Listen to Acceptance into the Canon

Three factors are difficult to separate in any consideration of the book of Revelation: the uniqueness of its style of writing; the question of its authorship; and its acceptance into the canon of the New Testament. These three factors are interrelated in that each of them depends to some extent upon the others.¹ Most frequently, the unique style of writing has been used as evidence against apostolic authorship, which in turn has been used to reject the book from the canon of Scripture. We have already discussed the first two of these interrelated factors and here we spend some time looking at historic attitudes toward the book of Revelation from the perspective of its acceptance into the canon. We need to also be aware of a fourth factor which is the ultimate explanation of many of the attacks upon the authority of the book. “the canonical fortunes of no book hinged more on personal prejudice and theological bias than that of the Revelation of John.”²

In other words, the pattern of events in history has often run in the opposite direction: First, a teaching found in the book is opposed; Second, a desire developed to reject the teaching by rejecting the book; Third, an attempt is made to undermine its apostolic authority by attributing its writing to someone other than John the Apostle; Fourth, differences in writing style between the book and John’s other writings provided a potential means to reject apostolic authorship.

The two teachings of the book which have probably been most opposed have been the millennial reign of Christ on earth (Rev. 20:4+) and the prophetic certainty of a time of great upheaval and judgment coming upon the earth prior to the establishment of the reign of Christ. The former was a key reason for the rejection of the book among some in the early church who viewed any fulfillment of Old Testament promises involving the Jews with great disdain. The latter is more frequently under attack in our own day by those who hold to Dominion Theology or Christian Reconstructionism.³ We touch on Dominion Theology’s attempts to “reinterpret” passages which speak of a future time of tribulation in our discussion of systems of interpretation.

2.10.1 - Rejection

The first substantial opposition to the book of Revelation arose in the second century in response to the teachings of the cult of Montanism. Montanus appealed to the book to support some of his teachings. Those who opposed his teachings called into question the validity of the book he employed for his doctrines.⁴ Montanism taught an extravagant view of the Millennial Kingdom which placed great emphasis upon material and sensual aspects. Although the Millennial Kingdom will be a time of great material blessing, many felt that Montanus misrepresented the emphasis of New Testament teaching which is focused upon a denial of the flesh in favor of greater spiritual realities.⁵ This led the church to emphasize the purely spiritual aspects over the material aspects of God’s blessings—an imbalance which is still with us today. This opposition to the materialism of Montanus and to a literal Millennial Kingdom in favor of a spiritual emphasis went hand-in-glove with the growing tendency to employ allegory in interpretation.

To . . . leaders in the Eastern church, millennialism was nothing more than a Jewish concept that appealed to Christians’ baser sensual appetites rather than to their higher spiritual nature. . . . Early on, Augustine held millenarian views. But he abandoned that doctrine for the superficial reason that some millenarians had envisioned a kingdom age of unparalleled fruitfulness featuring banquet tables set with excessive amounts of food and drink. He favored . . . a spiritualized interpretation of the Apocalypse. . . . Augustine articulated an amillennial view in which no future thousand-year earthly millennium was expected.⁶

Yet a belief in a literal thousand-year-reign had been the view held by those in the very early church who had closest contact with the living apostles.⁷

As we mentioned in our discussion of the authorship of the book, Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria, felt that John the Apostle was not the author of the book. Although Dionysius was careful not to reject the book out-of-hand, his views had a large effect upon the Eastern Church and led to doubts by many who followed him.

Criticism, . . . from so distinguished a Bishop as Dionysius . . . could not fail to carry weight in Egypt and the Greek-speaking East, shaking the faith of many in the apostolical authorship of the Apocalypse, and therefore in its canonical authority. In the fourth century Eusebius is unable to speak positively as to its canonicity . . . Cyril of Jerusalem, a few years later, not only omits the Apocalypse from his list of canonical books, but seems definitely to exclude it from private as well as public use . . . it finds no place in the Laodicean list of 363, or in that of Gregory of Nazianzus; . . . In Eastern Syria the Apocalypse was either still unknown or it was ignored; it formed no part of the Peshitta New Testament. Junilius, . . . in the sixth century, is silent about the book; Ebedjesu, a Nestorian Bishop in the first year of the fourteenth century, still passes it over without notice in his list of New Testament books. . . . Neither Theodore, Chrysostom, or Theodoret is known to have quoted the Apocalypse. . . . As late as the beginning of the ninth century Nicephorus places it among the antilegomena with the Apocalypse of Peter.⁸

Origen’s pupil, Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria . . . opposed the chiliastic views of Nepos, a bishop in Egypt, and believed that linguistic differences with the Gospel of John as well as differences in thought and style meant that the Apostle John was not the author. His influence led to serious doubts in the East. Eusebius . . . said Revelation was written by John the Elder and refused to consider it canonical. Other Eastern Fathers who doubted it were Cyril of Jerusalem, Chrysostom, Theodore of Mopsuestia, and Theodoret of Cyrsu. As a result it was not in the canonical list at the Council of Laodicea in 360, . . . Athanasius accepted it completely . . . and it is in the official canonical list at the Council of Carthage in 397.⁹

Among those who either distinctly declared against it, or seem to have used it with reserve, were Cyril of Jerusalem, Gregory Nazianzen, Amphilochius of Iconium, Chrysostom, Theodoret.¹⁰

The opposition of the Eastern Church showed some weakening in the third Council of Carthage (A.D. 397) which finally included it in the list of canonical books,¹¹ but the book was not fully accepted by the Eastern Church until the Third Council of Constantinople in A.D. 680.¹²

Although the book was endorsed and enjoyed a wide circulation by the Western Church from a very early date (see below), an attitude of opposition or indifference toward the book continued even until the time of the Reformation. It may be surprising today to read of Martin Luther’s attitude toward the book. He rejected its divine inspiration,¹³ placed it last in his New Testament along with other books he felt had relatively little value,¹⁴ and made a quite disappointing statement in view of the claim of the book to be the “Revelation of Jesus Christ”: “In 1522 Martin Luther wrote of the Revelation, ‘My mind cannot use itself to the Book, and to me the fact that Christ is neither taught nor recognized in it, is good and sufficient cause for my low estimation.’ Though he modified his view some years later, to the end Luther remained doubtful about the book’s authenticity.” [emphasis added]¹⁵

Luther was not alone in his disdain for the book of Revelation. It was rejected from the canon by Zwingli¹⁶ and Calvin never produced a commentary on it.

2.10.2 - Acceptance

The acceptance of the book of Revelation by the Western Church was markedly different than that of the Eastern Church.¹⁷ Perhaps this was because the Western Church had more direct knowledge of its author since the seven churches of Asia were its direct recipients. Beckwith lists the following Church Fathers who accepted the Apocalypse: Papias, bishop of Hierapolis; Justin Martyr; Irenaeus, presbyter and bishop of Lyons (Gaul); Theophilus, bishop of Antioch (in Syria); Tertullian of Carthage; and Clement of Alexandria.¹⁸ The early acceptance of the book of Revelation in the very area to which it was addressed is strong evidence of its rightful canonicity. “If the Apocalypse were not the inspired work of John, purporting as it does to be an address from their superior to the seven churches of Proconsular Asia, it would have assuredly been rejected in that region; whereas the earliest testimonies in those churches are all in its favor.”¹⁹

In the literature of the second half of the second century, evidence begins to reveal wide circulation of the Apocalypse. Andreas quotes Papias about Revelation 12:7+ ff. Irenaeus refers to old copies of the book and to people who knew John. Other early authors who mention the book are Justin, Eusebius, Apollonius, and Theophilus the Bishop of Antioch. It is referred to a number of times in the Epistle of the Churches of Vienne. Other references to the book abound. Tertullian . . . quotes from eighteen out of the twenty-two chapters . . . and cites it as Scripture. Some literature from the period seems to refer to the book using similar phraseology, e.g., the Shepherd of Hermas, which refers to the great tribulation, and the Acts of Perpetua and Felicitas, which according to Swete abounds in imagery similar to the book of Revelation. The circulation and wide use of the book as Scripture are evident by the beginning of the third century.²⁰

The Apocalypse seems to have been accepted almost from the beginning in the Western church . . . it appears to have been recognized by Papias . . . and may be reflected by Ignatius . . . it was accepted by Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Tertullian, Hippolytus, Clement of Alexandria, and Origin. It was included in the earliest list of canonical works, the Muratorian Canon, in the latter part of the second century.²¹

The book was accepted as canonical in the West much earlier than the East. “full acceptance in the canon was recognized in the Festal Letter of Athanasius written from Alexandria in 367. The Damasine Council (382) and the Council of Carthage (397) ratified this by officially including it in the canon of New Testament Scriptures.”²²

Today, the book of Revelation is well-established in the canon of Scripture. Its extensive connections with the Old Testament and undeniable relationship to related passages of Scripture, especially its many parallels with the book of Genesis, make it impractical to dismiss as uninspired or inconsistent with the rest of Scripture. Yet there are still those who oppose its teachings.

Earlier the battle over the authority of its teachings took place in relation to its canonization, but now the battle rages over how it is to be interpreted. Opposition to its plain teachings in our own time has come on two fronts: a rejection of the predicted time of upheaval and judgment to come upon the earth prior to the return of Christ and a rejection of His subsequent reign for one thousand years upon the earth following His return. By overemphasizing the symbolic nature of the text or associating the text with the genre of obscure Jewish apocryphal works, today’s commentators attempt to persuade the student to approach the text in a way which allows the denial of these realities. Yet, as we shall see, these are plainly the teachings of this most fascinating book of the New Testament.

Notes

¹ “The determining factor in New Testament canonization was inspiration, and the primary test was apostolicity . . . If it could be determined that a book had apostolic authority, there would be no reason to question its authenticity or veracity.”—Norman L. Geisler and William E. Nix, A General Introduction to the Bible (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1986), 283.

² Larry V. Crutchfield, “Revelation in the New Testament,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 23.

³ Dominion theology does not undermine the book by explicitly attacking its authority, but by implicitly undermining its teachings through a method of interpretation which denies any application to events of the future.

⁴ “In the middle of the second century the heterodox teachings of Montanus precipitated the first substantial opposition to the Apocalypse of John. . . . Because Montanus appealed to the book of Revelation for support of his extreme views, Montanism cast a dark shadow of doubt over the book of Revelation.”—Crutchfield, “Revelation in the New Testament,” 26.

⁵ “The opposition to the heresy of Montanism, which made great use of the Apocalypse and gave extravagant form to its millennial teaching, caused it to be either rejected or differently interpreted.”—Isbon T. Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2001), 323. “A number of church fathers rejected the book because of the chiliast debate and its use by the Montanists.”—Grant R. Osborne, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2002), 22. “In the second century, the Alogi, a group of anti-Montanists in Asia Minor, rejected the Apocalypse on the basis of its unedifying symbolism and because they held it to contain errors of fact (eg., no church existed at Thyatira at that time).”—Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977), 38.

⁶ Crutchfield, “Revelation in the New Testament,” 27,31.

⁷ “The most explicit reference in Scripture to the thousand-year millennial reign of Christ is found in Revelation 20+. It is a significant fact that the early adherents of premillennialism (or chiliasm, as it was first called), either had direct contact with John, the longest living apostle, or with his most famous disciple Polycarp.”—Ibid., 24.

⁸ Henry Barclay Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1998, 1906), cxi-cxii.

⁹ Osborne, Revelation, 23.

¹⁰ Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John, 341.

¹¹ “The first action relating to the scriptures taken by a synod is that of the counsel of Laodicea, not far from 360. . . . It adopted an ordinance forbidding the reading of uncanonical scriptures in public worship. And in the list of canonical books given, the Apocalypse is wanting. . . The third council of Carthage (397) adopted a decree regarding the scriptures to be read in service, and the Apocalypse, in keeping with the universal opinion of the Western Church from the earliest times, was included in the list of canonical books,”—Ibid., 342.

¹² “The Revelation of John finally received official acceptance in the Eastern church at the Third Council of Constantinople (A.D. 680).”—Crutchfield, “Revelation in the New Testament,” 32.

¹³ “In reference to Revelation, Luther wrote in 1522 that he could find ‘no trace’ of evidence that the book ‘was written by the Holy Spirit.’ In other words, he rejected its divine inspiration.”—Ibid., 33.

¹⁴ “Martin Luther . . . [rearranged] his New Testament into sections which reflected his own attitude about the various books. In the front of his New Testament he placed those books he valued most. Another section, which he placed in the back of his Bible, included the New Testament works he felt had relatively little value (Hebrews, James, Jude, and Revelation).”—Ibid.

¹⁵ Harold D. Foos, “Christology in the Book of Revelation,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 105.

¹⁶ “The only book he apparently excluded from the canon was the Apocalypse.”—Crutchfield, “Revelation in the New Testament,” 34.

¹⁷ “No other writing of the New Testament can claim in comparison with the Apocalypse more abundant and more trustworthy evidence that it was widely known at an early date.”—Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John, 337.

¹⁸ Ibid., 338-339.

¹⁹ A. R. Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” in Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997, 1877), Rev. 1:1.

²⁰ John F. Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1966), 14-15.

²¹ Osborne, Revelation, 23.

²² Monty S. Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John (Dallas, TX: 3E Ministries, 1987), s.v. “Introduction.”

2.8 - Style of Writing Listen to Style of Writing

It has been observed that the style of the Greek within the book of Revelation differs significantly from that of the gospel of John. This has been frequently used to intimate that the author, although describing himself as John (Rev. 1:1+, 4+, 9+; 21:2+; 22:8+), is a different John than the Apostle. (See the discussion concerning the authorship of the book.) Our purpose here is to briefly discuss these differences in style and to suggest possible reasons why this is so.

The Greek of the book of Revelation has been categorized as “more primitive” or “rougher” than that of John’s Gospel. This is primarily due to the violation of some of the normal rules of Greek grammar. Charles claimed it contained more grammatical irregularities than any other Greek document of the ancient world.¹

Most of these solecisms are disagreements in case, number, gender, or person. Other instances sometimes included in discussion of the solecisms are not outright transgressions of ordinary grammatical rules but are better categorized as peculiar variants in style.²

Tenney describes a specific example: “For instance, this phrase, ‘from him who is and who was and who is to come’ (Rev. 1:4+) should be translated literally: ‘From he who is, and from he was, and from he who is coming.’ The case of the noun after the preposition ‘from’ is wrong; the second expression is a finite verb and not a participle; and the third expression is used in the same way as the first.”³

Some have suggested that the differences in style might reflect the aging of John between the writing of his Gospel and the book of Revelation, but this seems unlikely.⁴ Others have concluded from these differences that the author of the book of Revelation cannot be the author of John’s Gospel. Still others point to possible reasons for the appearance of these irregularities.

Tenney sees the irregularity mentioned above as being evidence of the Hebraic material and thought of the author:

The reason for this strange rendering is that the Greek had no past participle of the verb “to be,” and so the author used a finite form. Furthermore, the case did not change because evidently the entire expression had become stereotyped as a title, and so did not alter the construction to fit the context. The writer translated a Hebrew title directly and literally into Greek without attempting to conform to the Greek idiom. He thought in Hebrew or Aramaic; he wrote in Greek. The relative certainty of this fact shows that the book of Revelation does not emanate chiefly from Greek and pagan sources. [emphasis added]⁵

Beale too observes a correlation between the irregularities and Old Testament allusions:

A significant number of these irregularities occur in the midst of OT allusions. A number of expressions appear irregular because John is carrying over the exact grammatical forms of the allusions, often from the various versions of the Greek OT and sometimes from the Hebrew. He does not change the OT grammatical form to fit the immediate syntactical context in Revelation, so the OT expression sticks out like a sore thumb. . . . the solecisms of the Apocalypse function in this way.⁶

Robertson sees the textual anomalies as reflecting a heavy dependence upon the Septuagint.⁷ Others suggest that John’s writing style was affected by the emotionally vivid content given in rapid succession.⁸ Another possibility is that John utilized an amanuensis (secretary) when writing the Gospel, but was unable to do so on Patmos.⁹

An additional factor to consider is that other of John’s writings contain significant grammatical irregularities:¹⁰

Without any question there are unusual grammatical features in the Apocalypse, but what about John’s other writings, his first epistle, for example? Are there not extreme grammatical irregularities here, too? . . . Unusual grammatical phenomena are by no means limited to the Apocalypse in the apostle John’s canonical writings. If John deviated from the normal usage in 1 John, why could he not have done so in the Apocalypse?¹¹

The grammatical departures do not appear to be due to the ignorance of the writer, but appear intentional, perhaps in order to emphasize theological subtleties.¹²

Regardless of the reasons for the stylistic oddities of the Greek of the book of Revelation, it has not adversely affected its literary impact:

But from whatever cause or concurrence of causes, it cannot be denied that the Apocalypse of John stands alone among Greek literary writings in its disregard of the ordinary rules of syntax, and the success with which syntax is set aside without loss of perspicuity or even of literary power. The book seems openly and deliberately to defy the grammarian, and yet, even as literature, it is in its own field unsurpassed.¹³

Notes

¹ “Charles claimed it contained more grammatical irregularities than any other Greek document of the ancient world. he accounted for this with his famous dictum that ‘while [John] writes in Greek, he thinks in Hebrew, and the thought has naturally affected the vehicle of expression.’ ”—Gregory K. Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1999), 96.

² Ibid., 101-102.

³ Merrill C. Tenney, Interpreting Revelation (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1957), 14.

⁴ “The gospel of John was probably written between A.D. 85 and 90, the epistles of John in the early nineties, and the Apocalypse about A.D. 95.”—Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 1-7 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1992), 18.

⁵ Tenney, Interpreting Revelation, 14.

⁶ Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, 101.

⁷ “It is not so much particular Hebraisms that meet us in the Apocalypse as the flavor of the LXX whose words are interwoven in the text at every turn.”—A. T. Robertson, A Grammar of the Greek NT in the Light of HistoricalResearch (Nashville, TN: Broadman Press, 1934), 135.

⁸ “Some have suggested that the message was so emotional and vivid that John struggled to keep up with the flashes of dramatic revelation coming on him.”—Mal Couch, “The Literary Structure of Revelation,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 69.

⁹ “It is also possible that John used an amanuensis (secretary) when he wrote the gospel and the epistles (as Paul did; Rom. 16:22)—something he could not have done while writing Revelation in exile on Patmos.”—John MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1999), 6. “There is plausibility in the suggestion that the superior smoothness of the Greek of the Gospel and various linguistic differences are due at least in part to the employment of a Greek amanuensis. . . . Paul wrote most of his epistles by the hand of another.”—Isbon T. Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2001), 356.

¹⁰ “While the solecistic anacolutha of the Apocalypse have no parallel on any large scale in the Gospel, there is a considerable number of unusual constructions which are common to the two books.”—Henry Barclay Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1998, 1906), cxxiii.

¹¹ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 7-8.

¹² “his departures from Greek usage are pretty certainly not due to ignorance; his general correctness and his Greek vocabulary show him to have possessed an adequate command of the language.”—Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John, 345.

¹³ Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John, cxx.

4.12 - Nero Listen to Nero

Among those who seek to relegate the events of the book of Revelation to the distant past, no figure is more often held to be the Beast of Revelation than the Roman Emperor Nero. For those who ascribe to the Golden Rule of Interpretation, this may seem surprising. How could it be said with all seriousness that Nero fulfills the many details given concerning the Beast throughout Scripture? A simple reading of Scripture gives numerous aspects of this man which Nero fails to fulfill.

Caesar Nero

Caesar Nero¹

Ignoring the rest of Scripture for the moment, the book of Revelation alone reveals the following aspects concerning the Beast:

Literally killed and resurrected (Rev. 13:3+, 8+; 17:8+, 11+).

Prevails for precisely 42 months (Rev. 13:5+).

Globally rules over every tribe, nation, and tongue (Rev. 13:7+).

Has a high-profile accomplice who performs literal miracles (Rev. 13:13+).

An image of the Beast is given the breath of life (Rev. 13:15+).

Buying and selling are precluded except through identification with the Beast (Rev. 13:17+).

Gathers with other kings to wage war against God (Rev. 19:19+).

Captured and cast alive into the Lake of Fire by Christ (Rev. 19:20+). (Nero committed suicide in A.D. 68.² )

Receives global worship (Rev. 13:3+).

Outside of the book of Revelation, many more things are said of this figure. Here we mention Paul’s comments to show the utter unsuitability of Nero as the fulfillment of the Beast:

Let no one deceive you by any means; for that Day will not come unless the falling away comes first, and the man of sin is revealed, the son of perdition, who opposes and exalts himself above all that is called God or that is worshiped, so that he sits as God in the temple of God, showing himself that he is God. (2Th. 2:3-4) [emphasis added]

It simply will not do to try and make the “son of perdition” be some other figure such as the Jewish high priest because this person, like the Beast, is the one exalted and worshiped above all else. And when did Nero “sit as God in the temple of God, showing himself that he is God”? Not an image, not a proclamation or edict, but the live man sitting in the Holy of Holies?

Since it seems plain from a straightforward reading of Scripture that the Beast is a figure yet future, how is it that preterists find Nero to fill the bill? The answer, once again, is hermeneutics, the art and science of interpretation. By ignoring the details in the Word of God, the preterists are able to “shoe horn” Nero into what they believe is a fulfillment of these prophecies. They simply refuse to read the text in its literal sense because they are motivated to move the future back to the past and Nero provides their best chance of doing so.

In the ensuing discussion, we would ask the reader to notice a key weakness of those who argue for a Neronic fulfillment of the Beast passages of the book of Revelation. They place great emphasis on similarities which are lacking in objectivity or are subject to widely different possibility of fulfillment while minimizing objective details given in the text which simply do not fit Nero. Anyone who attempts to identify the Beast based primarily on numeric calculations concerning his name (gematria) while paying relatively little attention to the details of the text is headed for trouble.

4.12.1 - Revival Myth

Nero was admittedly a very evil man. His infamy is well known. Apparently, some time after his death, a superstitious belief arose that he came back to life.³ This myth is then thought to be the subject of the passages which record that the Beast will be killed and revived (Rev. 13:3+, 8+; 17:8+, 11+).

While this might sound like an amazing correlation at first, the idea has some major problems:

If the Nero revival myth is what is recorded in the book of Revelation, then God’s Word is based on pagan untruths.

The book of Revelation records a successful revival, whereas Nero has not risen.

It is unlikely there would have been sufficient time for Nero to die, for the myth to arise, and to have it recorded by John all prior to A.D. 70—the date by which Nero advocates have to have the book written. “Some commentators argue that some passages in Revelation reflect a ‘revival of Nero’ myth, especially 13:3-4 and 17:8, 11, which speak of the demise of the beast and subsequent revival. The Nero myth held that Nero would return from the dead and lead a Parthian army against the Roman Empire. If these texts reflect the myth, then Revelation is better dated later than earlier, since presumably it took time for the myth to arise, develop, and circulate after Nero’s death in 68 AD.”⁴

Those in the early church who were most intimately connected with the time of Nero know nothing of the supposed relevance of the myth. “Irenaeus, who was the disciple of Polycarp, who in turn was the disciple of John, had no knowledge of the Nero Redivivus Myth. Because Nero has never returned from the dead and never will, the theory that John refers to the Nero Redivivus Myth in Revelation 13:3+, 14+ ‘ascribes to John a false prophecy based upon a silly superstition.’ ” [emphasis added]⁵

The Beast receives worship because of his revival from the dead. Those who suggest Nero is the Beast fail to account for the clear indication of Scripture that worship of the Beast is in reaction to his miraculous restoration (Rev. 13:3-4+, 12+). Nero never received global worship nor was he revived. Any worship he may have received did not follow a restoration to life as so clearly portrayed by the book of Revelation.

4.12.2 - The Number of the Beast

The book of Revelation states the following concerning the number of the Beast

He causes all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and slave, to receive a mark on their right hand or on their foreheads, and that no one may buy or sell except one who has the mark or the name of the beast, or the number of his name. Here is wisdom. Let him who has understanding calculate the number of the beast, for it is the number of a man: His number is six hundred and sixty-six. (Rev. 13:16-18+)

John states that the Beast has a number associated with his name and that he “who has understanding” may calculate the “number of the beast” which is “the number of a man,” the infamous “666.”

4.12.2.1 - Gematria

Most who have studied this puzzling passage connect the calculation with the practice known as gematria where different letters of an alphabet are assigned different sequential numeric values so that words then derive a value equal to the sum of the values associated with their individual characters.

With the late Jews and the Greeks the letters of the alphabet were used to denote numbers; a name then could be given enigmatically in the sum of the numbers denoted by its several letters. Thus in Gen. 14:14 the number 318 was taken by the rabbis to denote Eliezer; the numbers denoted by the respective letters of that name added together form this sum. The Christian Sibylline I. 324 ff. uses 888 for the name ʼΙησοῦς [Iēsous] , Jesus.⁶

4.12.2.2 - Nero Caesar = 666?

Advocates of Nero as the Beast make much of the fact that two variations of the Hebrew spelling of “Caesar Nero” result in the two different values found in textual variants for the number of the Beast.⁷

This solution reached in the earlier part of the last century independently by a number of scholars (Fritzsche, Benary, Hitzig, Reuss) meets the conditions of the problem so exactly that it is accepted by most scholars of the present day. It’s correctness is supported by the fact that if the proper name be written Νέρω [Nerō] , נרו [nrw] , that is, without the final consonant as in the Latin form Nero, the number 616 is obtained instead of 666, and thus is explained the variant reading found in some Mss.⁸

4.12.2.3 - A Lock almost any Key will Turn

At first glance, this is impressive. But only if one ignores all of the other more objective details given as to the character and ministry of the Beast which Nero falls far short of. Unfortunately, as many who have followed the sensational speculation of our own times concerning this matter are well aware, gematria is simply not reliable as a major indicator as to the identity of the Beast. There are simply too many degrees of freedom for making names or titles fit.

G. Salmon has developed three rules that have been used throughout the centuries for making any desired name equal 666. His rules are appropriate for the attempts by preterists to make Nero fit the number of the Beast: “First, if the proper name by itself will not yield it, add a title; secondly, if the sum cannot be found in Greek, try Hebrew, or even Latin; thirdly, do not be too particular about the spelling. . . . We cannot infer much from the fact that a key fits the lock if it is a lock in which almost any key will turn.” [emphasis added]⁹

in transliterating a foreign word into Hebrew, there is considerable latitude in including, omitting, or varying vowel letters. What’s more, there are three possible Hebrew equivalents [samek, sin, and shin] for the Greek letter for “s.”¹⁰

This flexibility of gematria is evident in the many suggestions which have been put forth as possible matches for the “666” calculation of the Beast.

Throughout church history, the gematric method has been used to identify the beast as Teitan, Lateinos, Julius Caesar, Domitian, Vespasian, Caligula, the Nicolaitans, and the German Kaisers. Johnson notes that “the sheer disagreement and confusion created through the years by the gematria method should have long ago warned the church that it was on the wrong track.” Such confusion probably exists because the meaning of the number may not be evident until the Antichrist appears. Thus the best approach is to avoid all guessing and allow God to give the understanding when it is needed.¹¹

Beckwith also lists a number of historical figures who have been seen as fulfilling the gematria of Rev. 13:18+: Mohammed, Pope Benedict IX, Luther, Titan, Latinus, Gaius Caesar (Caligula), Caesar of Rome (requires the reading 616), Caesar of the Romans, Trajan, Hadrian, Trajan, Vespasian.¹²

The relative ease with which various names of history can be made to add up to 666 renders the match for Nero inconsequential. “Gematria is not a means by which the name is to be discovered; but it will be a test and a proof by which the name may be identified after the person is revealed.”¹³ Gematria cannot be the main point of evidence in any identity of the Antichrist, because “probably the names of about one in every 10,000 people will total 666. This identification is not in itself a sure test.”¹⁴

See commentary on Revelation 13:18.

4.12.2.4 - Revealed Too Late

What is especially odd about this assertion that Nero’s name fulfills the gematria for 666 is that Neronian advocates are also those who hold the view that the book of Revelation is almost entirely about first-century events of significance to the time of Nero and John’s immediate readership. However, this solution of Nero’s name for the number of the Beast was unknown by John’s very audience as evidenced by those who followed closely on their heels. “The name of Nero was apparently never suggested by the ancient commentators, even though his persecuting zeal made him a model of the Antichrist.”¹⁵

Irenaeus has only uncertain guesses to offer, and he thinks the Apocalyptist intended the name to remain hidden till Antichrist should come. The language, however, implies that it is discoverable by those who have the requisite wisdom; and the command, ‘let him that hath understanding calculate the number,’ shows that the author expects some to solve the enigma.¹⁶

Irenaeus understood Antichrist to be a future figure and interprets numerous passages much like futurist interpreters of our own time:

And again, speaking of Antichrist, [Paul] says, “who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped [2Th. 2:4].” He points out here those who are called gods, by such as know not God, that is, idols. For the Father of all is called God, and is so; and Antichrist shall be lifted up, not above Him, but above those which are indeed called gods, but are not.—Irenaeus, Against Heresies, iii.vi [emphasis added]¹⁷

Concerning men who suggested the number of the beast was 616, Irenaeus wrote in support of the value 666 and indicated that he expected the Antichrist to be a figure future to his day:¹⁸

These men, therefore, ought to learn [what really is the state of the case], and go back to the true number of the name, that they be not reckoned among false prophets. But, knowing the sure number declared by Scripture, that is, six hundred sixty and six, let them await, in the first place, the division of the kingdom into ten; then, in the next place, when these kings are reigning, and beginning to set their affairs in order, and advance their kingdom, [let them learn] to acknowledge that he who shall come claiming the kingdom for himself, and shall terrify those men of whom we have been speaking, having a name containing the aforesaid number, is truly the abomination of desolation. . . . It is therefore more certain, and less hazardous, to await the fulfilment of the prophecy, than to be making surmises, and casting about for any names that may present themselves, inasmuch as many names can be found possessing the number mentioned. . . . But when this Antichrist shall have devastated all things in this world, he will reign for three years and six months, and sit in the temple at Jerusalem; and then the Lord will come from heaven in the clouds, in the glory of the Father, sending this man and those who follow him into the lake of fire; but bringing in for the righteous the times of the kingdom, that is, the rest, the hallowed seventh day; and restoring to Abraham the promised inheritance, in which kingdom the Lord declared, that “many coming from the east and from the west should sit down with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.”—Irenaeus, Against Heresies, v.xxx [emphasis added]¹⁹

For when he (Antichrist) is come, and of his own accord concentrates in his own person the apostasy, and accomplishes whatever he shall do according to his own will and choice, sitting also in the temple of God, so that his dupes may adore him as the Christ; wherefore also shall he deservedly “be cast into the lake of fire: ” [this will happen according to divine appointment], God by His prescience foreseeing all this, and at the proper time sending such a man, “that they may believe a lie, that they all may be judged who did not believe the truth, but consented to unrighteousness;” whose coming John has thus described in the Apocalypse: “And the beast which I had seen was like unto a leopard, and his feet as of a bear, and his mouth as the mouth of a lion; and the dragon conferred his own power upon him, and his throne, and great might. And one of his heads was as it were slain unto death; and his deadly wound was healed, and all the world wondered after the beast. And they worshipped the dragon because he gave power to the beast; and they worshipped the beast, saying, Who is like unto this beast, and who is able to make war with him?”—Irenaeus, Against Heresies, v.xxviii.2 [emphasis added]²⁰

Justin Martyr did not believe Nero to be the Antichrist, but expected a future figure who would be destroyed at the second advent of Christ. In his Dialogue of Justin, Justin Martyr cites Daniel 7:9-28 as a Second Coming passage which describes the destruction of the beast at the future arrival of Jesus.²¹

The “Teaching of the Twelve” (The Didache) written in approximately 70 A.D.²² knows nothing of Nero as the Beast, instead, in concert with Irenaeus, reflecting the futurist interpretation.

For as lawlessness increases, they will hate and persecute and betray one another. And then the deceiver of the world will appear as a son of God and ‘will perform signs and wonders,’ and the earth will be delivered into his hands, and he will commit abominations the likes of which have never happened before. (5) Then all humankind will come to the fiery test, and “many will fall away” and perish.²³

The unfortunate reality of taking Nero as the Beast is that no believer of his time proved wise enough to benefit from the clues given by God, even those who lived during the persecution of the Beast. Thus, God’s Word failed to aid the church until it became obvious to the Church some 1800 years after the threat the passage was meant to identify had come and gone.

The Neronic gematric calculation was not even suggested as a solution until Fritzsche first proposed it in 1831. If the preterist interpretation of Revelation 13:18+ is accurate, then the discovery of 666 as a prophecy concerning Nero was made roughly 1,800 years too late to assist John’s original audience. Smith summarizes the issue well by noting, “If John’s purpose was concealment, certainly he succeeded admirably, for his meaning was hidden not only from the enemies of the church, but from the church itself, for 1800 years. It is simply incredible that if this solution is so simple, and if it was ever known to the church, it should have been absolutely forgotten until our time.”²⁴

But, as already stated in the text, there are serious objections to the Nero-hypothesis: (1) The language and readers of the Apocalypse suggest a Greek rather than a Hebrew explanation of the numerical riddle. (2) The seer clearly distinguishes the beast, as a collective name for the Roman empire (so used also by Daniel), from the seven heads, i.e., kings (βασιλεῖς [basileis] or emperors. Nero is one of the five heads who ruled before the date of the Apocalypse. (3) It is difficult to conceive of a reasonable motive for concealing the detested name of Nero after his death. (4) A radical error, such as the belief in the absurd heathen fable of the return of Nero, is altogether incompatible with the lofty character and profound wisdom of the Apocalypse, and would destroy all confidence in its prophecy. If John, as these writers maintain, composed it in 68, he lived long enough to be undeceived, and would have corrected the fatal blunder or withheld the book from circulation. (5) It seems incredible that such an easy solution of the problem should have remained unknown for eighteen centuries and been reserved for the wits of half a dozen rival rationalists in Germany. Truth is truth, and must be thankfully accepted from any quarter and at any time; yet as the Apocalypse was written for the benefit of contemporaries of Nero, one should think that such a solution would not altogether have escaped them. Irenaeus makes no mention of it.²⁵

4.12.2.5 - Spelling and Language

It has also been noted that evidence is lacking that Christian commentators would have employed Hebrew in response to John’s text. “The earliest Christian commentators never looked to a solution in any language other than the Greek. . . . the Sibylline Oracles, which is a Jewish document composed in Greek, does its gematria in Greek rather than Hebrew.”²⁶

Then too, in order for the calculation to work, the Hebrew spelling of Caesar must be abnormal. “The preterists’ calculation is built upon a defective spelling of the word Caesar. Preterists rely upon the abnormal spelling rsq [Hebrew reads right-to-left], while the usual spelling is rsyq. The addition of the yod would obviously damage the Neronic gematric calculation.”²⁷ Although such abnormal spelling is attested, it is not the common spelling.

Beale points to other variables which provide additional degrees of freedom to make the calculation conveniently come out.

Identifying the name with Nero mistakenly assumes a knowledge of Hebrew and of the Hebrew system of gematria among native Greek readers. Furthermore, to choose the name “Caesar Nero” is too convenient for the Neronic dating, since there were many possible titles and names for Nero. Also in transliteration of foreign names into Hebrew there was considerable latitude in treatment of vowels and three possible equivalents for s [ס, שׂ, שׁ]. And why would the author not use a Greek form instead of a Hebrew form?²⁸

Mounce pithily observes, “What is not generally stressed is that this solution asks us to calculate a Hebrew transliteration of the Greek form of a Latin name, and that with a defective spelling.”²⁹

4.12.3 - Failure in Fulfillment

Aside from the more obvious ways in which Nero fails to fulfill the passages of Scripture as discussed above, there are other problems with the Neronic Beast.

Those who have studied the emperor cult within the first century have noted that the cult was not fully developed or enforced as early as Nero. “Nero was not deified, though there is some evidence that he wished to be. However, there was no widespread demand that he be recognized as such.” [emphasis added]³⁰ This became more characteristic of the time of Domitian which is the traditional date for the writing of the book of Revelation from Patmos. “It was not until the reign of Domitian that failure to honor the emperor as a god became a political offense and punishable.”³¹

Emperor Domitian Gold Coins

Emperor Domitian Gold Coins³²

Although Nero was famous for vicious persecution of Christians, it has not been shown that this persecution extended beyond the city of Rome and as far away as Asia Minor which would be required by our text (Rev. 2:10+, 13+). “The first outbreak of persecution by the Roman government was under Nero in AD 74 (Tacitus, Ann. xv.44). This organized retaliation was apparently confined to the city of Rome and therefore distinct from the universal persecution envisioned in Revelation.”³³

Beckwith notes that Nero’s career ends before the fall of the Roman empire whereas Revelation describes just the opposite. “Activities and attributes are assigned to him [the Beast] which cannot be predicated of any Roman emperor in his ordinary human personality, as is also a career falling after the destruction of the Roman empire.”³⁴

It is unlikely, however, that these shortcomings will deter the preterists who are intent on having Nero be the Beast. The reason can be seen in how Chilton interprets the clear biblical declaration concerning the time and manner that the Beast is to be destroyed:

And I saw the beast, the kings of the earth, and their armies, gathered together to make war against Him who sat on the horse and against His army. Then the beast was captured, and with him the false prophet who worked signs in his presence, by which he deceived those who received the mark of the beast and those who worshiped his image. These two were cast alive into the lake of fire burning with brimstone. (Rev. 19:19-20+)

From this passage, we see that the Beast is destroyed at the Second Coming of Christ and cast alive into the Lake of Fire. Chilton’s exposition of this passage is typical of preterist tendencies to brush aside the details:

The imagery is borrowed from the story of the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah . . . St. John’s point, therefore, is not to provide a detailed personal eschatology of the Beast and the False Prophet; . . . Rather, the Lake of Fire is his symbolic description of the utter defeat and complete destruction of these enemies . . . The evil personifications of pagan Rome and apostate Israel are ruined and overthrown. [emphasis added]³⁵

When interpretation majors on “borrowed imagery, symbolic descriptions, and personifications,” it is conveniently elastic. Notice the preterist tendency to resort to symbolic interpretation when the text precludes a first-century fulfillment. Chilton unintentionally places himself among the company of liberal interpreters who oppose a literal hell. For if the “lake of fire” is symbolic here, why not elsewhere? And perhaps there is no literal Lake of Fire after all?

Literal interpreters who cling to the Golden Rule of Interpretation and point out the obvious mismatch between the simple declaration of the text and the preterist “fulfillment” are seen as making “much about nothing.” Yet as we said before, the divine is in the details. Once again, it can be seen just how important The Art and Science of Interpretation is when we study the Scriptures. The details concur with Tenney: “One cannot assert that the ‘beast’ is finally to be equated with any single person or power that has yet appeared.”³⁶

4.12.4 - Nero as a Type of the Beast

If Nero is related to the Beast in any way, he is related similarly to Antiochus Epiphanes of the time of the Maccabees. His character serves as a biblical “type” foreshadowing the real Beast yet to come. Even then, Nero’s influence on history pales in significance to the final Beast to come.

Another striking character who has been singled out by those who believe that the Antichrist has already appeared and finished his course, is Nero. And here again there are, admittedly, many striking resemblances between the type and the antitype. In his office of emperor of the Romans; in his awful impiety; in his consuming egotism, in his bloodthirsty nature; and in his ferocious and fiendish persecution of the people of God, we discover some of the very lineaments which will be characteristic of the Wicked One. But again it will be found that this man of infamous memory, Nero, did nothing more than foreshadow that one who shall far exceed him in satanic malignity.³⁷

The dominant thought in the Apocalyptist’s prophecy is not that Nero shall come again, but rather than Antichrist will come, the last and most terrible manifestation of the Beast, embodying a Nero reincarnate and demonized—Antichrist, of whom no more fiendish conception can be formed than that furnished by a Nero revived according to popular fancy, and invested with superhuman power.³⁸

See The Beast.

Notes

¹ Image courtesy of Mike McCorkle.

² “According to Suetonius, he stabbed himself in the throat with a dagger. According to another version (recounted by Tacitus and almost certainly fiction) he reached the Greek islands, where the following year (69) the governor of Cythnos (modern Kíthnos) recognized him in the guise of a red-haired prophet and leader of the poor, had him arrested, and executed the [death] sentence that had been passed by the Senate”—Britannica CD 99 Multimedia Edition, s.v. “Nero.”

³ “The Nero redivivus tradition [was] recorded by his Roman historian Suetonius (Nero 6.57).”—J. Randall Price, “Historical Problems with Preterism’s Interpretations of Events in A.D. 70,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 389.

⁴ Gregory K. Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1999), 17.

⁵ Andy Woods, “Revelation 13 and the First Beast,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 240.

⁶ Isbon T. Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2001), 403.

⁷ A third value is also attested: “666 was not the gematria used for Ner. 1,005 was.”—Hal Harless, “666: The Beast and His Mark in Revelation 13,” in The Conservative Theological Journal, vol. 7 no. 22 (Fort Worth, TX: Tyndale Theological Seminary, December 2003), 352.

⁸ Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John, 404.

⁹ Mark Hitchcock, “The Stake in the Heart—The A.D. 95 Date of Revelation,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 142.

¹⁰ Woods, “Revelation 13 and the First Beast,” 246.

¹¹ Ibid., 247.

¹² Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John, 404-405.

¹³ E. W. Bullinger, Number in Scripture: Its Supernatural Design and Spiritual Significance (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1967), 282.

¹⁴ Henry Morris, The Revelation Record (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1983), Rev. 13:18.

¹⁵ Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977), 265.

¹⁶ Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John, 403.

¹⁷ Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe, Ante-Nicene Fathers Vol. I (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Company, 1885), s.v. “ECF 1.1.7.1.3.7.”

¹⁸ Contrast the passages of Irenaeus below with the bold misrepresentation of his position by F.W. Farrar cited in Chilton: “It is significant that ‘all the earliest Christian writers on the Apocalypse, from Irenaeus down . . . connect Nero, or some Roman emperor, with the Apocalyptic Beast.’ There should be no reasonable doubt about this identification.” [emphasis added]—David Chilton, The Days of Vengeance (Tyler, TX: Dominion Press, 1987), 351. Let the reader beware: go to the source yourself!

¹⁹ Roberts, Ante-Nicene Fathers Vol. I, s.v. “ECF 1.1.7.1.5.31.”

²⁰ Ibid., s.v. “ECF 1.1.7.1.5.29.”

²¹ “But if so great a power is shown to have followed and to be still following the dispensation of His suffering, how great shall that be which shall follow His glorious advent! For He shall come on the clouds as the Son of man, so Daniel foretold, and His angels shall come with Him. These are the words: ‘I beheld till the thrones were set; and the Ancient of days did sit. . .’—Justin Martyr, Dialogue, xxx”—Ibid., s.v. “ECF 1.1.6.3.0.31.”

²² J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, The Apostolic Fathers, 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1989), 146.

²³ Ibid., 158.

²⁴ Woods, “Revelation 13 and the First Beast,” 247.

²⁵ Philip Schaff and David Schley Schaff, History of the Christian Church (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1997, 1916), 1.xii.101.

²⁶ Woods, “Revelation 13 and the First Beast,” 246.

²⁷ Ibid.

²⁸ Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text, s.v. “Nero not Number of Beast.”

²⁹ Mounce, The Book of Revelation, 264.

³⁰ Grant R. Osborne, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2002), 6.

³¹ Mounce, The Book of Revelation, 33.

³² Copyright © 2003 www.BiblePlaces.com. This image appears by special permission and may not be duplicated for use in derivative works.

³³ Mounce, The Book of Revelation, 34.

³⁴ Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John, 397.

³⁵ Chilton, The Days of Vengeance, 491.

³⁶ Merrill C. Tenney, Interpreting Revelation (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1957), 189.

³⁷ Arthur Walkington Pink, The Antichrist (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1999, 1923), s.v. “intro.”

³⁸ Beckwith, The Apocalypse of John, 408.

4.2 - The Beast Listen to The Beast

Elsewhere, we discuss reasons why Nero cannot be the Beast of Revelation. Here, we consider the real Beast of Revelation—a future figure who has yet to appear. A person who will far surpass anything Nero exhibited in the way of Christian persecution and worldwide influence.

4.2.1 - Man of Many Names

The title “Beast” is used of the evil individual who figures large in various passages of the book of Revelation (Rev. 11:7+; 13:1-4+, 11-12+, 14-15+, 17-18+; 14:9+, 11+; 15:2+; 16:2+, 10+, 13+; 17:3+, 7-8+, 11-13+, 16-17+; 19:19-20+; 20:4+, 10+). This title reflects his vicious character and appears to form an intentional contrast against that of Christ as the “Lamb” (Rev. 5:6+, 8+, 12-13+; 6:1+, 16+; 7:9-10+, 14+, 17+; 12:11+; 13:8+, 11+; 14:1+, 4+, 10+; 15:3+; 17:14+; 19:7+, 9+; 21:9+, 14+, 22-23+, 27+; 22:1+, 3+). As parallels between the book of Revelation and Daniel make plain, this individual is also connected with the final beastly kingdom described in Daniel (Dan. 7:4-11, 19-20 cf. Rev. 13:2+). A systematic study across Scripture reveals many names which are applied to this individual.

Among the more obvious epithets are: little horn (Dan. 7:8), insolent king (Dan. 8:23), prince who is to come (Dan. 9:26), one who makes desolate (Dan. 9:27), despicable person (Dan. 11:21), strong-willed king (Dan. 11:36), worthless shepherd (Zec. 11:16-17), man of lawlessness, and the son of destruction (2Th. 2:3); the lawless one (2Th. 2:8), the beast (Rev. 11:7+; 13:1+; 14:9+; 15:2+; 16:2+; 17:3+; 13+; 19:20+; 20:10+).¹

These various names, titles or descriptions simply portray the various facets of his character. Taken together, these names portray him as the epitome of evil in the human realm, just as Satan is the epitome of evil in the angelic realm. The various names are as follows: The Seed of Satan (Gen. 3:15); The Little Horn (Dan. 7:8); The King of Fierce Countenance (Dan. 8:23); The Prince That Shall Come (Dan. 9:26); The Desolator (Dan. 9:27); The Willful King (Dan. 11:36); The Man of Sin (2Th. 2:3); The Son of Perdition (2Th. 2:3); The Lawless One (2Th. 2:8); The Antichrist (1Jn. 2:22); The Beast (Rev. 11:7+).²

Among all these titles, his most commonly known title is “the Antichrist.” Although this title appears in only one passage (1Jn. 2:22), it is an apt description of his character and ministry.

The vast majority of prophetic scholars have used a single name for this future world dictator: the Antichrist. Although this may not be his most common name in Scripture, it is a well-chosen title. It is a title that describes his true intent, which is to be against Messiah. All the other names essentially portray the various characteristics which he will use in his opposition to Messiah.³

Since that is his most widely-used name, we will refer to the Beast as the Antichrist throughout this discussion.

4.2.2 - A Pre-Christian Concept

Some have thought the Antichrist to be a Christian invention, but it predates Christianity. This is to be expected since the Old Testament reveals considerable detail concerning this individual.

David Flusser. . . an expert on Second Temple Judaism and the origins of Christianity, . . . categorically states: “The idea of Antichrist is strictly Jewish and pre-Christian.” This is evident from the expression itself, for just as the Greek word Christos (Christ) is the translation of the Hebrew word Mashiach (Messiah), so “Antichrist” is in fact “Anti-Messiah.”⁴

Among the Dead Sea Scrolls is found the description of an individual who sounds like the promised Messiah, but is said to be an opponent of Israel. This is the role of Anti-Messiah.

In a fragmentary pseudo-Daniel text from Qumran Cave 4, the description of an evil end-time king who oppresses Israel includes the words: “[ ]he shall be great on earth . . . [all] will worship and all will serve [him] . . . great . . . he shall be called and by His name he shall be designated. He shall be named son of God and they shall call him son of the Most High.” (4Q246 1:8-10) This might appear to be a reference to the Messiah rather than the Antimessiah if it were not describing an opponent of Israel.⁵

Among the legends of Judaism, he is known as Armilus (also Armilius):

Armilus: legendary name of the Messiah’s antagonist or anti-Messiah. Armilus appears frequently in the later Apocalyptic Midrashim, such as Midrash Va-Yosha, Sefer Zerubbavel, and Nistarot shel R. Shimon b. Yohai. He is also mentioned in the Targum pseudo-Jonathan, Isa. 11:14 and in the Targum Yerushalmi A (Deu. 34:3). Armilus is first mentioned otherwise in Saadiah Gaon’s Emunot ve-De’ot (Ma’amar 8), apparently under the influence of Sefer Zerubbavel.⁶

Armilus is first mentioned in the Targum pseudo-Jonathan: “The earliest reference to Armilus dates from the seventh century. It is found in the Targum to Isaiah 11:4 . . . which it renders, ‘And with speech of his lips he shall slay the wicked Armilus.’ ”⁷ Notice how similar this passage is to Paul’s comments in 2Th. 2:8. One reference to Armilus even calls him “Antichrist.”⁸ Although there are many aspects of the Armilus legend which are unbiblical and fanciful, other aspects of the legend reflect Scriptural truths such as his claim to worship (Dan. 11:36). “He will say to them: ‘I am your god, I am your Messiah and your god!’ . . . (T’fillat R. Shim’on ben Yohai, BhM 4:124-26).”⁹ In contrast to the claims of the preterists, Judaism understands this coming figure as ruling the entire world, not just first-century Rome. “the whole earth, . . . will tell him that he is the Messiah, . . . and the whole earth will submit to him, and he will slay those who do not submit. . . . (Ma’ase Daniel, pp. 222-25).”¹⁰ He was also expected to banish Israel into the wilderness (Rev. 12:6-15+).

Works such as Sefer Zerubbavel and those by Saadiah Gaon reveal . . . Armilus will deceive the whole world into believing that he is God and will reign over the whole world. . . . Armilus is expected to persecute and banish Israel to the wilderness and it will be a time of unprecedented distress for Israel . . . and the Gentiles will expel the Jews from their lands.¹¹

Whereas some expect the Antichrist to arise from Dan (see below), others suggest Armilus will arise from Ephraim: ¹² Interestingly, both of these tribes are omitted in the list of tribes which are sealed for protection during the Tribulation (Rev. 7:4-8+). See commentary on Revelation 7:4.

4.2.3 - Jewish or Gentile?

Some have held that the Antichrist will be Jewish in origin. Among the reasons cited for this view are:

His acceptance by Israel is thought to imply a Jewish connection (Dan. 9:27; John 5:43).

His role as a “false” Messiah (pseudo-Christ).

The omission of the tribe of Dan from the 144,000 of Revelation 7+ is inferred as a hint as to his possible origin.¹³

He may be key in initiating the rebuilding of the Tribulation Temple and interpreted as the Messiah who fulfills Zechariah 6:12.

The KJV translation refers to “the God of his fathers” [emphasis added] (Dan. 11:37) which is thought to be a reference to the true God of the Jews.

There are numerous problems with the reasons given: First, they are all inferences and not direct statements by Scripture; Second, the reference by the KJV to “the God (singular) of his fathers” is a translation of the Hebrew word elohim which is plural. Depending upon the context, it can be rendered as either “gods” or as “God” (a plural of majesty, possibly hinting at the Trinity). Many other translations (e.g., ASV, NASB, KJ2000, NIV) render it as “gods” in Daniel 11:37 so it is not sound to place undue emphasis upon this detail of the text.

Price gives additional reasons against supposing a Jewish origin.

Does the person who rebuilds the Temple have to be considered the Messiah? Note that neither the Jewish governor Zerubbabel nor the Judean king Herod—both of whom rebuilt the Second Temple—were thought by the Jewish people to be the Messiah. . . the Gentile Persian emperor Cyrus. . . made possible the rebuilding of the Second Temple through his edict. . . It is an outsider who has to sign a legal document [Dan. 9:27] with the Jewish people, not one of their own. . . since the object of Satan’s attacks during the Tribulation are all ethnic Jews (Rev. 12:13+), it would seem unlikely that the one Satan empowers would also be Jewish (Rev. 13:2+). . . it would be contrary to the prophetic sequence of Daniel to have a Jewish kingdom (Dan. 2:32-45; Rom. 11:25). . . to say that the Antichrist is to be a Jew would contradict the very nature of the times of the Gentiles. . . two different beasts are described as arising from the ‘sea’ and the ‘earth.’ The ‘sea’ is a literary image that often indicates the ‘Gentile nations’ (Dan. 7:2-3). This would mean that its opposite term here, ‘earth,’ would refer to ‘the Jews.’ There is support for this in that the Greek word can be used as a technical expression for ‘the land of Israel.’ If this is so, then the first beast, which is from the sea, the Antichrist, is Gentile. And the second beast, the false prophet, is Jewish. . . . While Zec. 6:12 indicates that the Messiah (‘the Branch’) will build the Temple, Zechariah is referring to the Millennial Temple. This allows for the Third (Tribulation) Temple to be built by someone else. . . the text of Rev. 11:2+ that identifies the Antichrist with the Temple in its desecration does so in terms of Gentile occupation of the site.¹⁴

But the main reason to oppose this notion is found in a direct deduction from an explicit statement of Scripture which supports his Gentile origin (Dan. 9:27 coupled with the facts of the Roman overthrow of Jerusalem in A.D. 70).

That the Antichrist is to be a Gentile is seen first by looking at biblical typology. The only biblical type of the Antichrist is given in the person of Antiochus Epiphanes, a Gentile. . . . Another argument for the Gentile nature of the Antichrist is found in biblical imagery. Whenever the word sea is used symbolically in the Scriptures, especially in the book of Revelation, it is a symbol of the Gentile nations. Since the Beast of Revelation 13:1-10+ rises out of the sea, and since the sea represents the Gentile nations (Rev. 17:15+), this points to the Antichrist as being of Gentile origin. . . . It is agreed by most Premillennialists that the Times of the Gentiles does not end until the Second Coming of Messiah. It is further agreed that the Antichrist is the final ruler of the Times of the Gentiles . . . if this is so, how then can a Jew be the last ruler when only the Gentiles can have the pre-eminence? . . . not only does the Bible reveal the fact that the Antichrist is to be a Gentile, it also reveals the very nationality of the Antichrist. The nationality of the Antichrist can be deduced from Daniel 9:26-27. . . The obvious conclusion, then, is that the Antichrist is a Gentile of Roman origin. [emphasis added]¹⁵

4.2.4 - Highly Intelligent

A notable characteristic of the Beast will be his great intelligence. Daniel describes him as a horn (kingly power) which had “eyes like the eyes of a man” (Dan. 7:8, 20). Eyes are often mentioned in connection with intelligence (Eze. 1:18; 10:12; Rev. 1:14+; 2:18+; 5:6+).

Being empowered by Satan (2Th. 2:9; Rev. 13:4+), he may be the most intelligent man, with the exception of Jesus, ever to have walked the planet. Scripture records, “Through his cunning He shall cause deceit to prosper under his rule” (Dan. 8:24). These are characteristics common to many of the ruthless personalities who have squandered the lives of millions upon the stage of history, but in the beast we find the ultimate effort that Satan can put forth in the way of cunning.¹⁶

4.2.5 - Master Imitator

In keeping with his title of “Antichrist,” he will be an imitator of Christ (e.g., the object of worship, worldwide dominion, a throne). This tendency to imitate must be seen as an indicator of his Satanic empowerment (Dan. 8:24; 2Th. 2:9; Rev. 13:2+). Pink masterfully contrasts Christ and Satan providing an indication of the extent of the devil’s tendency toward imitation.

Do we read of Christ going forth to sow the ‘good seed’ (Mat. 13:24), then we also read of the enemy going forth to sow his ‘tares’ - an imitation wheat (Mat. 13:25). Do we read of ‘the children of God,’ then we also read of ‘the children of the wicked one’ (Mat. 13:38). Do we read of God working in His children ‘both to will and to do of His good pleasure’ (Php. 2:13), then we are also told that the Prince of the power of the air is ‘the spirit that now worketh in the children of disobedience’ (Eph. 2:2). Do we read of the Gospel of God, then we also read that Satan has a gospel - ‘Another gospel, which is not another’ (Gal. 1:6, 7). Did Christ appoint ‘apostles,’ then Satan has his apostles too (2Cor. 11:13). Are we told that ‘the Spirit searcheth all things, yea, the deep things of God’ (1Cor. 2:10), then Satan also provides his ‘deep things’ (see Greek of Rev. 2:24+). Are we told that God, by His angel, will ‘seal’ His servants in their foreheads (Rev. 7:3+), so also we read that Satan, by his angels, will set a mark in the foreheads of his devotees (Rev. 13:16+). Does the Father seek ‘worshippers’ (John 4:23), so also does Satan (Rev. 13:4+). Did Christ quote scripture, so also did Satan (Mat. 4:6). Is Christ the Light of the world, then Satan also is transformed as an ‘angel of light’ (2Cor. 11:14). Is Christ denominated ‘the Lion of the tribe of Judah’ (Rev. 5:5+), then the Devil is also referred to as ‘a roaring lion’ (1Pe. 5:6). Do we read of Christ and ‘His angels’ (Mat. 24:31), then we also read of the Devil and ‘his angels’ (Mat. 25:41). Did Christ work miracles, so also will Satan (2Th. 2:9). Is Christ seated upon a ‘Throne,’ so also will Satan be (Rev. 2:13+, Gk.). Has Christ a Church, then Satan has his ‘synagogue’ (Rev. 2:9+). Has Christ a ‘bride,’ then Satan has his ‘whore’ (Rev. 17:16+). Has God His ‘Vine,’ so has Satan (Rev. 14:19+). Does God have a city, the new Jerusalem, then Satan has a city, Babylon (Rev. 17:5+; 18:2+). Is there a ‘mystery of godliness’ (1Ti. 3:16), so also there is a ‘mystery of iniquity’ (2Th. 2:7). Does God have an only-begotten Son, so we read of ‘the Son of Perdition’ (2Th. 2:3). Is Christ called ‘the Seed of the woman,’ then the Antichrist will be ‘the seed of the serpent’ (Gen. 3:15). Is the Son of God also the Son of Man, then the son of Satan will also be the ‘Man of Sin’ (2Th. 2:3). Is there a Holy Trinity, then there is also an Evil Trinity (Rev. 20:10+).¹⁷

The Antichrist occupies the role of “the son” in the ultimate mimic, the so-called “unholy trinity.”

Is there a Holy Trinity, then there is also an Evil Trinity (Rev. 20:10+). In this Trinity of Evil Satan himself is supreme, just as in the Blessed Trinity the Father is (governmentally) supreme: note that Satan is several times referred to as a father (John 8:44, etc.). Unto his son, the Antichrist, Satan gives his authority and power to represent and act for him (Rev. 13:4+) just as God the Son received “all power in heaven and earth” from His Father, and uses it for His glory. The Dragon (Satan) and the Beast (Antichrist) are accompanied by a third, the False Prophet, and just as the third person in the Holy Trinity, the Spirit, bears witness to the person and work of Christ and glorifies Him, so shall the third person in the Evil Trinity bear witness to the person and work of the Antichrist and glorify him (see Rev. 13:11-14+).¹⁸

4.2.6 - Christ versus Antichrist

Pink provides an extensive comparison between Christ and Antichrist.¹⁹

Contrasts between Christ and Antichrist

Christ | Antichrist
called the Christ (Mat. 16:16) | called the Antichrist (1Jn. 4:3)
the Man of Sorrows (Isa. 53:3) | the Man of Sin (2Th. 2:3)
the Son of God (John 1:34) | the Son of Perdition (2Th. 2:3)
the Seed of woman (Gen. 3:15) | the seed of the Serpent (Gen. 3:15)
the Lamb (Isa. 53:7) | the Beast (Rev. 11:7+)
the Holy One (Mark 1:24) | the Wicked One (2Th. 2:8)
the Truth (John 14:6) | the Lie (John 8:44)
Prince of Peace (Isa. 9:6) | profane Prince (Eze. 21:25)
glorious Branch (Isa. 4:2) | abominable Branch (Isa. 14:19)
the Mighty Angel (Rev. 10:1+) | the Angel of the Bottomless Pit (Rev. 9:11+)
the Good Shepherd (John 10:11) | the Idol Shepherd (Zec. 11:17)
the number of His name (the gematria of “Jesus” in the Greek) 888 | the number of his name 666 (Rev. 13:18+)
came down from heaven (John 3:13) | comes up out of the bottomless pit (Rev. 11:7+)
came in Another’s Name (John 5:43) | comes in his own name (John 5:43)
came to do the Father’s will (John 6:38) | will do his own will (Dan. 11:36)
energized by the Holy Spirit (Luke 4:14) | energized by Satan (Rev. 13:4+)
submitted Himself to God (John 5:30) | defies God (2Th. 2:4)
humbled Himself (Php. 2:8) | exalts himself (Dan. 11:37)
honored the God of His fathers (Luke 4:16) | refuses to (Dan. 11:37)
cleansed the temple (John 2:14, 16) | defiles the temple (Mat. 24:15)
ministered to the needy (Isa. 53:7) | robs the poor (Ps. 10:8, 9)
rejected of men (Isa. 53:7) | accepted by men (Rev. 13:4+)
leads the flock (John 10:3) | leaves the flock (Zec. 11:17)
slain for the people (John 11:51) | slays the people (Isa. 14:20)
glorified God on earth (John 17:4) | blasphemes the name of God in heaven (Rev. 13:6+)
received up into heaven (Luke 24:51) | goes down into the Lake of Fire (Rev. 19:20+)

4.2.7 - Supernatural Origin?

The most controversial aspect of the Antichrist concerns his origin. Clearly he is empowered by Satan (Dan. 8:24; 2Th. 2:9). Scripture also records his ascent from the bottomless pit (Abyss, Rev. 11:7+; 17:8+). As Pink notes above, there is also a striking contrast between the “seed of the woman” and the “seed of the serpent” in various passages. Fruchtenbaum notes his ascent from the bottomless pit and suggests a connection with fallen angels which are also associated with the Abyss: “[The Abyss] is never associated with human beings; it is always associated with fallen angels with the exception of the Antichrist. Since the Antichrist will be conceived by the power of Satan, he is connected with angelic beings and therefore also with the Abyss.”²⁰

The nature of the Antichrist’s connection with Satan, his origin, and his supernatural powers, have led some to conclude his origin will mimic the incarnation of Christ.²¹

If the Seed of the Woman is Messiah, the seed of Satan can only be the Antichrist. From this passage [Gen. 3:15], then, it can be deduced that Satan will counterfeit the virgin conception and will some day impregnate a Roman woman who will give birth to Satan’s seed who is going to be the Antichrist. The woman herself may not be a virgin, but the conception of Antichrist will be through the supernatural power of Satan. By this means, the Antichrist will have a supernatural origin. Another passage dealing with this is II Thessalonians 2:9. . . The Greek word translated working is the word energeo, which means “to energize.” His coming, then, will be brought about by the energizing of Satan. . . . A time is coming when the situation of Genesis six [Gen. 6:4] will be repeated. A fallen angelic being, this time Satan himself, will impregnate a Gentile woman of Roman origin who will then give birth to Satan’s son. The end-product will be a counterfeit god-man.²²

Perhaps the most radical view concerning his emergence from the abyss is that it denotes the possible reincarnation of Judas Iscariot or Nero.²³

4.2.7.1 - The Timing of His Ascent

Although the previous views are provocative, it seems more likely that the ascent of the beast from the Abyss denotes his revival rather than his conception. His ascent from the Abyss (Rev. 11:7+; 17:8+) is related as one of a series of events concerning His life history (Rev. 17:8+):

The beast was.

The beast is not.

The beast will ascend out of the bottomless pit.

The beast will go into perdition (Rev. 17:11+; 19:20+; 20:10+).

If the grammatical sequence of Revelation 17:8+ reflects his actual history, it implies that the beast comes into existence, receives a deadly wound, ascends from the Abyss, and is finally destroyed. His ascent from the Abyss may be connected with his reappearance upon the stage of history rather than his initial origin. Scripture indicates that the beast will receive a serious wound which results in his death. His miraculous revival from the wound contributes to his worship:

Woe to the worthless shepherd, who leaves the flock! A sword shall be against his arm and against his right eye; his arm shall completely wither, and his right eye shall be totally blinded. (Zec. 11:17)

And I saw one of his heads as if it had been mortally wounded, and his deadly wound was healed. And all the world marveled and followed the beast. (Rev. 13:3+)

And he deceives those who dwell on the earth by those signs which he was granted to do in the sight of the beast, telling those who dwell on the earth to make an image to the beast who was wounded by the sword and lived. (Rev. 13:14+)

The beast that you saw was, and is not, and will ascend out of the bottomless pit and go to perdition. And those who dwell on the earth will marvel, whose names are not written in the Book of Life from the foundation of the world, when they see the beast that was, and is not, and yet is. (Rev. 17:8+)

It seems best to understand the ascent of the beast from the Abyss as denoting the demonic supernatural means by which he returns from the dead. His restoration from a fatal wound will parallel the resurrection of Christ from the dead and result in even greater worship: “So they worshiped the dragon who gave authority to the beast; and they worshiped the beast, saying, ‘Who is like the beast? Who is able to make war with him?’ ” (Rev. 13:4+)

After his death he will come to life again. When he does, he will come back in a demonic rather than a purely human form to establish his world domination. This explains why the abyss, the abode of demons (Luke 8:31; Rev. 9:1+, 2+, 11+) is his origin.²⁴

If the restoration of the beast is to result in the greatest impression upon the global population, then it seems his fatal wound must have also been witnessed by these same individuals and that both his initial appearance on the stage of history and his subsequent peril and restoration must take place during the last time. This would preclude the idea that his personal restoration involves the resurrection (or even reincarnation) of the likes of Judas or Nero who both died many centuries ago and whose restoration would be difficult, if not impossible, to validate.

Preterist interpreters connect the beast’s recovery with the Nero Redivivus Myth which arose some time after the suicide of Caesar Nero in A.D. 68, but this connection is problematic. See Revival Myth.

The mystery surrounding his origin, the nature of his ministry and works, and the extent to which Satan is a Great Imitator will all play a factor in how the beast comes upon the scene. Only time will tell if the imitation will extend to matters of the conception or resurrection of Antichrist.

4.2.8 - Relation to the Pope

If the identity of the Antichrist were established by popular vote throughout history, the reigning Pope of any given time would undoubtedly be the most popular candidate:

Following Augustine’s lead the Reformers took the Scriptures pertaining to the antichrist and the mark of the beast as an allegory of either the Pope, Islam (Constantinople had fallen to the Turks in A.D. 1412), or both. The Waldenses held the Pope to be the antichrist. Wycliffe also was of this opinion as was Tyndale. Luther regarded the Pope and the Turks both as antichrist, . . . Calvin took the Antichrist’s desecration of the Temple to be an allegory of the Church and the Pope to be the desecrator, . . . Arminius also held “that the Roman pontiff, who calls himself the head and spouse, though under Christ, is Antichrist.”²⁵

Although the Papal system is an ever-popular candidate for the beast, we believe that this view falls short of serious consideration on at least two counts:

The Antichrist is an individual and not a position or system (Dan. 7:8; 7:11, 20-26; 8:23-25; 9:26-27; 11:36-45; John 5:43; 2Th. 2:3-9; 1Jn. 2:18; Rev. 11:7+; 13:1-8+, 12-18+; 14:9-11+; 15:2+; 16:2+, 10+, 13+; 17:8-13+; 19:19-20+; 20:4+, 10+).

It appears the Antichrist will be an emerging political leader rather than the existing leader of an established system of religion (Dan. 7:20-25; 8:25; 11:36-39; 2Th. 2:8; Rev. 13:4-5+).

Although the last Pope will undoubtedly play an important role—along with all other false religions—in helping to establish the Antichrist and his political system, it is unlikely that the Pope himself will occupy the role of Antichrist. If anything, the last Pope will more likely be related to the False Prophet (Rev. 13:11+), although there are reasons for questioning this association too.²⁶

Throughout history, the Scriptural teaching regarding Antichrist has continually suffered perversion in service of near-term political or polemic motivations of Christian interpreters of the day who have readily filled the shoes of Antichrist with their opponents. Not mindful of the fact that the church will not be present to watch for the Antichrist (see Rapture), this trend continues to our own day.

If we learn anything from the history of interpretation, we learn that great patience is necessary in relation to prophetic passages. Rather than attempting to shoe-horn prophecy into our own near-term experience, we must patiently wait for God’s timing which alone is sure:

Then the LORD answered me and said: “Write the vision and make it plain on tablets, that he may run who reads it. For the vision is yet for an appointed time; but at the end it will speak, and it will not lie. Though it tarries, wait for it; because it will surely come, it will not tarry.” (Hab. 2:2-3)

4.2.9 - A Statesmen’s Dream

When the Beast finally appears on the world stage, he will present an irresistible solution to the troubles of his age. So much so that he will be worshiped by those whose names are not written in the Book of Life (Rev. 13:4+, 8+, 12+, 15+; 14:9+, 11+; 19:20+).

One cannot assert that the “beast” is finally to be equated with any single person or power that has yet appeared. Expositors have identified him with almost every sinister figure known, from Nero to Mussolini. . . . But as the concept of world government becomes more popular, and as world powers gain more territorial influence in every succeeding generation, it is easy to see that the Revelation points the way in which civilization is traveling. One government, materialistic in philosophy and absolutist in character, ruled by a single political and economic genius, is predicted in Revelation. Such a government, unthinkable a generation or two ago, now seems not too remote a possibility. The dictatorship of one man over the world might be welcomed if he could offer some assurance of universal peace and prosperity. What seemed like a dream to statesmen of yesterday is prophesied in this book, and as the years roll by it comes closer and closer to fulfillment.²⁷

For additional information on the Beast and his relationship to other kings and kingdoms, see Beasts, Heads, and Horns and #16 - Beast.

Notes

¹ Randall Price, “Antichrist,” in Mal Couch, ed., Dictionary of Premillennial Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1996), 43.

² Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 207.

³ Ibid.

⁴ Randall Price, “Jewish Views of the Antichrist,” in Mal Couch, ed., Dictionary of Premillennial Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1996), 47.

⁵ Ibid., 48.

⁶ Geoffrey Wigoder, ed., Encyclopedia Judaica CDROM Edition Version 1.0 (Keter Publishing House, Ltd., 1997), s.v. “Armilus.”

⁷ Raphael Patai, The Messiah Texts (Detroit, MI: Wayne Statue University Press, 1979), 156.

⁸ “Remarkable in the statement of one version of the Midrash that he is called ‘Antichrist.’ ”—Ibid., 157.

⁹ Ibid., 158-159.

¹⁰ Ibid., 163.

¹¹ Price, “Jewish Views of the Antichrist,” 49.

¹² “That man will be of the Children of Ephraim. . . . who says, ‘I am the Messiah your king and your prince. . . . (Ma’ase Daniel, pp. 222-25)’.”—Patai, The Messiah Texts, 163.

¹³ “Hippolytus (Commentary on the Benedictions of Isaac and Jacob [Gen. 49:14]) . . . began the Christian tradition that the Antichrist originates from the Israelite tribe of Dan . . . [He] apparently made this connection from the Jewish Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs . . . which states that evil spirits would be active in the tribe . . . that Satan was their prince . . . and that they would be hostile in the future to the tribes of Levi and Judah.”—Price, “Jewish Views of the Antichrist,” 49.

¹⁴ Randall Price, The Coming Last Days Temple (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 1999), 477-480.

¹⁵ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 212-213.

¹⁶ “In Dan. 7:20 he is represented as ‘A horn that had eyes.’ It is a double symbol. The ‘horn’ prefigures strength; ‘eyes’ speak of intelligence. Again, in Dan. 8:23 he is referred to as ‘A King of fierce countenance.’ who shall ‘understand dark sentences.’ That which baffles others shall be simple to him. The Hebrew word here translated ‘dark sentences’ is the same as the one rendered ‘hard questions’ in 1 Kings 10:1, where we read of the Queen of Sheba coming to Solomon with her ‘hard questions’ in order to test his wisdom. It is also the word that is used in Samson’s riddle in Judges 14. It indicates that the Antichrist will be master of all the secrets of occult science. Eze. 28:3 declares of him ‘Beholding, thou art wiser than Daniel; there is no secret that they can hide from thee.’ This will be one of his most alluring attractions. His master mind will captivate the educated world. His marvelous store of knowledge, his acquaintance with the secrets of nature, his superhuman powers of perception, will stamp him as an intellectual genius of the first magnitude.”—Arthur Walkington Pink, The Antichrist (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1999, 1923), s.v. “The Genius and Character of the Antichrist.”

¹⁷ Ibid., s.v. “The Antichrist Will be the Son of Satan.”

¹⁸ Ibid.

¹⁹ [Ibid., s.v. “Comparisons between Christ and the Antichrist”] (We do not necessarily agree with every Scriptural identification of the Antichrist made by Pink.)

²⁰ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 749.

²¹ The word mimic is supremely important in this statement. For it appears that only the Creator has the necessary power to bring forth creatures. God alone has true life-giving power: Job 27:3; 33:4; Eze. 37:9, 14; John 6:63; Rev. 11:11+. Whatever Satan achieves will not be the true creation of life, but the perversion of that which God has already established as part of the system of life. “Satan does not have the power to give life. Since Christ alone has the power of resurrection, Satan could not bring one back to life.”—J. Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1958), 335. However, “The question of whether Satan has the power to restore a dead person to life (Walvoord) requires no answer here. Whether the beast performs this marvelous feat through deception or through power permitted by God, it still brings him into the limelight as never before.”—Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 8-22 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1995), Rev. 13:3.

²² Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 215-216.

²³ “We have the first reference to ‘the Beast’ in the Apocalypse: ‘The Beast that ascendeth out of the bottomless pit.’ Here the Antichrist is seen issuing forth from the Abyss. What is the Abyss? It is the abode of lost spirits, the place of their incarceration and torment - see Rev. 20:1-3+, and Luke 8:31, ‘deep’ is the ‘abyss’ and cf. Mat. 9:28. The question naturally arises, How did he get there? and when was he sent there? We answer, When Judas Iscariot died! The Antichrist will be Judas Iscariot reincarnated. In proof of this we appeal to Acts 1:25 where we are told, ‘that he may take part of this ministry and apostleship from which Judas by transgression fell, that he might go to his own place.’ Of no one else in all the Bible is it said that at death he went ‘to his own place.’ Put these two scriptures together: Judas went ‘to his own place,’ the Beast ascends out of the Abyss.”—Pink, The Antichrist, s.v. “The Antichrist Will Be Judas Reincarnated.” “Some have held that the Beast will be the reincarnation of Nero.”—Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 335. “But there would be little point in a resurrected Judas; how would anyone recognize him, since no one would know what he looked like?”—John MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 2000), Rev. 13:2. “Victorinus, voicing an impression that was very common in early Christian centuries, says, ‘Nero will be raised from the dead, appear again at Rome and persecute the Church once more, and finally be destroyed by the Messiah.’ Augustine first mentioned this idea concerning Nero. Even Tacitus, the Roman historian, spoke of many believing rumors about Nero’s possible return . . . Sulpicius Severus said, ‘It is current opinion of many that he (Nero) is yet to come as Antichrist.’ Note carefully, we are not insisting at all that Nero will be the Antichrist, but that the early Christians believed that a Roman imperial persecutor, possibly Nero, would be the Antichrist.”—William R. Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1994,c1935), 200.

²⁴ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 17:8.

²⁵ Hal Harless, “666: The Beast and His Mark in Revelation 13,” in The Conservative Theological Journal, vol. 7 no. 22 (Fort Worth, TX: Tyndale Theological Seminary, December 2003), 347.

²⁶ “The second beast which is described, Rev. 13:11-17+, as coming out of the earth, and having two horns like unto a lamb, and speaking as a dragon, and exercising all the authority of the first beast in his sight, is referred to the papacy. The false prophet receives a similar application. So Luther, Vitringa, Bengel, Auberlen, Hengstenberg, Ebrard, and many English divines.”—Philip Schaff and David Schley Schaff, History of the Christian Church (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1997, 1916), 1.xii.101. Some commentators interpret the reference to the false prophet “coming up out of the earth [or land]” (Rev. 13:11+) as a possible reference to his Jewish origin. If the last Pope were to be the false prophet, then a Jewish Pope is always a possibility.

²⁷ Merrill C. Tenney, Interpreting Revelation (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1957), 189.

4.4 - Book of Life Listen to Book of Life

The ultimate purpose of the Book of Life is to record the names of those who have trusted in Jesus Christ for salvation and have His righteousness imputed to their account (Gen. 15:6; Rom. 3:22; 4:3, 6, 9, 11; 2Cor. 5:21). Since Christ’s atoning sacrifice is the basis for redemption, it is also referred to as “the Lamb’s Book of Life” (Rev. 13:8+; 21:27+).

4.4.1 - Its Ultimate Purpose

Those whose names are written in the Book of Life are said to have their names “written in heaven” (Luke 10:20) or be “registered in heaven” (Heb. 12:23). This implies that the book is kept in heaven and this is where we find it in its ultimate use at the end of history: at the Great White Throne Judgment:

And I saw the dead, small and great, standing before God, and books were opened. And another book was opened, which is the Book of Life. And the dead were judged according to their works, by the things which were written in the books. The sea gave up the dead who were in it, and Death and Hades delivered up the dead who were in them. And they were judged, each one according to his works. Then Death and Hades were cast into the lake of fire. This is the second death. And anyone not found written in the Book of Life was cast into the lake of fire. (Rev. 20:12-15+)

This is the judgment which attends the second resurrection.¹ These are the resurrected dead who were not part of the first resurrection. Over such the second death has power. Their ultimate destiny is the Lake of Fire. Several books are involved in their judgement:

The Book of Life - This book is consulted to verify they have not trusted in Christ and therefore must stand before God on their own merit. Since the books, which record their works, will indicate the presence of sin in their lives and that they have not been credited with the righteousness of Christ by trusting in Him, they have a major problem: they stand condemned as sinners before a Holy God and are now without recourse.

The Books - These books record their life’s works. Every good and bad deed of every moment of their life prior to death is recorded in these books. The degree of punishment is based upon their works, but there is no possibility of rescue from the Lake of Fire which awaits because their name fails to appear in the Book of Life.

God is a just God and will provide unbelievers what they so frequently say they desire: the opportunity to be judged by their own merit. Their merit, falling short of perfection and lacking the covering of Christ, will result in just condemnation by degrees in the Lake of Fire. They will realize too late that God does not “grade on a curve.”

4.4.2 - When are Names Written?

Several passages indicate that the names of the redeemed are written in the book while they are still alive—prior to death (Luke 10:20; Php. 4:3). An additional passage indicates that the names of those who worship the beast were never recorded in the book:

The beast that you saw was, and is not, and will ascend out of the bottomless pit and go to perdition. And those who dwell on the earth will marvel, whose names are not written in the Book of Life from the foundation of the world, when they see the beast that was, and is not, and yet is. (Rev. 17:8+) [emphasis added]

The phrase “from the foundation of the world” could be understood as describing either “the book” or the “names . . . written,” emphasizing that either the Book of Life itself existed from the foundation of the world or that the names have been absent since then. If the former, the verse may only be conveying that the book has itself existed from the foundation of the world. If the latter, the verse would imply that the names of the redeemed were written from the foundation of the world. This latter meaning appears to be compatible with what is revealed concerning the election of the believer which took place “before the foundation of the world” (Eph. 1:4).

When these facts are taken together, they indicate:

The Book of Life existed before the foundation of the world.

According to the eternal electing purposes of God, the names of the redeemed were written in the book before the foundation of the world whereas the names of the beast worshipers were omitted.

4.4.3 - Names Blotted Out

Having established that the names of the redeemed appear to have been recorded in the book at the time of their election (Eph. 1:4), but that the names of the beast worshippers were not, we encounter a difficulty. Certain passages imply that names are blotted out (removed) from the book (Ex. 32:32-33; Ps. 69:28; Rev. 3:5+; 22:19+). But we’ve just seen that the names of the beast worshipers were not written in the book. So who is it that is being blotted out? If it were the redeemed that could be blotted out, then how does this square with predestination and God’s electing purposes which result in the security of the believer? Various solutions have been proposed to reconcile the blotted names with what Scripture teaches elsewhere regarding the perseverance of the saints. We turn now to a brief survey of some of these. The question we want to answer is who is it that is “blotted out” from the Book of Life?

The solution to the logical predicament attending the various passages regarding the Book of Life generally results in the proposal that Scripture describes at least two and as many as three books associated with life:

Book of the Living - A book which records all those who attain a long life physically. Being blotted out of this book results in premature physical death (Ex. 32:32-33; Ps. 69:28).

Book of Life - A book which records the name of every individual ever born. Those who fail to exercise faith prior to death are “blotted out” of the book. Being blotted out of this book results in spiritual death and eternal damnation.

Book of Life of the Lamb - A book which records only those individuals who are predestined to salvation. None of the names written in this book is ever blotted out (Rev. 13:8+; 21:27+).

It is our view that attempting to explain the various passages by using two or three different books is overly complicated and imposes distinctions between the books which are not derived strictly from the Biblical text. We believe a simpler solution comes by understanding all these passages as describing the self-same book, but also recognizing the unique soteriological category of those who dwell on the earth in the last days and who worship the beast and take his mark. Rather than requiring two or even three books for logical consistency, all that is needed is a single book but two categories of people—where the earth dwellers of the end are treated uniquely from all other people of history.

Let’s take a look at some of the solutions which have been proposed for understanding all that Scripture teaches concerning the Book of Life.

4.4.3.1 - Book of the Living versus Book of Life

One solution which has been proposed is to understand God’s book, the book of the living (Ex. 32:32-33; Ps. 69:28) as being a different book than the Book of Life. Proponents of this view hold that this book records those who are afforded a full life due to righteousness. The sinner is then “blotted out” of the book by judgment resulting in his physical death. The remaining passage which indicates names may be blotted out (Rev. 3:5+) is seen as a literary device—coupled with a strong adversative—intended to illustrate the impossibility of being blotted out from the other book—the Book of Life.

Thomas suggests that John used a figure of speech known as a litotes. “Interpreters . . . could take the ‘blotting out’ as an example of litotes, a figure of speech in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of a contrary statement. Coming by way of denial of the opposite, this is an understatement to express emphatically the assurance that the overcomer’s name will be retained in the book of life.”²

But understanding Christ’s warning in Revelation 3:5+ as a figure of speech doesn’t seem to do justice to the context:

The promise to the overcomer is an empty one unless the possibility exists that such a blotting out could occur. What incentive is furnished by being promised deliverance from something that could not happen? Furthermore, the psalmist prays for the blotting out of the names from the book of life (Ps. 69:28), and in so doing indicates that such is a distinct possibility. The “not blotting” referred to in this verse [Rev. 3:5+] must be more than a figure of speech.³

The difficulties attending this view are:

Moses’ offer to be blotted out of God’s book (Ex. 32:32) appears to be parallel to that of Paul (Rom. 9:3). This view trivializes Moses’ offer to be blotted out with God’s people (only involving physical death) and fails to recognize the parallel of Paul’s comment in Romans which concerns spiritual death, not physical.

Understanding the warning of being blotted out in Revelation 3:5+ as a literary device doesn’t do justice to the context of the letter to the church at Sardis.

The terms “book of the living” (Ps. 69:28) and “Book of Life” (Rev. 20:12+, 15+) are so similar as to call into question any view which maintains they are different books.

4.4.3.2 - Lamb’s Book of Life a Unique Book?

Another solution holds that the Lamb’s Book of Life differs from the Book of Life. The Book of Life contains the names of every person who ever lived. Those who believe have their names retained in the book (Rev. 3:5+). Those who are unsaved are blotted out of the book (Ps. 69:28). Another book, the Lamb’s Book of Life contains the name of every individual who is born again, and only those who are born again (Rev. 13:8+; 21:27+). Names are never blotted out of this book.⁴

The difficulties with this view are:

Taking these as two different books when their titles are so similar.

Allowing names to be recorded and blotted out in one book but never recorded in the second book when God’s eternal election applies equally to both.

The beast worshipers are said to have never had their names written in the Book of Life (not the Lamb’s Book of Life) in Revelation 17:8+.

Those who are not blotted out of the Book of Life are one and the same as those who are written in the Lamb’s Book of Life. What then is the purpose of having two books if election applies to all the saved listed in both books and their ultimate destiny is exactly the same—the New Jerusalem (Rev. 21:27+; 22:19+)? Similarly, the result of being omitted from either book, either by never having been written in or by being blotted out, is essentially the same—eternal damnation (Rev. 20:15+).

4.4.3.3 - Beast Worshipers Blotted Out?

Another proposed solution is to understand Revelation 17:8+ as merely indicating that the Book of Life has existed from the foundation of the world and that the names of the beast worshipers “are not written” in the book at the time of their worship of the beast. Their names were previously recorded, but they had already been blotted out. Therefore, the names blotted out are the beast worshipers not the redeemed.

This view recognizes the unlimited atonement of Christ (John 1:29; 3:16; 6:51; Rom. 5:18; 1Ti. 2:6; 4:10; Heb. 2:9; 1Jn. 2:2) and holds that Christ’s atoning work established the potential that all men might be saved. Thus, the Book of Life initially contained the names of every individual who would ever be born.⁵

If the book of life contains the names of all those for whom Christ died (Caird), Christ must in some sense have died for all men because at the beginning the names of all men were in the book. In the words of Johannine theology outside the Apocalypse, He died for “the world,” no one excluded (cf. John 1:29; 3:16; 4:42; 1 John 2:2; 4:14). This provision for eternal life for everyone is only potential, however. It becomes actual only when appropriated by each person. If a person experiences physical death, never having trusted Christ for forgiveness, his name is erased from the book of life.⁶

Those who are the elect, by definition, are never blotted out. Only the non-elect, as in the church at Sardis (Rev. 3:5+) are blotted out.

A difficulty with this view is that the names of the beast worshipers which “are not written” is more accurately translated as names “not having been written” (γέγραπται [gegraptai] , perfect tense) which implies that the names never were written to be subsequently blotted out. Moreover, another passage indicates the names of the beast worshipers were never written:

All who dwell on the earth will worship him, whose names have not been written in the Book of Life of the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world. (Rev. 13:8+)

We are closer to a solution here, but we still haven’t explained how all of mankind could be recorded in the book with the unredeemed being blotted out at their death when two passages (Rev. 13:8+; 17:8+) explain that one category of the unredeemed, the beast worshipers, were never written in the book.

4.4.3.4 - Beast Worshipers are Unique

Another possible explanation is to understand the references to God’s book (Ex. 32:32-33), the book of the living (Ps. 69:28), the book (Dan. 12:1), the Book of Life (Php. 4:3; Rev. 3:5+; 17:8+; Rev. 20:12+, 15+; 22:19+), and the Lamb’s Book of Life (Rev. 13:8+; 21:27+) as all describing the same book. This book:

Records the names of all people to be born with the exception of those who will worship the beast during the Tribulation.

The names of the unsaved are blotted out of the book.

The names of the beast worshipers are uniquely omitted (Rev. 13:8+; 17:8+).

The difficulty with this view is explaining why those who worship the beast are omitted from the book entirely rather than being written in and then blotted out with the rest of the unredeemed? Perhaps the answer can be found in the uniqueness of the historic role and attributes which attend this particular group of the unredeemed? As we noted elsewhere, the phrase “those who dwell on the earth” is used in a very special sense in the book of Revelation—describing a moral category rather than a geographical position. Consider these facts concerning the earth dwellers:

They directly worship Satan himself (Rev. 13:4+).

They worship the beast who claims to be God (2Th. 2:4).

They are provided with overwhelming evidence of God’s existence (Rev. 6:16-17+).

They are afforded the benefit of hearing the gospel message from an angel (Rev. 14:6+).

They are uniquely warned of the consequences of taking the mark by another angel (Rev. 14:9+).

They continue in steadfast rebellion, all the while blaspheming God (Rev. 16:9+, 11+, 21+).

Scripture uniquely records the irredeemable status of these who venture to take the mark of the beast (Rev. 14:9-11+) and the special status of those who resist (Rev. 14:13+; 20:4+).

Their unique, irredeemable status is seen in God’s sending upon them a “strong delusion that they should believe the lie” (2Th. 2:11).

The serious nature of their worship of the Beast can be seen in the unique treatment which they share with the Beast and the False Prophet, who deceives them to worship the Beast. The Beast and the False Prophet are cast into the Lake of Fire without opportunity of judgment at the Great White Throne. They are cast directly into the Lake of Fire at the Second Coming of Christ (Rev. 19:20+). Similarly, following Christ’s return, the goats among the nations—nonbelieving Beast worshipers who survive the Tribulation—are sent “into the everlasting fire prepared for the devil and his angels” (Mat. 25:31, 41). Their treatment appears to differ from the rest of the unsaved who are resurrected after the Millennial Kingdom to stand in judgment before the Great White Throne (Rev. 20:11-13+) prior to being cast into the Lake of Fire (Rev. 20:15+). See commentary on Revelation 19:20.

Perhaps divine disgust for this ultimate global expression of human idolatry and blasphemy at the end of history will be the occasion for the total omission of any record of these individuals, the “earth dwellers” of the end (Rev. 21:4+).

4.4.3.5 - What about Election?

In our discussion, we saw passages which recognized the potential for persons to be blotted out of the Book of Life (Ex. 32:32-33; Ps. 69:28; Rev. 3:5+). Some have difficulty reconciling this with the security of the believer.⁷ But this is only a difficulty if it is possible for one of the elect to be blotted out of the book. If the names of all the living are written and those who never attain salvation are blotted out, then being blotted out does not correspond to losing salvation:

To assume that remaining in the book of life rests upon continuing loyalty to Christ ignores the fact that before all human faith or striving lie the divine choice and the divine initiative. The worthiness of the faithful . . . is based on divine grace (cf. Rev. 7:14+). It is incomprehensible that it could be lost through human unfaithfulness. Couple with these considerations the fact that Ps. 69:28 has the names of the wicked in the book of life, and the basis for an assumption that [being blotted out] refers to a loss of one’s salvation is eliminated.⁸

Thus, the warning Jesus gives to the church at Sardis (Rev. 3:5+) is an admonition to those who are not yet overcomers to become overcomers or else their names will be blotted out. The double negative found there, οὐ μὴ [ou mē] , indicates that those who overcome will never be blotted out—which is the substance of the promise Jesus makes.

Notes

¹ See commentary on Revelation 2:11 and Revelation 20:12.

² Mal Couch, “Soteriology in the Book of Revelation,” in Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2001), 168.

³ Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 1-7 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1992), 261.

⁴ Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 523-524.

⁵ “The book of life, as its very name implies, probably contains the names of all those for whom Christ died—in other words, all who have ever been conceived in the womb.”—Henry Morris, The Revelation Record (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1983), Rev. 3:5.

⁶ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 263.

⁷ Concerning the security of the believer, see: Luke 10:20; 15:21; John 3:36; 5:24; 6:39, 47; 10:28-29; 17:12; Rom. 8:29-30; 1Cor. 1:7-8; 10:13; 2Cor. 1:21-22; Eph. 1:13-14; 4:30; Php. 1:6; 1Th. 5:23; 1Ti. 1:12; Heb. 7:25; 10:14; 1Pe. 1:3-5; 1Jn. 2:19; 5:13; Jude 1:1; 1:24; Rev. 7:4+; Rev. 14:1+.

⁸ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 261.

4.13 - Nicolaitans Listen to Nicolaitans

Surprisingly little of substance is known concerning the Nicolaitans only mentioned in Scripture in the book of Revelation. The Lord commends the Ephesian church for hating the deeds of the Nicolaitans, whereas He has against the church in Pergamos, those who hold to the Nicolaitan teachings which He hates.

There are two main views concerning the identity of the Nicolaitans. The first view holds that they are an early cult which followed or perverted the teachings of Nicolas, one of the seven men chosen by the congregation in Acts 6:5. The second view discounts this historical witness¹ in favor of understanding the designation “Nicolaitan” as denoting the error of their practice which asserted authority over the people in an unnatural distinction between clergy and laity (and which continues to be a distortion of biblical teaching to our own time).²

In favor of the first view is the mention of a cult purportedly related to Nicolas by early members of the church.

Irenaeus (Haer. 1.26.3) basically repeats the biblical material, adding the assertion that the Nicolaitans were heretical followers of Nicolaus, the proselyte of Antioch who was chosen to be one of The Seven (Acts 6:5). Hippolytus (Haer. 7.24) underscores Irenaeus, adding that Nicolaus departed from true doctrine. Clement of Alexandria (Str. 2.20) claims that Nicolaus was an ascetic, and then current Nicolaitans were not his true followers because they perverted his teaching that it was necessary to abuse the flesh.³

The importance of these early citations has been questioned because they include precious else about the sect. Yet there is no evidence in the early church of alternate explanations or a challenge to the statements of these men, except to say that the Nicolaitans misrepresented the true teachings of Nicolas.⁴ Perhaps the Nicolaitans distorted the teachings of Nicolas in a similar way that antinomian sects throughout history have distorted Paul’s teaching on liberty?⁵

The relationship which may exist between the mention of the Nicolaitans (Rev. 2:15+) in close association with Balaam (Rev. 2:14+) has also been noted. The two names (Nicolaitans, Balaam) have very similar meanings in their respective languages: “Balaam is derived from two Hebrew words, בָּלַע [bālaʿ] (‘he swallows’) and עָם [ʿām] (‘people’). Interestingly, according to the derivative meanings of the names, the two groups troubling this church [Pergamos] were ‘swallowers of the people’ (i.e., the Balaamites) and ‘conquerors of the people’ (i.e., the Nicolaitans).”⁶ If the similar meaning of their names is significant and their mention in adjoining verses in the letter to Pergamos is intended to show a relationship, then it is thought that the licentious tendencies of the Nicolaitans might be understood in light of the doctrine of Balaam.

Was there, in the first place, any sect existing at the time when these words were uttered, which actually bore this name? I believe not. . . . the key to the right understanding of it is given us at Rev. 2:14-15+; where those “that hold the doctrine of Balaam” (Rev. 2:14+) are evidently identical with those “that hold the doctrine of the Nicolaitans” (Rev. 2:15+). we are here set upon the right track. . . . it may be observed that his name [Balaam], according to the best etymology, signifies “Destroyer of the people” ( . . . from בֶלַע [ḇelaʿ] and עָם [ʿām] ; and Νικόλαος [Nikolaos] (νικα῀ν τὸν λαόν [nikan ton laon] ) is no more than a Grecizing of this name . . . The Nicolaitans . . . are the Balaamites . . . those who in the New Dispensation repeated the sin of Balaam in the Old, and sought to overcome or destroy the people of God by the same temptations whereby Balaam had sought to overcome them before.⁷

After Balaam, who was hired by the Moabite King Balaak (Num. 22:5, Deu. 23:4) to curse Israel failed in his task (Num. 24), he evidently counseled that Israel could be drawn into God’s disfavor by luring them into sexual relationship with the women of Moab (Num. 25:1; 31:16) which would also entice them to worship foreign gods (Num. 25:2). If the Nicolaitan doctrine is a reflection of the doctrine of Balaam, the key may be intermarriage with the heathen leading to compromise and idolatrous worship.⁸ Peter mentions false teachers who are “following the way of Balaam” (2Pe. 2:15). It is said that “by covetousness” these teachers will exploit the church (2Pe. 2:3). They are said to be walking “according to the flesh in the lust of uncleanness” (2Pe. 2:10) and having “eyes full of adultery” (2Pe. 2:14). This would accord with the libertine aspect of the Nicolaitans mentioned by the early witnesses.

It is said that Balaam taught Balaak to influence the Israelites “to eat things sacrificed to idols, and to commit sexual immorality” (Rev. 2:14+). How similar this is to the warning given the Gentiles by the Jerusalem council:

Therefore I judge that we should not trouble those from among the Gentiles who are turning to God, but that we write to them to abstain from things polluted by idols, from sexual immorality, from things strangled, and from blood. (Acts 15:19-20)

In both passages a connection is made between eating meat sacrificed to idols and sexual immorality:

The Jerusalem conference had in its decree brought into juxtaposition the eating of εἰδωλόθυτα [eidōlothyta] and indulgence in sexual impurity (Acts 15:20, 27) and John had not lived in a Greek city without becoming aware that the two things were in fact closely bound up together. Pagan festivities were too often occasions of immoralities from which Gentile converts had been rescued with the greatest difficulty.⁹

If the Nicolaitans taught a similar doctrine to Balaam, it most likely urged believers to make a practical compromise with the society within which they found themselves. “They taught that Christians ought to remain members of the pagan clubs, and that they might do so without disloyalty to their faith.”¹⁰ How doubly-dangerous is such compromise with the surrounding culture: eroding the sanctification of the believer while simultaneously denigrating the witness of the Church.¹¹

However, the view that this was the doctrine of the Nicolaitans supposes that the mention of the Nicolaitans adjacent to Balaam (Rev. 2:14-15+) indicates a similarity of teaching. If this is not the case, then we know virtually nothing specific from Scripture about Nicolaitan practice and beliefs.

Those who discount the historic witness to an actual sect known as the Nicolaitans¹² see the meaning of the name as being a key to understanding their errant teaching.

The meaning of the Greek is “rulers of the people.” This meaning may imply that this was an attempt to divide and make an unnatural distinction between the clergy and laity, creating a division in which the clergy exercised rulership over the laity. Certainly, elders have the biblical authority to determine the policy of the local church. But the authority described here probably went much further than the issues in the local church and may have extended to the personal lives of the members.¹³

If this is the Nicolaitan error, then one only need look at the top-heavy ecclesiastical structures which characterize much of Christendom throughout history to see the sour fruit of such teaching. This is one of many reasons why the doctrine of the priesthood of the believer (2Cor. 3:6; 6:4; 1Pe. 2:5, 9; Rev. 1:6+; 5:10+; 20:6+) is so important for the saints of every age.¹⁴

Notes

¹ “In church history there is no record or mention of this group, so clues as to its identity need to be sought elsewhere.”—Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 51.

² “Some have interpreted their name as meaning ‘conquering the people’ from nikaō, meaning ‘to conquer’ and laos, meaning ‘the people.’ This view considers the Nicolaitans as the forerunners of the clerical hierarchy superimposed upon the laity and robbing them of spiritual freedom.”—John F. Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1966), 58.

³ Duane F. Watson, “Nicolaitans,” in David Noel Freeman, ed., The Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York, NY: Doubleday, 1996, c1992), 4:1106.

⁴ “The explanation that takes the Nicolaitans to be composed of followers of Nicolaus of Antioch has strong support in the early church. Added to Irenaeus are the testimonies of Tertullian, Hippolytus, Dorotheus of Tyre, Jerome, Augustine, Eusebius and others. They all say this was a sect of licentious antinomian Gnostics who lapsed into their antinomian license because of an overstrained asceticism. Hippolytus adds that Nicolaus was the forerunner of Hymenaeus and Philetus who are condemned in 2Ti. 2:17. . . . The few ancient voices that defend Nicolaus against charges of apostasy raise some questions, but are not sufficient to negate the strain of tradition that traces this sect back to Nicolaus.”—Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 1-7 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1992), 148-149.

⁵ “We conclude that Nicolaitanism was an antinomian movement whose antecedents can be traced in the misrepresentation of Pauline liberty, and whose incidence may be connected with the special pressures of emperor worship and pagan society.”—Colin J. Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1989), 94.

⁶ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 189.

⁷ Richard Chenevix Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1861), 82-83.

⁸ “The doctrine relevant to the downfall resulting from Balaam’s counsel advocates that the people of God commit sexual immorality or intermarry with the heathen and compromise in the matter of idolatrous worship.”—Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ, 68.

⁹ Henry Barclay Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1998, 1906), lxxii.

¹⁰ Ibid., lxxi.

¹¹ A similar example of compromise of relevance to our own day is found in Christians who continue to participate in Masonic orders.

¹² “The value of Irenaeus’s references to the Nicolaitans is doubtful. The primary passage (adv. Haer. 1.26.3) tells us that they followed Nicolaus, one of the seven deacons of Acts 6:5, but adds nothing which might not have been inferred from the Revelation. In a passing remark in 3.11.7 he treats them as the earliest representative of the error of Cerinthus and ascribes to them a Gnostic cosmology. That however might be an inference from a tradition connecting John’s opponents with the ‘gnosis falsely so called’ of 1Ti. 6:20, to which Irenaeus here appears to refer.”—Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting, s.v. “Irenaeus Questionable on Nicolaitans.”

¹³ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 51.

¹⁴ Old Testament priests were Levites. New Testament priests wear levis!

4.10 - Marriage of the Lamb Listen to Marriage of the Lamb

Let us be glad and rejoice and give Him glory, for the marriage of the Lamb has come, and His wife has made herself ready. (Rev. 19:7+)

To understand the marriage of the Lamb, it is helpful to review what Paul said concerning the role of the Jews in relation to the things of God:

For I could wish that I myself were accursed from Christ for my brethren, my countrymen according to the flesh, who are Israelites, to whom pertain the adoption, the glory, the covenants, the giving of the law, the service of God, and the promises; of whom are the fathers and from whom, according to the flesh, Christ came, who is over all, the eternally blessed God. Amen. (Rom. 9:3-5)

Even after the rejection of their Messiah and His subsequent crucifixion, Paul emphasizes the Jewish aspects of all that God has done. Paul indicates that the Jews, as a nation, had the greater connection with God than the Gentiles because of all of the following:

The adoption of the nation of Israel by God.

The Abiding Presence of God dwelt in Israel’s midst.

The covenants (Abrahamic, Mosaic, Land, Davidic, New) were given to Israel.

The Law of Moses was given to Israel.

The service of God in the tabernacle and the various Temples was Israel’s.

The OT promises of restoration and blessing were to Israel.

The fathers of the faith (Abraham, Isaac, Jacob) were Jews.

Jesus Christ, according to the flesh, came in the line of the Jews.

Since all of Scripture, with the exception of the books written by Luke,¹ was written by Jews and Jesus was born in a Jewish lineage, it is not surprising to find that the marriage of the Lamb is patterned after a Jewish wedding. By becoming more familiar with Jewish wedding practices, we are in a better position to appreciate aspects of the marriage of the Lamb as taught in Scripture:

In order to fully comprehend what is happening in Revelation 19:6-9+, it is first necessary to understand the Jewish wedding system that was common in Jesus’ day and was still used among Jews until the beginning of the twentieth century.²

4.10.1 - The Jewish Wedding Analogy Listen to The Jewish Wedding Analogy

Although various sources describing the practice of Jewish marriage at the time of Christ differ in the details, there is general agreement concerning its major elements. Unlike Western marriage practices, the Jewish marriage has a greater degree of formalism involving numerous steps:

Jewish marriage included a number of steps: first, betrothal (which involved the prospective groom’s traveling from his father’s house to the home of the prospective bride, paying the purchase price, and thus establishing the marriage covenant); second, the groom’s returning to his father’s house (which meant remaining separate from his bride for 12 months, during which time he prepared the living accommodations for his wife in his father’s house); third, the groom’s coming for his bride at a time not known exactly to her; fourth, his return with her to the groom’s father’s house to consummate the marriage and to celebrate the wedding feast for the next seven days (during which the bride remained closeted in her bridal chamber).³

First, the father of the groom made the arrangements for the marriage and paid the bride price. The timing of the arrangement varied. Sometimes it occurred when both children were small, and at other times it was a year before the marriage itself. Often the bride and groom did not even meet until their wedding day. The second step, which occurred a year or more after the first step, was the fetching of the bride. The bridegroom would go to the home of the bride in order to bring her to his home. In connection with this step, two other things should be noted. First, it was the father of the groom who determined the timing. Second, prior to the groom’s leaving to fetch the bride, he must already have a place prepared for her as their abode. This was followed by the third step, the wedding ceremony, to which a few would be invited. Prior to the wedding ceremony, the bride underwent a ritual immersion for ritual cleansing. The fourth step, the marriage feast, would follow and could last for as many as seven days. Many more people would be invited to the feast than were to the marriage ceremony. In the Marriage of the Lamb all four of these steps of the Jewish wedding ceremony are evident.⁴

The major steps of the Jewish wedding analogy are summarized below with related Scriptures:

Steps in a Jewish Wedding

Step
Description
Scriptures

Marriage Covenant
The father pays for the bride and establishes the marriage covenant.
Acts 20:28; 1Cor. 6:19-20; 11:25 Eph. 5:25-27

Bridal Chamber Prepared
The son returns to his father’s house and prepares the bridal chamber.
John 6:62; 14:2; Acts 1:9-11

Bride Fetched
At a time determined by the father (Mat. 24:36), the groom fetches the bride to bring her to his father’s house. “Although the bride was expecting her groom to come for her, she did not know the time of his coming. As a result, the groom’s arrival was preceded by a shout, which forewarned the bride to be prepared for his coming.”⁵
John 14:3; 1Th. 4:13-18

Bride Cleansed
The bride undergoes ritual cleansing prior to the wedding ceremony.
1Cor. 3:12-15; Rev. 19:7-8+

Wedding Ceremony
The private wedding ceremony.
Rev. 19:7+

Consummation
In the privacy of the bridal chamber the bride and groom consummate the marriage.
Rev. 19:7+

Marriage Feast
The celebratory marriage feast to which many are invited.
Mat. 22:1-14; 25:1-13; Luke 12:36

At the time of our writing, the first step in the wedding has already taken place. The marriage covenant was established at the First Coming of Christ. Whenever a person places their faith in Jesus Christ, they enter into this covenant (the New Covenant) and become part of His bride. Since the ascension of Jesus following His resurrection, He has been at His Father’s house preparing the bridal chamber:

Let not your heart be troubled; you believe in God, believe also in Me. In My Father’s house are many mansions (μοναι [monai] , dwelling places); if it were not so, I would have told you. I go to prepare a place for you. And if I go and prepare a place for you, I will come again and receive you to Myself; that where I am, there you may be also. (John 14:1-3)

As we discussed concerning the Rapture, passages such as John 14:1-3 are of a completely different character from what is described in Revelation 19+ concerning the Second Coming. In John 14, Jesus indicates a heavenly destination for believers. He returns from His Father’s house to fetch them and to bring them to heaven. There is an emphasis on intimacy: “that where I am, there you may be also” (John 14:3). How different this is from the scene before us in this chapter (below)! Jesus will ride forth in warfare and vengeance with the armies of heaven. There will be immense bloodshed at His coming and His return is followed by the reign of the saints on earth (Rev. 20:4-6+). It is irreconcilable differences such as these in various “coming passages” which tell us that His coming for the Church at the Rapture is a different coming than His Second Coming.⁶

In its description of the Second Coming, Revelation 19+ does not mention either a translation (rapture) of living believers (1Cor. 15:51-52), or a resurrection of dead believers (cf. 1Th. 4:16).⁷

At the time the events of John’s vision actually take place—during the Tribulation prior to the Second Coming—the first three of the steps in the wedding ceremony will be complete: the bride has been fetched to the Father’s house in the Rapture of the Church.

For an extended treatment of the analogy between Christ and the Church and Jewish marriage practices, see [Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 164-169].

4.10.2 - Roles in the Wedding Party Listen to Roles in the Wedding Party

When we interpret passages which touch on the subject of marriage, we must be careful to distinguish the different roles within the wedding party. There is a groom and a bride, but they are not alone in the marriage party. There are additional men and women who attend the wedding party. If we fail to appreciate these different roles, we confuse those attending the bride with the bride herself (e.g., Mat. 25:1-13). Since the role of the bride and groom are fairly obvious, here we will mention some of the related members of the bridal party.

The OT describes several different roles in courtship and marriage. In the Song of Solomon, we find repeated mention of virgins who are not the bride (The Shulamite): “Because of the fragrance of your good ointments, Your name is ointment poured forth; therefore the virgins love you” (Sos. 1:3). Even though the virgins are not the bride, they still love The Beloved (cf. Mat. 15:1-13). The song also mentions daughters of Jerusalem who are friends of the Shulamite who also seek The Beloved (Sos. 2:7; 5:8; 6:1). The Beloved has companions who desire to look upon The Shulamite (Sos. 5:1; 6:13; 8:13). Even though the relationship is between The Shulamite and The Beloved, other persons on the sideline also express interest in the relationship between The Shulamite and The Beloved.

The psalmist records a kingly wedding which involves both the Queen (bride) and King (groom), but also includes her companions, called virgins: “Kings’ daughters are among Your honorable women; at Your right hand stands the queen in gold from Ophir. . . She shall be brought to the King in robes of many colors; the virgins, her companions who follow her shall be brought to You” (Ps. 45:9-14). Not everyone at a wedding occupies the role of the groom or bride.

The NT also mentions relationships within the wedding party other than the bride and groom. When John the Baptist’s disciples come to him complaining about Jesus’ rise in popularity, John observes: “He who has the bride is the bridegroom; but the friend of the bridegroom, who stands and hears him, rejoices greatly because of the bridegroom’s voice. Therefore this joy of mine is fulfilled” (John 3:29). From John’s response, we learn several important facts: (1) Christ is a bridegroom; (2) Christ has a bride (those who were coming to Him); (3) John is not of the bride, but is the friend of the bridegroom.⁹ Elsewhere, Jesus referred to his disciples as “friends of the bridegroom” (literally: sons of the bride chamber, Mat. 9:15; Mark 2:19; Luke 5:34).

The differences among roles within the bridal party is most evident in the parable of the foolish virgins (Mat. 25:1-13). When reading the parable, we need to ask two related questions: (1) is this parable about polygamy? (2) if not, where is the bride? Mention is made of ten virgins and one bridegroom. The virgins are not to be married—they attend the wedding party. Notably absent in the parable is any mention of the bride. And where do the wise virgins go? “And while they [the foolish virgins] went to buy, the bridegroom came, and those who were ready went in with him to the wedding; and the door was shut” (Mat. 25:10). Wedding is γάμους [gamous] , plural, which generally denotes the wedding feast: “Josephus distinguishes in Antiquities 14, 467f between γάμος [gamos] =wedding [singular] and γάμοι [gamoi] =wedding celebration [plural]. But for ‘marriage’ he sometimes uses the singular, sometimes the plural.”¹⁰ These virgins are not waiting for the bridegroom in order to get married, but to attend the wedding feast.¹¹ The groom already has a bride who is not mentioned in the parable. We believe these distinctions are significant and indicate that the coming of the groom for the virgins is at His Second Coming which follows upon the marriage of the Lamb described here. The virgins do not marry, but attend the marriage feast which follows. The context also supports this view:

This parable as well as the next one deals with the Jews in the tribulation period. This is seen from various facts. The context favors this view . . . The subject being discussed is the end time, the final years before the kingdom is established. At this time the church will be absent from the earth.¹²

In summary, there are different roles within the wedding analogy found within Scripture. Not everyone who will be in the kingdom of God is the bride. This is evident from the distinctions found within Scripture. It is also evident because the marriage of the Lamb takes place in heaven prior to Christ’s Second Coming—when some saints are still on the earth below and many of the saints in heaven have not yet been resurrected to receive their glorified bodies.

Just as the Bridegroom comes not alone, but with attendants, companions, and a long train of rejoicing ones who make up his party, the whole of whom together are called the Bridegroom’s coming, whilst, strictly speaking, there is a wide difference between him and those with him; so it is on the side of the Bride. She has her companions and attendants too,—“virgins which follow her.” They make up her company and train. In coming to wed her the Bridegroom comes also into near and close relation to them. To a blessed degree they share the Bride’s honours. . . [but] the Bride has relations to the Bridegroom which belong to her alone.¹³

Having established that not all believers are the Lamb’s bride, who is the bride?

4.10.3 - Israel Married to Jehovah Listen to Israel Married to Jehovah

The nation Israel is unlikely to be the Lamb’s bride because she has already been wed.God the Father is Israel’s husband:¹⁴

“Return, O backsliding children,” says the Lord; “for I am married to you. I will take you, one from a city and two from a family, and I will bring you to Zion.” (Jer. 3:14) [emphasis added]

“They say, ‘If a man divorces his wife, and she goes from him and becomes another man’s, may he return to her again?’ Would not that land be greatly polluted? But you have played the harlot with many lovers; yet return to Me,” says the Lord. (Jer. 3:1) [emphasis added]

Then I saw that for all the causes for which backsliding Israel had committed adultery, I had put her away and given her a certificate of divorce; yet her treacherous sister Judah did not fear, but went and played the harlot also. (Jer. 3:8) [emphasis added]

Behold, the days are coming, says the Lord, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah-not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day that I took them by the hand to lead them out of the land of Egypt, My covenant which they broke, though I was a husband to them, says the Lord. But this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, says the Lord: I will put My law in their minds, and write it on their hearts; and I will be their God, and they shall be My people. (Jer. 31:31-33) [emphasis added]

Even though Israel proved to be an unfaithful wife which God put away by divorce, He promises to remain faithful to her in His relationship as husband. Moreover, in order to divorce her, she had to first be married.

Bring charges against your mother, bring charges; For she is not My wife, nor am I her Husband! Let her put away her harlotries from her sight, and her adulteries from between her breasts . . . (Hos. 2:2) [emphasis added]

She will chase her lovers, but not overtake them; yes, she will seek them, but not find them. Then she will say, ‘I will go and return to my first husband, for then it was better for me than now.’ (Hos. 2:7) [emphasis added]

As unfaithful as Israel has been, God promises to stand by her. Their husband-wife relationship will be reestablished:

“And it shall be, in that day,” says the Lord, “That you will call Me ‘My Husband,’ And no longer call Me ‘My Master.’ ” (Hos. 2:16) [emphasis added]

I will betroth you to Me forever; yes, I will betroth you to Me in righteousness and justice, in lovingkindness and mercy; I will betroth you to Me in faithfulness, and you shall know the Lord. (Hos. 2:19-20) [emphasis added]

The LORD’s accomplished purpose in Israel’s chastening also will result in the reestablishment of her original husband-wife relationship to the LORD.¹⁵

The relationship between Israel and Jehovah is dramatically different than what the NT records concerning Christ and His bride. Perhaps the most significant difference is that the marriage of Jehovah to Israel occurred in time past, whereas the marriage of Christ with His bride has not yet taken place. This is the subject of the passage before us.

Israel in her land was the wife of Jehovah (Jer. 3:14-20; Isa. 54:1), but the wife was divorced because of her iniquity. Israel, however, is to be reinstated in Jehovah’s favour. But a divorced wife can never again be a virgin, and it is not a divorced wife but a virgin whom the Lord marries (Lev. 21:14).¹⁶

4.10.4 - Jerusalem Married to God Listen to Jerusalem Married to God

The marriage of Israel to Jehovah is seen in promises of God concerning the city, Zion. In her restoration, God will rejoice over the city as a bridegroom rejoices over the bride:

For Zion’s sake I will not hold My peace, and for Jerusalem’s sake I will not rest, . . . You shall also be a crown of glory in the hand of the LORD, and a royal diadem in the hand of your God. You shall no longer be termed Forsaken, nor shall your land any more be termed Desolate; but you shall be called Hephzibah [My Delight is in Her], and your land Beulah [Married]; for the LORD delights in you, and your land shall be married. For as a young man marries a virgin, so shall your sons marry you; and as the bridegroom rejoices over the bride, so shall your God rejoice over you. (Isa. 62:1a, 3-5)

Thus says the Lord God to Jerusalem: . . . “When I passed by you again and looked upon you, indeed your time was the time of love; so I spread My wing over you and covered your nakedness. Yes, I swore an oath to you and entered into a covenant with you, and you became Mine,” says the Lord God. (Eze. 16:1, 8)

“Sing, O barren, you who have not borne! Break forth into singing, and cry aloud, you who have not labored with child! For more are the children of the desolate¹⁷ than the children of the married woman,” says the LORD. “For your Maker is your husband, the LORD of hosts is His name; and your Redeemer is the Holy One of Israel; He is called the God of the whole earth. For the LORD has called you like a woman forsaken and grieved in spirit, like a youthful wife when you were refused,” says your God. “For a mere moment I have forsaken you, but with great mercies I will gather you. . . . O you afflicted one, tossed with tempest, and not comforted, behold, I will lay your stones with colorful gems, and lay your foundations with sapphires. I will make your pinnacles of rubies, your gates of crystal, and all your walls of precious stones. Indeed they shall surely assemble, but not because of Me. Whoever assembles against you shall fall for your sake.” (Isa. 54:1, 5-7, 11-12, 15) [emphasis added]

It is in this sense that the New Jerusalem is also said to be the Lamb’s wife (Rev. 21:2+, 9+). Although the marriage of the Lamb takes place in heaven prior to the Second Coming and the Millennial Kingdom, there is an aspect of the marriage involving the New Jerusalem which extends into the eternal state. This aspect is broader than the initial consummation in Revelation 19+ and likely involves the redeemed of all ages. The relationship of the New Jerusalem as the wife of the Lamb is founded on these OT promises which describe God in a marriage relationship with Jerusalem.

In the new heavens and the new earth, the bride concept will be expanded to include not only the church, but also all the redeemed of all ages as the New Jerusalem becomes the bridal city (Rev. 21:1-2+).¹⁸

[The New Jerusalem] is called the Bride, because it embraces the Bride, and because it is the Bride’s everlasting home and residence. But for the very reason that it is the home and residence of the Lamb’s Wife, it must include her retinue, her companions, and her attendants, who share the glory with her, but who are not strictly the Bride herself.¹⁹

See commentary on Revelation 21:9.

4.10.5 - Church Betrothed to Christ Listen to Church Betrothed to Christ

Having seen that the relationship between Israel and God is set forth in terms of a consummated marriage followed by divorce and eventual restoration, we are in a position to examine passages which describe a marriage relationship involving Christ.

If one makes the Wife of Jehovah and the Bride of Messiah one and the same, he is faced with numerous contradictions because of the different descriptions given. Only when one sees two separate entities, Israel as the Wife of Jehovah and the Church as the Bride of the Messiah, do all such contradictions vanish.²⁰

As we saw above, John the Baptist declared himself as the friend of the bridegroom (John 3:29). Thus, he indicated that Jesus is a bridegroom and that he, John, was not part of the bride. In numerous other passages, Jesus referred to Himself as a bridegroom (Mat. 9:15; Mark 2:19; Luke 5:34). Paul describes the relationship of the Corinthian church as being betrothed as a virgin to Christ: “For I am jealous for you with godly jealousy. For I have betrothed you to one husband, that I may present you as a chaste virgin to Christ” (2Cor. 11:2). When teaching of the freedom of the believer from the law, Paul uses the analogy of a woman whose first husband dies who then becomes free to marry another: “Therefore, my brethren, you also have become dead to the law through the body of Christ, that you may be married to another—to Him who was raised from the dead, that we should bear fruit to God” (Rom. 7:4). In his epistle to the Ephesians, Paul makes the analogy between a husband and wife and Christ and the Church (Eph. 5:24). In the same way that husbands ought to love their own wives as their own bodies, so Christ loves believers: “For we are members of His body, of His flesh and of His bones. ‘For this reason a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife, and the two shall become one flesh.’ This is a great mystery, but I speak concerning Christ and the church” (Eph. 5:30-32). Paul is saying that in the same way believers are merged with Christ, as the body of Christ, so should husbands consider their wives. “[The Church] is both the body of Christ and the bride of Christ, as Eve was the body of Adam and also his bride.”²¹

Some observe that none of these passages explicitly teach that the Church is the bride of Christ. They suggest that the marriage analogy used by these passages is only an instructional aid which is intended to teach relational truths and that the passages are not meant to establish the Church as the bride. While it may be true that the primary intent in these passages is teaching relational truths, this does not necessarily mean that the Holy Spirit chose the marriage analogy by chance. The sheer number of times where the wedding analogy appears is in itself considerable indication that more is afoot than mere analogy:

In the OT, God is the bridegroom of Israel (cf. Isa. 54:6; 62:5; Jer. 31:32; Eze. 16:7-14; Hos. 2:16, 19), and in the NT, Christ is the bridegroom of the church (cf. 2Cor. 11:2; Eph. 5:25 ff.; Rev. 3:20+; 19:9+; 21:2+, 9+; 22:17+). In the gospels, Christ is the bridegroom a number of times (cf. Mat. 9:15; Mark 2:19-20; Luke 5:34-35; John 3:29) and parables about marriage occur in Mat. 22:2-14; 25:1-13; Luke 14:15-24.²²

We believe that the bride/bridegroom analogy in the NT is more than a mere framework for the delivery of relational instruction, but also an indication of the identity of the bride. The bride of Christ consists of the Church—those who have been baptized into His body, the body of Christ. As such, they are “one flesh” with Him, which is the subject of the mystery which Paul related to the Ephesians (Eph. 5:32). There is a unique sense in which the Church is His: “on this rock I will build My church” [emphasis added] (Mat. 16:18).

That Abraham or any other Old Testament saint will form part of the Body of Christ, we cannot for a moment believe! The great mystery of the Church, His Body, committed to Paul in such a sense that he called himself minister thereof (Col. 1:24-27), a ministry so very distinct, definite and exclusive as to call for the great passage of Ephesians 5:23, cannot be merely an opening up to the Old Testament saints of a calling, character and privileged which they possess and of which they did not know! That is unthinkable. No one was “baptized” into that one Body until Pentecost. When that Body, the Church, is presented by Christ to Himself, “a glorious church, not having spot or wrinkle or any such thing,” it will be composed only of the saints from Pentecost to the rapture.²³

Of whom is the bride composed? We answer unhesitatingly, of all saints embraced within these two epochs, Pentecost (Acts 2) and the Translation (1Th. 4:17). These two events respectively mark the commencement and the termination of the Church’s sojourn on earth.²⁴

Some may question why the church age believers should be granted the honor of being the bride, while believers from other ages are merely guests. But one may equally ask why God singled out Israel to be the covenant people. The only answer to both questions is that God sovereignly purposed that it be so (cf. Deu. 7:7-8).²⁵

A typological hint as to the bride of the Lamb can also be found in a study of the book of Ruth. The story involves Naomi (a Jew), Ruth (a Gentile), and Boaz (the kinsman-redeemer, see commentary on Revelation 5:1). Through the sequence of events recorded in the book, Boaz (who represents the Messiah) takes Ruth as his Gentile bride (representing the Church) and Naomi (representing Israel) is restored to her land.

Another consideration when identifying the bride of the Lamb is the matter of resurrection. At the time of the marriage of the Lamb (Rev. 19:7+), there is only one group of saints who have already been resurrected to receive their glorified bodies: the Church at the Rapture prior to the Tribulation. It would seem premature for other saints which have not yet been resurrected to be included in the marriage with the Lamb. Nor will they return with Him as part of the army of heaven (Rev. 19:14+).

The difficulty of including Israel along with the church as part of the bride is a chronological one. OT saints and dead saints from the period of Daniel’s seventieth week will rise in time for the Millennium (Dan. 12:1-2), but not in time to join Christ in His triumphal return (Rev. 19:14+). It is also impossible for saints who die during the Millennium to be part of this company, because their resurrection will not come in time (Rev. 20:5-6+). Yet it is incontrovertible that Israel will appear with the church in the New Jerusalem which is also Christ’s bride. The city’s twelve pillars and twelve foundations (Rev. 21:12+, 14+) prove the presence of both distinctive groups.²⁶

Although they will be resurrected to participate in the wedding feast at the Millennial Kingdom (Isa. 26:19; Dan. 12:2; Rev. 20:4+), at the time of the marriage itself they are only soul and spirit. Because they were never joined to the body of Christ by the baptizing work of the Holy Spirit which began on the Day of Pentecost, they are not part of the marriage mystery “concerning Christ and the church” (Eph. 5:30-32). See commentary on Revelation 17:14.

Various identifications of the wife of the Lamb described in Rev. 19:7-8+ have included the redeemed of national Israel, the church, and Israel and the church. Portrayal of Israel as a faithless wife of the Lord in the OT is an obstacle to the first and third possibilities, as is the chronology of Israel’s resurrection. The redeemed of Israel will not rise until after the Seventieth Week of Daniel (Dan. 12:1-2), so they will not be part of the bride at the time depicted in Revelation 19:7-8+, a time before the Second Advent (Rev. 19:11-16+).²⁷

According to Daniel 12:1-3 and Isaiah 26:19-21, . . . the resurrection of Israel and the Old Testament saints will not take place until the second advent of Christ. Revelation 20:4-6+ makes it equally clear that tribulation saints will not be resurrected until that time also. While it would be impossible to eliminate these groups from the place of observers, they can not be in the position of participants in the event itself.²⁸

4.10.6 - Israel, the Church, the New Jerusalem Listen to Israel, the Church, the New Jerusalem

As we have seen, the OT represents Israel as the wife of Jehovah. Although she has been unfaithful and divorced by her Husband, a time is coming when “all Israel will be saved” (Rom. 11:26). At that time, Jehovah will take her back as His wife:

I will call them My people who were not My people, and her beloved, who was not beloved. And it shall come to pass in the place where it was said to them, “You are not my people.” There they shall be called sons of the living God. (Rom. 9:25-26 cf. Hos. 2:23; Hos. 1:10)²⁹

In the meantime, those who accept Messiah Jesus are baptized into His body (1Cor. 12:13). In the same way that Eve was literally “one flesh” with Adam, having been taken from his side (Gen. 2:21-24), so believers are joined into the spiritual body of Christ and betrothed to Him. During Jacob’s Trouble and the Great Tribulation, the wife of Jehovah is being purified on earth in preparation for her restoration during the Millennial Kingdom to follow. At the same time, the bride of Christ is in her bridal chamber, having been taken in the Rapture and wed to Him at the marriage of the Lamb.

Later, after the Millennial Kingdom has come to a close and a new heavens and new earth are created, the holy city, the New Jerusalem, is prepared by Jehovah as a bride adorned for her husband—the Lamb (Rev. 21:2+, 9+). The long-unfulfilled promises of the restoration of Jerusalem, which found their initial fulfillment in the Millennial Kingdom (Isa. 62), will come to final fruition in the New Jerusalem where all the redeemed of all ages are in union with God and the Lamb Who are its temple (Rev. 21:22+). This is the ultimate consummation of all the redeemed. See Temple of God.

See commentary on Revelation 19:7, Revelation 19:8, and Revelation 19:9.

Notes

¹ Some suggest even Luke was Jewish, although evidence seems to point to his Gentile identity.

² Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 595.

³ Charles C. Ryrie, Come Quickly, Lord Jesus (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 1996), 67.

⁴ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 162-163.

⁵ Renald E. Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come (Bellmawr, NJ: The Friends of Israel Gospel Ministry, 1995), 165.

⁶ We see similar irreconcilable differences in OT passages concerning His ministry: He is to reign as king (Isa. 9:6-7), but He is to die for the world (Isa. 53). How can these both be true? The answer is found in two separate comings. And so it is with Rapture and Second Coming passages.

⁷ John MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 2000), Rev. 19:11.

⁸ Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come, 164-169.

⁹ “John was martyred before the Church was formed, hence he comes in as one, perhaps the most honoured, of the guests at the marriage supper.”—Walter Scott, Exposition of The Revelation (London, England: Pickering & Inglis, n.d.), Rev. 19:9.

¹⁰ Frederick William Danker and Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 151.

¹¹ The KJV and NKJV have “wedding” in Mat. 22:1-14 and 25:1-13, whereas the NASB has “wedding feast.” The Greek word is γαμους [gamous] (plural) which generally indicates the wedding banquet. The plural form implies the banquet or celebration (as opposed to a smaller, potentially private ceremony)..

¹² Stanley D. Toussaint, Behold The King: A Study of Matthew (Portland, OR: Multnomah Press, 1980), 283.

¹³ J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 427.

¹⁴ “Israel in captivity is prefigured as a wife (Isa. 54:5; 62:5 [Jerusalem]) put away for unfaithfulness, who is childless and desolate.”—Merrill F. Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), Rev. 54:1.

¹⁵ Ibid., Hos. 2:15.

¹⁶ Scott, Exposition of The Revelation, Rev. 19:6.

¹⁷ “Jerusalem.”—Scherman, ed., Tanach (New York, NY: Mesorah Publications, Ltd., 2001), Isa. 54:1.

¹⁸ MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 19:7.

¹⁹ Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation, 428.

²⁰ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 598.

²¹ Arno C. Gaebelein, The Revelation (Neptune, NJ: Loizeaux Brothers, 1961), 116.

²² Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 8-22 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1995), Rev. 19:7.

²³ William R. Newell, Revelation: Chapter by Chapter (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1994,c1935), 297.

²⁴ Scott, Exposition of The Revelation, Rev. 19:6.

²⁵ MacArthur, Revelation 12-22 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, Rev. 19:7.

²⁶ Thomas, Revelation 8-22, Rev. 19:7.

²⁷ R. L. Thomas, “Marriage Supper of the Lamb,” in Mal Couch, ed., Dictionary of Premillennial Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1996), 248.

²⁸ J. Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1958), 226.

²⁹ This passage in Romans is often misconstrued as denoting the Gentiles, but in the original context it speaks of the divorce and restitution of Israel—the very topic Paul is discussing. Although the principles involved can be used to point to the redemption of the Gentiles, that is an application of the passage, not its original meaning.

4.16 - Temple of God Listen to Temple of God

There are very few topics one could write on that are as sensitive and significant as the topic of the Temple of God.

For one thing, there are countless temples dotting our planet which make claim of being “Houses of God.” To single out one particular structure as The Temple of God is to invite the ire of a large number of people who consider their house to be God’s house. Yet the Scriptures indicate that a very specific site, on Mount Moriah in Jerusalem, has historically been the place where God has placed His name and which He calls “His house.”¹ For another thing, it is a large topic of immense spiritual importance: every temple which claims to recognize a deity seeks to provide a place where deity and creature may commune with one another, albeit in a limited way. Thus, a discussion of the Temple of God is all about relationship between God and man. This too is a sensitive topic, which at its core, is what uniquely and completely separates Christianity from every other religion of the world: for Christianity holds that only in the blood atonement of God Himself (Rev. 1:5+, 18+; 5:6+, 9+) is it possible for sinful man to have communion with a perfect and Holy God. “For there is one God and one Mediator between God and men, the Man Christ Jesus” (1Ti. 2:5).

Thus we expect, and indeed find, that the history of the Temple of God as set forth in Scripture communicates both a problem and a solution:

The Problem - Man has fallen irretrievably into sin and is unable to abide in the presence of a Holy God. His communion with God is severed.

The Solution - The Perfect Man, the God-man Jesus Christ, did what no other man could. He paid the penalty of imperfect men to restore communion between man and God. When sinful men rely upon His sacrifice of atonement on their behalf, they now appear before God clothed in His righteousness. Communion with God is reestablished and, eventually, consummated.

The Temple of God has always stood at the epicenter of the meeting between God and man. For most of history, the meeting has been formal and distant due to the intervening problem of sin. For God is a consuming fire and man would be consumed in judgment if he were exposed to God’s full presence while in his sinful condition.²

Unlike all other temples, which are initiated by men in an attempt to demonstrate their merit and climb up to God, the true Temple of God was constructed at God’s behest. It was God’s idea and purpose to meet with man in a Temple during the period of man’s estrangement. As with redemption, the initiative was completely God’s.

The following is an introduction and overview of this enormous topic, intended to acquaint the reader with the most significant theological aspects of the Temple of God, the history of the Temple, and Scriptural revelation concerning the role of the Temple in the future. Much of the material which follows is drawn from the work of Dr. Randall Price, an expert on the Temple whose resources we recommend.³

4.16.1 - Hide and Seek

From the day that Adam and Eve rebelled and were driven out of the Garden of Eden (Gen. 3:24) until the eternal state when God and the Lamb will once again dwell in the midst of men (Rev. 21:3+, 22+), mankind has been unable to approach God “face to face” in complete intimacy and fellowship.⁴ For God is an all-consuming fire in the presence of sin (Deu. 4:24; 5:25; Isa. 6:5; 33:14; Heb. 12:29). Until sin is no more, God has chosen to provide a means by which the original relationship between man and God—unmarred by sin—can be approximated. This is the primary purpose of the Temple. It is the meeting place between God and man, the place where God’s presence dwells in the midst of men.⁵

One way to understand the saga of the Temple within Biblical history is to consider the children’s game of hide and seek. One child closes their eyes and counts from one to ten. The other children run away to hide while they can. When the first child reaches ten, he uncovers his eyes and searches for the hidden children, not knowing where they may be found. In our analogy God is the seeker and mankind runs away to hide. This game was first played in history when Adam and Eve hid from God in the Garden (Gen. 3:8). After the introduction of sin into the human race, history has played itself out as a protracted session of hide and seek, but it is anything but a game!

Although there may be numerous motives for why Adam and Eve hid from God, Scripture reveals “the eyes of both of them were opened and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig leaves together and made themselves coverings” (Gen. 3:7). Although they had previously been naked and unashamed (Gen. 2:25), now they were ashamed. Their shame prompted an attempt to cover themselves. Clearly, they realized the need to protect or shield themselves. But from what or from whom? It would appear that they realized that with their fall into sin a huge gap stood between their own condition and that of a Holy Creator with searching eyes of piercing omniscience (see commentary on Revelation 1:14). An early object lesson concerning sin came when God indicated that their attempt to cover themselves with fig leaves was insufficient. Instead, animals were slain to provide a God-given covering for their sin (Gen. 3:21). This established the Biblical requirement that remission of sin requires the shedding of blood (see commentary on Revelation 1:5). Another, more severe object lesson followed. With the introduction of sin, man could no longer remain in God’s presence—Adam and Eve were expelled from the Garden (Gen. 3:24).⁶ Thereafter, we find that man must approach God through a new means requiring blood sacrifice (Gen. 4:3-7). There would be no more strolling with God, naked and unashamed.

This pattern of man rejecting God only to have God seek after him to reestablish relationship is a theme of Biblical History. It is the prime motivation behind the Great Commission of the Church to reach all nations (Mat. 28:19-20; Mark 16:15-17; Luke 24:47; Acts 1:8). It recognizes the inability of unregenerate flesh to truly please or seek God (Rom. 3:10-18 cf. Ps. 5:9; 10:7; 14:1-3; 36:1; 53:1-3; 140:3 Pr. 1:16; Isa. 59:7-8) and that only by God’s initiative can any be restored to fellowship with Him (John 1:12-13; 6:44).

When studying the Temple, God’s meeting place with man, we must always remember this human tendency. Even though millions now no longer know Him, let us not forget that twice in the history of mankind every person alive knew God (Adam and Eve and their family; Noah and his family after the flood). That which their forefathers once knew was actively rejected leaving the offspring without knowledge of God.

4.16.2 - The Abiding Presence of God

At the heart of the idea of a Temple is the abiding presence of God. Although God is omnipresent, He has chosen to manifest His presence in certain locations and at certain times within history. This physical manifestation of God has come to be called the Shekinah.

the Shechinah Glory is the visible manifestation of the presence of God. It is the majestic presence or manifestation of God in which He descends to dwell among men. Whenever the invisible God becomes visible, and whenever the omnipresence of God is localized, this is the Shechinah Glory. The usual title found in Scriptures for the Shechinah Glory is the glory of Jehovah, or the glory of the Lord. The Hebrew form is Kvod Adonai, which means ‘the glory of Jehovah’ and describes what the Shechinah Glory is. The Greek title, Doxa Kurion, is translated as ‘the glory of the Lord.’ Doxa means ‘brightness,’ ‘brilliance,’ or ‘splendor,’ and it depicts how the Shechinah Glory appears. Other titles give it the sense of ‘dwelling,’ which portrays what the Shechinah Glory does. The Hebrew word Shechinah, from the root shachan, means ‘to dwell.’ The Greek word skeinei, which is similar in sound as the Hebrew Shechinah (Greek has no ‘sh’ sound), means ‘to tabernacle.’. . . In the Old Testament, most of these visible manifestations took the form of light, fire, or cloud, or a combination of these. A new form appears in the New Testament: the Incarnate Word [John 1:14].⁷

The concept of the Shekinah is behind the wonder of the incarnation. The very glory of God “tabernacled” within human flesh and was handled and beheld. “And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us (ἐσκήνωσεν [eskēnōsen] ), and we beheld His glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth” [emphasis added] (John 1:14).

Σκηνή [Skēnē] was the word used by the translators of the Septuagint for the Hebrew מִשְׁכָּן [miškān] , “tabernacle” (Ex. 25:9). During Israel’s pilgrimage from Egypt to Canaan the tabernacle was the place of worship for the people. The tabernacle or tent in the wilderness was the “tent of Jehovah,” Himself a pilgrim among His pilgrim people. In sound and meaning σκηνόω [skēnoō] recalls the Hebrew verb שָׁכַּן [šākkan] meaning “to dwell,” which is sometimes used of God’s dwelling with Israel (Ex. 25:8; 29:46). In postbiblical Hebrew the Jews used the term שְׁכִינָה [šeḵînâ] (“Shekinah,” literally, “presence”) of the bright cloud of the presence of God that settled on the tabernacle. The Shekinah glory was nothing less than the visible manifestation of God.⁸

The manifestation of the Shekinah is at the heart of understanding the meeting of God with man. In the earliest communion of man with God, God is said to have been “walking in the Garden in the cool of the day” (Gen. 3:8). This must speak of a localized presence with which Adam and Eve could interact—the Shekinah. The word itself embodies the notion of dwelling or abiding. This emphasizes the single most important aspect concerning God’s localized presence: where is He abiding? For wherever the Shekinah is, there is relationship with God in a more intimate way and all the benefits which come from His special presence. This is the essence of the promise made to the overcomer in Philadelphia, the fulfillment of that first love which was lacking in Ephesus: to walk once again in full fellowship with God (Gen. 3:8; 5:24; Rev. 21:3+, 22+). This was the ultimate desire of the psalmist (Ps. 23:6; 65:4). Thus, it is an incredible blessing to enjoy the presence of God.

This was the primary purpose of the Temple throughout history: to house the Shekinah glory of God among men. It is in the Temple where God’s presence “dwells between the cherubim” over the mercy seat of the Ark of the Covenant (Ex. 25:22; Num. 7:89; 1S. 4:4; 2S. 6:2; 1K. 7:29; 2K. 19:15; 1Chr. 13:6; 2Chr. 5:7; 6:41; Ps. 80:1; Ps. 99:1; Isa. 37:16; Eze. 41:18). Unless the glory of God “inhabits” the Temple (1K. 8:10-11; 2Chr. 7:1; Eze. 43:2-4; 44:1-2; Hag. 2:7-9; Mat. 20:12) it is just a dead architectural edifice.⁹

Conversely, in the history of the Temple, there are grave consequences when the Shekinah departs from the Temple, for it indicates God’s displeasure with those among whom He previously dwelt and the removal of His protection and blessing in His departure. The Temple, the house of Israel, is left desolate when the glory of God departs. In at least two occasions in history, the result has been the destruction of the Temple. When the Shekinah left Solomon’s Temple in the days of Ezekiel’s prophecy (Eze. 10:18; 11:22-23), the eventual result was the destruction of the Temple by Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon. When the Shekinah left the Second Temple in the days of Jesus (Mat. 23:38), the eventual result was the destruction of the Temple by Titus Vespasian of Rome (Mat. 24:1-3). Whether God remains in His house is serious business!

Although it is beyond the scope of our treatment here to consider an extensive discussion of God’s abiding presence, it will be helpful to note some of the most significant historical events related to the Shekinah.¹⁰ The Shekinah glory:¹¹

Illuminated the earth prior to the creation of the sun and moon (Gen. 1:3, 14).

Walked with Adam and Eve in the Garden (Gen. 3:8).

Ratified the Abrahamic covenant while Abraham slept (Gen. 15:17).

Descended upon Mount Sinai at the giving of the law (Ex. 19:18; 24:15-16; 33:18-23; 34:5-6).

Filled the Tabernacle in the wilderness (Ex. 40:34).

Filled Solomon’s Temple upon its dedication (1K. 8:10-11; 2Chr. 7:1).

Left Solomon’s Temple due to Israel’s sin (Eze. 8:4-6; 9:3; 10:4, 18-19; 11:22-23). The Temple is left unprotected.

Returned to the Second Temple in the form of the incarnation of Messiah Jesus (Mat. 12:6; 21:12; John 1:14; 2:15).

Left the Second Temple desolate upon the departure of Jesus (Mat. 23:38; 24:2; Luke 13:35; 21:6). The Temple is left unprotected.

Appeared on the Mount of Transfiguration (Mat. 17:2; Mark 9:2; Luke 9:29).

Appeared to Paul on the road to Damascus (Acts 9:3; 22:11; 26:13; 1Ti. 6:16).

Will return to the Millennial Temple (Isa. 60:3; Eze. 43:2-4).

Illuminates the New Jerusalem (Rev. 21:23+; 22:5+).

The significance of the Mount of Olives derives from it association with the departure and arrival of the glory of the Lord:

The mountain which is so clearly defined and located in this prophecy [Zec. 14:4] is already associated with many events and crises in Israel’s history. . . it was from this mountain, which is before Jerusalem on the east, that the prophet Ezekiel saw the glory of Jehovah finally taking its departure. It was from this mountain also that He, who was not only the symbol, but the living personal revelation of the glory of Jehovah, finally took His departure from the land, after He had been rejected by the nation. He led His handful of disciples out as far as Bethany (on the Mount of Olives), and He lifted up His hands and blessed them. ‘And it came to pass while He blessed them, He was parted from them, and carried up to heaven’ [Luke 24:50-51; Acts 1;9]; since then a still darker era in the long Ichabod period of Israel’s history commenced. . . . And what is this but a prophecy in symbolic language of the same event which the heavenly messengers announced to the men of Galilee [Acts 1:9-11]. We love to think that this same mountain on which He once shed tears of sorrow over Jerusalem, the slope of which witnessed His agony and bloody sweat, shall be the first also to witness His manifestation in glory; and that His blessed feet, which in the days of His flesh walked wearily over this mountain on the way to Bethany shall, ‘in that day,’ be planted here in triumph and majesty.¹²

In summary, the Shekinah is the visible representation of the localized presence of God. By God’s design, the Temple is the location where His abiding presence is intended to dwell and where He has put His name (Deu. 12:5, 11, 21; 2Chr. 6:20; 7:16; 20:19; Ezra 6:12; Ne. 1:9; Mat. 21:13; Mark 11:17; Luke 19:46).

4.16.3 - The Temple Mount

Temple Mount with Dome of the Rock

Temple Mount with Dome of the Rock¹³

Isn’t it interesting that in our own day, one of the most significant controversies occupying the nations is that of jurisdiction over the Temple Mount in Jerusalem? What an incredible coincidence that what should be an inconsequential and forgotten piece of real-estate associated with a religion of antiquity today causes great perplexity among both religious peoples and secular skeptics the world over! Yet those who study the Bible know from the Master of history that what we witness today concerning the controversy over the Temple Mount is but a precursor to a subsequent day when the city of Jerusalem will become the major concern of all nations as they oppose what God has declared in the pages of Scripture (Zec. 12:2-3). Truly “the nations rage and the people plot a vain thing!” (Ps. 2:1)

As of A.D. 2003, the two most dominant features visible upon the Temple Mount are the Dome of the Rock and the Al-Aqsa Mosque. But this is from man’s point of view. God recognizes neither of these structures as His Temple. Yet the piece of real-estate occupied by these buildings has great Biblical significance, for it is Mount Moriah. The importance of Mount Moriah is established by a number of key historical events which have taken place there:¹⁴

Abraham Offers Isaac - It was here where Abraham’s faith was tested when God instructed him to offer up his son Isaac in sacrifice (Gen. 22). See Abraham Offers Isaac.

Site of Solomon’s Temple - In 990 B.C., King David was instructed by God to erect an altar on the threshing floor of Araunah the Jebusite which occupied this site. David purchased the land which later became the site of Solomon’s Temple (2S. 24:18-25; 1Chr. 21:18-26; 2Chr. 3:1).

The Crucifixion of Jesus - On the very mountain where Abraham was asked to sacrifice his “only son” (Gen. 22:2, 12), God sacrificed His only Son.¹⁵

For Islam, only the first of these events is significant.¹⁶ Even then, Islam claims that it was Ishmael, not Isaac, who was offered up by Abraham (see Dome of the Rock). Although ample evidence exists that Islam recognized the Temple Mount to have been the historic site of Solomon’s Temple in the past, more recently it has served Islamic political interests for some to deny any previous historical Jewish presence on the Temple Mount. For Judaism, only the first two events are of significance, since Judaism rejects the idea that Israel crucified her Messiah, God in the flesh. All three events are of great significance to Christians, for they evidence the consistent purpose of God in their shared location:

Therefore [the sacrifice of Isaac took] place nowhere else than on “Moriah,” the mount where “God is seen” (Gen. 22:14), where later the Temple stood (2Chr. 3:1), where upon the altar of burnt offering all the sacrifices which pointed to Christ would be brought, and where in the death hour on Golgotha the veil between the holy and all-holy places would be rent (Mark 15:38).¹⁷

4.16.3.1 - Abraham Offers Isaac

It was upon Mount Moriah where Abraham was told to offer Isaac: “Take now your son, your only son Isaac, whom you love, and go to the land of Moriah and offer him there as a burnt offering on one of the mountains of which I shall tell you” (Gen. 22:2). What transpired upon this mountain, as recorded in Genesis 22, is a foundational event, both for Judaism and Christianity. To those who are familiar with the Torah, the opening instruction given to Abraham is shocking! For the Torah—the very Word of God—specifically indicates God’s opposition to child sacrifice (Deu. 12:31; 18:10). Yet here, the Almighty Himself instructs Abraham to offer child sacrifice! Why would God give such instructions if it were not meant as an exclamation mark commenting upon the very event itself?

Although Judaism sees the purpose merely as a point of testing of Abraham’s faith, Christianity understands the full typological significance of what took place—as a sign post pointing to the most significant event in all history: when another Father would offer His “only Son” upon the same mountain. The offering of Isaac is a carefully constructed divine pattern which pointed to the redeeming sacrifice of Jesus upon the cross many years later. That this is true can be seen from the numerous typological correlations between this event and the crucifixion.

The Offering of Isaac points to the Crucifixion of Jesus

Type (Model) | Antitype (Fulfillment)
Abraham offered his only son (Gen. 22:2, 12). | God offered his only Son (John 3:16).
Isaac carried the wood for the sacrifice (Gen. 22:5). | Jesus carried the cross for the sacrifice (John 19:17).
Isaac cried out to his father (Gen. 22:7). | Jesus cried out to His Father (Mat. 27:46; Mark 15:34).
Isaac escaped death after three days (Gen. 22:4). | Jesus rose from the dead on the third day (Mat. 16:21; Mark 16:2-4; Luke 9:22).
Abraham indicated God will provide a lamb for the sacrifice (Gen. 22:8). | God provided Jesus as The Lamb for the sacrifice (Isa. 53:7; John 1:29, 36; Rev. 5:6+; 7:17+).
God provided a ram, a male sheep, as a substitutionary sacrifice (Gen. 22:13). | God provided a male, Jesus, as a substitutionary sacrifice.
The ram was caught by its horns (head) in a thicket (thorns) (Gen. 22:13). | Jesus wore a crown of thorns on his head (Mat. 27:29), a symbol of the sin He bore (Gen. 3:18).
Sacrifice offered at specific location on Mount Moriah (Gen. 22:2, 9). | For hundreds of years, sacrifices would be offered from the same spot inside Solomon’s Temple and the Second Temple (2Chr. 3:1). When Jesus is crucified outside the city walls on the same mountain, the veil within the Temple is rent in two (Mark 15:38).
The ram was God’s provision (Gen. 22:13-14). | Abraham prophetically named the place pointing to the crucifixion where God made the ultimate provision: the sacrifice of His Son for sin (Heb. 9:26-28).

Now the God-given instruction to sacrifice Isaac, in violation of what would later be codified in the Law of Moses, can be understood—God had no intention of actually allowing Isaac to die. Instead, He intended to test Abraham’s faith and demonstrate prophetically His intention to offer His own Son, Jesus Christ, on the same mountain hundreds of years later (Ps. 22; Isa. 53). Sadly, the same words that Jesus spoke to the religious leaders of His day can still be said to Judaism which rejects Messiah Jesus: “You search the Scriptures, for in them you think you have eternal life; and these are they which testify of Me” (John 5:39).¹⁸ In the hundreds of years which would separate Abraham’s offering of Isaac on Mount Moriah from God’s offering of Jesus, the ritual slaughter of countless animals within the Tabernacle in the Wilderness, Solomon’s Temple, and the Second Temple all pointed forward to this ultimate offering of Jesus on the cross. Both Solomon’s Temple and the Second Temple were specifically placed on Mount Moriah to show their connection with the ultimate sacrifice of God’s Lamb.

Thus, the Temple Mount is not just a random piece of real-estate contested by some confused religious fanatics. It is a specific location where God Himself ordained that Abraham should act out the event pointing to the crucifixion and the place where the intervening Temples stood. It is at this precise location where both the Tribulation Temple and the Millennial Temple will be built.

4.16.4 - A Heavenly Pattern

The earthly Temple is patterned after a greater reality: the heavenly Temple (Heb. 8:4-5; Heb. 9:1-11). Almost everything which was shown Moses (Ex. 25:40) and David (1Chr. 28:12-19) concerning the Tabernacle and Temple, respectively, has a purpose in revealing a greater reality which ultimately serves the purpose of God in heaven. The heavenly pattern which is reflected in the earthly Temple communicates truths about the nature of sin, redemption, God’s holiness, communion with God, and ultimately points to the promised sacrifice of Messiah Jesus to reconcile man to God (Luke 24:27, 44; John 5:39; Acts 10:43).

Price has identified many of the parallels between the earthly and heavenly Temples, which we’ve incorporated in the table below.¹⁹

Shared Elements of Earthly and Heavenly Temples

Description | Earthly | Heavenly
called “worldly sanctuary” versus “Temple in heaven” or “true Tabernacle” | Heb. 9:1-2 | Rev. 7:15+; 14:17+; 15:5+; 16:17+; Heb. 8:2
seven-branched lampstand | Ex. 26:35 | Rev. 1:12+
trumpet | Ex. 19:13, 16, 19 | Rev. 8:2+, 6+
altar of sacrifice | Ex. 27:1-2; 39:39 | Rev. 6:9+
sacral vestments | Ex. 29, 39 | Rev. 4:4+; 6:11+; 15:6+
altar of incense | Ex. 30:1-6; 39:38 | Rev. 8:3-5+
four horns of the altar | Ex. 30:10 | Rev. 9:13+
Ark of the Covenant | Ex. 25 | Rev. 11:19+
golden censer | 1K. 7:50 | Rev. 8:3-5+
incense | Ex. 30:34-36 | Rev. 5:8+; 8:3-4+
incense bowls | 1K. 7:50; Num. 7:13, 19, 25, 31, 37 | Rev. 5:8+
throne (mercy seat) | Ex. 25:22; Lev. 16:2 | Ps. 11:4; Rev. 7:9+; 16:17+
Holy Place | 1K. 7:50 | Heb. 9:11-12, 24
Holy of Holies | Ex. 26:25-33 | Rev. 4:1-10+
high priest | Heb. 4:14 | Heb. 9:6-7
priestly officiants versus priestly officials | Ps. 110:4; Heb. 7:17 | Rev. 8:2-5+
rites | Lev. 1-10; 16:23-34 | Rev. 4:8-11+; 8:2-5+; 15:1-8+
24 priestly courses versus 24 elders | 1Chr. 23:3-6 | Rev. 4:4+, 10+; 5:8+
cherubim versus living creatures | Ex. 25:18, 22; 1K. 6:23-28 | Rev. 4:6-8+
worshipers | 2Chr. 7:3 | Rev. 5:11+; 7:9+; 19:6+
sacrifice of lambs versus slain Lamb of God | Ex. 29:39 | Rev. 5:6+

4.16.5 - The Temples of History

The following table provides a summary of the Temples of History which are subsequently described in more detail. ²⁰ .

The Temples of God

Date²¹
Temple
Description
References

4004²²
Garden of Eden
Prior to The Fall and the entry of sin, Adam and Eve enjoyed full communion with God. No Temple was needed.
Gen. 2:25 cf. Gen. 3:8

1446 - 960/950 B.C.
Tabernacle in the Wilderness
A portable and temporary structure housing the Ark of the Covenant and the location of God’s presence among the Jews in their wilderness wanderings.
Ex. 24:15-18; 25:8-22

960/950 - 586 B.C.
Solomon’s Temple
Erected in Jerusalem according to God’s instructions. Planned by King David who gathered the materials, but built by his son Solomon. Destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon.
1K. 5-8; 2K. 24:13; 2Chr. 36:7

515 B.C.²³ - A.D. 70
Second Temple
Rebuilt under the direction of Zerubbabel upon the return of the Jews from Babylon. Desecrated by Antiochus IV (Epiphanes), later cleansed and rededicated by Judas Maccabaeus in 165 B.C (first Hanukkah). Rebuilt by Herod the Great (from 20 B.C. - A.D. 64). Destroyed by Roman General Titus in A.D. 70.
2Chr. 36:22-23; Ezra 1:1-4; 3:1-13; 5:1-17; 6:1-18; Dan. 9:26; Mat. 23:37-38; 24:2; Mark 13:2; Luke 21:6, 20-24

?
Tribulation Temple
A future Jewish Temple which will be built where sacrifices will be offered until the midpoint of the Tribulation. The Beast will sit in this Temple and proclaim himself to be God.
Isa. 66:1-6?; Dan. 9:27; 12:11; Mat. 24:15; 2Th. 2:4; Rev. 11:1-2+; Rev. 13:6+?

Second Coming
Millennial Temple
The Temple will be built by Messiah Jesus and serve as the center for His worship and rule during the thousand year reign on earth. All nations will keep the Feast of Tabernacles in Jerusalem.
Eze. 40:5-43:27; Zec. 6:12-15; 14:16-21; Isa. 24:23; 56:6-7; Rev. 20:2-4+

Second Coming + 1,000 years
New Jerusalem
Sin no longer exists. Man is restored to full fellowship with God. God is the Temple (Rev. 21:22+).
Rev. 21+, 22+

4.16.5.1 - Garden of Eden

The Garden of Eden is a “Temple” in the same sense as the New Jerusalem. There is no separate building or Holy Place because the entire environ is Holy and without sin. In this sense, the entire Garden may be said to be a “Temple” in that there is full and unrestrained access to God by man (Rev. 21:22+). The Garden, like the New Jerusalem, typifies the “Holy of Holies” of every other Temple—the place of unrestricted communion with God without the intimacy-destroying presence of sin. Until the quality of the fellowship man once had with God in the Garden is appreciated more fully, one will be unable to understand the horrible effects of sin and the great effort involved in carrying out the prescribed liturgical details attending the subsequent Temples where man approached God on a limited basis.

The effect of The Fall upon man’s communion with God has already been described. No matter how one looks at it, the result was catastrophic. It is as if man reclined and ate at God’s table (John 13:23; Rev. 3:20+) only to find himself removed from the table, locked outside the room, and only able to commune with God through a keyhole. Even on the Day of Atonement on his closest approach to God, the high priest was still required to burn incense when inside the Holy of Holies to cover the mercy seat and separate himself from God’s presence “lest he die” (Lev. 16:13). This would all change for believers in Jesus who are the Temple of the Believer, but that would not come until much later.

In a study of the Temple, it is most useful to examine the Garden of Eden in relation to the condition of man immediately after The Fall, after having been driven from the Garden. In addition to the correspondence seen earlier between the earthly and heavenly Temples, there is a correspondence between both Temples and the Garden of Eden after The Fall into sin. In some sense, all of Scripture describes events associated with God establishing a way for man to return to the conditions of Eden prior to The Fall. In this sense, Jesus is Eden’s Bridge.

Immediately after The Fall, Adam and Eve were expelled out of the Garden. Evidently, they were driven away toward the East for God placed cherubim “at the east of the Garden of Eden, and a flaming sword which turned every way, to guard the way to the tree of life” [emphasis added] (Gen. 3:24). God barred man’s way to the tree of life by placing Cherubim between the tree and Adam and Eve.

When various aspects of the scene at the expulsion of the Garden of Eden are compared with the layout of the Tabernacle and Temple, numerous similarities can be seen:²⁴

Eastern Entry - To return back into God’s Holy presence in the Garden, Adam and Eve would have had to return from the east toward the west. And this is exactly what we see in the pattern of the Tabernacle and Temple, both of which are entered on the east and which have the holiest place at the western extremity where the very presence of God abides.

Guarding Cherubim - In the same way that cherubim separated man from the tree of life in the Garden, so too the veils on the east end of the Holy Place and the Holy of Holies contain depictions of cherubim (Ex. 26:31; 36:8, 35; 2Chr. 3:14). The Ark of God within the Holy of Holies, above which God’s Shekinah glory dwelt, was overspread by cherubim (Ex. 25:22; Num. 7:89; 2Chr. 5:7).

Flames - The cherubim guarded the way back to the tree of life, but also to the divine presence, with a “flaming sword” (Gen. 3:24). Just outside each veil of separation in the Temple is found an altar upon which fire is found. The priest must pass by the bronze altar of sacrifice before entering the Holy Place, whereas the altar of incense stood before the veil into the Holy of Holies. The fire speaks of purification and judgment of sin.

River - A river flowed from the Garden of Eden (Gen. 2:10). The Temple contained a bronze laver with water for cleansing. The Millennial Temple is the source of a river of life (Eze. 47:1). So too the New Jerusalem has a river of life (Rev. 22:1+).

Mountain - Since a river originated in Eden and flowed outward from there, we may safely assume that the Garden was elevated above the surrounding countryside. As we have seen, the Temple stood on a mountain (Mount Moriah). The Millennial Temple will stand upon the “mountain of the LORD’S house” (Isa. 2:2; 27:13; 30:29; 56:7; Eze. 17:24; 20:40; 40:2; Mic. 4:1) as will the New Jerusalem (Rev. 21:10+).

Tree of Life - When man fell in the Garden, he lost access to the tree of life by which he would obtain eternal life (Gen. 2:9; 3:22). The testimony of the law of Moses was stored with the Ark of the Covenant in the Holy of Holies within the Temple. When Moses reviewed the law to the new generation about to cross the Jordan, he said “Set your hearts on all the words which I testify among you today . . . observe-all the words of this law. . . . because it is your life, and by this word you shall prolong your days in the land” (Deu. 32:46). Thus, the words of the law within the Holy of Holies represent the way of life. This is what Stephen referred to as “the living oracles” (Acts 7:38). John recognized the life-giving power of God’s word when he said, “Lord, to whom shall we go? You have the words of eternal life” [emphasis added] (John 6:68). Thus, the Tree of Life in the Garden is represented by God’s word recorded in the Holy of Holies of the Temple.²⁵ The Tree of Life in our own age, when no recognized Temple stands on the Temple Mount, is the cross of Christ. Those who embrace it regain access to eternal life.

Many more similarities could be identified between the Garden of Eden, the various Temples, and the New Jerusalem (which some see as being in entirety a “Temple,” Rev. 21:22+). But in each case, the primary message we must not miss is that the Temple represents the way back to God. The entire concept of the earthly Temple is concerned with making allowance for sinful man meeting with Holy God in partial communion which is a shadow of what man once had and the redeemed will one day enjoy.

The arrangement of the Garden of Eden’s landscape corresponds to that of the Tabernacle and the Temple with its furniture. Eastward movement (out of the Garden) is away from God’s presence; westward movement (through the Sanctuary) is a return [to] God. On the Day of Atonement the high priest reverses the peoples spiritual exile from God and restores them to a relationship with God (through blood sacrifice for sin). [emphasis added]²⁶

4.16.5.2 - Tabernacle in the Wilderness

The first real structure of any sort which was designed to house the Shekinah was the Tabernacle in the wilderness. After Israel’s rescue from Egypt and before crossing the Jordan into the Promised Land, the Jews wandered in the Sinai. God gave Moses instructions to build the Tabernacle (Ex. 25:40) around which the tribes would camp. (See Camp of Israel.) Israel could only approach God when protected from His presence by the Tabernacle. Even then, elaborate procedures were necessary to account for the sinful condition of man (Ex. 25:9; 40:34). Even the name “Tabernacle” denoted the purpose common to every Temple: that God would dwell with man. “The Hebrew word for ‘tabernacle’ is Hamishkhan, having the same root as Shechinah. Thus, the word ‘tabernacle’ can also be translated as ’the dwelling place of the Shechinah.”²⁷

The portability of the Tabernacle had some advantages over the more permanent Temples to follow. For one thing, it taught Israel to depend upon God’s leading because they were to stay camped until God’s presence indicated it was time to move (Ex. 40:36-37). How often this is the case in our own lives—that we learn to wait on God and follow Him more closely in the wilderness! Later, when Israel had the more permanent Temple of Solomon, they made the mistake of assuming the permanence of the building’s location inferred the same for God’s presence.

Later, when Solomon’s Temple was complete, the Tabernacle was brought to the Temple and its furnishings, together with the Ark of the Covenant, were transferred into the Temple (1K. 8:4; 2Chr. 5:5).²⁸

4.16.5.3 - Solomon’s Temple

In the days of David’s kingdom, Israel dwelt permanently in the land and the kingdom was administered from Jerusalem. After a time, David realized the inequity of dwelling in a kingly palace while God’s presence resided in the more humble temporary structure of the Tabernacle. Although he desired to build a permanent Temple, he was disallowed from doing so because he was a man of war (1Chr. 17:4; 22:8; 28:3). However, David was able to further the work toward building the Temple. He was given plans by the Holy Spirit (1Chr. 28:12, 19; Heb. 8:5), purchased the location where it was to be built (2S. 24:24; 1Chr. 21:24-26; 2Chr. 3:1), and procured materials for its construction (1Chr. 29:1-9). As with the Tabernacle, the Temple service included elaborate procedures by which man could approach God’s presence in a limited way. When the Temple was dedicated, God’s presence came to the Temple (1K. 8:10-11; 2Chr. 5:13-14).

In the days of Ezekiel, after the civil war and after the Northern Kingdom had fallen into apostasy and been judged by Assyria, the sin of the Southern Kingdom, where Jerusalem and the Temple were located, was so severe as to drive God from His sanctuary. God no longer met with Israel in the Temple because it was no longer His House (Eze. 8:6; 9:3; 10:4, 18-19; 11:22-23 cf. Mat. 23:38-39; Mat. 24:3; Luke 13:35). Soon thereafter, the Temple was destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar and the Jews that remained were exiled to Babylon. Thus, an important historic principle was established concerning the Temple: when God leaves His House, it becomes subject to destruction. When God is “at Home” in the Temple, no force in the universe can destroy it. In the sequence of events which led up to the final destruction of Jerusalem and Solomon’s Temple by Nebuchadnezzar, some of the Temple articles were taken to Babylon (2Chr. 36:7, 10, 18; Dan. 5:2-3, 23) as Jeremiah had prophesied (Jer. 20:5).

The destruction of Solomon’s Temple fell on the 9th day of the Jewish month of Av, a date which became famous in Jewish history and is known as Tish Bʿav (9th of Av).²⁹

Five events of national tragedy have been associated with this date. The first of these national tragedies, and the supposed cause of all that followed, was the failure of the Israelites to enter the Promised Land under Moses [Num. 14:23]. . . oral tradition recounts that this lamentation took place on the Ninth of Av. . . The next four events occurring on the Ninth of Av all relate to the Temple. The second and third disasters involve Solomon’s first Temple and Herod’s second Temple, which were both destroyed on the same day 656 years apart. The last two disasters occurred 65 years later on the same day (A.D. 135). The first of these was the defeat of the army of Bar Kokhba at Betar. The second followed as a consequence of the first. It was the plowing of the site of the Temple Mount by the Roman governor of Judea, Tineius Rufus.³⁰

4.16.5.4 - Second Temple

After seventy years of captivity in Babylon which God had prophesied (2Chr. 36:21; Jer. 25:11; 29:10; Dan. 9:2), and as God had prophesied through Isaiah (Isa. 44:24-5:7), Cyrus was used of God to release the Jews to return back to Jerusalem and rebuild the Temple (Ezra 1:2; 3:7; 4:3; 5:13; 6:3, 14). When the Jews returned from Babylon, the Temple articles which had been taken by Nebuchadnezzar were returned (Ezra 1:7; 6:5). All of this was recorded by the historian Josephus:

(1) In the first year of the reign of Cyrus, which was the seventieth from the day that our people were removed out of their own land into Babylon, God commiserated the captivity and calamity of these poor people, according as he had foretold to them by Jeremiah the prophet, before the destruction of the city, (2) that after they has served Nebuchadnezzar and his posterity, and after they had undergone that servitude seventy years, he would restore them again to the land of their fathers, and they should build their temple, and enjoy their ancient prosperity; and these things God did afford them; (3) for he stirred up the mind of Cyrus, and made him write this throughout all Asia: “Thus saith Cyrus the King:—Since God Almighty hath appointed me to be king of the habitable earth, I believe that he is that God which the nation of the Israelites worship; (4) for indeed he foretold my name by the prophets; and that I should build him a house at Jerusalem, in the country of Judea.” 2. (5) This was known to Cyrus by his reading the book which Isaiah left behind him of his prophecies; for this prophet said that God had spoken thus to him in a secret vision: “My will is, that Cyrus, whom I have appointed to be king over many and great nations, send back my people to their own land, and build my temple.” (6) This was foretold by Isaiah one hundred and forty years before the temple was demolished. Accordingly, when Cyrus read this, and admired the divine power, an earnest desire and ambition seized upon him to fulfill what was so written; so he called for the most eminent Jews that were in Babylon, and said to them, that he gave them leave to go back to their own country, and to rebuild their city Jerusalem, and the temple of God, (7) for that he would be their assistant, and that he would write to the rulers and governors that were in the neighborhood of their country of Judea, that they should contribute to them gold and silver for the building of the temple, and, beside that, beasts for their sacrifices. 3. (8) When Cyrus had said this to the Israelites, the rulers of the two tribes of Judah and Benjamin, with the Levites and priests, went in haste to Jerusalem, yet did many of them stay at Babylon, as not willing to leave their possessions; (9) and when they were come thither, all the king’s friends assisted them, and brought in, for the building of the temple, some gold, and some silver, and some a great many cattle and horses. So they performed their vows to God, and offered the sacrifices that had been accustomed of old time; I mean this upon the rebuilding of their city, and the revival of the ancient practices relating to their worship. (10) Cyrus also sent back to them the vessels of God which king Nebuchadnezzar had pillaged out of the temple, and carried to Babylon.³¹

The destruction of Solomon’s Temple and the subsequent building of the Second Temple did not require a purification ceremony, as was done later following the subsequent defilement of Antiochus IV (Epiphanes). “Foreigners who enter the Temple generally bring about only desecration, not defilement, and for this reason the Second Temple could be rebuilt after its desecration and destruction by the Babylonians without requiring a purification ceremony (Ezra 3:2-13). However, the Second Temple later required purification (channukah, ‘dedication’) because an apostate Israelite priest sacrificed an unclean animal (a sow) on the altar (under orders of the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes) and thereby brought defilement. In addition, the presence of idols or idolatrous practices is an ‘abomination’ (shiqqutz) that brings both desecration and defilement to the Temple and the Land, which has harbored such abominations.”³² Sacrifice was resumed at the site of the Second Temple while construction was in progress:

Temple sacrifices were renewed on the first day of the month of Tishri 538 B.C.E. at a festival known as the Feast of Trumpets. . . Seven months later, work began on building the Second Temple itself, using cedarwood ordered from Lebanon.} . . . The king’s treasury even helped to finance the cost of the rebuilding of the ruined Temple, which was finally completed on the 3rd of Adar (February-March) 515 B.C.E.³³

After the Jews rebuilt the Temple, there is no indication that God’s presence ever dwelt there as it had in the Tabernacle or Solomon’s Temple. God’s presence would eventually come to the Second Temple (see below), but in a form which the Jews would fail to recognize (John 1:14).

Since these verses [Eze. 43:1-7] on the return and restoration of God’s glory to the new Temple are one of the strongest evidences for the eschatological interpretation of chapters 40-48, it is important to give closer attention to this event. Nowhere in Scripture nor in extrabiblical Jewish literature is it stated that the divine presence filled the Second Temple as it did the Tabernacle (Ex. 40:34-35) and the First Temple (1K. 8:10-11; 2Chr. 5:13-14; 2Chr. 7:13). Rather, Jewish sources made a point of its absence (see Tosefta Yom Tov) and relegated such a hope to the eschatological period known as ‘the period of the restoration of all things’ (Acts 3:21).³⁴

During the Second Temple period, there was a great deal of political upheaval, both before and after the birth of Christ. Perhaps the two most significant events involving the Second Temple prior to the birth of Jesus were the defilement of the Temple at the time of Antiochus IV (Epiphanes) and the entry into the Holy of Holies years later by Pompey of Rome. The first event was predicted by Daniel and serves as a model—which Jesus pointed to (Mat. 24:15)—of the future desolation by Antichrist:

Antiochus further desecrated the Temple by sacrificing an unclean animal (a pig) on the Temple altar and by erecting a statue of Zeus Olympians in the Holy of Holies in 168 B.C. This action had been predicted by the prophet Daniel (Dan. 8:23-25; Dan. 11:21-35) and served as a partial fulfillment of the type of desecration the Temple would one day suffer under the Antichrist (Dan. 7:24-26; Dan. 9:24-27; Dan. 11:36-45).³⁵

This grievous event precipitated the Hasmonean Revolt and the rededication of the Temple, which came to be celebrated as Hanukkah, also mentioned in John’s gospel (John 10:22):³⁶ “On the twenty-fifth day of the month of Kislev—then October 16, for the Hebrew lunar calendar had not been intercalated since 167 B.C.E.—in the year 164 B.C.E., the Jews celebrated the rededication of the temple sacrificial service.”³⁷ Thereafter, Judea enjoyed a period of independence, albeit a politically turbulent one. This came to an end in 63 B.C. with the triumphal entrance of Roman general Pompey into Jerusalem. It appears that the priests were prepared for his arrival for the Temple articles had been removed:

Not only did [Pompey] enter the Holy Place, but he also tore away its veil of separation and marched into the Holy of Holies itself. A record of the event was preserved by the Roman historian Tacitus: ‘By right of conquest he entered their Temple. It is a fact well known, that he found no image, no statue, no symbolical representation of the Deity: the whole presented a naked dome; the sanctuary was unadorned and simple.’³⁸

After Herod was proclaimed King of Judea by the Roman Senate (40 B.C.), he returned to the “Roman Palestine” and began to reconquer the country while liquidating the Hasmonean dynasty. During this period, he began a project to rebuild the Second Temple. “Herod began rebuilding the Temple in 19 B.C., and the work was dedicated ten years later, although detail work continued on it for the next 75 years.”³⁹ It was the rebuilt Second Temple, “Herod’s Temple,” to which the glory of the Lord would return.

During the ministry of Jesus, He recognized the Second Temple as being the “Father’s house” (Luke 2:49; John 2:16). It was in the days of Jesus that the glory of the Lord (John 1:14) returned to His Temple (Mat. 12:6; 21:23), yet once again sin resulted in the departure of the glory—as Jesus left the Temple for the Mount of Olives, retracing the steps of the departure of the glory in Ezekiel’s day (Mat. 23:38-39; Mat. 24:3; Luke 13:35). Although Jesus had previously indicated the Temple was the house of the Father (Luke 2:49; John 2:16), in His final departure from the Temple He referred to it as “your house,” indicating it was being left desolate (Mat. 23:38)—an indication that it would be destroyed (Mat. 24:2).⁴⁰

At the crucifixion, when the Lamb of God (Isa. 53:7; John 1:29; 1Pe. 1:19; Rev. 5:6+) was offered on the cross, God created a new and living way for man to approach Him. See Temple of the Believer. Yet the Temple remained standing with sacrifices continuing to be offered for almost another four decades: “On August 6 [70 A.D.] the daily sacrifice ceased in the temple. It had been offered every morning for more than five hundred years save for the period of the Syrian persecution when an abomination had occupied the Holy of Holies.”⁴¹ Price relates several historical indicators of divine disfavor during the period following the crucifixion of Messiah Jesus and the subsequent destruction of the Temple at the hands of Rome:

Josephus (Jewish Wars 6:293-96) noted that at the time of the Passover c. A.D. 66, as the Roman siege was about to begin, the huge Nicanor gate that secured the inner court of the Eastern (Shushan) Gate was observed at the sixth hour to open of its own accord. This event was ultimately interpreted negatively as evidence of divine displeasure. . .This interpretation is also given in a story told in the Babylonian Talmud (Yoma 39b), along with another concerning the Temple service, which reflected the problem of divine favor: “Our Rabbis taught: During the last forty years before the destruction of the Temple the lot ‘for the Lord’ did not come up in the right hand; nor did the crimson-colored string [suspended in the Temple to show the acceptance of the pascal sacrifice] become white; nor did the western-most light shine; and the doors of the Temple would open by themselves, until R. Yohanon b. [ben] Zakkai rebuked them, saying: ‘Temple, Temple why will you yourself be the alarmer? I know about you that you will be destroyed, for Zechariah b. [ben] Ido has already prophesied concerning you: “Open your door, O” Lebanon, that the fire may devour your cedars’ ”⁴²

4.16.5.5 - Temple of the Believer

When the Lamb of God (Isa. 53:7; John 1:29; 1Pe. 1:19; Rev. 5:6+) was offered on the cross, the veil of the Second Temple was torn from top to bottom (Mat. 27:51; Mark 15:38; Luke 23:45). This was a divine indication that the previous separation between God and man which required elaborate liturgical procedures by a special priesthood was done away with by Christ. Instead of recognizing a special day once a year when the high priest could enter through the veil into the Holy of Holies to represent the people before the presence of God, a new and living way was consecrated for believers through Christ’s body and blood offered on our behalf. The writer of Hebrews expressed it this way:

Therefore, brethren, having boldness to enter the Holiest by the blood of Jesus, by a new and living way which He consecrated for us, through the veil, that is, His flesh, and having a High Priest over the house of God, let us draw near with a true heart in full assurance of faith, having our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience and our bodies washed with pure water. (Heb. 10:19-22) [emphasis added]

Let us therefore come boldly to the throne of grace, that we may obtain mercy and find grace to help in time of need. (Heb. 4:16) [emphasis added]

There are numerous benefits which were won for believers by Christ’s sacrifice, but perhaps the most important aspect of the work of Christ is the restoration of fellowship where man can approach God with a conscience having been cleansed by Jesus’ one-time sacrifice. Here again we touch on the theme of the Temple which we’ve been pointing to all along—the meeting place between God and man. Christ’s flesh and blood give the believer, by faith, full access to God:

To the intent that now the manifold wisdom of God might be made known by the church to the principalities and powers in the heavenly places, according to the eternal purpose which He accomplished in Christ Jesus our Lord, in whom we have boldness and access with confidence through faith in Him. (Eph. 3:10-12) [emphasis added]

Many things changed in the moment of the crucifixion when the veil of the Temple was torn, but perhaps none more significant to our subject at hand than the glorification of Jesus which led the way to the giving of the Holy Spirit on the Day of Pentecost (John 7:38-39) to form a new type of spiritual Temple within the body of those who believe on Jesus. A short summary of this important transition, so essential to understanding the book of Acts, will be helpful.⁴³ The significance of the coming of the Holy Spirit can be seen in several passages from John’s Gospel:

On the last day, that great day of the feast, Jesus stood and cried out, saying, “If anyone thirsts, let him come to Me and drink. He who believes in Me, as the Scripture has said, out of his heart will flow rivers of living water.” But this He spoke concerning the Spirit, whom those believing in Him would receive; for the Holy Spirit was not yet given, because Jesus was not yet glorified. (John 7:37-39) [emphasis added]

Jesus states that rivers of living water (see Garden of Eden) will flow out of the heart of those who believe in Him. John explains to the reader that Jesus spoke of the Holy Spirit, but that the Spirit was not yet given, because Jesus was not yet glorified. The Holy Spirit could not come to take up His new ministry until Jesus had been glorified. Something about the crucifixion was necessary before the Spirit could take up permanent residence within sinful flesh.

Later, in Jesus’ intimate time with His disciples on the night of His betrayal, He provides further insight into the new ministry of the Spirit:

And I will pray the Father, and He will give you another Helper, that He may abide with you forever— the Spirit of truth, whom the world cannot receive, because it neither sees Him nor knows Him; but you know Him, for He dwells with you and will be in you. I will not leave you orphans; I will come to you. (John 14:16-18) [emphasis added]

Jesus is about to die on the cross and encourages His disciples by telling them that He will send another (αλλος [allos] , another of the same kind) of Helper. When this helper comes, He will abide with them forever. Jesus also relates that the Helper already dwells with them, but will be in them. He goes on to identify Himself with the Helper: I will come to you. These are remarkable statements pregnant in their theology and hope! Although the Holy Spirit has ministered on earth since the beginning (e.g., Gen. 1:2), He would come in a new way, in a permanent way, in a way which emphasized indwelling, and in the identity of Christ (Rom. 8:9; Php. 1:19). Although the Holy Spirit, the Spirit of Christ, had ministered in the times preceding the crucifixion (1Pe. 1:11), there was not a permanence to this indwelling (1S. 16:14; Ps. 51:11; Eze. 2:2; 3:24). But this could not happen prior to the cross:

Nevertheless I tell you the truth. It is to your advantage that I go away; for if I do not go away, the Helper will not come to you; but if I depart, I will send Him to you. (John 16:7) [emphasis added]

Can you imagine sitting at the feet of the Master and hearing words more puzzling than these? How could He claim it was to their advantage that He would leave? But note that the Helper “will not come” unless Jesus departs. This is connected with the explanation which John gave earlier: “But this He spoke concerning the Spirit, whom those believing in Him would receive; for the Holy Spirit was not yet given, because Jesus was not yet glorified” (John 7:37-39).

To summarize:

The Holy Spirit would not just be with the disciples, but permanently in them.

The Holy Spirit could not come in the way Jesus promised until Jesus was glorified.

The Holy Spirit is the Spirit of Christ. With the indwelling Spirit would be the indwelling Christ.

The Holy Spirit would reside within each believer in much the same way as the Shekinah glory dwelt within the Tabernacle and Temple. (See The Abiding Presence of God.)

All of this was fulfilled in the events of the Day of Pentecost, often called “the birthday of the Church” (Acts 1:4-8; 2:4; cf. 8:14; 10:45; 11:16; 15:8; 19:6; 1Cor. 12:13). With the coming of the Spirit, the body of the believer became the Temple of God and God’s Spirit resided permanently within.⁴⁴

Or do you not know that your body is the temple of the Holy Spirit who is in you, whom you have from God, and you are not your own? (1Cor. 6:19) [emphasis added]

And what agreement has the temple of God with idols? For you are the temple of the living God. As God has said: “I will dwell in them and walk among them. I will be their God, and they shall be My people.” (2Cor. 6:16) [emphasis added]

Now, therefore, you are no longer strangers and foreigners, but fellow citizens with the saints and members of the household of God, having been built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ Himself being the chief cornerstone, in whom the whole building, being joined together, grows into a holy temple in the Lord, in whom you also are being built together for a dwelling place of God in the Spirit. (Eph 2:19-22) [emphasis added]

These passages emphasize that the body of the believer is a Temple of God in the Spirit. The Holy Spirit Who resides permanently within every believer is functioning in an analogous way as the Shekinah dwelt between the cherubim over the Ark in the Holy of Holies, but with one extremely important difference: the Holy Spirit will never depart from the Temple of the believer as the Shekinah departed from the Temple (see The Abiding Presence of God). This is why believers are said to be sealed with the Holy Spirit (2Cor. 1:22; Eph. 1:13; 4:30). Believers may grieve or quench Him (Eph. 4:30; 1Th. 5:19), but He will never leave them!

How can God Himself dwell within the sinful flesh of the believer permanently when the sin of the people during Ezekiel’s day caused the glory of the Lord to depart the Temple? The answer lies in the completed sacrifice of Jesus on the cross. In the same way that the righteous dead were held in Abraham’s bosom⁴⁵ but could not enter heaven until the crucifixion was accomplished (Luke 16:22 cf. Luke 23:43; 2Cor. 5:6; Php. 1:21-23), prior to the cross the Holy Spirit could enter individuals for specific purposes and times but could not permanently reside (1S. 16:14; Ps. 51:11; Eze. 2:2; Eze. 3:24)⁴⁶ within sinful flesh as He now does (Eph. 1:13; 4:30). See The Coming of the Spirit.

4.16.5.5.1 - What about the Physical Temple?

It might seem that in the tearing of the veil of the Temple and the coming of the Spirit to establish the Temple of the believer that all purposes for a Temple building standing on the Temple Mount have forever been done away with. If we did not have the Scriptures, we might easily come to this conclusion.⁴⁷ But a careful study of Scripture precludes such a conclusion:

The Early Church and the Temple - The early church did not abandon the Temple, but continued to treat it as an important institution associated with God. This is seen immediately after Jesus’ ascension: “Now it came to pass, while He blessed them, that He was parted from them and carried up into heaven. And they worshiped Him, and returned to Jerusalem with great joy, and were continually in the temple praising and blessing God. Amen” [emphasis added] (Luke 24:51-53). This pattern continued far beyond the coming of the Spirit on Pentecost and is especially evident in the life of Paul who: (1) observed feasts regulated by the Temple (Acts 20:6); 2) fulfilled a religious Nazirite vow (Acts 18:18); 3) participated in purification rites, even sponsoring four proselytes (Acts 21:22-26; Acts 24:16); 4) offered sacrifices at the Temple (Acts 21:26; Acts 24:17); 5) prayed and worshiped at the Temple (Acts 22:17; Acts 24:11); 6) respected the Temple priesthood (Acts 23:5); 7) paid the Temple tax (Acts 24:17); (8) professed ceremonial purity (Acts 24:18); (9) and was careful not to violate customs of “our fathers” (Acts 28:17). These would be strange activities indeed if the Temple had lost all significance after the Day of Pentecost. When Paul discusses the desecration of the Temple by the Antichrist, how could he consider this act by the man of sin to be blasphemous and describe its location as “the temple of God” (2Th. 2:3-4) if all interest by God in the Temple disappeared with the Day of Pentecost?⁴⁸ It would seem that this early Christian rabbi understood something beyond the simplistic view that, with the cross of Jesus, God had forever made an end to the concept of “God’s House” on Mount Moriah.

The Millennial Temple - Ezekiel was given a highly detailed vision of a Temple unlike any which have ever existed in history. The details of this Temple go far beyond anything which can be explained as mere symbolism. It can only be a literal Temple of the future. Ezekiel and several other prophets indicate there will be sacrifices for atonement offered at this Temple. See Millennial Temple and Millennial Sacrifices.

Following the rejection of Messiah Jesus by Israel, the Temple stood for several decades, but was overthrown as Jesus had predicted. During this age, a spiritual Temple of God is within believers who are sanctified by the blood of Jesus. Each believer is permanently indwelt by the Holy Spirit, much as the Shekinah dwelt within the Holy of Holies of the Tabernacle in the Wilderness and Solomon’s Temple. Yet, in the future, at least two more physical Temples will be built upon Mount Moriah. The existence of the spiritual Temple of the believer during the present age does not preclude a future physical Temple:

The “Branch,” as set forth by the prophet in [Zec. 6], Messiah, the true Son of David, shall not only be the real builder of the future literal Temple, which through the millennial period shall be the centre of the true worship of Jehovah on this earth, and the House of Prayer for all nations; but also of the much more glorious mystical Building, which through eternity shall be for the habitation of God through the Spirit. Of this spiritual Temple He is Himself the “sure Foundation,” the previous Corner-stone and Head-stone of the Corner, as well as the Master Builder. Nineteen centuries ago, in His life and suffering, death of atonement, and glorious resurrection, the foundation of that Temple was laid.⁴⁹

4.16.5.6 - Bar Kochba’s Temple

It has been suggested from various evidences that the Temple was rebuilt during the Bar Kokhba⁵⁰ revolt (A.D. 132) and later destroyed by Hadrian (A.D. 135). Price mentions the following evidence in support of this possibility:⁵¹

A passage in the Sibylline Oracles (5:414-417, 420-422) may suggest this possibility.

A Midrash (Exodus Rabbah 51:5) indicates that Hadrian entered the Holy of Holies which would not have been possible without a rebuilt temple.

The seventh-century Byzantine historian known as Chronicum Paschale records that “Hadrian tore down the Temple of the Jews in Jerusalem” in his History of the Jews.

A fourth-century Roman emperor Julian in his Fragment of a Letter to a Priest, in A.D. 362 records: “What have they [the Jews] to say about their own temple, which was overthrown three times and even now is not being raised up again?” [emphasis added]

Coins minted by Bar Kokhba bear an image of the Holy Temple—an unusual practice for Jews if the Temple had not existed.

Evidence of the resumption of the sacrificial system (Sanhedrin 11b) following the Second Temple’s destruction.

Archaeological measurements of the elevated platform upon which the Dome of the Rock are said to indicate dimensions commensurate with the Messianic Temple of Ezekiel rather than the dimensions of the second Temple. Since Bar Kokhba was proclaimed as Messiah and Messiah was expected to build Ezekiel’s Temple, then perhaps the platform is the remains of the Temple of Bar Kokhba.

Although Rabbi Akiva had proclaimed Bar Kokhba as king messiah, this messianic hopeful was eventually killed and the revolt bearing his name was put down and the Temple Mount left without a Jewish Temple.

4.16.5.7 - Julian’s Temple

Flavius Claudius Julianus became ruler of Rome in A.D. 361 upon the death of his uncle Constantine. He favored Judaism over Christianity and sought to rebuild the Jewish Temple as polemic against Christianity (and Jesus’ predictions that the Temple would be destroyed). Jewish religious authorities acquired the necessary building materials, but an earthquake intervened and destroyed the building materials. Julian died a short time thereafter and was succeeded by the Christian emperor Jovian, putting an end to Julian’s favoritism towards Judaism and the Jews.⁵² Thus, Julian’s Temple failed to materialize in history.

4.16.5.8 - Dome of the Rock

In our day, the most striking presence upon the Temple Mount is the Islamic Dome of the Rock.

Al-Aqsa Mosque and Dome of the Rock

Al-Aqsa Mosque and Dome of the Rock⁵³

The Dome of the Rock is not God’s Temple—at least not the God of the Bible. This can be readily seen even by a cursory comparison of the God defined by the Qur’an with the God of the Bible. According to the Qur’an:

No Crucifixion - Jesus was not crucified, but only appeared to be (Surah 3:54-55; 4:157-158; 5:117, 120).

God Has No Son - Jesus is not the Son of God (Surah 2:116; 5:72; 4:171; 6:101; 10:68; 19:35 cf. Ps. 2:7, 12; 110:1; Pr. 30:4; Jer. 3:19; Dan. 3:25; 7:13).

No Trinity - The Trinity is denied (Surah 3:64; 4:116, 171; 5:27; 9:30-31).⁵⁴

Redemption Unnecessary - The Fall in the Garden of Eden resulted in no need of a Savior (Surah 7:20-25).⁵⁵

Salvation by Works - Salvation is by works, not faith (Surah 23:102-103; 39:61 cf. Gen. 15:6).

Jerusalem Not Mentioned - Jerusalem is never mentioned by name in the Qur’an, but over 800 times in the Bible, the city where God put His name (1K. 11:36; 2Chr. 33:4, 7; Dan. 9:19).

Mohammed Greater Than Jesus - Although Jesus was born of a virgin (Surah 3:45-47; 19:19-21; 21:91), sinless (Surah 19:18), and performed miracles (Surah 3:49; 5:110; 19:29), Mohammed, who was born by a normal pregnancy, who sinned (Surah 40:55; 41:19; 48:1-2), and who performed no miracles is said to be superior to Jesus.

If the Qur’an is God’s Word, then the Bible cannot be. If the Bible is God’s Word, then the Qur’an cannot be. They disagree on numerous fundamental issues, not to mention many additional details where the Qur’an not only contradicts the NT (which Islam maintains is corrupted), but also the OT.⁵⁶ Since the Qur’an describes a god which differs in fundamentals from the God of the Bible, but claims to be inerrant (Surah 4:82), then the inescapable conclusion is that the god of Islam cannot be the God of the Bible:

While Islam today has much in common with Christianity on the essential attributes of God, there is wide divergence on His moral and relational attributes. Muslims and Christians may speak of the same subject, the true God, but they have different concepts of Him. . . . Jews have an incomplete picture of God’s nature (their view being confined to the Old Testament only), Muslims have an inaccurate picture of His nature (based on the Qur’an and the Hadith), and only Christians have the complete and accurate view of His nature (based on the Bible). For here lies the big impasse: Allah/God could not have been the source of both the Bible and the Qur’an since they have contradictory messages on the most fundamental issues, especially on the nature of God. From a Christian perspective God is the author of the Bible only. But from a Muslim perspective God is the author of both the Bible and the Qur’an, except that the present Bible is a corrupted version of the original one. . . . It is here that the issue of the nature of God comes into focus. Though Muslims and Christians may believe in the same God as subject, the nature of God as conceived by Islam is not at all identical to the nature of God within the Judeo-Christian faith.⁵⁷

Therefore, the Dome of the Rock is not the temple of the God of the Bible.

According to tradition, the altar which Abraham constructed upon which to offer Isaac (Gen. 22:9) stood upon a particular rock on the mount, the Stone of Binding:

In the Midrashim it is written that the Rock is the Even Akkidah, the ‘Stone of Binding’ and marks the place where Abraham bound his son Isaac and laid him on an altar, but that the Holy of Holies was built over the place where the ram was caught in the thicket, a short distance away. Tradition further contends that the Rock is not only the place where the offering of Isaac was attempted, but that it was also the threshing floor of Arunah the Jebusite which King David purchased and upon which he pitched the Tabernacle.⁵⁸

It is this “Rock” which is referred to in the name Dome of the Rock, although Islam distorts the OT teaching by claiming that Abraham offered Ishmael rather than Isaac. Interestingly, the passage within the Qur’an which describes the offering never mentions Ishmael by name, associating Isaac’s name more closely with the account.⁵⁹

In A.D. 638, the Muslims invaded Israel and Jerusalem which had previously been under the control of Byzantine Christians. Caliph Omar caused a mosque to be built on what was considered to be the ancient site of the Temple of David. He is said to have set an example of reverence by personally clearing away some of the garbage which had been discarded upon the Rock marking the location of the Temple on the Mount.

In 691 the Umayyad Caliph ’Abd al-Malik built a wooden cupola over the Rock that Caliph Omar had cleared, giving it the misnomer, “the mosque of Omar,” or as it is properly known, the Dome of the Rock (Arabic, Qubbet es-Sakhra). In a further show of conquest over the Christians, Caliph Omar later built a wooden mosque on the compound over the foundations of an early Christian church. This mosque, known as the Al-Aqsa Mosque, was completed in A.D. 715 and has been rebuilt many times since. Today this mosque is regarded as the third holiest place in Islam (after Mecca and Medina), but it is the Dome of the Rock which is considered the crown of the Haram al-Sharif (Temple Mount).⁶⁰

Originally, Islam had little use for Jerusalem:

Today the Muslims call Jerusalem Al-Quds (‘the Holy’); however, the earliest Arab name for the city was Iliyia, derived from the Roman renaming of the city as Aelia (Capitolina). In the Islamic period, the name was Bayt al Maqdis from the Hebrew Beit Hamiqdash (‘the Holy House,’ i.e., the Temple), revealing the city’s Israelite origin. Only later was the name changed to Al-Quds.⁶¹

But over time, it was asserted that the destination of Mohammed’s journey described in the Qur’an (Surah 17:1) was Jerusalem, the “Farthest Mosque”:⁶²

Glory to (Allah) who did take His Servant for a journey by night from the Sacred Mosque to the Farthest Mosque, whose precincts We did Bless—in order that We Might show him some of Our Signs: for He is the One Who heareth and seeth (all things). (Surah 17:1) [emphasis added]⁶³

It was only after centuries—and most likely to justify the continued Muslim presence in Jerusalem—that the stories of Jerusalem being the place of Mohammed’s night journey and his final ascension (supposedly at the time of Byzantine Christian rule when the Rock was under a dung heap!) were invented. . . this is obvious from the fact that the name of Jerusalem is not mentioned in the Qur’an. . . . While some Muslim authorities have argued that there is a reference to Jerusalem in the night journey of Mohammed when the account says that he went to Al-Aqsa, the name of the mosque which today is built south of the Dome of the Rock, the word Al-Aqsa simply means “far corner”—a term originally applied to the east corner of Mecca, not Jerusalem.⁶⁴

The current status of the Temple Mount is that it is effectively owned by Israel, but jurisdiction is completely in the hands of the Muslims. Even though Israel took back the Temple Mount in the Six-Day War of 1967, by a strange turn of events (God is sovereign, remember?), within ten days the Jews gave up control of the very site of their historic Temples:⁶⁵

Rabbi Shlomo Goren, the chief rabbi of the Israeli Defense Forces . . . recounts the events of that day: “In the midst of deliberations, in both governmental and religious frameworks, about renewing Jewish prayer on the Temple Mount and building a permanent synagogue on the open southern plain, the Minister of Defense told me, to my great surprise, that he decided to pass the auspices and responsibilities for all arrangements on the Temple Mount to the Islamic Wakf. He ordered me to take the Torah study center of the Military Rabbinate down from the Temple Mount and to remove all officers of the Temple Mount. From then on, according to him, the Military Rabbinate has no responsibility for the arrangements there, and I should stop organizing Jewish prayer on the Temple Mount. I accepted the order with anger and pain, and I told the Minister of Defense that this is likely to bring about a third destruction, since the key to our sovereignty over Judea, Samaria, and Gaza is the Temple Mount.”⁶⁶

Previously, Islam recognized the Temple Mount as the location of the Jewish Temple,⁶⁷ it has more recently become politically expedient to deny the Jewish history which transpired at the location.⁶⁸

Controversy continues to rage as to whose site it should be and whether Jews should have access to the site for religious purposes. Even the Jewish rabbis disagree about allowing Jews upon the Temple Mount due to fear that they would accidentally defile the Holy places out of ignorance and lack of preparation:

Does Halakhah [Jewish law] permit Jews to enter the Temple Mount? The Bible specifically forbids those who are ritually impure - as we are today - from entering the inner areas of the Holy Temple. However, many hareidi and religious-Zionist rabbis say that after immersion in a mikveh [ritual bath] and taking other precautions, one may enter the other areas of the Temple Mount. Rabbi Yehuda Edri, of the Movement to Establish the Temple, a principal and educational supervisor for ten years in the hareidi Shas Party’s El HaMa’yan educational system, spoke about this with Yosef Zalmanson today. “Several of our great sages of the Rishonim period,” he said, “such as Maimonides and Ishtori HaParchi, actually set foot on the Temple Mount. In addition, Rabbi Akiva Eiger [d. 1837] tried to find out if the Turks would allow Jews to bring the Passover offering... Over the centuries, the Jews simply got used to not frequenting the Temple Mount because the Moslems allowed neither Christians nor Jews to do so.” Rabbi Edri said that even now, “not one religious authority forbids entry into the Temple Mount per se. It is only that because the sin of entering the Holy of Holies is so grave, they are afraid that Jews who either don’t know or don’t care will also ascend to the Temple Mount and will enter the wrong places. But this does not affect Jews who do know and who are careful.” He agreed that these rulings, ironically, prevent only knowledgeable Jews from entering, while having no influence on those whose entry they wish to stop. ⁶⁹

The Yesha Rabbis Council issued a Halakhic ruling today not only permitting Jews to ascend to the Temple Mount, but even mandating it, contingent upon proper precautions. Excerpts from the announcement of the ruling: “...One of the rabbis commented that by refraining from ascending, we are thereby declaring to the world as if we, G-d forbid, have no part in the Mountain of G-d - and we thus strengthen the Arabs’ feeling that the Temple Mount is theirs. The public is not aware that many rabbis are of the opinion that we currently have the information necessary to enable one to ascend without transgressing, and that therefore those who permit it are not being ‘lenient’ and are not disputing those who came before them - but are rather clearly relying on that which is now known. We therefore call on every rabbi who [agrees with this] to actually visit the Temple Mount, and to guide his congregants in doing so according to Halakhah [Jewish law]. It is a disgrace for us that the Arabs - ‘who say let us seize for ourselves the pastures of G-d’ [Psalms 88] - ascend to the site by the tens of thousands, while barely any Jews do so... All those who continue to feel that it is forbidden did not check the matter sufficiently, and forbade it only because of uncertainty [as to the permitted locations] - but this doubt has been cleared up, and it can be clearly delineated where on the Mount we are permitted to walk. It is our tradition that ‘we do not add decrees.’ In order to forbid something, the Sanhedrin, or all the generation’s Torah leaders, would have to convene and make this decision - but that has not occurred, and therefore the Law remains as it was, namely, permitting ascent to the Temple Mount, as Maimonides himself did and as the Meiri testified that it is a ‘common-place custom’ to do so. Even a prophet cannot uproot a commandment except as a temporary measure. Those who wish to be extra careful [should know that] their stringency is leading to a leniency, in that many people who would be happy to follow the Halakhah actually transgress it out of ignorance - simply because the proper laws are not publicized. The Yesha Rabbis’ announcement, which quotes Maimonides’ ruling [Bait HaMikdash 3,4], states that one who ascends to the Mount while adhering to three conditions - immersion in a mikveh; keeping the laws of Awe of the Temple (no leather shoes, etc.); and knowledge of the precise permitted areas - is fulfilling a ‘great mitzvah [Torah commandment].’ ” ⁷⁰

For additional information on Islam from a Christian perspective, see:

Caner, Ergun Mehmet and Caner, Unveiling Islam.⁷¹

Geisler, Norman L., and Abdul Saleeb, Answering Islam.⁷²

Price, Randall, Unholy War.⁷³

4.16.5.9 - Tribulation Temple

Several passages of Scripture indicate that the activities of the Antichrist involve a future Jewish Temple:⁷⁴

Daniel 9:27 - The prince who is to come confirms a covenant for the duration of The 70th Week of Daniel. In the middle of the week, “he shall bring an end to sacrifice and offering.” This implies an preexisting Temple within which sacrifice and offering had been taking place.

Daniel 12:11 - The daily sacrifice will be taken away and the Abomination of Desolation is set up. The context indicates that this occurs during “a time of trouble, such as never was since there was a [Jewish] nation” (Dan. 12:1). A Temple must have been standing in which the daily sacrifices were being offered.

Matthew 24:15 - Jesus predicted that the Abomination of Desolation would stand “in the holy place.” This refers to a location within the Temple.

2 Thessalonians 2:4 - Paul indicated that one of the acts of the man of sin would be to exalt himself “above all that is called God or is worshiped, so that he sits as God in the temple of God, showing himself that he is God.” [emphasis added]

Revelation 11:1+ - John is told to measure “the temple of God, the altar, and those who worship there.” The context is during the Tribulation, prior to the return of Christ.

It is beyond all doubt that a Temple exists at the time of Antichrist. The only question which remains is which Temple? As we have already mentioned, most preterist interpreters take Nero to be The Beast and understand the fulfillment of his overthrow by Christ (Rev. 19:20+) to be his suicide in A.D. 68. They see John’s mention of a Temple in Revelation 11+ as internal evidence for an early date for the writing of Revelation.

If this were an acceptable explanation and interpretation, then the Tribulation Temple would be none other than the Second Temple prior to its destruction by Rome in A.D. 70. However, attempts to find fulfillment of the book of Revelation, not to mention all the other related prophetic themes, in the events of the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70 require an enormous amount of creative and imprecise interpretation, not to mention outright reversal of textual meaning.⁷⁵ Although preterists maintain that since John is told to measure the Temple (Rev. 11:1+) it must therefore have been standing in John’s day, this is not necessarily so:

Regarding Preterist assertion that this is Herod’s temple, to be destroyed in 70 A.D., there are at least two problems with this view. Firstly, most scholars date the book of Revelation after that destruction and secondly, It does not matter at all whether the temple is thought to still be standing in Jerusalem at the time that John sees the vision, since that would not necessarily have any bearing upon a vision. John is told by the angel accompanying him during the vision to ‘measure the temple’ (Rev. 11:1+). Measure what temple? The temple in the vision. In fact, Ezekiel, during a similar vision of a temple (Eze. 40-48) was told to measure that temple. [Preterists] would agree, that when Ezekiel saw and was told to measure a temple, that there was not one standing in Jerusalem.⁷⁶

There is an additional problem with the preterist view that the Tribulation Temple is the Second Temple: no one in the early church—the saints who lived closest to the times of both Nero and John—understood the preterist scheme. They did not see Nero as the Antichrist and the destruction of Jerusalem as the fulfillment of the book of Revelation. Some of the earliest interpreters, like futurist interpreters of today, expected the Temple to be a rebuilt Temple future to John’s day:

Therefore, when he [the antichrist] receives the kingdom, he orders the temple of God to be rebuilt for himself, which is in Jerusalem; who after coming into it, he shall sit as God.—Ephraim the Syrian, A.D. 373.⁷⁷

But when this Antichrist shall have devastated all things in this world, he will reign for three years and six months, and sit in the temple at Jerusalem; and then the Lord will come from heaven in the clouds, in the glory of the Father, sending this man and those who follow him into the lake of fire; but bringing in for the righteous the times of the kingdom, that is, the rest, the hallowed seventh day; and restoring to Abraham the promised inheritance, in which kingdom the Lord declared, that “many coming from the east and from the west should sit down with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.”⁷⁸

As we discuss elsewhere, the Date of the writing of the book of Revelation is most likely in A.D. 95 or 96 at the end of Domitian’s reign. At that time, no Temple stood in Jerusalem. Therefore, the passages mentioned above which have not yet been fulfilled require the rebuilding of a Jewish Temple. It would appear that this Tribulation Temple must be in place no later than the midpoint of The 70th Week of Daniel in order for the man of sin to sit in the Holy Place and for the Abomination of Desolation to be set up. The Temple may actually be built well in advance of that event, especially since it appears that the breaking of the covenant between the Antichrist and “many” in Israel contravenes the resumption of sacrifice and offering which would previously have been taking place at the site of the Temple (Dan. 9:27). Either the Tribulation Temple will be complete by the time the sacrifice is resumed or, as in the days of the rebuilding of the Second Temple, the sacrifices will be resumed while the construction of the Temple is in progress.

As we discussed in relation to the Temple of the Believer, there is nothing which precludes the existence of a Jewish Temple side-by-side with believers who are indwelt with the Holy Spirit. This was the situation for almost four decades after the Day of Pentecost until the destruction of the Second Temple:

The early Jewish church—before the destruction of the Temple—was indwelt, sealed, and filled with the Spirit and yet continued to worship in the Temple! This would imply that the Third Temple could be built during the church age and even sacrifices commenced without there being a necessary conflict with “spiritual worship.”⁷⁹

Moreover, a rebuilt Jewish Temple would most likely be the product of orthodox Judaism which rejects the Christian reality of the Temple of the Believer. So views concerning the compatibility of a physical Temple while a spiritual Temple already exists within each believer may be irrelevant. There is also the possibility that the Church will be taken in the Rapture prior to the construction of the Tribulation Temple. Finally, we note that during the Millennial Kingdom, a physical Temple will exist alongside believers in Jesus.

As to the practicality of rebuilding the Temple, there is much controversy. Considerable debate attends the identification of the precise location of Solomon’s Temple upon the Temple Mount and whether the Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa Mosque preclude any possibility of a future Jewish Temple on the Mount.

There is also disagreement concerning whether a Jewish Temple could be built upon the Temple Mount while the Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa Mosque continue to stand. Some investigators claim that the Second Temple stood at a slightly different location than that occupied by the Dome of the Rock. Others say this is a moot point because Muslims would never allow the Jews to build anything anywhere upon the Temple Mount so long as Islam controls the location. Similarly, orthodox Judaism considers all Islamic presence on the Mount to be a defilement of their historical holy location. It is beyond the scope of our treatment here to consider the issues related to the precise location and ability to rebuild. See Temple-Related Websites.

See commentary on Revelation 11:1.

4.16.5.10 - Millennial Temple

4.16.5.10.1 - The Predicted Millennial Temple

There is overwhelming scriptural evidence predicting a Temple during the Millennial Kingdom on earth (Isa. 2:3; 56:6-7; 60:13; Eze. 40-47; Dan. 9:24; Joel 3:18; Hag. 2:7-9; Zec. 6:12-15; 8:20-23). Most interpreters do not deny these passages. However, most spiritualize them because they are unable to reconcile a future earthly kingdom, complete with Temple, with a theology which believes that the Church has replaced Israel as the “New Israel” and that the spiritual Temple of the Believer has forever replaced any need for a physical Temple. Even though the level of detail given concerning the Temple (Eze. 40-47) is impossible to explain allegorically or to reliably attach spiritual significance to, most commentators attempt to do just this. They reject the Golden Rule of Interpretation in favor of a completely spiritual/figurative interpretation. This inability to accept the statements of Scripture concerning the details of the Millennial Temple has led to a variety of interpretations:

Several non-literal interpretations have been advanced by interpreters regarding the millennial temple of Ezekiel. These are: First view— The vision was given by God for the benefit of post-exilic Jews to help them remember Solomon’s temple design when they restore the old temple. Second view— Here is an ideal blueprint of what should have been built by the Jewish remnant after their return from the Babylonian captivity. Third view— The prophecy is a grand, complicated symbol of the Christian church. This is the standard amillennial position. As Milton Terry says, “this vision of restored and perfected temple, service, and land symbolizes the perfected kingdom of God and his Messiah.” Fourth view— The glorious descriptions found in this prophecy will surely be fulfilled at the millennium, but do not fuss over the how of fulfillment. This is the covenant premillennial position which refuses to go into details.⁸⁰

Those who seek to dismiss Ezekiel’s description of the Millennial Temple as being non-literal, are inconsistent because similar descriptions elsewhere in Ezekiel are manifestly literal:

The Millennial Temple is not the only temple that Ezekiel describes. In [Eze. 8-11], he describes the departure of the Shechinah Glory from Israel from the First Temple. All agree that his description of the Temple and the events that happen there are very literal. In [Eze. 40-48], Ezekiel describes the future return of the Shechinah Glory into the Fourth Temple. If what he said about the First Temple was literal, then what he says about the Fourth Temple should also be taken literally.⁸¹

Scripture reveals that Messiah will build this future Temple and reign there as both king and priest:

Take the silver and gold, make an elaborate crown, and set it on the head of Joshua the son of Jehozadak, the high priest. Then speak to him, saying, ‘Thus says the LORD of hosts, saying: “Behold, the Man whose name is the BRANCH! From His place He shall branch out, and He shall build the temple of the LORD; yes, He shall build the temple of the LORD. He shall bear the glory, and shall sit and rule on His throne; so He shall be a priest on His throne, and the counsel of peace shall be between them both.” ’ (Zec. 6:11-13) [emphasis added]

The Scripture says, “the counsel of peace shall be between them both.” Between both what? Unfortunately, the translation suffers from lack of precision. Where the instructions say “make an elaborate crown,” the Hebrew actually says, “make elaborate crowns” (plural).

The term for crown is plural signifying that the “branch” will wear both kingly and priestly crowns (Zec. 6:13). The Hebrew word for “crown” here is עֲטֶרֶת [ʿăṭereṯ] , a term never used in the OT for the priestly crown or mitre. Thus, the scene here is the investing of the priest with royal authority.⁸²

There are two crowns: a gold crown denoting royalty and a silver crown denoting priesthood. “Both” refers to the two offices denoted by the two crowns. The Messiah will be both king and priest! This passage refers to the future earthly rule of Messiah Jesus upon the throne of David (Isa. 9:7, see The Arrival of God’s Kingdom).

The rabbis understood this passage to teach that Messiah would build the Temple at His coming (in this case, the Second Coming):

The medieval rabbi Rashi declared that the Temple would descend directly from heaven after the coming of the Messiah. Maimonides also argued that only the Messiah could build the Temple. The prayer at the afternoon service on Tisha B’Av reflects this thinking: “For You, O Lord, did consume it [the Temple] with fire, and with fire You will in the future restore it.”⁸³

To this we could add the implications of Jesus’ statement: “See! Your house [the Temple] is left to you desolate; for I say to you, you shall see Me no more till you say . . .” (Mat. 23:38-39a). The desolation of the Temple is connected with the departure of Jesus, the glory of the Lord (see The Abiding Presence of God). Could it be that the restoration of the Temple is connected with His return? This is what Zechariah’s passage explains. This agrees with Daniel’s prophecy concerning the Most Holy being anointed following The 70th Week of Daniel:

Seventy weeks are determined for your people and for your holy city, to finish the transgression, to make an end of sins, to make reconciliation for iniquity, to bring in everlasting righteousness, to seal up vision and prophecy, and to anoint the Most Holy. (Dan. 9:24) [emphasis added]

That which is to be anointed is not a person, but a future Temple, the Millennial Temple:

Nowhere in Holy Writ is קֹדֶשׁ קָדָשִׁים [qōḏeš qāḏāšîm] (“a most holy”) applied to the Church or to a person. . . Each of the 39 occurrences of קֹדֶשׁ קָדָשִׁים [qōḏeš qāḏāšîm] pertains to the Tabernacle, Temple (specifically the Holy of Holies), or the things of the Temple. . . A reasonable deduction from that fact is “a most holy” is the Temple. The allusion is not likely to be the Holy of Holies proper because that term almost always has the article with it.⁸⁴

The Malbim says that this [to anoint the Most Holy] refers to “the Third Temple,” since “it will be anointed.” This statement reflects the contrast with the Second Temple, which the Mishnah records had not been anointed (Yoma 21b; compare Tosefta Sotah 13:2). The “anointing” refers to the consecration of the chamber that housed the Ark of the Covenant, whose presence sanctified the Temple by virtue of the Shekinah (the divine presence). Since neither the Ark nor the Shekinah were present in the Second Temple (Yoma 21b) rabbinic tradition held that the Ark will be revealed in the future by the Messianic king, who will also build the Third Temple (Zec. 6:12-13).⁸⁵

Since the destruction of the Second Temple many centuries ago and the dispersion of the Jews, the idea of a future Jewish state and a literal rebuilt Temple have seemed fantastic to many. Yet based on his simple reading of Scripture, writing over a century ago in advance of the recreation of the Jewish state, Walter Scott (1796 - 1861) said:

The Jews as a nation shall be restored in unbelief both on their part and on that of the friendly nation who shall espouse their cause (Isa. 18). They then proceed to build a temple, and restore so far as they can, the Mosaic ritual. God is not in this movement, which is undertaken for political ends and purposes. But amidst the rank unbelief of these times, there shall be as ever, a true godly remnant, and it is this remnant which is here [Rev. 11:1+] divinely recognized.⁸⁶

4.16.5.10.2 - Millennial Sacrifices

One of the more difficult aspects of the Millennial Kingdom concerns passages which make plain that a sacrificial system will be active during the thousand year reign of Christ on earth. These sacrifices are both by Ezekiel in his famous passage concerning the Millennial Temple (Eze. 43:20, 26; 45:15, 17, 20), but also by four other prophets (Isa. 56:7; 66:20-23; Jer. 33:18; Zec. 14:16-21; Mal. 3:3-4).⁸⁷

If the writer of Hebrews indicates that Christ’s one-time sacrifice has made a new and living way to approach God (Heb. 10:20), then what possible purpose would future sacrifices serve, especially after the return of Christ and during His righteous rule from Jerusalem?

One of the most difficult passages to harmonize with dispensational literalism is Ezekiel 40-48 . In these chapters Ezekiel recorded a vision of a new temple in which sacrificial ritual occurred. This immediately places the dispensationalist in a dilemma. If the temple is viewed as in the eschaton and the sacrifices are literal, then this seems to be at odds with the Book of Hebrews, which clearly states that Christ’s sacrifice has put an end to all sacrifice. If, on the other hand, the sacrifices are not accepted as literal, this seems to oppose one of the cornerstones of dispensationalism, namely, the normal interpretation of prophetic literature.⁸⁸

Several elements contribute to an understanding of the purpose of sacrifices during the Millennial Kingdom:

Sin Remains - Although conditions during the millennial reign are far superior to the present age (e.g., a just rule, regenerated environment, peace among animals and man), the problem of sin and death remains (Isa. 65:20). Not everyone in the kingdom will have obtained their glorified state of sinlessness (Rev. 20:4+, 6+). At its inception, those believers who survive the Tribulation will enter the kingdom in their natural bodies (Mat. 25:31-34). They will have natural children, all whom will be born in sin, some of whom will reject God (Isa. 65:20; Rev. 20:7-9+).

Ministry of Holy Spirit - The unique ministry of the Holy Spirit during this age, which began on the Day of Pentecost and formed the spiritual Temple of the Believer, may also end at the Rapture of the Church when the body of Christ returned to be with Her Lord (John 14:1-3). This unique spiritual ministry, which began with the formation of the Church for the purposes of the present age may not attend regeneration during the Millennium. Scripture simply does not say. Since a new and different ministry of the Spirit (Spirit-baptism) attended salvation beginning with the Day of Pentecost, it may be presumptuous to assume the precise continuance of this same ministry in the lives of believers subsequent to the departure of the Church. Note that the spiritual Temple of the Believer is associated with membership in the body of Christ during the present age. This spiritual organism was created for purposes associated with Jesus’ physical absence (John 7:38-39; 16:7), but during the Millennial Kingdom Jesus will be physically present on earth. At that time, the literal body of Christ Himself will be seated on the throne of David and ruling from Jerusalem.

Presence of God - Prior to the incarnation, God’s presence was manifested by the Shekinah and approach to the Shekinah was highly restricted through a priesthood and elaborate Temple liturgy. At the First Coming of Messiah, God’s presence was manifested in the incarnation of Jesus (John 1:14) and was handled directly by sinful flesh (Luke 7:44). After the ascension of Jesus, with the coming of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost, believers were baptized with the Spirit and God’s presence dwelt within them as a spiritual Temple and provided a new quality of access to God (Heb. 4:16). The pattern is this: changes in the manifestation of the divine presence (Shekinah, incarnation, Spirit baptism) are attended by changes in the way of approach to that presence (physical Temple and liturgy, direct physical handling, spiritual Temple). During the Millennial Kingdom, God’s presence will be manifested in the physical person of Messiah Jesus reigning from Jerusalem as both king and priest (Zec. 6:13). When the divine presence resides in physical form within the Millennial Temple, an entire priestly liturgy will be instituted which includes a system of sacrifice.

Purpose of Sacrifice - We recognize that animal sacrifice could not purchase salvation (Heb. 10:4) and that it pointed to the sacrifice of the Lamb of God to reconcile sinners to God (1Cor. 5:7; 1Pe. 1:19). “To the objection that a renewal of ‘expiatory’ animal sacrifices is unthinkable and would deny the complete efficacy of our Lord’s atoning death, the reply is very simple: no animal sacrifice in the Bible has ever had an expiatory efficacy [Heb. 10:4]. . . These sacrifices were simply a ‘remembrance’ of the sins committed, and pointed forward to the one sacrifice which would take them away.”⁸⁹ The countless animals which died in the OT did not move man any closer to redemption, but neither were they entirely a forward-pointing memorial. Animal sacrifice had intrinsic value: it provided atonement. We discuss this aspect in more detail below.

As has been recognized, animal sacrifice in the OT was a type—a forward-looking memorial—to the eventual sacrifice of the Lamb of God (Ex. 12:5-6; Isa. 53:7; John 1:29, 36; 19:14; Acts 8:32; 1Cor. 5:7; 1Pe. 1:19; Rev. 5:6+, 12+). Some have explained the sacrifices during the Millennial Kingdom as having a similar backward-looking memorial purpose:

These sacrifices will be types and symbols of their faith in Christ’s death, but that does not make them any the less real. There will probably be mingled sorrow and joy in the sacrifices, as they recall how their fathers refused to accept Christ as the Messiah and how now they have the privilege of seeing it all so clearly.⁹⁰

Most dispensationalists have explained the sacrifices in Ezekiel 40-48 through what is known as “the memorial view.” According to this view the sacrifices offered during the earthly reign of Christ will be visible reminders of His work on the cross. Thus these sacrifices will not contradict the clear teaching of Hebrews, for they will not have any efficacy except to memorialize Christ’s death. The primary support for this view is the parallel of the Lord’s Supper. It is argued that just as the communion table looks back on the Cross without besmirching its glory, so millennial sacrifices will do the same.⁹¹

The memorial view helps explain one of the purposes of millennial sacrifices which they share with OT sacrifices. Yet in itself, this explanation is lacking because the Scriptures indicate that millennial sacrifices are more than just memorial, they provide atonement (Eze. 16:63; 43:20, 26; 45:15, 17, 20). As we saw above, God’s presence will be on earth in a new way which differs from the Shekinah of the OT, the incarnation of the life of Jesus, and the Holy Spirit indwelling the Church as the spiritual Temple during the present age:

Atonement cleansing was necessary in Leviticus because of the descent of the Shekinah in Exodus 40. A holy God had taken up residence in the midst of a sinful and unclean people. Similarly Ezekiel foresaw the return of God’s glory to the millennial temple. This will again create a tension between a holy God and an unclean people.⁹²

Animal sacrifices during the millennium will serve primarily to remove ceremonial uncleanness and prevent defilement from polluting the temple envisioned by Ezekiel. This will be necessary because the glorious presence of Yahweh will once again be dwelling on earth in the midst of a sinful and unclean people.⁹³

When we carefully read the following passage from the book of Hebrews, we notice that the author differentiates between purification of the flesh and cleansing of the conscience:

Then indeed, even the first covenant had ordinances of divine service and the earthly sanctuary. For a tabernacle was prepared: the first part, in which was the lampstand, the table, and the showbread, which is called the sanctuary; and behind the second veil, the part of the tabernacle which is called the Holiest of All, which had the golden censer and the ark of the covenant overlaid on all sides with gold, in which were the golden pot that had the manna, Aaron’s rod that budded, and the tablets of the covenant; and above it were the cherubim of glory overshadowing the mercy seat. Of these things we cannot now speak in detail. Now when these things had been thus prepared, the priests always went into the first part of the tabernacle, performing the services. But into the second part the high priest went alone once a year, not without blood, which he offered for himself and for the people’s sins committed in ignorance; the Holy Spirit indicating this, that the way into the Holiest of All was not yet made manifest while the first tabernacle was still standing. It was symbolic for the present time in which both gifts and sacrifices are offered which cannot make him who performed the service perfect in regard to the conscience— concerned only with foods and drinks, various washings, and fleshly ordinances imposed until the time of reformation. But Christ came as High Priest of the good things to come, with the greater and more perfect tabernacle not made with hands, that is, not of this creation. Not with the blood of goats and calves, but with His own blood He entered the Most Holy Place once for all, having obtained eternal redemption. For if the blood of bulls and goats and the ashes of a heifer, sprinkling the unclean, sanctifies for the purifying of the flesh, how much more shall the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered Himself without spot to God, cleanse your conscience from dead works to serve the living God? (Heb. 9:1-14) [emphasis added]

The writer of Hebrews understands that although animal sacrifices were ineffectual as a means of salvation, they were effectual for the purifying of the flesh. Animal sacrifices in the OT were not purely forward-looking memorials, but also had effectual function in their time. Their function was not that of providing redemption, but of providing ceremonial cleansing.

Hebrews 9:10 and 13 state that the Levitical offerings were related to “food and drink and various washings, regulations for the body,” and the sprinkling of blood so as to sanctify and purify the flesh. Animal sacrifices were efficacious in removing ceremonial uncleanness. While Christ is superior, the fact should not be lost that animal sacrifices did in the earthly sphere cleanse the flesh and remove outward defilement. . . . Hebrews reveals that Christ’s death met certain objectives and operated in a sphere different from that of the animal sacrifices of the old economy. Hebrews states that animal sacrifices were efficacious in the sphere of ceremonial cleansing. They were not efficacious, however, in the realm of conscience and therefore in the matter of spiritual salvation. Because of this, Christ’s offering is superior in that it accomplished something the Levitical offerings never could, namely, soteriological benefits.⁹⁴

With an appreciation of the effectual aspect of OT sacrifice—that OT sacrifice was more than merely a memorial to the coming work of Christ—we can begin to see why sacrifices are indicated during the Millennial Kingdom. Another way of looking at the relation of animal sacrifice to Christ’s redemptive work is to ask what the effect is of adding to Christ’s redemptive work? We know that to add anything to Christ’s redemptive work is blasphemy for it is akin to representing that His work was incomplete. This in itself indicates sacrifice which was required by the OT could not be merely a miniature form of what Christ did. For then, their efficacious value could be said to contribute to the work of Christ. Alas, this is blasphemy! This dilemma is solved by recognizing that the animal sacrifices in the OT had efficacious value which pointed to, but differed in function from the ultimate redemptive work of Christ. Once we recognize this distinction, we understand that in the same way OT sacrifices do not add to the work of Christ, neither will millennial sacrifices take away from it.

Perhaps an analogy would be of further help: that of the contribution of confession in the life of the believer. When a believer is born again, he is unable to become unborn for he is among those chosen by God. As a member among the redeemed, the one-time sacrifice of Jesus paid for all his sin, both past and future. When he commits sin, it does not result in the loss of salvation, otherwise every believer would lose his salvation daily and require regeneration a multitude of times. Moreover, there would be no possibility of knowing whether he has eternal life.⁹⁵ Yet sin clearly separates the believer from God. Although his salvation is secure, his fellowship is adversely affected because He becomes more distant from God. The solution is found in repentance and confession (1Jn. 1:9). We find that the confession of the believer is efficacious for cleansing, but unrelated to his essential salvation. This is analogous to the function of animal sacrifices both in the OT and the coming Millennial Kingdom. They are not salvific, but associated with cleansing and the approach of God by those who still suffer the ravages of sin.⁹⁶

For additional information on the Millennial Temple, see [J. Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1958), 512-531] and [John F. Walvoord, The Millennial Kingdom (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1959), 305-315].

4.16.5.11 - New Jerusalem

At the close of the Millennial Kingdom, after the Great White Throne Judgment (Rev. 20:11-14+), all things are made new and the holy city, the New Jerusalem, comes down out of heaven from God (Rev. 21:1-2+). Perhaps the greatest blessing attending the New Jerusalem is the nearness of the redeemed to The Abiding Presence of God:

But I saw no temple in it, for the Lord God Almighty and the Lamb are its temple. The city had no need of the sun or of the moon to shine in it for the glory of God [the Shekinah] illuminated it. The Lamb is its light. (Rev. 21:22-23+)

In the eternal state, the purpose of every Temple through history is finally achieved: God and the Lamb are the temple. The age-long separation between man and God which has taken numerous forms is now done away with and full communion is restored. Man will once again walk with God in full fellowship as in the Garden of Eden, but now in a glorified state and in a city. Access to the tree of life, lost at The Fall, will now be restored (Rev. 22:2+, 14+) for man may now live eternally without the threat of sin (Gen. 3:22).

In one sense there shall be “no temple” in the heavenly city because there shall be no distinction of things into sacred and secular, for all things and persons shall be holy to the Lord. The city shall be all one great temple, in which the saints shall be not merely stones, as in the spiritual temple now on earth, but all eminent as pillars: immovably firm (unlike Philadelphia, the city which was so often shaken by earthquakes, Strabo [12 and 13]), like the colossal pillars before Solomon’s temple, Boaz (that is, “In it is strength”) and Jachin (“It shall be established”): only that those pillars were outside, these shall be within the temple.⁹⁹

Here is a city said to be 1,500 miles in measurement, yet with all the measurements equal (Rev. 21:16+, 22+). Since the Holy of Holies in the earthly Temples were built according to this design (cf. 1K. 6:19-20), it has been well recognized that what this depicts is that the entire city is a Sanctuary, or rather, an immense Holy of Holies.

See Millennial Kingdom. See Genesis and Revelation as Bookends. See commentary on Revelation 21:2 and Revelation 21:9.

4.16.6 - Temple-Related Websites

The following Temple-related websites contain additional material concerning the history of the Temple and especially modern issues related to the possible establishment of a future Jewish Temple upon Mount Moriah.

Associates for Scripture Knowledge, [http://askelm.com/temple/t001211.htm]

Chronology of the Temple Mount, [http://www.ldolphin.org/chron.html]

Jerusalem Model, [http://www.inisrael.com/holyland/model.html]

Jewish Virtual Library, [http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/geo/Mount.html]

List of Bible Archaeology Websites, [http://www.spiritandtruth.org/sites/sites.htm#archaeology]

List of Bible History Websites, [http://www.spiritandtruth.org/sites/sites.htm#history]

List of Temple Mount Websites, [http://www.spiritandtruth.org/sites/sites.htm#temple_mount]

Noble Sanctuary, [http://www.noblesanctuary.com]

Ritmeyer Archaeological Design, [http://www.templemountonline.com]

Solomon’s Temple, [http://www.solomonstemple.com]

Temple Institute, [http://www.templeinstitute.org]

Temple Mount Archaeological Destruction, [http://www.har-habayt.org]

Temple Mount UST Project, [http://www.ust.ucla.edu/ustweb/Projects/israel.htm]

TempleMount.Org, [http://www.templemount.org]

Walking in Their Sandals, [http://www.ancientsandals.com/overviews/temple.htm]

World of the Bible, [http://www.worldofthebible.com]

Notes

¹ Concerning the Temple as God’s House and the place of His name: Deu. 12:5, 11; 12:21; 1Chr. 28:6; 2Chr. 6:20; 7:16; 20:19; Ezra 6:12; Ne. 1:9; Mat. 21:13; Mark 11:17; Luke 19:46.

² A picnic analogy may be helpful. Consider sin as tomato ketchup. When ketchup spills on a man’s clothing, it stains his clothing. But when ketchup is spilled on the coals of a fire, the coals consume the ketchup. The man’s clothing remains stained, but the coals are unaffected by the ketchup. The coals of the fire are like God: that which is sinful is consumed by His power and Holiness. Concerning God’s consuming fire: Ex. 24:17; Lev. 9:24; Num. 11:1; Deu. 4:24; 5:25; 9:3; 1K. 18:38; 1Chr. 21:26; 2Chr. 7:1; Ps. 50:3; Isa. 33:14; Jer. 21:12; Heb. 12:29.

³ [Randall Price, The Coming Last Days Temple (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 1999)], [www.WorldOfTheBible.com].

⁴ Gen. 32:30, 33:10; Ex. 3:6; 19:21; 33:11; Num. 12:8; Deu. 5:4; 34:10; Jdg. 13:22; 1S. 6:19; 1K. 19:13; Ps. 17:15; Isa. 6:5; John 1:18; 1Cor. 13:2; 1Jn. 3:2; 4:12; Rev. 22:4+.

⁵ See The Abiding Presence of God.

⁶ Although the initial motive for the expulsion was to prevent their partaking from the tree of life, it soon becomes apparent that fellowship with God apart from sacrificial offering is no longer possible (Gen. 4:7).

⁷ Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 599.

⁸ David J. Macleod, “The Incarnation of the Word: John 1:14,” in Bibliotheca Sacra, vol. 161 no. 641 (Dallas, TX: Dallas Theological Seminary, January-March 2004), 77.

⁹ The presence of God is essentially that which defines the Temple.

¹⁰ Concerning God’s abiding presence in visible form: Gen. 3:8, 24; 15:17; Ex. 3:2; 13:21-22; 14:19-20, 24; 16:10; 19:18; 24:15-16; 33:18-23; 34:5-6; 40:34; Lev. 9:6, 23; Num. 14:10, 22; 16:19, 42; 20:6; Deu. 5:25-26; 33:16; 1K. 8:10-11; 2Chr. 7:1; Isa. 4:5; 35:2; 40:5; 58:8; 60:3; Eze. 1:28; 3:23; 9:3; 10:18; 43:2-4; Hag. 2:7-9; Zec. 2:5; Mat. 16:27; 17:2; 24:30; Mark 9:3; Luke 2:8-9; 9:29; John 1:14; Acts 2:3; 9:3; 22:6; 26:13; Heb. 1:3; 2Pe. 1:16-17; Rev. 1:14-16+; 15:8+; 21:3+; 21:23+.

¹¹ We have omitted the indwelling of the believer by God during the Church Age since this differs somewhat from the Shekinah in that there is no obvious outward manifestation of God’s presence upon the believer as there is with the Shekinah.

¹² David Baron, Zechariah: A Commentary On His Visions And Prophecies (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1918), 496.

¹³ Ariel view of the Temple Mount from the north showing the Dome of the Rock (golden dome, center) and the Al-Aqsa Mosque (gray-blue dome, above center) as of A.D. 2003. The Kidron Valley is to the left. Copyright © 2003 www.BiblePlaces.com. This image appears by special permission and may not be duplicated for use in derivative works.

¹⁴ We have purposefully omitted Mohammed’s fabled night journey to Jerusalem, the Mi’raj (Surah 17:1) because we do not believe it to be factual.

¹⁵ Jesus was crucified outside the gates of Jerusalem (Heb. 13:11-13) on Mount Moriah.

¹⁶ Actually, all three are highly significant to all men everywhere, although most do not recognize it.

¹⁷ Erich Sauer, The Dawn of World Redemption (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdman’s Publishing Company, 1951, c1964), 102.

¹⁸ Concerning the revelation of Jesus to be found in the OT: Ps. 40:7; Luke 18:31; 24:27, 44; John 5:39, 46; Acts 8:35; Acts 10:43; Heb. 10:7.

¹⁹ Adapted from [Price, The Coming Last Days Temple, 57] which, in turn, is adapted from a chart by J. A. and Donald Parry in Temples of the Ancient World, p. 521.

²⁰ Price, The Coming Last Days Temple, 61.

²¹ Ibid., 593-612.

²² [Floyd Nolen Jones, Chronology of the Old Testament (Woodlands, TX: KingsWord Press, 1999), 26], [James Ussher, The Annals of the World (Green Forest, AR: Master Books, 1658, c2003), 17]. See Jones for a list of 30 bible chronologers who date creation between 5426 and 3836 B.C.

²³ Martin Gilbert, The Illustrated Atlas of Jewish Civilization (New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990), 33.

²⁴ See [Price, The Coming Last Days Temple, 195] for a more extensive treatment.

²⁵ [Torah scrolls are] written on parchment, sewn together, rolled onto wooden rollers called eytz chayeem (tree of life), and read regularly in the synagogue.—Israel My Glory, May/June 2001, 23.

²⁶ Price, The Coming Last Days Temple, 195.

²⁷ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 610.

²⁸ “Josephus states that the Tabernacle was brought into the First Temple [Antiquities, pp. 8. 101, 106], and that the effect of the spread-winged cherubim was to make it appear as a tent (8. 103).”—Randall Price, In Search of Temple Treasure (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 1994), 193.

²⁹ The Jewish month of Av (also Ab) is the 5th month of the sacred year and 11th month of the civil year and falls in the months of July-August. [W. A. Criswell and Paige Patterson, eds., The Holy Bible: Baptist Study Edition (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1991), 1314]

³⁰ Thomas Ice and Randall Price, Ready to Rebuild (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 1992), 212-213.

³¹ Flavius Josephus, The Complete Works of Josephus (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1981), s.v. “Antiquities X, xi 7 - XI, i 3.”

³² Price, The Coming Last Days Temple, 495.

³³ Gilbert, The Illustrated Atlas of Jewish Civilization, 32.

³⁴ Price, The Coming Last Days Temple, 526.

³⁵ Ibid., 75.

³⁶ “Dedication” translates the Aramaic word hanukkah.

³⁷ Chaim Potok, Wanderings (New York, NY: Ballantine Books, 1978), 248.

³⁸ Price, The Coming Last Days Temple, 76.

³⁹ Ice, Ready to Rebuild, 65.

⁴⁰ “But the nation had rejected Him; and as He leaves this temple, it is no longer named “my house” (Mat. 21:13) but ‘your house’ (Mat. 23:38). And by reason of His rejection and withdrawal, Israel’s house is left ‘desolate.’ ”—Alva J. McClain, The Greatness Of The Kingdom (Winona Lake, IN: BMH Books, 1959), 361.

⁴¹ Potok, Wanderings, 285.

⁴² Price, The Coming Last Days Temple, 82.

⁴³ For additional background on the transition associated with the Coming of the Spirit on the Day of Pentecost, see [Tony Garland, “Does Dispensationalism Teach Two Ways of Salvation?,” in The Conservative Theological Journal, vol. 7 no. 20 (Fort Worth, TX: Tyndale Theological Seminary, March 2003)].

⁴⁴ There is some disagreement regarding whether each individual believer comprises a Temple of God or whether only the collective body of believers is the Temple. Some note plural pronouns which occur in passages describing the Temple of the believer’s body (1Cor. 6:19; 2Cor. 6:16). Others explain this plural form as teaching concerning the individual, but delivered to the readers as a group.

⁴⁵ “In the rabbinic writings this is a very common term . . . the term . . . is a figure of speech describing a guest at a feast, reclining on the breast of his neighbor. Just as in the Gospel of John.”—Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 754.

⁴⁶ “It is said on separate occasions that the Spirit entered into Ezekiel (Eze. 2:2; Eze. 3:24). How could this be if Ezekiel was permanently indwelled [sic]?”—Mal Couch, ed., A Bible Handbook to the Acts of the Apostles (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1999), 27.

⁴⁷ And in fact many Christians do conclude this even with Scriptural evidence to the contrary.

⁴⁸ “John Townsend stated in his Harvard dissertation on this point: ‘Since Paul sets the desecration of the Temple beside the ultimate blasphemy of proclaiming oneself to be God and since he regards these acts as the climax of the evil which is to precede the parousia [Christ’s second coming], there can be no doubt of Paul’s veneration for this Temple.’ ”—Price, The Coming Last Days Temple, 491. Even if we take this reference to the Temple as being the Second Temple like preterist interpreters do—although we disagree—it still demonstrates that Paul found significance in the Temple then standing after Pentecost.

⁴⁹ Baron, Zechariah: A Commentary On His Visions And Prophecies, 140.

⁵⁰ “His original name was probably Bar Koseva, and it is doubtful whether it was derived from a settlement in the Judean mountains or whether it indicates his father’s name or a general family name. The appellation Bar Kokhba was apparently given to him during the revolt on the basis of the homiletical interpretation, in a reference to messianic expectations, of the verse (Num. 24:17): ‘There shall step forth a star [כּוֹכָב [kôḵāḇ] , kokhav] out of Jacob.’ Bar Kokhba was general midrashic designation for the ‘king messiah’ (see Messiah), and customarily used before the destruction of Jerusalem.”—Geoffrey Wigoder, ed., Encyclopedia Judaica CDROM Edition Version 1.0 (Keter Publishing House, Ltd., 1997), s.v. “BAR KOKHBA.”

⁵¹ Price, The Coming Last Days Temple, 90-96.

⁵² Ibid., 99-100.

⁵³ Ariel view of the southern portion of the Temple Mount from the southeast showing the Dome of the Rock (golden dome, upper right) and the Al-Aqsa Mosque (gray-blue dome, center left) as of A.D. 2003. The edge of the Kidron Valley is in the immediate foreground. Copyright © 2003 www.BiblePlaces.com. This image appears by special permission and may not be duplicated for use in derivative works.

⁵⁴ “It is due to this uncompromising emphasis on God’s absolute unity that in Islam the greatest of all sins is the sin of shirk, or assigning partners to God.”—Norman L. Geisler and Abdul Saleeb, Answering Islam (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 1993), 18.

⁵⁵ “Kateregga writes. . .‘Islam teaches that the first phase of life on earth did not begin in sin and rebellion against Allah. Although Adam disobeyed Allah, he repented and was forgiven and even given guidance for mankind. Man is not born a sinner and the doctrine of the sinfulness of man has no basis in Islam.’. . . Faruqi, notes that ‘in the Islamic view, human beings are no more “fallen” than they are “saved.” Because they are not “fallen,” they have no need of a savior. But because they are not “saved” either, they need to do good works—and do them ethically—which alone will earn them the desired “salvation.” ’ ”—Ibid., 42-43.

⁵⁶ Both OT and NT were written hundreds of years prior to the Qur’an: an incontrovertible fact. For example, the Dead Sea Scrolls, dated prior to the birth of Christ, contain the detailed prediction of His death (Isaiah 53). Neither Judaism nor Islam can adequately deal with this reality for both deny the substitutionary atonement of the death of Messiah.

⁵⁷ Imad N. Shehadeh, “Do Muslims and Christians Believe in the Same God?,” in Bibliotheca Sacra, vol. 161 no. 641 (Dallas, TX: Dallas Theological Seminary, January-March 2004), 22-23, 26.

⁵⁸ Ice, Ready to Rebuild, 163-164.

⁵⁹ “He said: ‘I will go to my Lord! He will surely guide me! O my Lord! grant me a righteous (son)!’ So We gave him the good news of a boy ready to suffer and forbear. Then, when (the son) reached (the age of serious) work with him, He said: ‘O my son! I see in vision that I offer thee in sacrifice: now see what is thy view!’ (The son) said: ‘O my father! Do as thou art commanded: thou wilt find me, if Allah so wills one practising patience and constancy!’ So when they had both submitted their wills (to Allah), and he had laid him prostrate on his forehead (for sacrifice), We called out to him, ‘O Abraham! Thou hast already fulfilled the vision!’—thus indeed do we reward those who do right. For this was obviously a trial—and we ransomed him with a momentous sacrifice: and we left (this blessing) for him among generations (to come) in later times: ‘Peace and salutation to Abraham!’ Thus indeed do We reward those who do right for he was one of Our believing servants. And we gave him the good news of Isaac—a prophet—one of the righteous. We blessed him and Isaac: but of their progeny are (some) that do right and (some) that obviously do wrong, to their own souls. (Surah 37:99-113)” [emphasis added]—Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Meaning of the Holy Qur’an (Beltsville, MD: Amana Publications, 2001), Surah 37:99-113.

⁶⁰ Price, The Coming Last Days Temple, 170.

⁶¹ Ibid., 180.

⁶² “The Farthest Mosque must refer to the site of the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem on the hill of Moriah, at or near which stands the Dome of the Rock. This and the Mosque known as the Farthest Mosque (al Masjid al Aqsa) were completed by the Amir ’Abd al Malik in A.H. 68. Farthest, because it was the place of worship farthest west which was known to the Arabs in the time of the Holy Prophets: it was a sacred place to both Jews and Christians, but the Christians then had the upper hand, as it was included in the Byzantine (Roman) Empire, which maintained a Patriarch at Jerusalem.”—Ali, The Meaning of the Holy Qur’an, 673n2168.

⁶³ Ibid., Surah 17:1.

⁶⁴ Price, The Coming Last Days Temple, 173-174.

⁶⁵ “June 7, 1967 - Israel, during the Six-Day War, liberates Temple Mount; hopes of rebuilding Temple revive, and Rabbi Goren suggests blowing up mosques on the Temple Mount, but later Defense Minister Moshe Dayan orders Israeli flag removed from atop the Dome of the Rock. . . . June 17, 1967 - Moshe Dayan meets with leaders of Supreme Muslim Council in Al-Aqsa Mosque and returns Temple Mount, especially site of the Temple, to sovereign control of the Muslim Wakf as a gesture of peace; agrees that Jews can have access to Mount, but cannot conduct prayers or religious activities.”—Ibid., 602, 603.

⁶⁶ Price, The Coming Last Days Temple, 104-105.

⁶⁷ “ ‘This site is one of the oldest in the world. Its sanctity dates from the earliest times. Its identity with the site of Solomon’s Temple is beyond dispute.’—Guidebook issued by the Supreme Muslim Council of Jerusalem in 1930”—Randall Price, Unholy War (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2001), 259.

⁶⁸ Yet even the Qur’an indicates that the Promised Land was given to Moses and the Jews: “Remember Moses said to his people: ‘O my People! Call in remembrance the favour Of Allah unto you, when He produced prophets among you, made you kings, and gave You what He had not given to any other among the peoples. O my people! enter the holy land which Allah hath assigned unto you, and turn not back ignominiously, for then will ye be overthrown, to your own ruin.’ (Surah 5:20-21)”—Ali, The Meaning of the Holy Qur’an, Surah 5:20-21.

⁶⁹ TEMPLE MOUNT CLOSED EARLY; WHAT DOES JEWISH LAW SAY?, Arutz Sheva News Service, Monday, August 25, 2003 / Av 27, 5763. [www.IsraelNationalNews.com].

⁷⁰ YESHA RABBIS: A ‘MITZVAH’ TO VISIT TEMPLE MOUNT, Arutz Sheva News Service, Friday, September 5, 2003. [www.IsraelNationalNews.com].

⁷¹ Ergun Mehmet Caner and Emir Fethi Caner, Unveiling Islam (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2002).

⁷² Geisler, Answering Islam.

⁷³ Price, Unholy War.

⁷⁴ We have only included passages which are definite references to the Tribulation Temple. Other passages may be related to the Tribulation Temple, but such reference is less certain (e.g., Rev. 13:6+, 14+). Some see a passage in Isaiah as denoting an unaccepted Temple at the time of the end: “Isaiah [Isa. 66:1-6] speaks of a house or temple being built for God which He does not sanction. It cannot refer to Solomon’s Temple or the Temple built by Zerubbabel, because God did sanction both of them. Nor can it refer to the Millennial Temple. That one will be built by Messiah, and God will certainly sanction it. Therefore, the only temple that this could refer to is the Tribulation Temple. . . . What God wants Israel to do at this time is to return to Him in faith, not merely to build Him a house.”—Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 138. Although this may be possible, the passage may simply denote God’s dislike of insincere worship offered within the existing temple.

⁷⁵ The city of Babylon in Revelation 18+ is taken to be Jerusalem. God’s defense of the city of Jerusalem recorded in Zechariah 12, 14 is taken to describe its destruction by Rome. For an excellent summary comparison of the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70 with Zechariah, see [Thomas Ice, “The Olivet Discourse,” in Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice, eds., The End Times Controversy (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2003), 182].

⁷⁶ Thomas Ice, “Has Bible Prophecy Already Been Fulfilled?,” in The Conservative Theological Journal, vol. 4 no. 13 (Fort Worth, TX: Tyndale Theological Seminary, December 2000), 309.

⁷⁷ Thomas Ice and Timothy J. Demy, When the Trumpet Sounds (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 1995), 113.

⁷⁸ Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe, Ante-Nicene Fathers Vol. I (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Company, 1885), s.v. “ECF 1.1.7.1.5.31.”

⁷⁹ Price, The Coming Last Days Temple, 501.

⁸⁰ Paul Lee Tan, The Interpretation of Prophecy (Dallas, TX: Bible Communications, Inc., 1993), 318-319.

⁸¹ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 461.

⁸² New Electronic Translation : NET Bible, electronic edition (Dallas, TX: Biblical Studies Press, 1998), Zec. 6:12 n10.

⁸³ Ice, Ready to Rebuild, 173.

⁸⁴ Charles H. Ray, “A Study of Daniel 9:24-17, Part II,” in The Conservative Theological Journal, vol. 5 no. 16 (Fort Worth, TX: Tyndale Theological Seminary, December 2001), 309.

⁸⁵ Price, The Coming Last Days Temple, 249.

⁸⁶ Walter Scott, Exposition of The Revelation (London, England: Pickering & Inglis, n.d.), 219.

⁸⁷ “It must not be forgotten that Ezekiel is not alone in this affirmation of a revival of a temple ritual in the coming Kingdom. As Reeve says, ‘The great prophets all speak of a sacrificial system in full vogue in the Messianic Age.’ [J. J. Reeve, ‘Sacrifice,’ I.S.B.E., op cit., Vol. IV, p. 2651.].”—McClain, The Greatness Of The Kingdom, 251.

⁸⁸ Jerry M. Hullinger, “The Problem of Animal sacrifices in Ezekiel 40-48,” in Bibliotheca Sacra, vol. 152 no. 607 (Dallas, TX: Dallas Theological Seminary, July-Sep 1995), 279.

⁸⁹ McClain, The Greatness Of The Kingdom, 250.

⁹⁰ John L. Mitchell, “The Problem of Millennial Sacrifices, Part 2,” in Bibliotheca Sacra, vol. 110 no. 440 (Dallas, TX: Dallas Theological Seminary, Oct-Dec 1953), 360.

⁹¹ Hullinger, “The Problem of Animal sacrifices in Ezekiel 40-48,” 280.

⁹² Ibid., 285.

⁹³ Ibid., 281.

⁹⁴ Ibid., 288.

⁹⁵ Indeed, this is precisely the situation of the Roman Catholic who may have a mortal sin laid to his account which has the potential to send him to hell in the next moment if he should die before confession and absolution.

⁹⁶ The population who entered the kingdom in their natural unresurrected bodies and who will eventually die.

⁹⁷ J. Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1958), 512-531.

⁹⁸ John F. Walvoord, The Millennial Kingdom (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1959), 305-315.

⁹⁹ A. R. Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” in Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997, 1877), Rev. 3:12.

4.7 - Four Gospels Listen to Four Gospels

Many have wondered why there are four gospels? Especially if three of the four (the synoptic gospels¹ ) have so much in common. There are at least two primary answers which can be given to this question:²

Multiple Witnesses
Multiple independent eye-witness accounts establishes the reliability of the testimony concerning the life and ministry of Jesus.

Varied Perspectives
Each author recorded the events of Jesus’ life and ministry from a different perspective with different goals and objectives.

Both of these answers explain why there are four gospels. It is to the second of these reasons that we now direct our attention.

Throughout history, students of Scripture have recognized a correlation between the four gospels and four different roles of Christ. This is reflected in works such as the Book of Kells, an ornately illustrated work containing the four gospels written in approximately A.D. 800.³ The artwork of the cover page of the Book of Kells shows that the monks recognized a correspondence between the faces of the cherubim seen by Ezekiel and John and the four gospels (Eze. 1:10; 10:14; Rev. 4:7+; 21:13+).⁴

The Book of Kells - The Four Gospels

The Book of Kells - The Four Gospels⁵

The Fathers identified them with the four Gospels, Matthew the lion, Mark the ox, Luke the man, John the eagle: these symbols, thus viewed, express not the personal character of the Evangelists, but the manifold aspect of Christ in relation to the world (four being the number significant of world-wide extension, for example, the four quarters of the world) presented by them severally: the lion expressing royalty, as Matthew gives prominence to this feature of Christ; the ox, laborious endurance, Christ’s prominent characteristic in Mark; man, brotherly sympathy with the whole race of man, Christ’s prominent feature in Luke; the eagle, soaring majesty, prominent in John’s description of Christ as the Divine Word.⁶

These creatures represent four aspects of Christ Jesus as the Lion, the Ox, the Man, and the Eagle. In all four of these aspects Christ Jesus is supreme Lord. As the lion, the Lord Jesus is the King of kings and Lord of lords. . . . Matthew describes Christ in this aspect. As the ox, Christ is the servant of God, and the servant of men. . . . Mark describes Christ in this respect. As the man, the Lord Jesus is a lover, a friend, a companion, an associate, and a leader. . . . Luke describes Christ in this aspect. As the eagle, the Lord Jesus is God Himself, He is Deity, eternal, all-powerful, . . . His deity is fully described in the Gospel of John. These four aspects of the Savior are revealed again in Ezekiel 10:14; Revelation 4:6+.⁷

Some have criticized the correlation of the gospel messages with the four faces of the cherubim as if it were merely the contrivance of an overactive imagination. Yet a close study of the Scriptural evidence makes their correspondence difficult to deny. We believe the table below provides compelling evidence of the divine superintendence of the various biblical authors to achieve this intentional result.

For example, the gospel recorded by Matthew has as its primary audience the Jews. Jesus is presented primarily as King of the Jews. His genealogy is given in relation to the father of the Jews, Abraham. This role corresponds to the lion face of the cherubim, the camp of Judah around the tabernacle (Jesus is the “lion of the tribe of Judah,” Gen. 49:9; Rev. 5:5+), and the “branch” from David who will be “king” (Jer. 23:5-6). Similar correlations occur for the other gospels.

The Gospels Compared

Gospel
Focus⁸
Portrait⁹
Key Verses¹⁰
Lineage
Face¹¹
Camp of Israel
The Branch¹²

Matthew
Jews
King Messiah
Mat. 1:1; 16:16; 20:28
From Abraham (Mat. 1:1)
Lion (Gen. 49:9; Rev. 5:5+)
Judah (East)
King (Jer. 23:5-6)

Mark
Romans
Lowly Servant
Mark 1:8; 8:27; 10:45; 15:34
None¹³
Ox
Ephraim (West)
Servant (Zec. 3:8)

Luke
Hellenists
Son of Man
Luke 19:10
From Adam (Luke 3:23)
Man (Dan. 7:13)
Reuben (South)
Man (Zec. 6:12)

John
Greek World
Son of God (Ps. 2:7; Pr. 30:4)
John 20:31
From Eternity
(John 1:1)
Eagle (Gen. 49:16)
Dan (North)
Lord (Isa. 4:2)¹⁴

4.7.1 - Which Face, Which Gospel?

In criticism of this association, some note the variations found among the church fathers in assigning the faces to the gospels:

The church Father Irenaeus said the human face of the third beast represented Matthew, the eagle of the fourth the gospel of Mark, the ox of the second Luke, and the lion of the first being John. Victorinus said the man pictured Matthew, the lion Mark, the ox Luke, and the eagle John. Augustine identified the lion with Matthew, the man with Mark, the ox with Luke, and the eagle with John. Athanasius referred the man to Matthew, the calf (i.e., ox) to Mark, the lion to Luke, and the eagle to John. Seemingly, almost every combination has been suggested.¹⁵

From this passage is derived the familiar symbolism of the four Evangelists; Mark seated on a lion, Luke on a steer, Matthew on a man, and John on an eagle.¹⁶

But should these variations be taken as evidence of the bankruptcy of any view which correlates the faces with the gospels? We think not. For there is more than subjective guess-work behind our results:

Although the Church Fathers differed in the accuracy with which they understood the correlation and therefore reached differing conclusions, it is significant that they all saw some sort of correlation between the faces and the gospels: “The unanimity of the early church regarding acceptance of some combination of such symbolism is remarkable.”¹⁷

There is objective evidence found within Scripture itself which reliably establishes the intended emphasis of each gospel. This evidence is found in the genealogies of Christ which establish the line of Jesus from Abraham (Matthew), Adam (Luke), and eternity (John). Thus we know with some certainty that Matthew presents Jesus as King of the Jews, Luke as the Son of Man, and John as the Son of God. The only remaining question is that of the presentation of Mark. There being no genealogy in Mark, it seems plain that the emphasis of servant fits his gospel.

The fourfold identification of “the BRANCH” in the Old Testament provides additional objective Scriptural support for the fourfold correlation: King (Jer. 23:5-6); Servant (Zec. 3:8); Man (Zec. 6:12); Lord (Isa. 4:2).

4.7.2 - Camp of Israel

Scripture informs us that the earthly patterns given by God are often a shadow of a greater heavenly reality (Col. 2:17; Heb. 8:5; 9:8, 23; 10:1; Rev. 15:5+). So it is not a great surprise when we find similarities between Israel’s encampment in the wilderness around the tabernacle of meeting and the heavenly realm surrounding God’s throne. Given the level of detail which attends God’s instructions concerning the encampment (Num. 2), it would be unusual if there were no symbolism to be found in it.

The camp was to be set up as follows:

The tabernacle of meeting was in the center.

The camp of Judah, consisting of the tribes of Judah (74,800), Issachar (84,400), and Zebulun (57,400), a total of 186,400 men, camped to the east (Num. 2:3-7).

The camp of Reuben, consisting of the tribes of Reuben (46,500), Simeon (59,300), and Gad (45,650), a total of 151,450 men, camped to the south (Num. 2:10-16).

The camp of Ephraim, consisting of the tribes of Ephraim (40,500), Manasseh (32,200), and Benjamin (35,400), a total of 108,100 men, camped to the west (Num. 2:18-24).

The camp of Dan, consisting of the tribes of Dan (62,700), Asher (41,500), and Naphtali (53,400), a total of 157,600 men, camped to the north (Num. 2:25-31).

Each group was to “camp by his own standard, beside the emblems of his father’s house” [emphasis added] (Num. 2:2).

The tribe of Levi was unnumbered and camped around all sides of the tabernacle (Num. 2:17, 33). “Between these camps and the court surrounding the tabernacle, the three leading mishpachoth of the Levites were to be encamped on three sides, and Moses and Aaron with the sons of Aaron (i.e., the priests) upon the fourth, i.e., the front or eastern side, before the entrance (Num. 3:21-38).”¹⁸

The word for his own standard is דִּגְלוֹ [diḡlô] , means “to put up the flag” and is used of “a troop with banners.”¹⁹ It is derived from the word דָּגַל [dāḡal] meaning look, behold.²⁰ The standards provided a visual rallying symbol for each camp when stationary and on the move (Num. 2:2-3, 10, 17-18, 25, 31, 34; 10:14, 18, 22, 25). Ensign is אוֹת [ʾôṯ] “This is the general word for ‘sign,’ and it covers the entire range of the English term and the Greek word sēmeion. On the pedestrian end of the scale it includes what amounts to a ‘signboard’ or ‘standard’ (Num 2:2). It also includes such important concepts as the rainbow ‘sign’ to Noah (Gen. 9:12-13, 17).”²¹

דֶּגֶל [deḡel] , a standard, banner, or flag, denotes primarily the larger field sign, possessed by every division composed of three tribes, which was also the banner of the tribe at the head of each division; and secondarily, in a derivative signification, it denotes the army united under one standard, like σημεία [sēmeia] , or vexillum. It is used thus, for example, in Num. 2:17, 31, 34, and in combination with מַחֲנֶה [maḥăneh] in Num. 2:3, 10, 18, and 25, where “standard of the camp of Judah, Reuben, Ephraim, and Dan” signifies the hosts of the tribes arranged under these banners. אֹתֹת [ʾōṯōṯ] , the signs (ensigns), were the smaller flags or banners which were carried at the head of the different tribes and subdivisions of the tribes (the fathers’ houses).²²

Both standard and ensign speak of flags which uniquely signify each camp or tribe. In order for the camps to be differentiated, such standards would necessarily differ in color, insignia, or both.

Since the tabernacle was quite small, it seems impractical for the four cardinal directions to have been restricted in width by the dimensions of the tabernacle itself. It seems likely that the Levites, who were not numbered, camped around the tabernacle equally in all four directions and then the other four camps extended outward from there. Given Levitical attention to detail, whoever camped outside of the clear directions of east, south, west, and north (e.g., northwest) would be violating these directional instructions (e.g., by being both north and west).

Using the populations given for the four camps, the ratios of their relative sizes would have been: Judah (1.0); Reuben (0.81); Ephraim (0.58); and Dan (0.85). Assuming the Levites encamped in a square and a uniform width for each camp extending strictly outward in the four cardinal directions, the view from above, as Balaam saw it (Num. 23:9) may have resembled a cross:

Camp of Israel

Camp of Israel²³

This assumes a uniform width for each camp—which cannot be known with certainty. If the boundary between each camp was taken to be on a diagonal (e.g., northwest, northeast, etc.) then the formation of the camp would have not been that of a cross. Even so, this does not adversely affect our main point—that the camp of Israel is a shadow of the heavenly throne.

As to the contents of each camp’s standard, tradition tells us that each camp had a different symbol upon its standard:

Neither the Mosaic law, nor the Old Testament generally, gives us any intimation as to the form or character of the standard (degel). According to rabbinical tradition, the standard of Judah bore the figure of a lion, that of Reuben the likeness of a man or of a man’s head, that of Ephraim the figure of an ox, and that of Dan the figure of an eagle; so that the four living creatures united in the cherubic forms described by Ezekiel were represented upon these four standards.²⁴

Jewish tradition says the “four standards” under which Israel encamped in the wilderness, to the east, Judah, to the north, Dan, to the west, Ephraim, to the south, Reuben, were respectively a lion, an eagle, an ox, and a man, while in the midst was the tabernacle containing the Shekinah symbol of the Divine Presence.²⁵

The Talmud saw in these four creatures the four primary forms of life in God’s creation. It also noted that the twelve tribes of Israel camped under these four banners; some with Reuben (symbolized by a man), others with Dan (symbolized by an eagle), others with Ephraim (symbolized by the calf, or ox), and the rest with Judah (symbolized by a lion).²⁶

The Jewish writers tell us, that the standard of each tribe of Israel took the colour of the stone which represented it in the high priest’s breastplate, and that there was wrought upon each a particular figure—a lion for Judah, a young ox for Ephraim, a man for Reuben, and an eagle for Dan.²⁷

No further information is provided about the size, color or representation on these standards. Jewish tradition, however, does provide a clue to the way in which later generations of Jews viewed the standards. The Aramaic paraphrase of the Torah, called Targum Jonathan, and the ancient commentary on Numbers, called Bemidbar Rabbah, suggest that each tribe was assigned a color corresponding to the color of its respective stone in the high priest’s breastplate. Thus, the color of Dan would be blue because a sapphire is blue. The four standards, therefore, were composed of the colors of the three tribes of each triad. The tradition continues that each of the four standards depicted a living being. Judah’s animal was a lion, Reuben’s a man, Ephraim’s an ox and Dan’s an eagle. This tradition may have been influenced by the cherubim in Ezekiel’s vision who also had four faces (Ezek. 1:10; see also Rev. 4:7+). It should be emphasized that there is no solid biblical or historical basis for these descriptions of the standards. The Jewish tradition, however, does provide the most logical suggestion for their descriptions, particularly in the case of Judah and Ephraim (see Gen. 49:9 and Deu. 33:17).²⁸

Jewish tradition holds that the standards contained the very symbols Scripture reveals in association with the four living creatures (Eze. 1:10; 10:14; Rev. 4:7+).

In opposition to this tradition, some have noted the adverse reaction of the Jews of NT times to the images on the Roman standards:

Every tribe had its particular standard, probably with the name of the tribe embroidered with large letters. It seems highly improbable that the figures of animals should have been painted on them, as the Jewish writers assert; for even in after ages, when Vitellius wished to march through Judea, their great men besought him to march another way, as the law of the land did not permit images (such as were on the Roman standard) to be brought into it. Josephus Ant. 1. xviii. c. 7.²⁹

It is not clear that the Jews would have allowed images on their standards: In the time of Augustus, Roman legionaries would leave their standards in the Judean port city of Caesarea, so that the images drawn upon them would not offend the sensitive Jews.³⁰

In response to this proposed difficulty, it may be observed:

Jewish writers and rabbinical tradition maintain the standards did have images of animals upon them. Of all people least likely to suggest that animal insignias were upon the standards (due to Ex. 20:4), it is the Jews themselves who give us this tradition.

The opposition of the Jews of Josephus’ day to the Roman standards may have been due to the particular images they contained, not the mere fact that they contained images. Concerning Jewish opposition to the Roman standards, Josephus relates, “for that the laws of their country would not permit them to overlook those images which were brought into it, of which there were a great many in their ensigns.” [emphasis added]³¹

The Israelites were instructed to decorate the tabernacle, and later the temple, with various images, including lions, oxen, and cherubim (Ex. 26:1; 36:8, 35; 1K. 6:32; 1K. 7:29; 2K. 16:17; 2Chr. 4:3-4, 15). If these images were so offensive to the Jews that they dare not have them upon their standards, how is it that cherubim (of which some have four faces) appear in the tabernacle along with lions and oxen in the temple?

If Jewish opposition to unbiblical images upon the Roman standards is seen in light of the biblical symbolism allowed within the tabernacle and temple, the view that their ensigns could not have contained insignia of the four faces is less convincing, especially in the light of Jewish tradition itself. It seems likely that Adam and Eve would have seen cherubim when they were driven out of Eden (Gen. 3:24). Perhaps their knowledge of the faces of these incredible angelic beings, though not recorded in Scripture until Ezekiel’s time, was preserved by tradition.

Jerome Prado provides additional background correlating the images with the camps:

Jerome Prado, in his commentary upon Ezekiel (Ezekiel 1 p. 44), gives the following minute description according to rabbinical tradition: “The different leaders of the tribes had their own standards, with the crests of their ancestors depicted upon them. On the east, above the tent of Naasson the first-born of Judah, there shone a standard of a green colour, this colour having been adopted by him because it was in a green stone, viz., an emerald, that the name of his forefather Judah was engraved on the breastplate of the high priest (Ex. 25:15ff.), and on this standard there was depicted a lion, the crest and hieroglyphic of his ancestor Judah, whom Jacob had compared to a lion, saying, ‘Judah is a lion’s whelp.’ Towards the south, above the tent of Elisur the son of Reuben, there floated a red standard, having the colour of the sardus, on which the name of his father, viz., Reuben, was engraved upon the breastplate of the high priest. The symbol depicted upon this standard was a human head, because Reuben was the first-born, and head of the family. On the west, above the tent of Elishamah the son of Ephraim, there was a golden flag, on which the head of a calf was depicted, because it was through the vision of the calves or oxen that his ancestor Joseph had predicted and provided for the famine in Egypt (Gen. 41); and hence Moses, when blessing the tribe of Joseph, i.e., Ephraim (Deu. 33:17), said, ‘his glory is that of the first-born of a bull.’ The golden splendour of the standard of Ephraim resembled that of the chrysolite, in which the name of Ephraim was engraved upon the breastplate. Towards the north, above the tent of Ahiezer the son of Dan, there floated a motley standard of white and red, like the jaspis (or, as some say, a carbuncle), in which the name of Dan was engraved upon the breastplate. The crest upon this was an eagle, the great doe to serpents, which had been chosen by the leader in the place of a serpent, because his forefather Jacob had compared Dan to a serpent, saying, ‘Dan is a serpent in the way, an adder (cerastes, a horned snake) in the path;’ but Ahiezer substituted the eagle, the destroyer of serpents as he shrank from carrying an adder upon his flag.”³²

In relation to the eagle being associated with the tribe of Dan, we note that Dan means judge (Gen. 30:6; 49:16) and the symbolism of the eagle is often connected with judgment (Deu. 28:49; Job 9:26; Pr. 30:17; Jer. 4:13; 48:40; 49:22; Lam. 4:19; Eze. 17:3; Hos. 8:1; Hab. 1:8; Mat. 24:28; Luke 17:37).

4.7.3 - A Shadow of the Heavenly

Even if some of the details of the camp of Israel differ from those shown above, it would appear that the camp is intended as a shadow of the heavenly throne room. God’s shekinah glory dwells between the cherubim over the mercy seat above the Ark in the tabernacle. Around the tabernacle the Levites (priests) are camped. Around the Levites are the four camps of Israel, each with a standard bearing one of the faces of the cherubim seen by Ezekiel. These picture aspects of heaven.

Camp of Israel as a Shadow of Heaven

Earthly | Heavenly
Tabernacle in the Wilderness (Ex. 25:9; 26:1) | Temple in Heaven (Rev. 7:15+; 11:19+; 14:15-17+; 15:5-6+, 8+; 16:1+, 17+)
Ark of the Testimony (Ex. 25:10) | Ark of the Testimony (Rev. 11:19+)
Cherubim upon the Ark (Ex. 25:18) | Cherubim in Heaven around the Throne (Eze. 1:10; Rev. 4:6-7+)
Levites (priests) around the Tabernacle (Num. 1:52; 2:17) | Elders (priests) around the Throne (Rev. 4:4+)
Standards of the Camps around the Tabernacle (Lion, Ox, Man, Eagle) | Faces of the Cherubim around the Throne (Eze. 1:10; Rev. 4:7+)

It is our view that the camp of Israel in the wilderness is an intentional shadow of the four faces of Ezekiel’s cherubs (Eze. 1:10) and the likenesses of John’s living creatures (Rev. 4:7+) which, in turn, reflect the four primary roles of the Messiah which the gospels record. In their proximity to the throne of God, the faces of the cherubim provide an “echo” or “reflection” of these roles.

Notes

¹ “1. Of or constituting a synopsis; presenting a summary of the principal parts or a general view of the whole. 2.a. Taking the same point of view.”—American Heritage Online Dictionary, Ver. 3.0A, 3rd ed. (Houghton Mifflin, 1993), s.v. “synoptic.”

² Another reason for four gospels can be found in the symbolic meaning of the number four. In our discussion concerning Interpreting Symbols, we mentioned that the number four conveys a symbolic of global completeness denoting the entire world, the earth. The message of the gospels is intended for worldwide dissemination.

³ “As best we can determine, the Book of Kells was copied by hand and illuminated by monks around the year 800 A.D. Although it was probably begun on the island of Iona, between Scotland and Ireland, its name is derived from the Abbey of Kells, in the Irish Midlands, where it was kept from at least the 9th century to 1541. One theory has it that portions of the book were made at Kells, after Viking raids on Iona forced the monastery to retreat to the more isolated location, is uncertain. The book consists of a Latin text of the four Gospels, calligraphed in ornate script and lavishly illustrated in as many as ten colors. Only two of its 680 pages are without color. Not intended for daily use or study, it was a sacred work of art to appear on the altar for very special occasions. Since 1661 the Book of Kells has been kept in the Library of Trinity College in Dublin.”—Jerry B. Lincecum, Fort Worth Star Telegram, 3/29/90 http://artemis.austincollege.edu/acad/english/jlincecum/jbl.bk.kells.page.html.

⁴ “The church Fathers connected the living creatures with the Gospels: the lion, Matthew; the ox, Mark; the main, Luke; the eagle, John.”—Charles Feinberg, The Prophecy of Ezekiel: The Glory of the Lord (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1969), 19. “The gospels give a fourfold manifestation of Christ: He is seen in His sovereignty (Matthew), ministry (Mark), humanity (Luke), and deity (John).”—Norman L. Geisler and William E. Nix, A General Introduction to the Bible (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1986), 28.

⁵ Source: Brian Keller, www.snake.net/people/paul/kells.

⁶ A. R. Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” in Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997, 1877), Rev. 4:8.

⁷ Walter L. Wilson, A Dictionary of Bible Types (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1999), 180.

⁸ W. A. Criswell and Paige Patterson, eds., The Holy Bible: Baptist Study Edition (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1991), 1328.

⁹ [Ibid.] [Graham W. Scroggie, A Guide to the Gospels (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1995, 1948), 95].

¹⁰ Criswell, The Holy Bible: Baptist Study Edition, 1328.

¹¹ Eze. 1:10; 10:14; Rev. 4:7+; 21:13+.

¹² “The identification of the ‘Branch’ (Hebrew, zemach) with the Messiah is as least as old as the Targum Jonathan (50 B.C.), which at both Zec. 3:8 and 6:12 translated zemach ‘Branch’ as mashiach ‘Messiah.’ ”—Randall Price, The Coming Last Days Temple (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 1999), 230. “The epithet ‘Branch’ (צֶמַח [ṣemaḥ] derives from the verb used here (יִצמאח [yiṣmʾḥ] , ‘will sprout up’) to describe the rise of the Messiah. . . . In the immediate context this refers to Zerubbabel, but the ultimate referent is Jesus.”—New Electronic Translation : NET Bible, electronic edition (Dallas, TX: Biblical Studies Press, 1998), Zec. 6:12.

¹³ The genealogy of a servant is unimportant.

¹⁴ LORD here is יהוה [Yahweh] , God.

¹⁵ Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 1-7 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1992), 355.

¹⁶ M. R. Vincent, Vincent’s Word Studies (Escondido, CA: Ephesians Four Group, 2002), Rev. 4:7.

¹⁷ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 355.

¹⁸ Carl Friedrich Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Commentary on the Old Testament (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2002), 1:659.

¹⁹ Ludwig Koehler, Walter Baumgartner, M. Richardson, and Johann Stamm, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament (New York, NY: E. J. Brill, 1999, c1994-1996).

²⁰ Robert Laird Harris, Gleason Leonard Archer, and Bruce K. Waltke, Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1999, c1980).

²¹ Ibid.

²² Keil, Commentary on the Old Testament, 1:660.

²³ See also [John MacArthur, The MacArthur Study Bible (Nashville, TN: Word Publishing, 1997), 199] and [Criswell, The Holy Bible: Baptist Study Edition, 192].

²⁴ Keil, Commentary on the Old Testament, 1:660.

²⁵ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Rev. 4:8.

²⁶ John MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1999), Rev. 4:8.

²⁷ J. A. Seiss, The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 106.

²⁸ William Varner, Jacob’s Dozen: A Prophetic Look at the Tribes of Israel (Bellmawr, NJ: Friends of Israel Gospel Ministry, 1987), s.v. “The Tribal Encampment.”

²⁹ R. Torrey, The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1995), Num. 2:2.

³⁰ Chaim Potok, Wanderings (New York, NY: Ballantine Books, 1978), 268.

³¹ Flavius Josephus, The Complete Works of Josephus (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1981), s.v. “Ant. XVIII, v3.”

³² Keil, Commentary on the Old Testament, 1:660n11.

2.6 - The Genre of the book of Revelation

Expositors of the book of Revelation seem to spend a considerable amount of time discussing the genre of the book. The American Heritage Dictionary defines genre as “A category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, marked by a distinctive style, form, or content.”¹ Many commentators hold that the distinctive style of the book of Revelation is apocalyptic or a combination of apocalyptic with other styles.² But as Thomas observes, this tends to confuse matters since precise definitions of genre and apocalyptic are vague:

No consensus exists as to a precise definition of genre, so discussion attempting to classify portions of the NT, including Revelation, are at best vague. . . . A recent trend among some scholars has been to view Revelation as primarily apocalyptic. This complicates the problem of definition even further because in addition to disagreement about what constitutes genre, uncertainty also prevails regarding a definition of apocalyptic.³

While we would agree that the book of Revelation contains elements which are often understood as apocalyptic (e.g., visions, use of symbols, catastrophic events), we are concerned that many commentators fail to clearly distinguish between the inspired writing of John and the uninspired writings of other apocalyptic works.⁴

2.6.1 - Motivation for Categorizing as Apocalyptic

When commentators emphasize the importance of the genre of the book of Revelation, it is often with an eye to erasing distinctions between the Apocalypse of John and other uninspired apocalyptic works.⁵ By classifying the book of Revelation as apocalyptic it then becomes fashionable to suggest that the same motives, sources, and “after-the-fact prophecy” which characterize the uninspired writings are also at work in John. Here again we see the anti-supernatural biases of the interpreters at work: ⁶

Having categorized John’s work as representative of the apocalyptic genre, commentators then make assertions which are contrary to a straight-forward reading of the text:

The book should not be interpreted literally.⁷

The prophetic content is motivated by a desire to be optimistic.⁸

The book likely represents the work of redactors.

The book is a political document employing hyperbolic literary forms.

The book is primarily devotional rather than containing actual facts of history.⁹

We disagree with these conclusions and the artificial comparison of the book of Revelation with uninspired apocalyptic writings. From our point of view, prophecy is prophecy and the normative literal approach to interpretation is not negated simply because a book utilizes symbols and records events of great importance and magnitude. Suggesting that God gives revelation so that present difficulties can be understood as “illusory” is a gross misrepresentation of the inspirational element of His Word and smacks of cults such as Christian Science.

2.6.2 - Different from Apocalyptic Genre

Thomas rightly recognizes that the book is primarily prophetic and that overemphasizing the genre of apocalyptic will result in a distortion of its message:

In light of Revelation’s self-claims (e.g., Rev. 1:3+; 22:18-19+) and how well it fulfills the qualifications of NT prophecy, the best overall characterization of the literary style of the Apocalypse is to call it prophetic. A blending of genres such as prophetic-apocalyptic or prophetic-apocalyptic-epistolary is not the best answer because it does not allow for the preeminence of the book’s prophetic content.¹⁰

In addition, Mounce mentions a number of dissimilarities between Revelation and apocalyptic literature: the author considers his work to be prophecy; the work is not pseudonymous—John writes in his own name; the writer is not pessimistic but maintains balance; the present age sets forth the redemptive activity of God in history rather than being a meaningless prelude to the end; the moral urgency of the book; and the lack of esoteric knowledge secretly preserved from antiquity.¹¹

Johnson mentions a number of factors which indicate that the Apocalypse should not be lumped in with non-canonical writings of apocalyptic genre.¹² He concludes: “the reader would do well to reexamine every method of interpreting Revelation that rests on this assumed similarity. . . . In no case can it be demonstrated that John depends on the assumed knowledge among his readers of the Jewish apocalyptists for clarify of meaning. On the other hand, he is everywhere dependent on the OT canonical books.”¹³

Our advice is to be wary when encountering lengthy treatments on the apocalyptic genre of the book as they often lay the groundwork for anti-supernatural assumptions which follow. These assumptions often deny the self-claims of the book and fail to see its place within the larger framework of biblical prophecy running throughout Scripture.¹⁴

Notes

¹ American Heritage Online Dictionary, Ver. 3.0A, 3rd ed. (Houghton Mifflin, 1993).

² “It is universally recognized that Revelation is composed of three genres: apocalyptic, prophecy, and letter.”—Grant R. Osborne, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2002), 12.

³ Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 1-7 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1992), 23-24.

⁴ Woods identifies attributes typical of apocalyptic writings: “Extensive use of symbolism, vision as the major means of revelation, angelic guides, activity of angels and demons, focus on the end of the current age and the inauguration of the age to come, urgent expectation of the end of earthly conditions in the immediate future, the end as a cosmic catastrophe, new salvation that is paradisal in character, manifestation of the kingdom of God, a mediator with royal functions, dualism with God and Satan as the leaders, spiritual order determining the flow of history, pessimism about man’s ability to change the course of events, periodization and determinism of human history, other worldly journeys, the catchword glory, and a final showdown between good and evil.”—Andy Woods, What is the Identity of Babylon In Revelation 17-18?.

⁵ Bullinger lists representative non-canonical apocalyptic writings: The Sibylline Oracles (180 B.C. - 350 A.D.); The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs (130 B.C. - 10 A.D.); The Psalms of Solomon (70 - 40 B.C.); The Book of Jubilees (40 - 10 B.C.); The Ascension of Isaiah (1 - 100 A.D.); The Assumption of Moses (14 - 30 A.D.); The Apocalypse of Baruch (50 - 90 A.D.); The Book of Enoch (200 - 260 A.D.). [E. W. Bullinger, Commentary On Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1984, 1935), 121n*] Walvoord mentions the following additional pseudepigrapha : Letters of Aristeas, III and IV Maccabees, Psalms of Solomon, Secrets of Enoch, Sibylline Oracles, The Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch, The Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs, The Apocalypse of Adam, The Apocalypse of Elijah, The Apocalypse of Zephaniah, Testament of Abram, Isaac, and Jacob as well as Christian apocalyptic works subsequent to the book of Revelation: Anabaticon and Pauli, Revelation of St. Steven and Thomas, The Decree of Gelasius, The Apocalypse of Peter, The Apocalypse of Paul, A Spurious Apocalypse of John, The Apocalypse of Sedrach, and The Apocalypse of the Virgin. [John F. Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1966), 24-25]

⁶ “The apocalyptists followed a common practice of rewriting history as prophecy so as to lend credence to their predictions about that which still lay in the future.”—Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977), 18.

⁷ “The main objection is that it interprets Revelation without sufficient sensitivity to its literary form, giving a straightforward, literal reading of the book, rather than using a figurative approach, which would be more appropriate to the book’s symbolic genre.”—Gregory K. Beale, The Book of Revelation: A Commentary on the Greek Text (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1999), 161.

⁸ “It is impossible to distinguish ultimately between prophecy and apocalyptic, for the latter is an extension of the former . . . certain differences do in part distinguish the two forms: prophecy tends to be oracular and apocalyptic visionary, and prophecy has a certain optimistic overtone (if the nation repents, the judgment prophecies will not occur), while apocalyptic tends to be pessimistic (the only hope lies in the future rather than the present).”—Osborne, Revelation, 13.

⁹ Collins emphasizes the devotional aspect over the factitive: “the visions guide readers into a transcendent reality that takes precedence over the current situation and encourages readers to persevere in the midst of their trials. The visions reverse normal experience by making the heavenly mysteries the real world and depicting the present crisis as a temporary, illusory situation.”—Ibid., 14.

¹⁰ Thomas, Revelation 1-7, 28.

¹¹ Mounce, The Book of Revelation, 23-24.

¹² Alan F. Johnson, Revelation: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1966), 5.

¹³ Ibid., 6.

¹⁴ “There is no inherent harm in a literary genre; there is only harm or danger in how a scholar may use such genre against a document.”—Bernard Ramm, Protestant Biblical Interpretation, 3rd rev. ed. (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1970), 144.

4.6 - Crowns

There are two types of crowns mentioned in the NT, στέφανος [stephanos] and διάδημα [diadēma] . Most discussions of these two words indicate that the stephanos is a victor’s crown, whereas the diadēma is a royal crown. “The stephanos was the usual crown of exaltation for victors of games, achievements in war, and places of honor at feasts (AV 1Cor. 9:25; RSV, NEB ‘wreath’).”¹ “Probably the widest NT use of the word [stephanos] is in conjunction with the Greek games as parallels to the Christian life (cf. 1Cor. 9:24, 25; Gal. 2:2; Php. 3:14; 2Ti. 2:5; 1Pe. 5:4).”² “In each biblical use the diadem is a badge of royalty.”³ However, when one analyzes the context within which these two terms appear, it appears that they are not as clearly distinguished as these definitions would imply.

4.6.1 - Stephanos

The Greek word for crown is Stephanos in the following passages:

Jesus’ crown of thorns (Mat. 27:29; Mark 15:17; John 19:2, 5).

Man crowned with glory and honor (Heb. 2:7).

Jesus crowned with glory and honor (Heb. 2:9).

Paul’s Philippian believers (Php. 4:1).

Paul’s Thessalonian believers (1Th. 2:19).

The Twenty-Four Elders (Rev. 4:4+, 10+).

The rider on the white horse (Rev. 6:2+).

Locusts from the abyss (Rev. 9:7+).

Woman with twelve stars (Rev. 12:1+).

One like the Son of Man (Rev. 14:14+).

Believer’s Crowns.

Significantly, in instances where the royalty of Jesus is plainly in view (Mat. 27:29; Mark 15:17; John 19:2, 5), the crown used is not diadēma, but stephanos.

When they had twisted a crown of thorns [stephanos], they put it on His head, and a reed in His right hand. And they bowed the knee before Him and mocked Him, saying, “Hail, King of the Jews!” (Mat. 27:29) [emphasis added]

Here the Roman soldiers clearly are mocking Jesus as royalty, yet He is wearing the stephanos. This use is contrary to the assertion that stephanos is a victor’s crown whereas diadēma represents royalty. Hemer explains the use of stephanos for royalty in this situation because the crown of thorns is literally a wreath: “There is certainly no reason for denying στέφανος [stephanos] its most usual sense here. It is ‘wreath’, not ‘diadem’, Kranz, not Krone. The ‘crown of thorns’ is admittedly στέφανος [stephanos] in the evangelists (Mat. 27:29; Mark 15:17; John 19:2, 5), but that was literally a garland. To the soldiers it meant mock royalty; perhaps to the writers it also implied victory.”⁴ But this fails to explain why Jesus is crowned with a stephanos in other contexts where a wreath is not in view (Heb. 2:9; Rev. 14:14+).

The evidence that the Romans understood Jesus as claiming to be a king and not a victor is overwhelming (Mat. 27:11, 29, 37; Mark 15:2, 9, 12, 18, 26; Luke 23:3, 37, 38; John 18:33, 39; 19:3, 12, 14, 19, 21). Moreover, Jesus is frequently found wearing the stephanos. Those who assert that the horseman of Rev. 6:2+ cannot be Christ because he is wearing a stephanos need to make this determination from other factors.

4.6.2 - Diadema

The Greek word for crown is διάδημα [diadēma] in the following passages:

Crowns on the seven heads of the fiery red dragon (Rev. 12:3+).

Crowns on the ten horns of the beast rising up from the sea (Rev. 13:1+).

Crowns upon the head of the one called Faithful and True (Rev. 19:12+).

The “royal crown” is found upon the head of Jesus in only one passage. In the other two passages, it is upon the heads of the enemies of God.

4.6.3 - Believer’s Crowns

The crowns associated with the reward of the believer are always stephanos. Paul associates this crown with the reward of victory in competition (1Cor. 9:25). Trench argues that Paul’s use of stephanos may not be consistent with that of John in the book of Revelation. Given Paul’s Roman background, he frequently drew from the imagery of Greek athletic competition, but these games were offensive to Palestinian Jews like John and hence unlikely to provide a backdrop for the use of stephanos in Revelation. Therefore, stephanos may denote rule or royalty when used by John.⁵

Crowns for Believers

Crown | Verse | Description
stephanos | 1Cor. 9:25 | Incorruptible Crown
stephanos | 2Ti. 4:8 | Crown of Righteousness
stephanos | Jas. 1:12; Rev. 2:10+ | Crown of Life
stephanos | 1Pe. 5:4 | Crown of Glory⁶

4.6.4 - Not Technical Terms

Our short survey of the Greek terms underlying the word crown indicates that it is best not to take these terms in a technical sense (as if their meaning consistently differentiate between victory and rule). It is best to let the context be the deciding factor in determining the sense which either term conveys.

It is doubtful whether the distinction between στεφανος [stephanos] and διαδεμα [diadema] , the victor’s “wreath” and the kingly “crown,” was strictly observed in Hellenistic Greek. “The crown of thorns” στεφανος [stephanos] placed on our Lord’s head, was indeed woven, but it was the caricature of a royal crown.⁷

Notes

¹ W. E. Raffety, “Crown,” in Geoffrey W. Bromiley, ed., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979, 1915), 1:831.

² Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 1-7 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1992), 172-173.

³ Geoffrey W. Bromiley, “Diadem,” in Geoffrey W. Bromiley, ed., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979, 1915), 941.

⁴ Colin J. Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1989), 72.

⁵ Richard Chenevix Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1861), 109-110.

⁶ Incorruptible: “that does not fade away.”

⁷ M. R. Vincent, Vincent’s Word Studies (Escondido, CA: Ephesians Four Group, 2002), Rev. 4:4.

3 - Commentary

3.1 - Revelation 1

3.2 - Revelation 2

3.3 - Revelation 3

3.4 - Revelation 4

3.5 - Revelation 5

3.6 - Revelation 6

3.7 - Revelation 7

3.8 - Revelation 8

3.9 - Revelation 9

3.10 - Revelation 10

3.11 - Revelation 11

3.12 - Revelation 12

3.13 - Revelation 13

3.14 - Revelation 14

3.15 - Revelation 15

3.16 - Revelation 16

3.17 - Revelation 17

3.18 - Revelation 18

3.19 - Revelation 19

3.20 - Revelation 20

3.21 - Revelation 21

3.22 - Revelation 22

4.5 - Campaign of Armageddon Listen to Campaign of Armageddon

The words “the Battle of Armageddon” are almost a household phrase. Like the “number of the Beast” and “666,” it is a phrase which is familiar to many people who have almost no knowledge of anything else recorded in Scripture.¹ The reason these phrases are so widely known is because of the seemingly sensational aspects of what Scripture records concerning the Tribulation, and especially its conclusion, when the kings of the earth are gathered “to the place called in Hebrew, Armageddon” (Rev. 16:16+). The events are of such magnitude that they are difficult to conceive of, even in our day of powerful weaponry and great potential for devastation. They would seem to record the end of history as we know it.

Along with a widespread familiarity with the phrase “the Battle of Armageddon” are some common misconceptions concerning what the phrase entails. The two most notable misconceptions are: (1) the phrase describes a battle; (2) the battle is fought exclusively at Armageddon. The student of Scripture will find that neither of these common beliefs are accurate: rather than being a single battle at a single location, a more lengthy military engagement is involved spanning a region nearly 200 miles long.

So where did the idea of a “battle” come from? It originates from an unfortunate translation of a passage in the book of Revelation: “For they are spirits of demons performing signs, which go out to the kings of the earth and of the whole world, to gather them to the battle of that great day of God Almighty” [emphasis added] (Rev. 16:14+, NKJV cf. KJV). The term for battle in this verse is πόλεμον [polemon] , which more correctly denotes an extended engagement rather than a single battle.² This is reflected in the more accurate rendering found in the NASB: “For they are spirits of demons performing signs, which go out to the kings of the whole world to gather them together for the war of the great day of God, the Almighty” [emphasis added] (Rev. 16:14+, NASB95).

The “battle” of Armageddon is in fact a more lengthy “war.” In order to emphasize its broader scope, a number of commentators have taken to referring to it by the phrase we have used, the military “campaign of Armageddon.” Even in this phrase there is some imprecision because significant battles which comprise the campaign take place elsewhere then the site associated with Armageddon:

While the term “Battle of Armageddon” has been commonly used, it is really a misnomer, for more than one battle will be taking place. For this reason, many prophetic teachers have stopped employing that term and are using the term “Campaign of Armageddon” . . . But this too, is a misnomer because there will be no fighting in Armageddon itself; all of the fighting will take place elsewhere. . . . It should be noted that the passage says nothing of a battle in this valley, for no fighting will take place here. The valley of Jezreel, guarded by the Mountain of Megiddo, will merely serve as the gathering ground for the armies of the Antichrist.³

4.5.1 - The Motivation

To understand the Campaign of Armageddon, we need to grasp the full sweep of the pattern of rebellion against God which characterizes the history of man. Beginning with the rebellion of Adam in the Garden of Eden (1Ti. 2:14)⁴ and the expulsion of the human family from God’s presence (Gen. 3:24), God has sought after man to restore full fellowship, but man has continued to reject God. Not every man, but most men (see Hide and Seek). This pattern has repeated itself throughout history. Having been expelled from the Garden, the sin of the majority eventually became so offensive that it caused God to cleanse the surface of the planet with a global flood (Gen. 7). After the flood, as in the days of Adam and Eve, every human being knew of God personally. Yet this did not stop the people of the earth from asserting their independence of God at Babel, which God responded to by bringing the judgment of languages (Gen. 11:7-9). Afterward, God chose an individual, Abraham, to which He made unconditional promises (Gen. 12:1-3; 15). From his seed, he raised up the nation of Israel who promised to follow after Him (Ex. 24:7) but they too were disobedient (Jer. 31:32), even crucifying their own Messiah (Acts 2:22-23). Relating the long history of the disobedience of Israel contributed to the death of Stephen (Acts 7). Having rejected their own Messiah, the gospel went to the Gentiles—the entire world (Rom. 11:15, 30). And now we are in that period of time where history shall prove, once again, that the overwhelming majority will continue to reject God. To be sure, an important thread of redemption stretches along in the midst of this sad tale. Countless people through history have turned to God and accepted His offer of salvation. These are the redeemed from among men. But overall, the pattern is one of rejection.

Will this pattern of rejection by man and patience by God extend indefinitely? No. At some point in the future—only known to God—He will know that no more will turn to Him and the curtain of history as we know it will come down. This point in history is the Campaign of Armageddon—when God dramatically intervenes in history to overthrow the rebellion of man in his imagined independence from the Creator. This momentous event is the subject of Psalm 2, which provides a backdrop for understanding the book of Revelation.

Why do the nations rage, and the people plot a vain thing? The kings of the earth set themselves, and the rulers take counsel together, against the LORD and against His Anointed, saying, “Let us break Their bonds in pieces and cast away Their cords from us.” He who sits in the heavens shall laugh; the Lord shall hold them in derision. Then He shall speak to them in His wrath, and distress them in His deep displeasure: “Yet I have set My King on My holy hill of Zion. I will declare the decree: the LORD has said to Me, ‘You are My Son, today I have begotten You. Ask of Me, and I will give You the nations for Your inheritance, and the ends of the earth for Your possession. You shall break them with a rod of iron; You shall dash them to pieces like a potter’s vessel.’ ” (Ps. 2:1-9)

Although the nations rage on an ongoing basis in their rejection of God and His Anointed (Messiah, Christ), there is a specific point in history when they will be given as an inheritance to Jesus Christ. They imagine themselves to be independent: “Let us break Their bonds in pieces and cast away Their cords from us.” This was the motivation of Babel: “let us make a name for ourselves lest we be scattered abroad over the face of the whole earth” (Gen. 11:4). Their motivation was direct disobedience to God’s command to “fill the earth” (Gen. 9:1). This continues in our own day with institutions such as the United Nations which imagine they can bring world peace and unity while denying God. Their plan for peace does not acknowledge the “Prince of peace” (Isa. 9:6) nor the Millennial Kingdom during which He will reign:

Many people shall come and say, “Come, and let us go up to the mountain of the LORD, to the house of the God of Jacob; He will teach us His ways, and we shall walk in His paths.” For out of Zion shall go forth the law, and the word of the LORD from Jerusalem. He shall judge between the nations, and rebuke many people; they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks; nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war anymore. (Isa. 2:3-4) [emphasis added]

The U.N. Building displays these words: “And they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks; nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more” (Isa. 2:4). A verse taken out of its context is only a pretext however. The first part of this verse reads, “And he shall judge among the nations, and shall rebuke many people.” Until Christ the Messiah sits upon the throne of His glory and rebukes and judges the nations, there will be no permanent peace.⁵

Psalm 2 records God’s response to the rebellion of man: He laughs at their puny plans, will hold them in derision (subject them to contemptuous ridicule), and distress them in His deep displeasure. This distress is the Tribulation period which culminates with the Campaign of Armageddon. His plan is to install “My king on My holy hill of Zion.” Jesus Christ, the very One whom they reject, will be installed as King on the throne of David reigning from the hotly contested city of Jerusalem! Such a plan will not come about by the will of man, but only by the zeal of God:

Of the increase of His government and peace There will be no end, upon the throne of David and over His kingdom, to order it and establish it with judgment and justice from that time forward, even forever. The zeal of the LORD of hosts will perform this. (Isa. 9:7)

This bid by man to throw off his dependence upon God is empowered at the time of the end by Satan himself in the person of his final king, the Beast. Thus, the sinful will of man’s flesh will combine with the will of demonic powers in a last desperate attempt to thwart God’s plan.⁶ Since men will not willingly obey what God has foreordained, it becomes necessary to resort to force. “I will give You the nations for Your inheritance, and the ends of the earth for Your possession. You shall break them with a rod of iron; You shall dash them to pieces like a potter’s vessel.” This dashing of the rebellious nations—empowered by Satanic forces—is the purpose of the Campaign of Armageddon. See Trouble Ahead.

When the Lamb took the scroll from the right hand of the Father (Rev. 5:6-7+), He initiated a series of events which ultimately lead to the fulfillment of His title to the earth. The Campaign of Armageddon represents the last great effort of Satan and the rulers of the world to forestall the inevitable—the Millennial Reign of Christ (Rev. 20:4+). See commentary on Revelation 5:1.

4.5.2 - The Preparation

As has often been the case in the past, the nations will be led of God to participate in the campaign which leads to their ultimate demise. Believing themselves to be shrewd, they will be deceived by unclean spirits—all the more effective since they themselves are deceived—to walk straight into God’s trap which He has prepared for them. In a similar way to how Cyrus and Gog, neither of whom knew God, were instruments of His will (Isa. 44:28-4; Eze. 38:16; 39:2), so too will the rebellious kings of the end be mere puppets in their own destruction.

First, the Euphrates river is dried up prior to the gathering of the kings, so that those from the east can more easily be led to the slaughter (Rev. 16:12+). Then God allows the spirits of demons to go out and deceive the kings of the earth to gather them to do battle (Rev. 16:14+). They are gathered “to the place called in Hebrew, Armageddon” (Rev. 16:16+). See commentary on Revelation 16:16. The force will include the ten kings which ally themselves with the Beast. “These will make war with the Lamb, and the Lamb will overcome them, for He is Lord of lords and King of kings” (Rev. 17:12+a). “And I saw the beast, the kings of the earth, and their armies, gathered together to make war against Him who sat on the horse and against His army” (Rev. 19:19+).

Numerous passages record the gathering of the forces which will eventually be fed to the wild birds as carrion (Rev. 19:17-18+):

For behold, in those days and at that time, when I bring back the captives of Judah and Jerusalem, I will also gather all nations, and bring them down to the Valley of Jehoshaphat; and I will enter into judgment with them there on account of My people, My heritage Israel, whom they have scattered among the nations; they have also divided up My land. (Joel 3:2)

In this passage set within the context of The Day of the Lord (Joel 2:2, 31), Joel indicates all nations will be gathered to the Valley of Jehoshaphat (a compound from Hebrew Yahweh and shaphat, meaning “Jehovah has judged”⁷ ) where He will enter into judgment with them. For what reason will God gather the nations at this time—yet future to our day? “On account of My people, My heritage Israel, whom they have scattered among the nations; they have also divided up My land.” [emphasis added] This point is extremely important to understand: this passage is not talking about the Church! God is not talking about defending the faithful in general—in terms of some sort of “spiritual land” which the nations have trespassed! No, He is talking about His heritage Israel (cf. Jer. 50:11)! Notice that there will already be a gathering of Israel back into the land, but God is furious with all nations on account of their opposition to Israel’s God-given right to His land! We can hardly overemphasis the importance of understanding the issues surrounding possession of the land which God gave Israel. Our modern age is moving rapidly to embrace the mindset of Babylon of the end: “All who found them [the lost sheep of Israel] have devoured them; and their adversaries said, “We have not offended, because they have sinned against the Lord, the habitation of justice, the Lord, the hope of their fathers.”” [emphasis added] (Jer. 50:7) Even evangelical Christians, who should know better, embrace such a view. Many stand opposed to Israel’s struggle for her Promised Land. They see Israel’s rejection of her Messiah, Jesus Christ, to warrant her implacable opposition by God and as justification for their own latent anti-Semitism. They believe all her promises have passed or been forfeited and the secular state she is now is to be opposed. But Almighty God says otherwise: “For Israel is not forsaken, nor Judah, by his God, the Lord of hosts, though their land was filled with sin against the Holy One of Israel” (Jer. 51:5).

A few verses later, Joel gives more detail as to the gathering of the nations. It will involve mighty men who are prepared for war:

Proclaim this among the nations: “Prepare for war! Wake up the mighty men, let all the men of war draw near, let them come up. Beat your plowshares into swords and your pruning hooks into spears; let the weak say, ‘I am strong.’ ” Assemble and come, all you nations, and gather together all around. Cause Your mighty ones to go down there, O LORD. Let the nations be wakened, and come up to the Valley of Jehoshaphat; for there I will sit to judge all the surrounding nations. Put in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe. Come, go down; for the winepress is full, the vats overflow-for their wickedness is great. Multitudes, multitudes in the valley of decision! For the day of the LORD is near in the valley of decision. The sun and moon will grow dark, and the stars will diminish their brightness. The LORD also will roar from Zion, and utter His voice from Jerusalem; the heavens and earth will shake; but the LORD will be a shelter for His people, and the strength of the children of Israel. (Joel 3:9-16)

Notice the motif of the harvest and especially the winepress. These are the themes of Revelation 14:17-20+. (See commentary on Revelation 14:17 and Blood Stained Garments.) Notice too the nationalistic aspect of the passage. God will roar from Zion (Jerusalem) while he promises to be a shelter for Israel.

Zephaniah also discusses an assembly of kingdoms in preparation for the campaign:

“Therefore wait for Me,” says the LORD, “Until the day I rise up for plunder; My determination is to gather the nations to My assembly of kingdoms, to pour on them My indignation, all my fierce anger; all the earth shall be devoured with the fire of My jealousy. For then I will restore to the peoples a pure language, that they all may call on the name of the LORD, to serve Him with one accord. From beyond the rivers of Ethiopia My worshipers, the daughter of My dispersed ones, shall bring My offering. In that day you shall not be shamed for any of your deeds in which you transgress against Me; for then I will take away from your midst those who rejoice in your pride, and you shall no longer be haughty in My holy mountain. I will leave in your midst a meek and humble people, and they shall trust in the name of the LORD.” (Zep 3:8-12)

The context is prior to the Millennial Kingdom when God will restore to the peoples a pure language and when offerings will be brought and shame will be gone. He also mentions a purging where the prideful and haughty will be taken from their midst and humility shall prevail.

Here not only giving the millennial nations “cleansed” or “purified” lips, as regenerated peoples, but apparently also in the sense that “lip” signifies “language” (Gen. 11:1, 6-7, 9), and possibly indicating that the Hebrew language will be the one universal language of the Kingdom age (Zec. 14:9). That would be not all that surprising, since Israel will be the chief nation in that economy (Deu. 28:13) and Jerusalem in that day will be the religious and governmental capital of the millennial earth (Isa. 2:2-3; Zec. 8:20-23). Moreover, it is all the more probable since the judgment of the nations at the second advent will eventuate in the destruction of the satanic world system . . . That system had its beginning in ancient Babylon with its pride, idolatry, and rebellion (Gen. 10:8-10; 11:1-6). The gift of a pure speech will remove the curse of Babel, and it will anticipate the great millennial outpouring of the Spirit (Joel 2:28-32), of which Pentecost (Acts 2:1-11) was an illustration.⁸

The nations will assemble with their own agenda. Being ignorant of the Scriptures, and rebellious in any case, they will not be aware that they have already begun to drink from the cup of God’s wrath. They are already intoxicated and on their way to fulfill their own destruction.

Since all nations are involved, and the world is controlled by a ten-nation confederacy allied with the Beast, Scripture does not offer a great deal of additional information concerning the identity of specific nations. Nevertheless, some information can be gleaned from passages such as Daniel 11 and Revelation 16+ which make general mention of some of the players:

There will be four great world powers: (1) the ten kingdom federation of nations under the Beast which constitutes the final form of the fourth great world empire; (2) the northern federation, Russia and her allies; (3) the Kings of the East, the Asiatic peoples from beyond the Euphrates; and (4) the King of the South, a north African power or powers. Another great power must be added, because of His active participation in the campaign; (5) the Lord and His armies from heaven. While the animosity of the first four is vented against each other and against Israel (Zec. 12:2-3; 14:2), it is particularly against the God of Israel that they fight (Ps. 2:2; Isa. 34:2; Zec. 14:3; Rev. 16:14+; 17:14+; 19:11+, 14-15+, 19+, 21+).⁹

The degree to which Russia plays a part depends upon whether one views Ezekiel 38 and 39 as being part of the Campaign of Armageddon and on whether one takes “prince of Rosh” to describe the leader of Russia or a “chief prince.”¹⁰ It is our view that Ezekiel 38 and 39 describe a different conflict which is not part of the Campaign of Armageddon. See Gog Attacks Israel. Even if the Ezekiel passage is unrelated, Russia could still be involved since Daniel mentions a “king of the North” who attacks Antichrist at the time of the end (Dan. 11:40).¹¹

4.5.3 - Locations

The Campaign of Armageddon occurs in stages and involves a number of locations in modern day Israel and Jordan.

4.5.3.1 - Megiddo

The campaign is said to be in a place called in Hebrew, “Armageddon” (Rev. 16:16+).Ἁρμαγεδών [Harmagedōn] is “a Hebrew place-name meaning Mount or Hill of Megiddo and generally identified as the fortress overlooking a pass through the Carmel Range into Galilee.”¹² The word is derived from a combination of Hebrew הָר [hār] , mountain, and מְגִדּוֹן [meḡiddôn] , Megiddo (Zec. 12:11).

Megiddo was known for its strategic location. The battle which Deborah and Barak fought against Sisera, the commander of the Canaanite army, was at Taanach, by the waters of Megiddo (Jdg. 5:19). “Taanach, located five miles southeast of Megiddo, was an ancient fortress town guarding one of the pivotal passes to Esdraelon. The Wadi Kishon and its tributaries are referred to poetically as the waters of Megiddo. Megiddo commanded the pass between Esdraelon and the Plain of Sharon, and the nearby plain was the scene of other great battles (Jdg. 6:33; 1S. 29:1; 31:2; 2K 23:28-30).”¹³ King Josiah was killed by Pharaoh Necho in a battle at Megiddo (2K. 23:29; 2Chr. 35:22).

The hill of Megiddo, located west of the Jordan River in north central Palestine, some ten miles south of Nazareth and fifteen miles inland from the Mediterranean seacoast, was an extended plain on which many of Israel’s battles had been fought. There Deborah and Barak defeated the Canaanites (Judges 4 and 5). There Gideon triumphed over the Midianites (Judges 7). There Saul was slain in the battle of the Philistines (1S. 31:8). There Ahaziah was slain by Jehu (2K. 9:27). And there Josiah was slain in the invasion by the Egyptians (2K. 23:29-30; 2Chr. 35:22).¹⁴

The mourning of Israel when they realize they have pierced their own Messiah, is likened to the mourning associated with a historical event from Megiddo’s past: “In that day there shall be a great mourning in Jerusalem, like the mourning at Hadad Rimmon in the plain of Megiddo” (Zec. 12:11).

Hadad-Rimmon is not mentioned in Scripture in the brief account of Josiah’s defeat and death, but evidently tradition preserved the exact locality of the good king’s fatal wounding, here recorded by inspiration. It has been identified with the village of Rummaneh, located four miles southeast of Megiddo.¹⁵

The reference can be nothing else than to the national mourning over the pious young king Josiah, who was slain by Pharaoh Necho “in the valley of Megiddo,” as recorded in 2K. 23:29-30 and more fully in 2Chr. 35:20-27. His death was the greatest sorrow which had till then befallen Judah, inasmuch as he was “the last hope of the declining Jewish kingdom, and in his death the last gleam of the sunset of Judah faded into night.” In that great mourning for Josiah the prophet Jeremiah took part, and wrote dirges for it (2Chr. 35:25), and the national lamentations over him continued and became “an ordinance” in Israel, which survived the seventy years’ captivity and continued “to this day,” when the chronicles were closed.¹⁶

Megiddo overlooks the western part of the Jezreel Valley and controls a strategic access point to the plain below.

The plain of Megiddo has five gates. One is the defile leading to the Bay of Acco, and another the threefold gate to the plain of Sharon, formed by narrow valleys across Carmel and guarded by the three fortresses of Jokneam, Megiddo, and Taanach. Of these Megiddo was by far the most important, because it controlled also the narrow volcanic causeway leading across the easily flooded plain.¹⁷

Megiddo was in the plain of Esdraelon, “which has been a chosen place for encampment in every contest carried on in Palestine from the days of Nabuchodonozor king of Assyria, unto the disastrous march of Napoleon Bonaparte from Egypt into Syria. Jews, Gentiles, Saracens, Christian crusaders, and anti-Christian Frenchmen; Egyptians, Persians, Druses, Turks, and Arabs, warriors of every nation that is under heaven, have pitched their tents on the plain of Esdraelon, and have beheld the banners of their nation wet with the dews of Tabor and Hermon” [“Clarke’s Travels,” cited by Lee.]¹⁸

See Jezreel Valley. See commentary on Revelation 16:16.

4.5.3.2 - Valley of Jehoshaphat

A key passage associated with the Campaign of Armageddon mentions that God will assemble all nations in the “Valley of Jehoshaphat” (Joel 3:2, 12). Some hold that the Valley of Jehoshaphat (“Yahweh shall judge”¹⁹ ) refers to the valley situated between Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives to the east.²⁰ It was in this valley where king Jehoshaphat is thought to have overthrown the enemies of Israel, the “valley of Beracah” (2Chr. 20:26).²¹

Its identification with the Kidron Valley, which began in the fourth century, is somewhat uncertain since no actual valley of this name is known to pre-Christian antiquity. Eusebius in the Onomasticon (ed. Klostermann, p. 70) located the valley of Jehoshaphat in the Valley of Hinnom, possibly because of the judgments that were associated with that place in connection with the idolatrous kings of Judah (cf. Jer. 7:31f; 19:5f, where it is called “the valley of Slaughter”). Since the time of the Pilgrim of Bordeaux (A.D. 333), however, the Kidron has become increasingly the site popularly accepted.²²

Others suggest the name is descriptive of what God will accomplish (judgment) at the location rather than any association with an event in the life of King Jehoshaphat. Perhaps it is to be associated with the plain of Esdraelon:

It is clear both from the contexts of Joel 3:2, 12 and from the term used twice in Joel 3:14, “the valley of decision” (cf. Zep. 3:8), that the name is to be interpreted as the scene of judgment, and not taken from the king of the same name. Eze. 39:11 and Rev. 16:16+ seem to locate it in the plain of Esdraelon (Armageddon).²³

4.5.3.3 - Jezreel Valley

The Jezreel Valley is what many call the Valley of Armageddon. “So what is know as the Valley of Armageddon in Christian circles is actually the biblical Valley of Jezreel. The term Armageddon is never applied to the valley itself, but only to the mount at the western end.”²⁴

Jezreel Valley

Jezreel Valley²⁵

“The Valley of Jezreel is a lowland corridor extending southeastward from the Bay of Acco (modern Haifa Bay) to the edge of the Jordan Valley at Beth-shean. It is known today as Emek Yizreel, or more simply the Emek.”²⁶ The town of Jezreel divides it into two regions, to the west is the central plain of Megiddo.“The hill of Megiddo, overlooks the Valley of Jezreel in northern Israel. It was the site of numerous biblical conflicts (cf. Jos. 12:12; Jdg. 5:19; 2K. 23:29). Megiddo itself served as a military stronghold for several generations (cf. Jdg. 1:27; 2K. 8:27).”²⁷

4.5.3.4 - City of Babylon

It appears that Babylon, on the banks of the Euphrates, will be rebuilt and become a commercial power at the time of the end. It may function for a time as the location of the throne of the Beast (Rev. 16:10+), but will be destroyed as part of the Campaign of Armageddon during the seventh bowl judgment (Rev. 16:19+).²⁸ Fruchtenbaum believes Antichrist to be the king of Babylon who is away at war when the city is destroyed:²⁹

The very fact that messengers must be sent out to inform the king of Babylon that his city is destroyed [Jer. 50:43; 51:31-32], is a clear-cut indication that he will not be there when it happens. . . . So where is he? . . . it would appear that while the Antichrist is meeting his forces in the Valley of Jezreel, his enemies take the opportunity to gather and destroy his capital city.³⁰

Unger assumes these texts describe the delivery of the news of the surprise capture in the day of Cyrus: “Couriers and messengers scurried to report Cyrus’s surprise capture of the city to the king of Babylon.”³¹ But the king of Babylon at the time of Cyrus was Belshazzar who resided in Babylon on the night of its capture and was slain (Dan. 5:30-31))

See The Identity of Babylon.

4.5.3.5 - Edom

Edom is the name given to Esau (Gen. 25:30) and the name of the country settled by his descendants (the Edomites). The area they settled is within what is now southern Jordan. In the region of Edom, both Sela and Bozrah are connected with the wilderness region to which the Jewish remnant flees for protection. Thus, Antichrist advances here in an attempt to destroy the Jews. Several passages (including Isa. 34, 36, see below) indicate that God will intervene on behalf of His people in Edom at the time of the end. See Sheep in Bozrah.

4.5.3.6 - Jerusalem

The city which stands upon Mount Moriah, where Abraham offered Isaac and where Solomon’s Temple was built. This is where Messiah Jesus was crucified and where He will return to overthrow the nations who gather against her in the time of the end (Zec. 12:2-11; 14:2).

4.5.4 - Sequence of Events

Scripture does not give great detail concerning the sequence of events during the Campaign of Armageddon. Most of the passages concerning this time are sprinkled in various prophetic passages which combine both a near-term and a far-future referent. This complicates matters for the interpreter because he must determine which portions of the passage are clearly fulfilled in historic events near the time of the prophet and whether portions of the passage speak down the corridor of prophetic vision to the time of the end—remaining yet unfulfilled. In some cases, such as the final and complete destruction of Babylon, it is not too difficult to see that aspects of the destruction described by the prophets have not yet come to pass. In other cases, things are more complex. Because of these difficulties, we should approach any proposal concerning the sequence of events with caution and an open mind, for there are a considerable variety of views on this matter:

There are a number of theories as to the events in the campaign of Armageddon: (1) Armageddon will be a conflict between the Roman empire and the northern confederacy [Sale-Harrison]; (2) it will be a conflict between the Roman empire and the kings of the east, or the Asiatic powers [Ironside]; (3) Armageddon will be a conflict between all nations and God [Pettingill]; (4) it will be a conflict between four great world powers [McClain]; (5) it will be a conflict between the Roman empire, Russia, and the Asiatic powers [Lindberg]; (6) it will exclude Russia, but will take place between the Roman, eastern, and northern powers which will exclude Russia [Feredy], based on the theory that Ezekiel 38 and 39 takes place in the millennium; (7) Russia is the only aggressor at Armageddon [Rimmer], based on the theory that there will be no revived form of the Roman empire. One can see what a wide divergence of opinion there is as to the chronology of events in this campaign.³²

The Campaign of Armageddon

The Campaign of Armageddon³³

Fruchtenbaum suggests a sequence of events as follows:³⁴

The Assembling of the Allies of Antichrist - When the sixth bowl is poured out, the Euphrates river is dried up and the kings of the earth are gathered to the valley of Jezreel (Rev. 16:12-16+; Joel 3:9-11).

The Destruction of Babylon - Babylon is rebuilt on the banks of the Euphrates to become the world economic capital (Zec. 5:5-11). While the Antichrist is away at Megiddo, Babylon undergoes catastrophic destruction (Isa. 13, 14; Jer. 50, 51; Rev. 15:8+; 17:18+; 18+; 19:2+).

The Fall of Jerusalem - The Antichrist receives news that his capital city has been destroyed and moves south against Jerusalem (Zec. 12:1-3; 14:1-9; Mic. 4:11-5:1). The Jews will put up a mighty defense, but Jerusalem will eventually fall (Zec. 14:2).

The Armies of the Antichrist at Bozrah - The Jewish remnant flees to the mountains (Mat. 24:15) and then to the wilderness in Edom (see Sheep in Bozrah). The armies under Antichrist will move against the Jews in Bozrah (Mic. 2:12).³⁵

The National Regeneration of Israel - The Jews confess their national sin, the rejection and crucifixion of Messiah Jesus (Lev. 26:40-42; Jer. 3:11-18; Hos. 5:15). They then plead for His return (Ps. 79:1-13; Isa. 64:1-12; Hos. 6:1-3; Zec. 12:10-13:1; 13:7-9; Mat. 23:39).

The Second Coming of Messiah - Christ returns to Bozrah, where the remnant have been preserved (Isa. 34:1-7; Isa. 63:1-6; Mic. 2:12-13; Hab. 3:1-19; Zec. 12:7; Rev. 19:11-18+).³⁶

The Battle from Bozrah to the Valley of Jehoshaphat - Christ fights the forces of Antichrist from Bozrah continuing all the way back to the eastern walls of Jerusalem, which overlook a section of the Kidron Valley, also known as the Valley of Jehoshaphat. Antichrist is destroyed. (Joel 3:12-13; 2Th. 2:8; Zec. 14:12-15; Rev. 14:19-20+; 19:20+).³⁷

The Victory Ascent Up the Mount of Olives - This is not the initial return of Christ, for He will save the tents of Judah first (Zec. 12:7). Nor will his initial return be to the same place He ascended, the Mount of Olives, but merely in the same manner (Acts 1:11). His ascent to the Mount is attended by cataclysmic events associated with the seventh bowl judgment (Mat. 24:29; Zec. 14:4b-5; Rev. 16:17-21+).

Pentecost suggests a less detailed sequence of events as follows:³⁸

Covenant with Antichrist - Prince of Roman empire [the Antichrist] makes a covenant with Israel for a seven year period (Dan. 9:26-27). (Although this covenant is broken three and one-half years later.) See Events of the 70th Week of Daniel.

Invasion of Palestine - The King of the North and the King of the South invade Palestine (Dan. 11:40).

Antichrist Responds - Because of his covenant with Israel, the Antichrist will come to Israel’s defense (Dan. 11:40-45).

News from East and North - News from the east and the north troubles the Antichrist (Dan. 11:44). Perhaps it is the approach of the kings of the east (Rev. 16:12+). (The troubling news may be the destruction of Babylon, although Pentecost does not mention this.)³⁹

Headquarters in Palestine - The Antichrist moves his headquarters into the land of Palestine and assembles his armies there (Dan. 11:45).

Christ Returns - Before he can engage the kings from the east, Christ returns. All the armies combine to fight against God (Rev. 19:19+).

Antichrist and Armies Overthrown - The armies and the Antichrist are destroyed without human means (Dan. 9:25; 11:45; Rev. 19:20+).

4.5.5 - Grapes of Wrath

From the many passages in Scripture which provide insights into the Campaign of Armageddon⁴⁰ , we have chosen those which are perhaps the most significant. A careful study of these passages, in their context, will show that aspects of what they describe have yet to be fulfilled.

Isaiah describes a judgment against all nations which will take place in Bozrah, in the land of Edom.

Come near, you nations, to hear; and heed, you people! Let the earth hear, and all that is in it, the world and all things that come forth from it. For the indignation of the LORD is against all nations, and His fury against all their armies; He has utterly destroyed them, He has given them over to the slaughter. Also their slain shall be thrown out; their stench shall rise from their corpses, and the mountains shall be melted with their blood. All the host of heaven shall be dissolved, and the heavens shall be rolled up like a scroll; all their host shall fall down as the leaf falls from the vine, and as fruit falling from a fig tree. “For My sword shall be bathed in heaven; indeed it shall come down on Edom, and on the people of My curse, for judgment. The sword of the LORD is filled with blood, it is made overflowing with fatness, with the blood of lambs and goats, with the fat of the kidneys of rams. For the LORD has a sacrifice in Bozrah, and a great slaughter in the land of Edom. The wild oxen shall come down with them, and the young bulls with the mighty bulls; their land shall be soaked with blood, and their dust saturated with fatness.” For it is the day of the LORD’S vengeance, the year of recompense for the cause of Zion. Its streams shall be turned into pitch, and its dust into brimstone; its land shall become burning pitch. It shall not be quenched night or day; its smoke shall ascend forever. From generation to generation it shall lie waste; no one shall pass through it forever and ever. (Isa. 34:1-10)

This is not a judgment against the Edomites, but against all nations. It is attended by cosmic signs, “all the host of heaven shall be dissolved, and the heavens shall be rolled up like a scroll,” which brings to mind the cataclysmic convulsions which were previewed in the opening of the sixth seal (Rev. 6:12-14+). The reason for the slaughter is “recompense for the cause of Zion,” God will be defending His chosen nation in this time of the end. The destruction which comes upon Edom is described in the strongest possible terms, the land will become burning pitch, never to be quenched, and shall lie waste forever. Every reader of the text now has a choice: does God mean literally what He says? Or is He employing hyperbole and exaggeration for effect in these scenes of judgment?⁴¹ A related question: if God really meant to describe absolute devastation, how would it be portrayed differently? We believe this speaks of a final literal eschatological judgment. “The call is worldwide and can refer ultimately only to the judgment of the nations (Mat. 25:31-46), Israel’s enemies (Rev. 16:13-16+), preceding the establishment of the Kingdom (Rev. 20:4-6+).”⁴²

Micah speaks of a time of threshing, a theme of judgment throughout Scripture. The motive for the nations which shall be threshed is their desire to interfere in God’s plans concerning Zion:

Now also many nations have gathered against you, who say, “Let her be defiled, and let our eye look upon Zion.” But they do not know the thoughts of the Lord, nor do they understand His counsel; for He will gather them like sheaves to the threshing floor. “Arise and thresh, O daughter of Zion; for I will make your horn iron, and I will make your hooves bronze; you shall beat in pieces many peoples; I will consecrate their gain to the Lord, and their substance to the Lord of the whole earth.” (Mic. 4:11-13)

Notice the ignorance of the nations in regard to God’s plans concerning Zion: “They do not know the thoughts of the Lord, nor do they understand his counsel.” This is evident even in our own day. We study the book of Revelation and these related passages which make it abundantly clear that God has a future plan for the nation Israel and that plan includes her ownership of His land with Jerusalem as her eternal capital. Yet, the daily news indicates great confusion on the part of the nations as to the status of Jerusalem and the Promised Land in general. People the world over wonder what the big fuss is about the Jews and Jerusalem, but it is all so clear to any student of the Scriptures. Alas, the nations of the world are almost completely ignorant of God’s Word concerning the subject—as they will be in the day of their demise seen by Micah. “This prophecy envisioned Nebuchadnezzar’s armies that were composed of many nations, but it is to be fulfilled in the armed forces of the nations gathered at Armageddon (Rev. 16:13-16+), who will be determined to destroy Israel and do away with God’s plan and take over the earth.”⁴³

Most puzzling of all are the preterist interpreters who twist clear passages so that instead of relating God’s overthrow of the nations in the defense of Jerusalem, they are said to indicate just the opposite: God’s judgment and overthrow of Jerusalem. Although it is true that Jerusalem will undergo great casualty and turmoil during the time of Jacob’s Trouble, ultimately, Jerusalem will be the victor with the help of God. Such passages can in no way be contorted to describe the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70:

The burden of the word of the LORD against Israel. Thus says the LORD, who stretches out the heavens, lays the foundation of the earth, and forms the spirit of man within him: “Behold, I will make Jerusalem a cup of drunkenness to all the surrounding peoples, when they lay siege against Judah and Jerusalem. And it shall happen in that day that I will make Jerusalem a very heavy stone for all peoples; all who would heave it away will surely be cut in pieces, though all nations of the earth are gathered against it.” “In that day,” says the LORD, “I will strike every horse with confusion, and its rider with madness; I will open My eyes on the house of Judah, and will strike every horse of the peoples with blindness. And the governors of Judah shall say in their heart, ‘The inhabitants of Jerusalem are my strength in the LORD of hosts, their God.’ In that day I will make the governors of Judah like a firepan in the woodpile, and like a fiery torch in the sheaves; they shall devour all the surrounding peoples on the right hand and on the left, but Jerusalem shall be inhabited again in her own place-Jerusalem. The LORD will save the tents of Judah first, so that the glory of the house of David and the glory of the inhabitants of Jerusalem shall not become greater than that of Judah. In that day the LORD will defend the inhabitants of Jerusalem; the one who is feeble among them in that day shall be like David, and the house of David shall be like God, like the Angel of the LORD before them. It shall be in that day that I will seek to destroy all the nations that come against Jerusalem. And I will pour on the house of David and on the inhabitants of Jerusalem the Spirit of grace and supplication; then they will look on Me whom they pierced. Yes, they will mourn for Him as one mourns for his only son, and grieve for Him as one grieves for a firstborn. In that day there shall be a great mourning in Jerusalem, like the mourning at Hadad Rimmon in the plain of Megiddo. And the land shall mourn, every family by itself: the family of the house of David by itself, and their wives by themselves; the family of the house of Nathan by itself, and their wives by themselves.” (Zec. 12:1-12)

When interpreting such passages as this, we must bear two things in mind: (1) this is the time of Jacob’s Trouble, Israel is to be disciplined and refined so as to call out to Messiah Jesus; (2) nevertheless, God will judge the surrounding nations by defending Israel because of His eternal promises made to her (see commentary on Revelation 12:1). Zechariah’s passage opens as “the Word of the LORD against Israel,” yet in the midst of the passage, it is the nations gathered against Jerusalem who will “surely be cut to pieces.” In that day the LORD will defend the inhabitants of Jerusalem. If this was A.D. 70, then Titus overthrew our Almighty God! Hardly! And when did the Jews experience a national repentance and convert to Messiah Jesus, whom they pierced, as predicted here? No, this is yet future, during the Campaign of Armageddon.

The battle involving Jerusalem involves several stages. During the first stage, the city is taken, the houses rifled, and the women ravished:

Behold, the day of the LORD is coming, and your spoil will be divided in your midst. For I will gather all the nations to battle against Jerusalem; the city shall be taken, the houses rifled, and the women ravished. Half of the city shall go into captivity, but the remnant of the people shall not be cut off from the city. Then the LORD will go forth and fight against those nations, as He fights in the day of battle. And in that day His feet will stand on the Mount of Olives, which faces Jerusalem on the east. And the Mount of Olives shall be split in two, from east to west, making a very large valley; half of the mountain shall move toward the north and half of it toward the south. Then you shall flee through My mountain valley, for the mountain valley shall reach to Azal. Yes, you shall flee as you fled from the earthquake in the days of Uzziah king of Judah. Thus the LORD my God will come, and all the saints with You. (Zec. 14:1-5)

But, before the smoke clears: “the LORD my God will come, and all the saints with you.” He will “fight against those nations” and stand upon the Mount of Olives. When this occurs, all His saints (holy ones) will be with Him. Again, this has not been fulfilled, but concerns the Second Coming (cf. Rev. 19:14+).

4.5.5.1 - Blood Stained Garments

One reason this intervention of Christ will come upon an unsuspecting world is because much teaching concerning Jesus reduces Him from His full three-dimensional Godhood into a one-dimensional purveyor of peace. In our modern age of self-esteem and psychobabble, talk of judgment is unwelcome. Study of prophetic passages, especially those from the OT, is both unpopular and considered largely irrelevant. As a result, we have created a loving Savior who judges not and condemns none. Yet Jesus Himself said, “Do not think that I came to bring peace on earth. I did not come to bring peace but a sword. For I have come to ‘set a man against his father, a daughter against her mother, and a daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law’; and ‘a man’s enemies will be those of his own household.’ ” (Mat. 10:34-36). Here, Jesus alludes to the scene Moses faced upon descending from Mount Sinai when he found the children of Israel had lapsed into idolatry and immorality:

Then Moses stood in the entrance of the camp, and said, “Whoever is on the LORD’S side-come to me.” And all the sons of Levi gathered themselves together to him. And he said to them, “Thus says the LORD God of Israel: ‘Let every man put his sword on his side, and go in and out from entrance to entrance throughout the camp, and let every man kill his brother, every man his companion, and every man his neighbor.’ ” So the sons of Levi did according to the word of Moses. And about three thousand men of the people fell that day. (Ex. 32:26-28)

Those who followed Moses’ instructions were approved and highly honored of God. Because of their zeal in this matter, the tribe of Levi was selected for the highest honor of ministering to God. We would do well to remember that the God who spoke through Moses and commanded the slaughter of family members is the same unchanging God Who went to the cross in mercy, but is also coming again in judgment! Jesus is not a peacenik, but the Everlasting, Holy, Eternal One (Rev. 1:17-18+). His return in judgment is a major theme of Scripture to which we should pay close attention. Scripture records that Jesus Himself is intimately involved in the great blood-letting of this time of judgment, for mention is made of the blood of His enemies staining His robes. Jacob, in prophesying over his sons prior to his death, included an intriguing statement concerning Judah, the tribe from which Jesus would come forth (see commentary on Revelation 5:5):

Binding his donkey to the vine, and his donkey’s colt to the choice vine, He washed his garments in wine, and his clothes in the blood of grapes. (Gen. 49:11)

Although many have taken this prophecy to denote the great abundance of vineyards which Judah was to enjoy, others understand this passage to be consistent with Isaiah 63 which describes the blood-letting associated with the coming of Messiah. The Targum Pseudo-Jonathan states, “How beautiful is the King Messiah who is destined to arise from the house of Judah! He has girded his loins and gone down to battle against his enemies, destroying kings and their power, and there is neither king nor power that can withstand him. He reddens the mountains with the blood of their slain. His garments are saturated with blood, like those of him who presses the grapes.”⁴⁴ Whether this is what Jacob meant is uncertain, but Isaiah’s passage is undeniable on this point:

Who is this who comes from Edom, with dyed garments from Bozrah, This One who is glorious in His apparel, traveling in the greatness of His strength? -“I who speak in righteousness, mighty to save.” Why is Your apparel red, and Your garments like one who treads in the winepress? “I have trodden the winepress alone, and from the peoples no one was with Me. For I have trodden them in My anger, and trampled them in My fury; their blood is sprinkled upon My garments, and I have stained all My robes. For the day of vengeance is in My heart, and the year of My redeemed has come. I looked, but there was no one to help, and I wondered that there was no one to uphold; therefore My own arm brought salvation for Me; and My own fury, it sustained Me. I have trodden down the peoples in My anger, made them drunk in My fury, and brought down their strength to the earth.” (Isa. 63:1-6)

Notice the mention of Edom and Bozrah as His place of origin. This speaks of His sheep, the Jewish remnant which fled from Jerusalem and are now in their place which was prepared by God. (See Sheep in Bozrah.) God is seen coming from there, having already trodden the winepress. His garments are red, having been stained with their blood. These are His garments of vengeance worn when He repays His adversaries in judgment:

He saw that there was no man, And wondered that there was no intercessor; Therefore His own arm brought salvation for Him; And His own righteousness, it sustained Him. For He put on righteousness as a breastplate, And a helmet of salvation on His head; He put on the garments of vengeance for clothing, And was clad with zeal as a cloak. (Isa. 59:16-17)

The winepress motif of Isaiah is also familiar to us, having seen it in the second judgment described in Revelation 14+ (see commentary on Revelation 14:18):

And another angel came out from the altar, who had power over fire, and he cried with a loud cry to him who had the sharp sickle, saying, “Thrust in your sharp sickle and gather the clusters of the vine of the earth, for her grapes are fully ripe.” So the angel thrust his sickle into the earth and gathered the vine of the earth, and threw it into the great winepress of the wrath of God. And the winepress was trampled outside the city, and blood came out of the winepress, up to the horses’ bridles, for one thousand six hundred furlongs. (Rev. 14:18-20+)

John sees an angel harvest the grapes from the earth and throw them into the winepress of the wrath of God. Then the winepress is trampled. But no mention is made of who it is that tramples the grapes. From the previous passage in Isaiah, we know that it is God Himself who tramples. Yet the question still remains, is it the Father or the Son who tramples? Later in a series of visions, the identity of the One treading is revealed. It is Jesus Himself:

Now I saw heaven opened, and behold, a white horse. And He who sat on him was called Faithful and True, and in righteousness He judges and makes war. His eyes were like a flame of fire, and on His head were many crowns. He had a name written that no one knew except Himself. He was clothed with a robe dipped in blood, and His name is called The Word of God. And the armies in heaven, clothed in fine linen, white and clean, followed Him on white horses. Now out of His mouth goes a sharp sword, that with it He should strike the nations. And He Himself will rule them with a rod of iron. He Himself treads the winepress of the fierceness and wrath of Almighty God. And He has on His robe and on His thigh a name written: KING OF KINGS AND LORD OF LORDS. Then I saw an angel standing in the sun; and he cried with a loud voice, saying to all the birds that fly in the midst of heaven, “Come and gather together for the supper of the great God, that you may eat the flesh of kings, the flesh of captains, the flesh of mighty men, the flesh of horses and of those who sit on them, and the flesh of all people, free and slave, both small and great.” (Rev. 19:11-18+)

The one on the white horse is called “Faithful and True” and mention is made of His righteous judgment. He is specifically identified as “The Word of God” which we know to be the unique title of Jesus Christ (John 1:1; 1Jn. 1:1; 2:14; Rev. 1:2+; 19:13+). Out of His mouth goes a sharp sword, another identifying characteristic of Jesus (Rev. 1:16+). He is also the One destined to rule with a rod of iron—the Anointed One Whom the Father said would inherit the nations (Ps. 2:8-9, see commentary on Revelation 2:27). He has a name which no one knew except Himself, yet another identifying aspect of the Son of God (Pr. 30:4 cf. Gen. 32:29; Jdg. 13:6, 18; Rev. 3:12+). His robe is “dipped in blood.” Is it His own blood, the atoning blood of the perfect Lamb shed upon the cross (Lev. 14:51)? This seems unlikely, for that would speak of His first coming whereas this is a scene of great judgment and bloodshed more directly tied to the previous passage in Isaiah. It is the blood from the grapes in the winepress for “He Himself treads the winepress of the fierceness and wrath of Almighty God.”⁴⁵

See commentary on Revelation 19:11.

4.5.6 - Gog Attacks Israel

Some interpreters take Ezekiel’s prophecy of the attack of Gog upon Israel (Eze. 38 and 39) as finding fulfillment during the Tribulation— that Gog’s invasion is related to the “king of the North” who troubles the Antichrist (Dan. 11:40). We do not believe this to be the case. There are numerous details in Ezekiel’s revelation which do not agree with the scenario of the Campaign of Armageddon and which seem to speak of a different event at a different time:

First, in Ezekiel there are definite allies mentioned and they are limited in number, while other nations stand in opposition. In the Campaign of Armageddon, all nations are allied together against Jerusalem without exception. Second, the Ezekiel invasion comes from the north, but the Armageddon invasion comes from the whole earth. Third, the purpose of the Russian invasion is to take the spoil; the purpose of the Armageddon Campaign is to destroy the Jews. Fourth, in the Ezekiel invasion, there is a protest against the invasion; in the Armageddon Campaign, there is no protest because all the nations are involved. Fifth, the Ezekiel invasion is destroyed through convulsions of nature; the Armageddon invasion is destroyed by the personal Second Coming of Jesus the Messiah; Sixth, the Ezekiel invasion is destroyed on the mountains of Israel; the Armageddon Campaign is destroyed in the area between Petra and Jerusalem. Seventh, the Russian invasion takes place while Israel is living securely in the Land; the Armageddon Campaign takes place while Israel is in flight and in hiding.⁴⁶

There are a number of considerations that make it clear that this invasion by Gog (Eze. 38) is not the same as the battle of Armageddon (Rev. 16:16+). (1) In the battle of Gog definite allies are mentioned, while in Armageddon all nations are engaged (Joel 3:2; Zep. 3:8; Zec. 12:3; 14:4). (2) Gog comes from the north (Eze. 38:6, 15; 39:2), while at Armageddon the armies come from the whole earth. (3) Gog comes to take spoil (Eze. 38:11-12), while at Armageddon the nations assemble to destroy the people of God. (4) There is protest against Gog’s invasion (Eze. 38;13), but at Armageddon there is no protest for all nations are joined against Jerusalem. (5) Gog is the head of the armies in his invasion (Eze. 38:7 R.V.), but at Armageddon the Beast is the head of the invasion (Rev. 19:19+). (6) Gog is overthrown by convulsions of nature (Eze. 38:22), but the armies at Armageddon are destroyed by the sword that goes out of Christ’s mouth (Rev. 19:15+). (7) Gog’s armies are arrayed in the open field (Eze. 39:5), while at Armageddon they are seen in the city of Jerusalem (Zec. 14:2-4). (8) The Lord calls for assistance in executing judgment on Gog (Eze. 38:21), while at Armageddon He is viewed as treading the winepress alone (Isa. 63:3-6). Two diverse movements must then be acknowledged.⁴⁷

It is our view that Gog does not contribute to the campaign at the Second Coming of Christ, but takes place some time before the Tribulation. For a more extended treatment of this subject, see [Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 106-125].

Notes

¹ At the time of writing, a search on the phrase “battle of Armageddon” on the website www.google.com yielded about 21.300 hits on web pages across the internet.

² “The difference between polemos and machē is the same as that between the English words war and battle.”—Richard Chenevix Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1861), 337.

³ Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 317-318.

⁴ Only Adam rebelled, Eve was deceived.

⁵ The Christian Research Journal, vol. 24 no. 2, p. 38. [http://www.equip.org]

⁶ “By the end of the 70th week, Satan and his forces will have drawn all the rulers and armies of the world into the land of Israel for the battle of Armageddon (Rev. 16:12-16+), which will take place at Christ’s Second Coming and will pit Satan and his ungodly allies against Christ and His forces (Rev. 19:11+-20:3+). This will be Satan’s ultimate challenge to Christ’s right to take tenant possession of the earth and rule it. The combined military might of rebellious mankind will be gathered to the precise location to which Christ will return to take possession of the earth, because Satan will want all the help he can get to try to prevent Christ from exercising His right (Ps. 2:1-3).”—Renald E. Showers, Maranatha, Our Lord Come (Bellmawr, NJ: The Friends of Israel Gospel Ministry, 1995), 94.

⁷ James Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Ontario: Woodside Bible Fellowship, 1996), H3092.

⁸ Merrill F. Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2002), Zep. 3:9.

⁹ J. Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1958), 342.

¹⁰ Rosh means head, chief, or leader in Hebrew.

¹¹ “The chronology of Daniel 11:36-39 refers to the period of world rule, and, therefore, is later than Ezekiel 38 and 39. Hence, it may be concluded that the battle described here, beginning with verse 40, is a later development, possibly several years later than the battle described in Ezekiel. If a Russian force is involved in the phrase, ‘the king of the north,’ it would indicate that, in the period between the two battles, Russia is able to reassemble an army and once again participate in a military way in this great war.”—John F. Walvoord, Daniel: The Key to Prophetic Revelation (Chicago, IL: Moody Bible Institute, 1971), 278.

¹² Timothy Friberg, Barbara Friberg, and Neva F. Miller, Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2000), 74.

¹³ Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament, Jdg. 5:19.

¹⁴ Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 340-341.

¹⁵ Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament, Zec. 12:11.

¹⁶ David Baron, Zechariah: A Commentary On His Visions And Prophecies (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1918), 451.

¹⁷ D. Baly, “Jezreel, Valley Of,” in Geoffrey W. Bromiley, ed., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979, 1915), 2:1060.

¹⁸ M. R. Vincent, Vincent’s Word Studies (Escondido, CA: Ephesians Four Group, 2002), Rev. 16:16.

¹⁹ W. S. Lasor, “Jehoshaphat, Valley Of,” in Geoffrey W. Bromiley, ed., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979, 1915), 2:979.

²⁰ “Joel 3:2, 13 speaks of events taking place in ‘the valley of Jehoshaphat,’ which seems to be an extended area east of Jerusalem.”—Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 341.

²¹ Merrill K. Unger, R. Harrison, Frederic F Vos, and Cyril J. Barber, The New Unger’s Bible Dictionary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1988), s.v. “Jehoshaphat, Valley of.”

²² Lasor, “Jehoshaphat, Valley Of,” 2:979.

²³ Ibid.

²⁴ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 318.

²⁵ Jezreel Valley from Muhraqa to Moreh and Gilboa. Copyright © 2003 www.BiblePlaces.com. This image appears by special permission and may not be duplicated for use in derivative works.

²⁶ Baly, “Jezreel, Valley Of,” 2:1060.

²⁷ Edward Hindson, “Battle of Armageddon,” in Mal Couch, ed., Dictionary of Premillennial Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1996), 56.

²⁸ The gathering in preparation for the Campaign takes in response to the pouring of the sixth bowl (Rev. 16:12-16+), but the destruction of Babylon and the Second Coming are probably associated with the seventh bowl (Rev. 16:19+). Perhaps the Campaign begins during the sixth bowl judgment and ends at the seventh. Or perhaps only the gathering takes place during the sixth bowl with the actual warfare occurring during the seventh.

²⁹ The passages cited by Fruchtenbaum could also find fulfillment in the events of the capture of Babylon by Cyrus in 539 B.C. At that time, Belshazzar was ruling as a co-regent king in Babylon (cf. Dan. 5:29), while the primary king, Nabonidus, was absent: “The new evidence confirming the theory that Nabonidus was absent is found in the statement in the ‘Prayer of Nabonidus’ that Nabonidus was at the oasis of Teima in Arabia at this time.”—Walvoord, Daniel: The Key to Prophetic Revelation, 115n. If so, Jeremiah may be describing the runners which journeyed from Babylon to Teima in Arabia to notify Nabonidus concerning the capture of Babylon. Either way, it is clear that in the fall of Babylon to Cyrus, it was not destroyed as it will be at the time of the end. See The Destruction of Babylon. See commentary on Revelation 17:16.

³⁰ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 327.

³¹ Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament, Jer. 51:30.

³² Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 343.

³³ Copyright © 2003 Ariel Ministries (www.ariel.org), P.O. Box 3723, Tustin, CA 92781. This image appears by special permission and may not be duplicated for use in derivative works. [Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 314].

³⁴ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 315-364.

³⁵ “Since the main purpose of the Campaign of Armageddon is the annihilation of the Jews, the armies of the world will move southward from Jerusalem to Bozrah, as Jeremiah 49:13-14 makes clear.”—Ibid., 336.

³⁶ “It must be noted that the angels did not prophesy that Jesus would return to the same place [Acts 1:9-11], but rather in the same manner in which He had left. Jesus left in the clouds of Heaven and according to Matthew 24:30, He will return in the clouds of Heaven.”—Ibid., 349.

³⁷ “Zechariah 14:12-15 describes the manner in which these massive hordes of Antichrist’s armies will be destroyed . . . the fight continues all the way back to Jerusalem, coming to an end in the Valley of Jehoshaphat (Joel 3:12-13). The nations that have gathered against the Jews (Joel 3:9-11) will now find themselves being trodden by the King of the Jews. It is of this treading in the Valley of Jehoshaphat that Revelation 14:19-20+ speaks . . . The city spoken of in these verses is Jerusalem, and the winepress is just outside the city, meaning it is in the Valley of Jehoshaphat. From here the armies of Antichrist will leave for Bozrah, and they will return here as the conflict comes to an end.”—Ibid., 359.

³⁸ Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 343-358.

³⁹ The ultimate destruction of Babylon would appear to involve forces from the north (Isa. 13:17; Jer. 50:3, 9; 51:11, 27-28, 48). Although Babylon was captured “from the north” (by the Medes, Jer. 51:28) in 539 B.C. (Dan. 5:31), her fall did not involve physical destruction as these passages indicate.

⁴⁰ See [Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 315-363].

⁴¹ “If any be deposed to ask why we look upon the present chapter [Rev. 16+] as literal when we have given rules for understanding previous chapters as symbolical, we would answer that the symbols always point to passages in the Old Testament which clarify them. The concordance takes us back to literal judgments, whether we look at ‘plague,’ ‘sore,’ ‘blood,’ ‘darkness,’ or other words in the passage while there will be two or three words which will take us back to symbolism.”—Donald Grey Barnhouse, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1971), 288.

⁴² Unger, Unger’s Commentary on the Old Testament, Isa. 34:1.

⁴³ Ibid., Mic. 4:11.

⁴⁴ Tom Huckel, The Rabbinic Messiah (Philadelphia, PA: Hananeel House, 1998), Gen. 49:11.

⁴⁵ A related typological association may be found in the dipping of Joseph’s tunic in blood (Gen. 37:31). This most likely speaks of the death of Messiah at His First Coming rather than the blood of His enemies at His Second Coming.

⁴⁶ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 119.

⁴⁷ Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology, 344.

⁴⁸ Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, 106-125.

4.9 - Jezebel Listen to Jezebel

4.9.1 - Her Origin

Her name means either “dunghill,” or “without cohabitation, un-husbanded.”¹ Jezebel was the daughter of a Phoenician king, Ethbaal of Sidon (1K. 16:13).

The identity of this Ethbaal and Ειθώβαλος [Eithōbalos] , mentioned in a fragment of the Tyrian Annals of Menander, . . . is sufficiently made out, and is not, I believe, called in question by any. Of this Ethbaal we there learn that he was a priest of Astarte, and, by the murder of his predecessor Pheles, made his own way to the throne and kingdom. Jezebel, so swift to shed blood (1K. 18:4; 19:2; 21:10), is a worthy offshoot of this evil stock.²

Ahab, the sinful king over the Northern Kingdom of Israel, took her in marriage as an accommodation with the pagan culture of the Sidonians:

And it came to pass, as though it had been a trivial thing for him to walk in the sins of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, that he took as wife Jezebel the daughter of Ethbaal, king of the Sidonians; and he went and served Baal and worshiped him. Then he set up an altar for Baal in the temple of Baal, which he had built in Samaria. And Ahab made a wooden image. Ahab did more to provoke the LORD God of Israel to anger than all the kings of Israel who were before him. (1K. 16:31-33)

4.9.2 - Her Sins

Jezebel is perhaps the most evil female personage appearing within the Old Testament. She promoted Baal worship (1K. 18:19) and practiced spiritual harlotry and witchcraft (2K. 9:22). She actively sought to exterminate the prophets of God (1K. 18:4, 13) while supporting 450 prophets of Baal and 400 prophets of the goddess Asherah at her royal table (1K. 18:19). Upon hearing of her husband’s desire for Naboth’s vineyard, she wrote a warrant in Ahab’s name to have Naboth unjustly accused and killed so that Ahab could take the vacant property (1K. 21:1-16). Eventually, her sins caught up with her and she was consumed by dogs as Elijah had prophesied (1K. 21:23; 2K. 9:30-37).

Jezebel’s sin of promoting the worship of other gods was particularly noteworthy:

Idolatry in the Northern Kingdom began with Jeroboam I, the first king. But there was a difference between the sin of Jeroboam and the sin of Baal worship introduced by Jezebel. The sin of Jeroboam was a corruption of the true religion. Jeroboam set up a golden calf in Dan and Bethel, but these golden calves represented the God that brought them out of the land of Egypt. This was idolatry, but it was a corruption of the true Jehovah worship (1K. 12:25-33). Furthermore, Jeroboam could cite a precedent in the worship of the golden calf built by Aaron. His words concerning the golden calf in 1 Kings 12:28 are a quotation of Aaron’s words in Exodus 32:4. With Jezebel, it was not merely a corruption of the true religion; a whole new god and system of worship were introduced in Israel (1K. 16:29-33). Through Jezebel, Baal worship came into the Land, resulting in more idolatry than ever before. Involved in the worship of Baal was sexual immorality. In the corruption of Jehovah worship morality was still present, but in the worship of Baal there was complete immorality.³

Throughout the Scriptural record concerning Jezebel, one sees an overbearing woman who constantly exerted her strong will over the weak will of her husband, a role reversal common in our day.

4.9.3 - Jezebel of Thyatira

The letter to the church at Thyatira mentions a self-proclaimed “prophetess” named Jezebel. Some have taken her mention as a symbol, one of several of female figures personifying evil (Zec. 5:7; Mat. 13:33; Rev. 17+):⁴

Conceivably there may have been a woman by that name in the local Church at Thyatira, but this is highly unlikely. The name Jezebel is a Phoenician name, and by this time the Phoenicians had disappeared as a separate ethnic identity and had become part of the Greek-speaking world. Furthermore, Thyatira was not located in Phoenicia, but in Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey).⁵

Yet, there are reasons for understanding Jezebel to be a real woman within the Thyatiran church:

Many think Jezebel is a symbolic rather than real name, as the biblical Jezebel (I Kings 16:31; 18:13, 19, 21; II Kings 9:22) was the sort of woman after whom no parent would be likely to name their child. However, as the name means “chaste,” like the English name “Agnes,” this argument is not all that forceful. Furthermore, Scripture does not portray Jezebel, Ahab’s wife, as licentious, for II Kings 9:22 seems to refer to idolatry rather than immorality. On the other hand, this woman achieved the same results as did her infamous namesake (I Kings 21:25). Finally, Rev. 2:23+, “kill with death,” is very emphatic in Greek; so again it seems more appropriate to preserve the literal threat of physical death rather than favor some allegorical or symbolic meaning. Physical death would be a crystal-clear sign of God’s obvious disapproval, and that is exactly what the text says.⁶

In favor of a personal identification of Jezebel is that she is distinguished from her followers (Rev. 2:22-23+). The solution may be that a woman by a different name with characteristics matching those of the Phoenician Jezebel resided at Thyatira, but she is given the name Jezebel in the letter to call attention to and condemn her practices as being like those of Jezebel of old. “The approach that has the least objection to it is to take Jezebel as a symbolical name for some prominent woman in the church of Thyatira. She was like the infamous wife of Ahab.”⁷

Jezebel of Thyatira not only taught error, but exercised teaching authority over men in opposition to role distinctions set forth by Paul (1Ti. 2:12). As Paul explains, such role distinctions are not cultural, but grounded in God’s created order (1Ti. 2:13-14).⁸ The error of the Thyatiran church was not just that Jezebel was allowed to promote unbiblical concepts, but that she evidently held a position as a teacher over men. This is another point of identification with the strong-willed, domineering Jezebel of the OT.

No doubt, both her position of influence and the content of her teaching were repugnant to God.

The . . . Thyatiran Jezebel . . . taught her followers ‘to eat things sacrificed to idols’. The syncretism exemplified in the city is in point here, but the particular problem seems to have been the guild-feasts, as the occasions when the Christian may have been particularly pressed by the need to conform to his environment. . . . Presumably Jezebel argued that a Christian might join a guild and participate in its feasts without thereby compromising his faith. He was initiated into a superior wisdom. he knew the idol was nothing and he could not be defiled by that which did not exist. . . . The local situation favoured the accommodation of incompatible beliefs and practices: the letter insists on individual devotion to a Lord who searches the hearts of men and demands a consistency of life. The love and faith commended in the church might easily be corrupted by compromise with pagan society: the guilds themselves were devoted to good works.⁹

Here is the similarity between Jezebel, queen of Ahab, and Jezebel of Thyatira: both led the people of God in accommodating pagan influences resulting in syncretistic practices and sexual immorality. See The Great Harlot.

Notes

¹ “Jezebel. i.e. a dunghill; without cohabitation.”—Jerome Smith, The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1992), Rev. 1:20. “Noncohabited, un-husbanded.”—Merrill K. Unger, R. Harrison, Frederic F Vos, and Cyril J. Barber, The New Unger’s Bible Dictionary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1988), s.v. “Jezebel.”

² Richard Chenevix Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1861), 138.

³ Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, The Footsteps of Messiah, rev ed. (Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2003), 59.

⁴ “When a woman is used symbolically in Scripture, she represents a religious entity. This might be either positive or negative. On the positive side, there is Israel as the Wife of Jehovah and the Church as the bride of Messiah. On the negative side, there is the woman with the leaven (Mat. 13:33), the Great Harlot of Rev. 17+, and here, the woman Jezebel.”—Ibid., 58.

⁵ Ibid.

⁶ Monty S. Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John (Dallas, TX: 3E Ministries, 1987).

⁷ Robert L. Thomas, Revelation 1-7 (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1992), 214.

⁸ Much like the members of the Trinity are equal in value and standing, but occupy different roles in the plan of God, so too male and female believers are equal in standing and access to God, but are to occupy different roles according to His will.

⁹ Colin J. Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1989), 120, 123.

4.18 - Worldly Churches Listen to Worldly Churches

The letters to the Seven Churches of Asia describe a range of conditions which can be seen within different churches to differing degree throughout history. Much of the criticism which Christ levels at the churches is an indictment of the ever-present tendency to compromise with the culture.

The Bible does not hesitate to condemn worldliness for the serious sin that it is. Worldliness is any preoccupation with or interest in the temporal system of life that places anything perishable before that which is eternal. Since believers are not part of the world system (John 15:19), they must not act as though they were. “Do not be conformed to this world,” wrote the apostle Paul, “but be transformed by the renewing of your mind, so that you may prove what the will of God is, that which is good and acceptable and perfect” (Rom. 12:2).¹

4.18.1 - The Pressure to Compromise

In the case of the historic churches of Asia, pressure to compromise came on at least two fronts: (1) pressure by the state to worship the emperor and, 2) pressure by the trade guilds to participate in pagan activities.

Because of its belief in one God the church found itself engaged in a struggle with the Roman state which permitted no compromise and from which eventually only one of the two parties would emerge victorious. The Martyrdom of Polycarp sets out quite clearly both the issue at stake—Lord Christ versus Lord Caesar—and the state’s (as well as the general population’s) view of Christians as disloyal atheists who threatened the well-being of the empire.²

The Christian was faced with a cruel dilemma. His safety was assured only by preparedness, in time of need, to identify Himself either with pagan society, by sacrifice to the emperor and the expected participation in the religious aspects of guilds and social life. . . or with Judaism on whatever terms would gain him acceptance in the synagogue, that is, probably, at least an implicit denial of his Lord. The first inducement was naturally strongest in those places where the pressures of authority and pagan society were most direct (Pergamum and Thyatira, and also Ephesus, where it was steadfastly rejected): the ‘synagogues of Satan’ brought the opposite threat against those who scorned the pagan compromise (Smyrna and Philadelphia, and perhaps the commended minority in Sardis). The situation also introduced a new occasion of disunion between Jewish and Gentile Christians, on whom it impinged differently.³

4.18.2 - Christian Liberty or Licentiousness?

When faced with such pressures, it is often easy to rationalize participation in pagan activities and reinterpret them as being compatible with the grace of God and the maturity and freedom of the believer. Christian liberty can stumble weaker brothers and easily cross the line where we find ourselves participating in events which are neither helpful or edifying and even border on licentiousness (Rom. 6:1-2; Jude 1:4).

But beware lest somehow this liberty of yours become a stumbling block to those who are weak. For if anyone sees you who have knowledge eating in an idol’s temple, will not the conscience of him who is weak be emboldened to eat those things offered to idols? And because of your knowledge shall the weak brother perish, for whom Christ died? But when you thus sin against the brethren, and wound their weak conscience, you sin against Christ. Therefore, if food makes my brother stumble, I will never again eat meat, lest I make my brother stumble. (1Cor. 8:9-13)

What am I saying then? That an idol is anything, or what is offered to idols is anything? Rather, that the things which the Gentiles sacrifice they sacrifice to demons and not to God, and I do not want you to have fellowship with demons. You cannot drink the cup of the Lord and the cup of demons; you cannot partake of the Lord’s table and of the table of demons. Or do we provoke the Lord to jealousy? Are we stronger than He? All things are lawful for me, but not all things are helpful; all things are lawful for me, but not all things edify. (1Cor. 10:19-23)

4.18.3 - The Results of Compromise

The first result of compromising with the culture is the one which offers the greatest temptation: peace is achieved between the believer and the world. The church at Sardis and the church at Laodicea had this in common: no mention is made of any burden being born or conflict with foes. These churches appear to be at peace with the culture. The church at Sardis had the appearance of opposing the culture, but a tacit understanding had evidently been reached between the church and the culture (Rev. 3:1-2+).

Concerning the Laodicean church, Trench observes:

Of the absence of heathen adversaries there has been occasion to speak already; but more noticeable still is the fact that there neither appear here nor there Nicolaitans, as at Ephesus, or Balaamites, as at Pergamum, or Jezebelites, as at Thyatira, or those who say they are Jews and are not, as at Smyrna and Philadelphia; seeking to seduce Christ’ s servants, and constraining them earnestly to contend for the truth.⁴

The world could endure the churches at Sardis and Laodicea because they were not only in the world, but of the world. Consistent peace with the culture is a clear indication that the believer is not separated to God, but is considered one of the world’s own: “If you were of the world, the world would love its own. Yet because you are not of the world, but I chose you out of the world, therefore the world hates you” (John 15:19).

This road to peaceful coexistence with the culture is typically paved with a series of incremental compromises.

The Jerusalem conference had in its decree brought into juxtaposition the eating of εἰδωλόθυτα [eidōlothyta] and indulgence in sexual impurity (Acts 15:20, 27), and John had not lived in a Greek city without becoming aware that these two things were in fact closely bound up together. . . . From participation in a pagan guild-feast to licentiousness was but a step.⁵

“To effect a reasonable compromise with the established usages of Graeco-Roman society”; they taught that Christians ought to remain members of the pagan clubs, and that they might do so without disloyalty to their faith. Such a course involved nothing worse than the abandonment of an obsolete decree. The Jerusalem decree had been issued at the first beginning of Gentile Christianity; it had been circulated by St Paul in Pamphylia and Lycaonia (Acts 16:4), and doubtless had reached Ephesus. But St. Paul himself had permitted at Corinth some modification of the ban against εἰδωλόθυτα [eidōlothyta] , recognizing the liberty of Christians to partake without question of meat which was sold in the markets or set before them at a friend’s table, which he insisted that charity to weaker brethren should preclude them from eating an εἰδωλόθυτον [eidōlothyton] which had been declared to be such or from taking part in a banquet held in a pagan temple (1Cor. 8:10; 10:25 ff.).⁶

As the church becomes comfortable with the culture, its witness is compromised and it begins to forfeit the favor of God.

By enticing God’s people into an idolatrous practice, Balak got them out of God’s favor, compromised their testimony, and caused internal chaos and grief—this is what compromise with the world does to the Church. II Corinthians 6:17 makes this same point of separation from the world by repeating Isa. 52:11. Clearly, God requires Christians to be different from the world.⁷

But if anyone says to you, “This was offered to idols,” do not eat it for the sake of the one who told you, and for conscience’ sake; for “the earth is the LORD’S, and all its fullness.” “Conscience,” I say, not your own, but that of the other. For why is my liberty judged by another man’s conscience? (1Cor. 10:28-29)

Compromise has always been a chief tool of Satan.

4.18.4 - Friendship with the World

If the path of accommodation and compromise continues unabated, eventually the church reaches a point of friendship with the world. This is an extremely dangerous place for the believer. Like the proverbial frog in the boiling pot, he has lost the ability to sense the heat slowly rising and is likely to slowly cook until almost all distinction from the culture is lost.

This was precisely God’s point when He dealt with Israel in the Old Testament. God went to great lengths to separate Israel from the surrounding nations because He knew all too well the eventual destination of the path of incremental compromise and accommodation:

Take heed to yourself, lest you make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land where you are going, lest it be a snare in your midst. But you shall destroy their altars, break their sacred pillars, and cut down their wooden images ’(for you shall worship no other god, for the LORD, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God), lest you make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land, and they play the harlot with their gods and make sacrifice to their gods, and one of them invites you and you eat of his sacrifice, and you take of his daughters for your sons, and his daughters play the harlot with their gods and make your sons play the harlot with their gods. (Ex. 34:12-16)

How often do we read similar passages and wonder at the seeming harshness of God’s instructions to Israel? Yet the seriousness of God’s commands to Israel are merely a reflection of the waywardness of man. In many instances, God’s laws are not motivated as much by rectifying the immediate situation as they are by His perfect foreknowledge of the consequences which will eventually ensue once men begin down such a path.

Christ’s NT condemnation of the worldliness of the Thyatiran and Laodicean churches stands in stark contrast to the modern “seeker-friendly” strategy of church growth: “Today’s user-friendly, seeker-oriented, market-driven church doesn’t preach much against worldliness. To do so might make unbelievers (not to mention many believers) uncomfortable, and is therefore avoided as poor marketing strategy.”⁸

In John’s day and our own, we need to be constantly reminded of the words of Paul, John, and James:

Do not be unequally yoked together with unbelievers. For what fellowship has righteousness with lawlessness? And what communion has light with darkness? And what accord has Christ with Belial? Or what part has a believer with an unbeliever? And what agreement has the temple of God with idols? For you are the temple of the living God. As God has said: “I will dwell in them and walk among [them]. I will be their God, and they shall be My people.” Therefore “Come out from among them and be separate, says the Lord. Do not touch what is unclean, and I will receive you.” (2Cor. 6:14-17)

Do not love the world or the things in the world. If anyone loves the world, the love of the Father is not in him. For all that is in the world—the lust of the flesh, the lust of the eyes, and the pride of life—is not of the Father but is of the world. And the world is passing away, and the lust of it; but he who does the will of God abides forever. (1Jo 2:15-17)

Adulterers and adulteresses! Do you not know that friendship with the world is enmity with God? Whoever therefore wants to be a friend of the world makes himself an enemy of God. (Jas. 4:4)

Notes

¹ John MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1999), 82.

² J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer, The Apostolic Fathers, 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1989), 131.

³ Colin J. Hemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1989), 10.

⁴ Richard Chenevix Trench, Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1861), 206-207.

⁵ Henry Barclay Swete, The Apocalypse of St. John (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1998, 1906), lxxii.

⁶ Ibid., lxxi.

⁷ Monty S. Mills, Revelations: An Exegetical Study of the Revelation to John (Dallas, TX: 3E Ministries, 1987), Rev. 2:18.

⁸ MacArthur, Revelation 1-11 : The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, 81.

4.19 - Zechariah’s Horses

4.19.1 - Zechariah and the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

There are similarities between the horsemen associated with the first four seals which John sees (Rev. 6:1-8+) and two visions given Zechariah which also concern horses. Zechariah’s first vision concerns riders astride colored horses (Zec. 1:7-11). His eighth vision concerns chariots drawn by colored horses (Zec. 6:1-8). The visions of both Zechariah and John concern: (1) horses; (2) of varied colors; (3) with riders; (4) which ride forth to various destinations.

4.19.2 - Zechariah’s Horsemen

In his first version Zechariah sees a man is riding a red (אָדֹם [ʾāḏōm] ) horse and behind him were horses: red (אֲרֻמִּים [ʾărummîm] , red ones), sorrel (סְרֻקִּים [seruqqîm] , spotted ones), and white (וּלְבָנִים [wûleḇānîm] , white ones). There are more than four horses in Zechariah’s first vision, for a rider is seated upon one horse and there are said to be several horses of each color, presumably also with riders. The color of the sorrel horse is uncertain, although a variegated pattern seems to be the best understanding.¹

If we compare this with Zec. 6:2, where the chariots are drawn by red (ʿădummīm, πυρροί [pyrroi] ), black (shechōrīm, μέλανες [melanes] ), white (lebhânīm, λευκοί [leukoi] ), and speckled (beruddīm, ψαροί [psaroi] ) horses, and with Rev. 6+, where the first rider has a white horse (λευκός [leukos] ) the second a red one (πυρρός [pyrros] ) the third a black one (μέλας [melas] ) the fourth a pale horse (χλωρός [chlōros] ), there can be no further doubt that three of the colours of the horses mentioned here occur again in the two passages quoted, and that the black horse is simply added as a fourth; so that the seruqqīm correspond to the beruddīm of Zec. 6:3, and the ἵππος χλωρός [hippos chlōros] of Rev. 6:8+, and consequently sârōq denotes that starling kind of grey in which the black ground is mixed with white, so that it is not essentially different from bârōd, speckled, or black covered with white spots (Gen. 31:10, 12).²

It seems best to understand the colors of the three horses in Zechariah’s first vision as denoting bloodshed (red, “The color of blood”³ ),peace or victory (white, “the reflection of heavenly and divine glory . . . hence the symbols of a glorious victory (Rev. 6:2+)”⁴ ), and a condition of partial peace and conflict (sorrel).⁵ Perhaps the horsemen, in walking “to and fro throughout the earth” typically encounter all three conditions in their tour. At the time of Zechariah’s vision, they report “all the earth is resting quietly” (Zec. 1:11).⁶

Some see Zechariah’s horsemen as being sent out to cause death (red), sickness (sorrell), and victory (white) much like the horsemen of Revelation 6+,⁷ but the context of Zechariah’s vision says nothing of them being sent out in judgment, but that they had already been riding and were now returned to report what they had seen.⁸ The most we can conclude concerning a similarity between Zechariah’s first vision of the horsemen and the horsemen shown John is:

They are connected with the judgment of God (Zec. 1:15).

They ride at a time of apparent peace (Zec. 1:15 cf. Dan. 8:25; Mat. 24:37-39; Luke 17:26-30; 21:34-35; 1Th. 5:3).

4.19.3 - Zechariah’s Chariots

Zechariah’s eighth vision has a greater bearing on the horsemen shown John. Zechariah sees four chariots which come forth from between two mountains of bronze (Zec. 6:1). In our commentary on Revelation 1:15, we understood that bronze is a metal which can withstand the heat of fire and often represents judgment. Each chariot is drawn by horses of different colors—much like our four horsemen: red, black, white, and dappled (Zec. 6:2-3). The chariots are said to be captained by “spirits” (or winds)—a reference to the Holy Spirit or possibly invisible messengers such as angels.⁹ There are four chariots, just as there are four horsemen shown John, indicating a global scope of activity (see Four: the Entire World, the Earth).

The four chariots drawn by different colored horses ride out as follows:

The chariot drawn by black horses rides north.

The chariot drawn by white horses also rides north.¹⁰

The chariot drawn by the dappled horses rides south.

The destination of the chariot drawn by red horses is not explicitly given.

As is common with prophetic passages, Zechariah’s last vision has a near-term referent and a far-future referent. The near-term referent is the overthrow of Babylon and judgment of Egypt at the time of Zechariah. The far-future referent is to the times preceding the coming of Messiah to establish His millennial reign.¹¹

In Zechariah’s day, the black and white horses riding north were bound for Babylon. The dappled ride south to Egypt.

The land of the north, i.e., the territory covered by the lands of the Euphrates and Tigris, and the land of the south, i.e., Egypt, are mentioned as the two principal seats of the power of the world in its hostility to Israel: Egypt on the one hand, and Asshur-Babel on the other, which were the principal foes of the people of God, not only before the captivity, but also afterwards, in the conflicts between Syria and Egypt for the possession of Palestine (Dan. 11). . . . Then follow the white horses, indicating that the judgment will lead to complete victory over the power of the world. Into the south country, i.e., to Egypt, the other representative of the heathen world-power, goes the chariot with the speckled horses, to carry the manifold judgment of death by sword, famine, and pestilence, which is indicated by this colour.¹²

“The black horses” go to Babylon, primarily to represent the awful desolation with which Darius visited it in the fifth year of his reign (two years after this prophecy) for revolting [Henderson]. The “white” go after the “black” horses to the same country; two sets being sent to it because of its greater cruelty and guilt in respect to Judea. The white represent Darius triumphant subjugation of it [Moore]. Rather, I think, the white are sent to victoriously subdue Medo-Persia, the second world kingdom, lying in the same quarter as Babylon, namely, north.¹³

The emphasis given is fitting for in the fifth year of Darius (three years after the prophet saw these visions); Babylon, which had been conquered by Cyrus, revolted against Darius and experienced devastation and depopulation in retaliation. When these things happened, Zechariah and the Israel of his day could know that truly the spirit (i.e., the wrath of God, cf. Zec. 1:15; Eze. 5:13; 24:13) was quieted (i.e., was satisfied) in the north country.¹⁴

But where do the red horses ride? One view explains the red horses as the “strong steeds” which, rather than riding in a single direction, are commanded to “walk to and fro throughout the earth” (Zec. 6:6-7).

It should be observed that the red horses (cf. Zec. 6:2) seemingly are assigned no mission and that the bay horses are separated from the grizzled, whereas in Zec. 6:3 they appear to be together. While it does not solve the problem completely, it seems best to view the black . . . white . . . and the grizzled as being references to the second, third, and fourth chariots that are sent on specific missions and that the bay in Zec. 6:7 should be taken not to denote a color, but to denote a characteristic, i.e., strong (the Heb. word ʿamōts can denote strength as well as a deep red color). If this understanding is correct, then the bay in Zec. 6:7 is a reference to the red horses drawing the first chariot of verse Zec. 6:2. While the second, third, and fourth chariots are off on their specific missions, the first chariot engages in a general mission of going to and fro through the earth (mentioned three times in Zec. 6:7, an indication that their task is every bit as important as that undertaken by the other chariots). Their mission throughout all the earth is indicative that war and bloodshed will hold sway throughout all the world. The reference to the earth must be understood in a much broader sense than just to the land of Israel. It must be understood as being a reference to the earth universally.¹⁵

This view notes that whereas the black, white, and dappled horses are all given specific destinations, Zechariah 6:6 indicates a global scope for the “strong steeds.” Others understand the “strong steeds” and their walking “to and fro throughout the earth” as referring to the collective whole. Another explanation is that the red horses seen by Zechariah had already drawn their chariot in empowering Medo-Persia’s overthrown of Babylon:

Now, when these visions were shown to Zechariah, Babylon had already been overthrown, and its world-empire taken away, visibly and apparently, by the Medo-Persians, behind whom, however (as the prophet beholds), there was the invisible chariot of God, with its red horses of blood and vengeance. This act of judgment on the first great Gentile world-power which had oppressed Israel and laid waste his land being already an accomplished fact (though in the 3rd verse, for completeness’ sake, all the four are shown to the prophet together . . . ), this first chariot is passed over by the Angel in the interpretation, and is not seen among those who ‘go forth’ in Zec. 6:6—its mission, as far as the Babylonian Empire is concerned, having already been fulfilled.¹⁶

4.19.4 - Significance for Understanding Revelation

Whatever the case may be concerning the red horses, the similarities between Zechariah’s vision of the chariots and the horsemen shown John are:

Four different categories of horses ride with a global ministry.

The horses ride at the command of God—they serve God’s purposes.

The horses ride in judgment.

The horses have similar colors representing victory (white), bloodshed (red), black (judgment), and pale or dappled (sickness leading to death).

We note the reversal in the order of the white horses and black horses in Zechariah’s vision versus what John sees of the four horses. In Zechariah’s vision, the white horses follow the black horses in their ride north indicating a time of judgment and destruction followed by victory and peace. Here, the white horse rides out ahead of the black horse, indicating victory and peace which degenerates into a time of judgment and death. The pattern established in John’s vision (Rev. 6+) matches what we see elsewhere in Scripture of the end-times—at a time when people believe all is well, then destruction will come suddenly (Mat. 24:37-39; Luke 17:26-30; 21:34-35; 1Th. 5:3).

One of the most difficult aspects of interpreting prophetic passages from the OT is determining whether a passage was completely fulfilled in the local near-term setting, or whether aspects of the passage reveal events of the end. Often, a passage begins describing a local situation, but then transcends that situation and reveals information concerning the last days.

There is a well-known type of biblical narrative in the Old Testament in which the Holy Spirit leads a prophet to consider some event that is taking place before the gaze of the world at that moment. The inspired writer presents some of the details of what is to him contemporaneous history. Then, suddenly, without so much as a break in the paragraph, the Holy Spirit carries the writer forward more than two thousand years to the time of the end and speaks of prophetic events which have some similarity with those taking place before the eye of the prophet.¹⁷

Some feel that Zechariah’s vision of the chariots is such a passage:

God’s wrath is specially spoken of in this last vision as being caused to rest on “the north country” [Zec. 6:8], because not only was it there that the attempt was first made to array a world-empire against God, and where apostasy sought, so to say, to organise and fortify itself; not only did Babylon also, at a later time, become the final antagonist and subduer of God’s people and the destroyer of His Temple [Solomon’s Temple], but probably because there, “in the land of Shinar,” the metropolis of world power, Babylon, the great rival of the city of God—wickedness [Zec. 5:8], . . . will once again establish itself, and all the forces of evil again for a time be concentrated. Then God’s judgments shall be fully poured out, and anti-Christian world-power be finally overthrown to make room for the Kingdom of Christ.¹⁸

It is interesting to consider that in Zechariah’s time the chariots rode north to Babylon in judgment, whereas in the book of Revelation it is once again Babylon which occupies center stage in the end times to be overthrown in judgment (Rev. 18:2+, 21+).

Notes

¹ “Brown; other sources suggest ‘bright red,’ or even ‘pale yellow.’; . . . color pattern, i.e., a spotted or two-tone color pattern, possible in colors of lighter and darker brown.”—James Swanson, Dictionary of Biblical Languages With Semantic Domains : Hebrew (Old Testament), electronic ed. (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1997), s.v. “#H8320.” “The significance of the colors is not stated, and this is complicated by the fact that the Hebrew word translated ‘brown’ (NIV) or ‘speckled’ (KJV) is found only here in the Old Testament, so that its meaning is not sure.”—F. Duane Lindsey, “Zechariah,” in John F. Walvoord and Roy B. Zuck, eds., The Bible Knowledge Commentary (Wheaton, IL: SP Publications, 1983), Zec. 1:8. “The Hebrew סְרֻקִּים [seruqqîm] means ‘red.’ Modern translations such as ‘speckled’ or ‘spotted’ are based on ancient versions that attempt to bring the color of this horse into line with those of Zec. 6:2-3. This is a methodological fallacy since these are two different and unrelated visions.”—New Electronic Translation : NET Bible, electronic edition (Dallas, TX: Biblical Studies Press, 1998), Zec. 1:8. Yet it seems unlikely that sorrel represents red horses for they are distinguished from אֲרֻמִּים [ʾărummîm] , which are said to be the red horses. Moreover, the translators of the LXX, probably closer to the meaning of the word than we moderns, render the word as ψαροὶ και ποικίλοι [psaroi kai poikiloi] , speckled and many-colored ones.

² Carl Friedrich Keil and Franz Delitzsch, Commentary on the Old Testament (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2002), Zec. 1:8.

³ Ibid.

⁴ Ibid.

⁵ “ ‘Speckled’ (from a root ‘to intertwine’), a combination of the two colors white and red (bay [Moore]), implies a state of things mixed, partly prosperous, partly otherwise [Henderson].”—A. R. Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” in Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, A Commentary, Critical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997, 1877), Zec. 1:8.

⁶ It seems best to understand “all the earth” as a figure of speech for it seems unlikely that the entire world was at peace during the time of Zechariah. But the language could also have a secondary eschatological application: “Perhaps the vision has a more eschatological reference in anticipation of the worldwide kingdom of Messiah, since the patrol covered not only the vast Persian Empire, but also the whole world—though perhaps ‘the whole world’ is a figure of speech (synecdoche) for the Persian Empire.”—Lindsey, “Zechariah,” Zec. 1:9.

⁷ “We must not, indeed, infer from this account that the riders were all sent for the simple and exclusive purpose of obtaining information concerning the state of the earth, and communicating it to the Lord. For it would have been quite superfluous and unmeaning to send out an entire troop, on horses of different colours, for this purpose alone. Their mission was rather to take an active part in the agitation of the nations, if any such existed, and guide it to the divinely appointed end, and that in the manner indicated by the colour of their horses; viz., according to Rev. 6+, those upon the red horses by war and bloodshed; those upon the starling-grey, or speckled horses, by famine, pestilence, and other plagues; and lastly, those upon the white horses, by victory and the conquest of the world.”—Keil, Commentary on the Old Testament, Zec. 1:8.

⁸ “In our vision, however, the swift messengers were in the first instance only sent out to reconnoitre the earth and the state of the nations in their relation to the land and people of Israel.”—David Baron, Zechariah: A Commentary On His Visions And Prophecies (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1918), 32.

⁹ “We must therefore regard them either as ideal appearances, personifying the forces and providential acts which God often uses in carrying out His judgments on the earth, or, what seems to me the simplest and most natural explanation, angelic beings, or heavenly powers.”—Ibid., 175.

¹⁰ Some texts interpret the Hebrew here as indicating that the white horses rode west: “The one with the white horses toward the west.” (Zec. 6:6, NIV). “The one with the black horses is going out to the region of the north; the white ones have gone out to what is to the west of them; the spotted ones have gone out to the region of the south; and the dappled ones have gone out.”—Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures: A New Translation of the Holy Scriptures According to the Traditional Hebrew Text (Philadelphia, PA: Jewish Publication Society, 1997, c1985), Zec. 6:6. But, as McGee wryly observes, “Notice that none of the horses go to the west—that would put them into the Mediterranean Sea, and none of these are sea horses!”—J. Vernon McGee, Thru The Bible Commentary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1997, c1981), Zec. 6:8.

¹¹ “The prophet’s eyes are opened to see the invisible chariots of God which are being sent forth for the overthrow of Gentile world-power, and to prepare the way for the Kingdom of Messiah.”—Baron, Zechariah: A Commentary On His Visions And Prophecies, 173.

¹² Keil, Commentary on the Old Testament, Zec. 6:1-8.

¹³ Fausset, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine,” Zec. 6:5.

¹⁴ Jerry Falwell, Edward D. Hindson, and Michael Woodrow Kroll, eds., KJV Bible Commentary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1997, c1994), Zec. 6:4.

¹⁵ Ibid.

¹⁶ Baron, Zechariah: A Commentary On His Visions And Prophecies, 179.

¹⁷ Donald Grey Barnhouse, Revelation (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1971), 124.

¹⁸ Baron, Zechariah: A Commentary On His Visions And Prophecies, 182.

5.1 - Expanded Table of Contents

A Testimony of Jesus Christ

1 - Preface

1.1 - Copyright

1.2 - Acknowledgments

1.3 - Special Permission

1.4 - About the Author

1.5 - Abbreviations

2 - Introduction

2.1 - Audio Course

2.2 - As We Begin

2.2.1 - An Invitation

2.2.2 - Using the Commentary

2.2.2.1 - Section Numbers

2.2.2.2 - Finding Your Way Around

2.2.2.3 - Cross-References

2.2.2.4 - New King James Version

2.2.2.5 - Use of Bible Addresses

2.2.2.6 - Hebrew and Greek Fonts

2.2.2.6.1 - Transliteration

2.2.2.7 - Automatic Lookup

2.2.2.8 - Endnote References

2.2.2.9 - HTML Page Formats

2.2.3 - Why Another Commentary on Revelation?

2.2.4 - Attacks upon the book of Revelation

2.2.5 - Avoidance within Christianity

2.2.6 - Hiding or Revealing?

2.2.7 - The Importance of Historical Perspective

2.2.8 - Overemphasis on Extra-biblical Sources

2.2.9 - Simplicity over Academics

2.2.10 - A Policy of Inoculation

2.2.11 - Dispensational, Premillennial, Pretribulational Exposition

2.2.12 - Learning God’s Way

2.2.13 - Focus is Christ

2.2.14 - The Primacy of Scripture

2.3 - Audience and Purpose

2.3.1 - Can’t God Prophesy?

2.3.2 - Overemphasis on Immediate Audience or Events

2.3.2.1 - Misunderstood Motive

2.3.2.1.1 - Anti-Supernatural Motive for Writing

2.3.2.2 - Relevance to the Immediate Audience

2.3.2.2.1 - The Present Value of Future Events

2.3.3 - Purpose

2.4 - Theme

2.4.1 - The Sovereignty of God

2.4.2 - Worship of God

2.4.3 - The Arrival of God’s Kingdom

2.4.4 - A Worldwide Revival

2.5 - Anti-supernatural Bias

2.5.1 - Implicit Denial of Evangelical Principles

2.6 - The Genre of the book of Revelation

2.6.1 - Motivation for Categorizing as Apocalyptic

2.6.2 - Different from Apocalyptic Genre

2.7 - Interpreting Symbols

2.7.1 - The Importance of Meaning

2.7.2 - The Art and Science of Interpretation

2.7.3 - The Rise of Allegorical Interpretation

2.7.4 - Understanding Symbols and Figures

2.7.5 - Understanding Numbers

2.7.5.1 - The Abuse of Numbers

2.7.5.2 - Literal Understanding of Numbers

2.7.5.3 - The Symbolic Meaning of Numbers

2.7.5.3.1 - Two: Witness

2.7.5.3.2 - Three: Life, Resurrection, Completeness, the Trinity

2.7.5.3.3 - Four: the Entire World, the Earth

2.7.5.3.4 - Five: Provision, Fullness, Grace

2.7.5.3.5 - Six: Man’s Incompleteness, Human Will

2.7.5.3.6 - Seven: Perfection, Completeness

2.7.5.3.7 - Twelve: Jewish Tribes, Completeness

2.7.5.4 - Searching for Meaning in all the Wrong Places

2.7.5.4.1 - Searching Pagan Mythology

2.7.5.4.2 - Searching Jewish Apocryphal Writings

2.7.5.5 - The Importance of the Old Testament

2.7.5.6 - Is It Really So Difficult?

2.7.5.7 - The Importance of Right Relationship

2.8 - Style of Writing

2.9 - Authorship

2.9.1 - Apostolic Authorship Opposed

2.9.2 - Alternatives to the Apostle John

2.9.3 - Internal Evidence

2.9.3.1 - Subjectivity of Internal Evidence

2.9.3.2 - Simplicity of Title

2.9.3.3 - Authority of Author

2.9.3.4 - Textual Similarities

2.9.4 - External Evidence

2.9.4.1 - Testimony of the Early Church

2.9.4.2 - Testimony of Enemies of the Early Church

2.10 - Acceptance into the Canon

2.10.1 - Rejection

2.10.2 - Acceptance

2.11 - Date

2.11.1 - Significance of the Date

2.11.2 - The Nature of Internal Evidence

2.11.3 - Evidence for an Early Date

2.11.3.1 - Internal Evidence for an Early Date

2.11.3.2 - External Evidence for an Early Date

2.11.4 - Evidence for a Late Date

2.11.4.1 - Internal Evidence for a Late Date

2.11.4.1.1 - Changes since the Writing of the Epistles

2.11.4.1.2 - Emperor Worship

2.11.4.1.3 - Other Evidence

2.11.4.2 - External Evidence for a Late Date

2.11.4.2.1 - Early Testimony

2.11.4.2.2 - Nature of Christian Persecution

2.11.4.2.3 - The Church at Smyrna

2.11.4.2.4 - John in Asia

2.12 - Systems of Interpretation

2.12.1 - The Importance of Interpretation

2.12.2 - Preterist Interpretation

2.12.2.1 - Types of Preterism

2.12.2.2 - The Motivations of Preterism

2.12.2.3 - The Beginning of Preterism

2.12.2.4 - Hermeneutics of Preterism

2.12.2.5 - Damaging God’s Word

2.12.3 - Idealist Interpretation

2.12.4 - Historicist Interpretation

2.12.5 - Futurist Interpretation

2.12.6 - Ecclectic Interpretation

2.13 - Related Passages and Themes

2.13.1 - Trouble Ahead

2.13.2 - Jewish Rabbinical Thought

2.13.3 - The Day of the Lord

2.13.3.1 - When Does the Day of the Lord Dawn?

2.13.4 - Jacob’s Trouble and the Great Tribulation

2.13.5 - The 70th Week of Daniel

2.13.5.1 - Weeks of Years

2.13.5.2 - Prophetic Year

2.13.5.3 - The Final Week

2.13.5.4 - Events of the 70th Week of Daniel

2.13.5.5 - The 70th Week in Relation to the Book of Revelation

2.13.6 - The Synoptic Gospels

2.13.7 - The Plagues of Egypt and the Tribulation

2.13.8 - Genesis and Revelation as Bookends

2.14 - Literary Structure

2.14.1 - Recapitulation of Events

2.14.2 - Sequential Events

2.14.3 - Structural Outline

3 - Commentary

3.1 - Revelation 1

3.1.1 - Revelation 1:1

3.1.2 - Revelation 1:2

3.1.3 - Revelation 1:3

3.1.4 - Revelation 1:4

3.1.5 - Revelation 1:5

3.1.6 - Revelation 1:6

3.1.7 - Revelation 1:7

3.1.8 - Revelation 1:8

3.1.9 - Revelation 1:9

3.1.10 - Revelation 1:10

3.1.11 - Revelation 1:11

3.1.12 - Revelation 1:12

3.1.13 - Revelation 1:13

3.1.14 - Revelation 1:14

3.1.15 - Revelation 1:15

3.1.16 - Revelation 1:16

3.1.17 - Revelation 1:17

3.1.18 - Revelation 1:18

3.1.19 - Revelation 1:19

3.1.20 - Revelation 1:20

3.2 - Revelation 2

3.2.1 - Revelation 2:1

3.2.2 - Revelation 2:2

3.2.3 - Revelation 2:3

3.2.4 - Revelation 2:4

3.2.5 - Revelation 2:5

3.2.6 - Revelation 2:6

3.2.7 - Revelation 2:7

3.2.8 - Revelation 2:8

3.2.9 - Revelation 2:9

3.2.10 - Revelation 2:10

3.2.11 - Revelation 2:11

3.2.12 - Revelation 2:12

3.2.13 - Revelation 2:13

3.2.14 - Revelation 2:14

3.2.15 - Revelation 2:15

3.2.16 - Revelation 2:16

3.2.17 - Revelation 2:17

3.2.18 - Revelation 2:18

3.2.19 - Revelation 2:19

3.2.20 - Revelation 2:20

3.2.21 - Revelation 2:21

3.2.22 - Revelation 2:22

3.2.23 - Revelation 2:23

3.2.24 - Revelation 2:24

3.2.25 - Revelation 2:25

3.2.26 - Revelation 2:26

3.2.27 - Revelation 2:27

3.2.28 - Revelation 2:28

3.2.29 - Revelation 2:29

3.3 - Revelation 3

3.3.1 - Revelation 3:1

3.3.2 - Revelation 3:2

3.3.3 - Revelation 3:3

3.3.4 - Revelation 3:4

3.3.5 - Revelation 3:5

3.3.6 - Revelation 3:6

3.3.7 - Revelation 3:7

3.3.8 - Revelation 3:8

3.3.9 - Revelation 3:9

3.3.10 - Revelation 3:10

3.3.10.1 - Earth Dwellers

3.3.11 - Revelation 3:11

3.3.12 - Revelation 3:12

3.3.13 - Revelation 3:13

3.3.14 - Revelation 3:14

3.3.15 - Revelation 3:15

3.3.16 - Revelation 3:16

3.3.17 - Revelation 3:17

3.3.18 - Revelation 3:18

3.3.19 - Revelation 3:19

3.3.20 - Revelation 3:20

3.3.21 - Revelation 3:21

3.3.22 - Revelation 3:22

3.4 - Revelation 4

3.4.1 - Revelation 4:1

3.4.2 - Revelation 4:2

3.4.3 - Revelation 4:3

3.4.4 - Revelation 4:4

3.4.5 - Revelation 4:5

3.4.6 - Revelation 4:6

3.4.7 - Revelation 4:7

3.4.8 - Revelation 4:8

3.4.9 - Revelation 4:9

3.4.10 - Revelation 4:10

3.4.11 - Revelation 4:11

3.5 - Revelation 5

3.5.1 - Revelation 5:1

3.5.2 - Revelation 5:2

3.5.3 - Revelation 5:3

3.5.4 - Revelation 5:4

3.5.5 - Revelation 5:5

3.5.6 - Revelation 5:6

3.5.7 - Revelation 5:7

3.5.8 - Revelation 5:8

3.5.9 - Revelation 5:9

3.5.10 - Revelation 5:10

3.5.11 - Revelation 5:11

3.5.12 - Revelation 5:12

3.5.13 - Revelation 5:13

3.5.14 - Revelation 5:14

3.6 - Revelation 6

3.6.1 - Revelation 6:1

3.6.2 - Revelation 6:2

3.6.3 - Revelation 6:3

3.6.4 - Revelation 6:4

3.6.5 - Revelation 6:5

3.6.6 - Revelation 6:6

3.6.7 - Revelation 6:7

3.6.8 - Revelation 6:8

3.6.9 - Revelation 6:9

3.6.10 - Revelation 6:10

3.6.11 - Revelation 6:11

3.6.12 - Revelation 6:12

3.6.13 - Revelation 6:13

3.6.14 - Revelation 6:14

3.6.15 - Revelation 6:15

3.6.16 - Revelation 6:16

3.6.17 - Revelation 6:17

3.7 - Revelation 7

3.7.1 - Revelation 7:1

3.7.2 - Revelation 7:2

3.7.3 - Revelation 7:3

3.7.4 - Revelation 7:4

3.7.5 - Revelation 7:5

3.7.6 - Revelation 7:6

3.7.7 - Revelation 7:7

3.7.8 - Revelation 7:8

3.7.9 - Revelation 7:9

3.7.10 - Revelation 7:10

3.7.11 - Revelation 7:11

3.7.12 - Revelation 7:12

3.7.13 - Revelation 7:13

3.7.14 - Revelation 7:14

3.7.15 - Revelation 7:15

3.7.16 - Revelation 7:16

3.7.17 - Revelation 7:17

3.8 - Revelation 8

3.8.1 - Revelation 8:1

3.8.2 - Revelation 8:2

3.8.3 - Revelation 8:3

3.8.4 - Revelation 8:4

3.8.5 - Revelation 8:5

3.8.6 - Revelation 8:6

3.8.7 - Revelation 8:7

3.8.8 - Revelation 8:8

3.8.9 - Revelation 8:9

3.8.10 - Revelation 8:10

3.8.11 - Revelation 8:11

3.8.12 - Revelation 8:12

3.8.13 - Revelation 8:13

3.9 - Revelation 9

3.9.1 - Revelation 9:1

3.9.2 - Revelation 9:2

3.9.3 - Revelation 9:3

3.9.4 - Revelation 9:4

3.9.5 - Revelation 9:5

3.9.6 - Revelation 9:6

3.9.7 - Revelation 9:7

3.9.8 - Revelation 9:8

3.9.9 - Revelation 9:9

3.9.10 - Revelation 9:10

3.9.11 - Revelation 9:11

3.9.12 - Revelation 9:12

3.9.13 - Revelation 9:13

3.9.14 - Revelation 9:14

3.9.15 - Revelation 9:15

3.9.16 - Revelation 9:16

3.9.17 - Revelation 9:17

3.9.18 - Revelation 9:18

3.9.19 - Revelation 9:19

3.9.20 - Revelation 9:20

3.9.21 - Revelation 9:21

3.10 - Revelation 10

3.10.1 - Revelation 10:1

3.10.1.1 - Divine Similarities

3.10.2 - Revelation 10:2

3.10.3 - Revelation 10:3

3.10.4 - Revelation 10:4

3.10.5 - Revelation 10:5

3.10.6 - Revelation 10:6

3.10.7 - Revelation 10:7

3.10.8 - Revelation 10:8

3.10.9 - Revelation 10:9

3.10.10 - Revelation 10:10

3.10.11 - Revelation 10:11

3.11 - Revelation 11

3.11.1 - Revelation 11:1

3.11.2 - Revelation 11:2

3.11.3 - Revelation 11:3

3.11.3.1 - Who are the Witnesses?

3.11.4 - Revelation 11:4

3.11.5 - Revelation 11:5

3.11.6 - Revelation 11:6

3.11.7 - Revelation 11:7

3.11.8 - Revelation 11:8

3.11.9 - Revelation 11:9

3.11.10 - Revelation 11:10

3.11.11 - Revelation 11:11

3.11.12 - Revelation 11:12

3.11.13 - Revelation 11:13

3.11.14 - Revelation 11:14

3.11.15 - Revelation 11:15

3.11.16 - Revelation 11:16

3.11.17 - Revelation 11:17

3.11.18 - Revelation 11:18

3.11.19 - Revelation 11:19

3.12 - Revelation 12

3.12.1 - Revelation 12:1

3.12.1.1 - A Virgin and a Harlot

3.12.2 - Revelation 12:2

3.12.3 - Revelation 12:3

3.12.4 - Revelation 12:4

3.12.5 - Revelation 12:5

3.12.6 - Revelation 12:6

3.12.6.1 - Sheep in Bozrah

3.12.7 - Revelation 12:7

3.12.8 - Revelation 12:8

3.12.9 - Revelation 12:9

3.12.10 - Revelation 12:10

3.12.11 - Revelation 12:11

3.12.12 - Revelation 12:12

3.12.13 - Revelation 12:13

3.12.14 - Revelation 12:14

3.12.15 - Revelation 12:15

3.12.16 - Revelation 12:16

3.12.17 - Revelation 12:17

3.13 - Revelation 13

3.13.1 - Revelation 13:1

3.13.2 - Revelation 13:2

3.13.3 - Revelation 13:3

3.13.4 - Revelation 13:4

3.13.5 - Revelation 13:5

3.13.6 - Revelation 13:6

3.13.7 - Revelation 13:7

3.13.8 - Revelation 13:8

3.13.8.1 - From the Foundation of the World

3.13.8.2 - A Lamb and a Beast

3.13.9 - Revelation 13:9

3.13.10 - Revelation 13:10

3.13.11 - Revelation 13:11

3.13.12 - Revelation 13:12

3.13.13 - Revelation 13:13

3.13.14 - Revelation 13:14

3.13.15 - Revelation 13:15

3.13.16 - Revelation 13:16

3.13.17 - Revelation 13:17

3.13.18 - Revelation 13:18

3.14 - Revelation 14

3.14.1 - Revelation 14:1

3.14.1.1 - A Heavenly Scene?

3.14.1.2 - A Scene Spanning both Heaven and Earth?

3.14.2 - Revelation 14:2

3.14.3 - Revelation 14:3

3.14.4 - Revelation 14:4

3.14.5 - Revelation 14:5

3.14.6 - Revelation 14:6

3.14.7 - Revelation 14:7

3.14.8 - Revelation 14:8

3.14.9 - Revelation 14:9

3.14.10 - Revelation 14:10

3.14.11 - Revelation 14:11

3.14.12 - Revelation 14:12

3.14.13 - Revelation 14:13

3.14.14 - Revelation 14:14

3.14.15 - Revelation 14:15

3.14.16 - Revelation 14:16

3.14.17 - Revelation 14:17

3.14.18 - Revelation 14:18

3.14.19 - Revelation 14:19

3.14.20 - Revelation 14:20

3.15 - Revelation 15

3.15.1 - Revelation 15:1

3.15.2 - Revelation 15:2

3.15.3 - Revelation 15:3

3.15.4 - Revelation 15:4

3.15.5 - Revelation 15:5

3.15.6 - Revelation 15:6

3.15.7 - Revelation 15:7

3.15.8 - Revelation 15:8

3.16 - Revelation 16

3.16.1 - Revelation 16:1

3.16.2 - Revelation 16:2

3.16.3 - Revelation 16:3

3.16.4 - Revelation 16:4

3.16.5 - Revelation 16:5

3.16.6 - Revelation 16:6

3.16.7 - Revelation 16:7

3.16.8 - Revelation 16:8

3.16.9 - Revelation 16:9

3.16.10 - Revelation 16:10

3.16.11 - Revelation 16:11

3.16.12 - Revelation 16:12

3.16.13 - Revelation 16:13

3.16.14 - Revelation 16:14

3.16.15 - Revelation 16:15

3.16.16 - Revelation 16:16

3.16.17 - Revelation 16:17

3.16.18 - Revelation 16:18

3.16.19 - Revelation 16:19

3.16.20 - Revelation 16:20

3.16.21 - Revelation 16:21

3.17 - Revelation 17

3.17.1 - Revelation 17:1

3.17.2 - Revelation 17:2

3.17.3 - Revelation 17:3

3.17.4 - Revelation 17:4

3.17.5 - Revelation 17:5

3.17.6 - Revelation 17:6

3.17.7 - Revelation 17:7

3.17.8 - Revelation 17:8

3.17.9 - Revelation 17:9

3.17.10 - Revelation 17:10

3.17.11 - Revelation 17:11

3.17.12 - Revelation 17:12

3.17.13 - Revelation 17:13

3.17.14 - Revelation 17:14

3.17.15 - Revelation 17:15

3.17.16 - Revelation 17:16

3.17.17 - Revelation 17:17

3.17.18 - Revelation 17:18

3.17.18.1 - Babylon and the New Jerusalem

3.18 - Revelation 18

3.18.1 - Revelation 18:1

3.18.2 - Revelation 18:2

3.18.3 - Revelation 18:3

3.18.4 - Revelation 18:4

3.18.5 - Revelation 18:5

3.18.6 - Revelation 18:6

3.18.7 - Revelation 18:7

3.18.8 - Revelation 18:8

3.18.9 - Revelation 18:9

3.18.10 - Revelation 18:10

3.18.11 - Revelation 18:11

3.18.12 - Revelation 18:12

3.18.13 - Revelation 18:13

3.18.14 - Revelation 18:14

3.18.15 - Revelation 18:15

3.18.16 - Revelation 18:16

3.18.17 - Revelation 18:17

3.18.18 - Revelation 18:18

3.18.19 - Revelation 18:19

3.18.20 - Revelation 18:20

3.18.21 - Revelation 18:21

3.18.22 - Revelation 18:22

3.18.23 - Revelation 18:23

3.18.24 - Revelation 18:24

3.19 - Revelation 19

3.19.1 - Revelation 19:1

3.19.2 - Revelation 19:2

3.19.3 - Revelation 19:3

3.19.4 - Revelation 19:4

3.19.5 - Revelation 19:5

3.19.6 - Revelation 19:6

3.19.7 - Revelation 19:7

3.19.8 - Revelation 19:8

3.19.9 - Revelation 19:9

3.19.10 - Revelation 19:10

3.19.11 - Revelation 19:11

3.19.12 - Revelation 19:12

3.19.13 - Revelation 19:13

3.19.14 - Revelation 19:14

3.19.15 - Revelation 19:15

3.19.16 - Revelation 19:16

3.19.17 - Revelation 19:17

3.19.18 - Revelation 19:18

3.19.19 - Revelation 19:19

3.19.20 - Revelation 19:20

3.19.21 - Revelation 19:21

3.20 - Revelation 20

3.20.1 - Revelation 20:1

3.20.2 - Revelation 20:2

3.20.3 - Revelation 20:3

3.20.4 - Revelation 20:4

3.20.5 - Revelation 20:5

3.20.5.1 - Order of Resurrection

3.20.6 - Revelation 20:6

3.20.6.1 - Births, Deaths, and Resurrections

3.20.7 - Revelation 20:7

3.20.8 - Revelation 20:8

3.20.9 - Revelation 20:9

3.20.10 - Revelation 20:10

3.20.11 - Revelation 20:11

3.20.12 - Revelation 20:12

3.20.13 - Revelation 20:13

3.20.14 - Revelation 20:14

3.20.15 - Revelation 20:15

3.21 - Revelation 21

3.21.1 - Revelation 21:1

3.21.2 - Revelation 21:2

3.21.3 - Revelation 21:3

3.21.4 - Revelation 21:4

3.21.5 - Revelation 21:5

3.21.6 - Revelation 21:6

3.21.7 - Revelation 21:7

3.21.8 - Revelation 21:8

3.21.9 - Revelation 21:9

3.21.10 - Revelation 21:10

3.21.11 - Revelation 21:11

3.21.12 - Revelation 21:12

3.21.13 - Revelation 21:13

3.21.14 - Revelation 21:14

3.21.15 - Revelation 21:15

3.21.16 - Revelation 21:16

3.21.17 - Revelation 21:17

3.21.18 - Revelation 21:18

3.21.19 - Revelation 21:19

3.21.19.1 - Tribal Stones

3.21.20 - Revelation 21:20

3.21.21 - Revelation 21:21

3.21.22 - Revelation 21:22

3.21.23 - Revelation 21:23

3.21.24 - Revelation 21:24

3.21.25 - Revelation 21:25

3.21.26 - Revelation 21:26

3.21.27 - Revelation 21:27

3.22 - Revelation 22

3.22.1 - Revelation 22:1

3.22.2 - Revelation 22:2

3.22.3 - Revelation 22:3

3.22.4 - Revelation 22:4

3.22.5 - Revelation 22:5

3.22.6 - Revelation 22:6

3.22.7 - Revelation 22:7

3.22.8 - Revelation 22:8

3.22.9 - Revelation 22:9

3.22.10 - Revelation 22:10

3.22.11 - Revelation 22:11

3.22.12 - Revelation 22:12

3.22.13 - Revelation 22:13

3.22.14 - Revelation 22:14

3.22.15 - Revelation 22:15

3.22.16 - Revelation 22:16

3.22.17 - Revelation 22:17

3.22.18 - Revelation 22:18

3.22.19 - Revelation 22:19

3.22.20 - Revelation 22:20

3.22.21 - Revelation 22:21

3.22.22 - Epilogue

4 - Related Topics

4.1 - Babylon and the Harlot

4.1.1 - Babylon of Old

4.1.2 - The Destruction of Babylon

4.1.2.1 - Babylon’s Historic Fall

4.1.2.2 - Babylon’s Predicted Destruction

4.1.2.3 - The Timing of Babylon’s Destruction

4.1.3 - The Identity of Babylon

4.1.3.1 - Babylon is the World?

4.1.3.2 - Babylon is Ecclesiastical?

4.1.3.3 - Babylon is Rome?

4.1.3.4 - Babylon is Jerusalem?

4.1.3.5 - Babylon is Babylon!

4.1.3.5.1 - Old Testament Context

4.1.3.5.2 - A Literal City

4.1.3.5.3 - Back to Shinar

4.1.4 - The Great Harlot

4.1.4.1 - Her Harlotry

4.1.4.2 - Mystery Babylon?

4.1.4.2.1 - Mystery as a Title?

4.1.4.2.2 - One or Two Babylons?

4.1.4.2.3 - An End-Time Religious System?

4.2 - The Beast

4.2.1 - Man of Many Names

4.2.2 - A Pre-Christian Concept

4.2.3 - Jewish or Gentile?

4.2.4 - Highly Intelligent

4.2.5 - Master Imitator

4.2.6 - Christ versus Antichrist

4.2.7 - Supernatural Origin?

4.2.7.1 - The Timing of His Ascent

4.2.8 - Relation to the Pope

4.2.9 - A Statesmen’s Dream

4.3 - Beasts, Heads, and Horns

4.3.1 - Nebuchadnezzar’s Dream and Daniel’s Vision

4.3.2 - Symbols of Kingdoms

4.3.2.1 - #1 - Whole World

4.3.2.2 - #2 - Sea

4.3.2.3 - #3 - Earth

4.3.2.4 - #4 - Seven Heads/Kings

4.3.2.4.1 - Daniel saw Seven Heads

4.3.2.5 - #5 - Five Fallen Kings

4.3.2.6 - #6 - First King

4.3.2.7 - #7 - Second King

4.3.2.8 - #8 - Four Beasts/Kings

4.3.2.9 - #9 - Lion Beast

4.3.2.10 - #10 - Bear Beast

4.3.2.11 - #11 - Leopard Beast

4.3.2.12 - #12 - Terrible Beast

4.3.2.13 - #13 - Seventh King

4.3.2.14 - #14 - Millennial Kingdom

4.3.2.15 - #15 - Dragon

4.3.2.16 - #16 - Beast

4.3.2.17 - #17 - Abyss

4.3.2.18 - #18 - False Prophet

4.3.2.19 - #19 - Image of Beast

4.3.2.20 - #20 - Saints

4.3.2.21 - #21 - Harlot

4.3.2.22 - #22 - Ten Horns/Kings

4.3.2.23 - #23 - Seven Horns

4.3.2.24 - #24 - Three Horns

4.3.2.25 - #25 - Little Horn

4.3.2.26 - #26 - Eight Horns/Kings

4.4 - Book of Life

4.4.1 - Its Ultimate Purpose

4.4.2 - When are Names Written?

4.4.3 - Names Blotted Out

4.4.3.1 - Book of the Living versus Book of Life

4.4.3.2 - Lamb’s Book of Life a Unique Book?

4.4.3.3 - Beast Worshipers Blotted Out?

4.4.3.4 - Beast Worshipers are Unique

4.4.3.5 - What about Election?

4.5 - Campaign of Armageddon

4.5.1 - The Motivation

4.5.2 - The Preparation

4.5.3 - Locations

4.5.3.1 - Megiddo

4.5.3.2 - Valley of Jehoshaphat

4.5.3.3 - Jezreel Valley

4.5.3.4 - City of Babylon

4.5.3.5 - Edom

4.5.3.6 - Jerusalem

4.5.4 - Sequence of Events

4.5.5 - Grapes of Wrath

4.5.5.1 - Blood Stained Garments

4.5.6 - Gog Attacks Israel

4.6 - Crowns

4.6.1 - Stephanos

4.6.2 - Diadema

4.6.3 - Believer’s Crowns

4.6.4 - Not Technical Terms

4.7 - Four Gospels

4.7.1 - Which Face, Which Gospel?

4.7.2 - Camp of Israel

4.7.3 - A Shadow of the Heavenly

4.8 - Imminency

4.8.1 - The Present Value of Future Events

4.8.2 - Certainty versus Uncertainty

4.9 - Jezebel

4.9.1 - Her Origin

4.9.2 - Her Sins

4.9.3 - Jezebel of Thyatira

4.10 - Marriage of the Lamb

4.10.1 - The Jewish Wedding Analogy

4.10.2 - Roles in the Wedding Party

4.10.3 - Israel Married to Jehovah

4.10.4 - Jerusalem Married to God

4.10.5 - Church Betrothed to Christ

4.10.6 - Israel, the Church, the New Jerusalem

4.11 - Millennial Kingdom

4.11.1 - Views of the Millennium

4.11.2 - Allegorizing and Spiritualizing the Truth

4.11.3 - Why a Millennial Kingdom?

4.11.4 - Summary of the Millennial Kingdom

4.11.5 - Millennial Reign of Messiah

4.11.6 - Millennial Reign of the Saints

4.11.6.1 - Judgment by the Saints

4.11.7 - Millennial Passages

4.11.8 - Who Populates the Millennial Kingdom?

4.11.9 - The Millennial Kingdom in the Early Church

4.11.10 - Additional Resources on the Millennial Kingdom

4.12 - Nero

4.12.1 - Revival Myth

4.12.2 - The Number of the Beast

4.12.2.1 - Gematria

4.12.2.2 - Nero Caesar = 666?

4.12.2.3 - A Lock almost any Key will Turn

4.12.2.4 - Revealed Too Late

4.12.2.5 - Spelling and Language

4.12.3 - Failure in Fulfillment

4.12.4 - Nero as a Type of the Beast

4.13 - Nicolaitans

4.14 - Rapture

4.14.1 - Is there a Rapture?

4.14.2 - What is the Rapture?

4.14.3 - How Many Comings of Christ?

4.14.3.1 - Rapture versus Second Coming

4.14.4 - The Holy Spirit and the Rapture

4.14.4.1 - The Coming of the Spirit

4.14.4.2 - Who is the Restrainer?

4.14.4.3 - How were People Saved before Pentecost?

4.14.4.4 - How are People Saved in the Tribulation?

4.14.5 - Is all Tribulation the Same?

4.14.6 - Delivered from the Wrath to Come

4.14.7 - The Church and the book of Revelation

4.14.8 - The Timing of the Rapture

4.14.9 - Typology and the Rapture

4.14.10 - Additional Resources on the Rapture

4.15 - Seven Churches of Asia

4.15.1 - Why these Seven Churches?

4.15.1.1 - Representative of All Churches of All Ages

4.15.1.1.1 - Historical Significance

4.15.1.2 - Believers and Unbelievers

4.15.1.3 - Who is the Overcomer?

4.15.1.4 - The Structure of the Letters

4.15.1.4.1 - Ephesus

4.15.1.4.2 - Smyrna

4.15.1.4.3 - Pergamos

4.15.1.4.4 - Thyatira

4.15.1.4.5 - Sardis

4.15.1.4.6 - Philadelphia

4.15.1.4.7 - Laodicea

4.15.1.5 - Representative of Seven Stages of Church History?

4.16 - Temple of God

4.16.1 - Hide and Seek

4.16.2 - The Abiding Presence of God

4.16.3 - The Temple Mount

4.16.3.1 - Abraham Offers Isaac

4.16.4 - A Heavenly Pattern

4.16.5 - The Temples of History

4.16.5.1 - Garden of Eden

4.16.5.2 - Tabernacle in the Wilderness

4.16.5.3 - Solomon’s Temple

4.16.5.4 - Second Temple

4.16.5.5 - Temple of the Believer

4.16.5.5.1 - What about the Physical Temple?

4.16.5.6 - Bar Kochba’s Temple

4.16.5.7 - Julian’s Temple

4.16.5.8 - Dome of the Rock

4.16.5.9 - Tribulation Temple

4.16.5.10 - Millennial Temple

4.16.5.10.1 - The Predicted Millennial Temple

4.16.5.10.2 - Millennial Sacrifices

4.16.5.11 - New Jerusalem

4.16.6 - Temple-Related Websites

4.17 - Ten Tribes Lost?

4.17.1 - Claimed As Lost

4.17.2 - Alternative Theories

4.17.2.1 - Beyond the River

4.17.2.2 - Samaritans

4.17.2.3 - Anglo-Israelism

4.17.2.4 - To The Americas

4.17.2.4.1 - Native American Indians?

4.17.2.4.2 - Mormonism

4.17.2.4.2.1 - Book of Mormon

4.17.3 - The Biblical Facts

4.17.3.1 - Northern Kingdom Falls to Assyria

4.17.3.2 - Divine Promises of Preservation

4.17.3.2.1 - Sun, Moon, and Messiah

4.17.3.2.2 - Valley of the Dry Bones

4.17.3.2.3 - The Tribes in the New Testament

4.17.4 - Where are the Tribes Today?

4.18 - Worldly Churches

4.18.1 - The Pressure to Compromise

4.18.2 - Christian Liberty or Licentiousness?

4.18.3 - The Results of Compromise

4.18.4 - Friendship with the World

4.19 - Zechariah’s Horses

4.19.1 - Zechariah and the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

4.19.2 - Zechariah’s Horsemen

4.19.3 - Zechariah’s Chariots

4.19.4 - Significance for Understanding Revelation

5 - Reference Information

5.2 - Glossary

5.2.1 - Amillennial

5.2.2 - Anglo-Israelism

5.2.3 - Antichrist

5.2.4 - Anti-Semitism

5.2.5 - Apocrypha

5.2.6 - Arian

5.2.7 - Athanasius

5.2.8 - AV

5.2.9 - Beast

5.2.10 - Book of Life

5.2.11 - British Israelism

5.2.12 - Canon

5.2.13 - Chiliasm

5.2.14 - Day of the Lord

5.2.15 - Dispensation

5.2.16 - Docetism

5.2.17 - Dominion Theology

5.2.18 - Earth Dweller

5.2.19 - Eusebius

5.2.20 - False Prophet

5.2.21 - Gematria

5.2.22 - Genre

5.2.23 - Gnostic

5.2.24 - Golden Rule of Interpretation

5.2.25 - Harlot

5.2.26 - Hermeneutic

5.2.27 - Hyperbole

5.2.28 - Ignatius

5.2.29 - Image of the Beast

5.2.30 - Imminent

5.2.31 - Imperial Cult

5.2.32 - Inerrant

5.2.33 - Inspired

5.2.34 - Irenaeus

5.2.35 - Jezebel

5.2.36 - Justin Martyr

5.2.37 - Little Horn

5.2.38 - LXX

5.2.39 - Millennial Kingdom

5.2.40 - Millennial Temple

5.2.41 - Minuscule

5.2.42 - Montanus

5.2.43 - MSS

5.2.44 - MS

5.2.45 - MT

5.2.46 - Nero

5.2.47 - Nicolaitan

5.2.48 - NT

5.2.49 - NU

5.2.50 - Origen

5.2.51 - OT

5.2.52 - Papias

5.2.53 - Papyri

5.2.54 - Parable

5.2.55 - Polycarp

5.2.56 - Postmillennial

5.2.57 - Posttribulation

5.2.58 - Premillennial

5.2.59 - Preterist

5.2.60 - Pretribulation

5.2.61 - Pseudepigrapha

5.2.62 - Rapture

5.2.63 - Replacement Theology

5.2.64 - Semitism

5.2.65 - Septuagint

5.2.66 - Seven Churches

5.2.67 - Shekinah Glory

5.2.68 - Solecism

5.2.69 - Tabernacle

5.2.70 - Tanach

5.2.71 - Targums

5.2.72 - Technical Term

5.2.73 - Temple

5.2.74 - Ten Tribes

5.2.75 - Tertullian

5.2.76 - Theocracy

5.2.77 - Theonomy

5.2.78 - Tribulation Temple

5.2.79 - TR

5.2.80 - Uncial

5.2.81 - Vulgate

5.3 - Tables and Figures

5.4 - Topic Index

5.4.1 - 1,260 days

5.4.2 - 42 months

5.4.3 - 616, Number of the Beast

5.4.4 - 666, Number of the Beast

5.4.5 - 70 Weeks

5.4.6 - Abaddon

5.4.7 - Abomination

5.4.8 - Abomination of Desolation

5.4.9 - Abraham

5.4.10 - Abram

5.4.11 - Abyss

5.4.12 - Adam

5.4.13 - Adultery

5.4.14 - Allegory

5.4.15 - Alpha and Omega

5.4.16 - Altar

5.4.17 - Amillennialism

5.4.18 - Ammon

5.4.19 - Angel

5.4.20 - Anglo-Israelism

5.4.21 - Anti-supernatural

5.4.22 - Antichrist

5.4.23 - Antichrist, Armilus

5.4.24 - Antitype

5.4.25 - Apocalyptic

5.4.26 - Apocrypha

5.4.27 - Apollyon

5.4.28 - Apostle

5.4.29 - Arianism

5.4.30 - Ark

5.4.31 - Armageddon

5.4.32 - Armilus, Antichrist

5.4.33 - Artemis

5.4.34 - Asher

5.4.35 - Asia

5.4.36 - Athanasias

5.4.37 - Audience

5.4.38 - Authority

5.4.39 - Authorship

5.4.40 - Avenge

5.4.41 - Babel

5.4.42 - Babylon

5.4.43 - Balaam

5.4.44 - Baptism

5.4.45 - Baptism, Holy Spirit

5.4.46 - Bear

5.4.47 - Beast, Image of

5.4.48 - Beast, Mark of

5.4.49 - Beast, Number of

5.4.50 - Beast, from the land

5.4.51 - Beast, from the sea

5.4.52 - Benjamin

5.4.53 - Bible Study, Target

5.4.54 - Biblical, extra

5.4.55 - Bird

5.4.56 - Birth

5.4.57 - Black

5.4.58 - Blasphemy

5.4.59 - Blessing

5.4.60 - Blind

5.4.61 - Blood

5.4.62 - Blotted Out

5.4.63 - Body of Christ

5.4.64 - Book

5.4.65 - Book of Kells

5.4.66 - Book of Life

5.4.67 - Book of the Living

5.4.68 - Born Again

5.4.69 - Bottomless Pit

5.4.70 - Bound

5.4.71 - Bow

5.4.72 - Bowl

5.4.73 - Bowl, Fifth

5.4.74 - Bowl, First

5.4.75 - Bowl, Fourth

5.4.76 - Bowl, Second

5.4.77 - Bowl, Seventh

5.4.78 - Bowl, Sixth

5.4.79 - Bowl, Third

5.4.80 - Bozrah

5.4.81 - Branch

5.4.82 - Bride

5.4.83 - Brimstone

5.4.84 - British-Israelism

5.4.85 - Burn

5.4.86 - Buy

5.4.87 - Caesar Nero

5.4.88 - Calf

5.4.89 - Calvin, John

5.4.90 - Camp of Israel

5.4.91 - Canon

5.4.92 - Carnelian

5.4.93 - Cave

5.4.94 - Censer

5.4.95 - Chain

5.4.96 - Chariot

5.4.97 - Cherub

5.4.98 - Child

5.4.99 - Chiliasm

5.4.100 - Christ, Body of

5.4.101 - Church Fathers

5.4.102 - Churches, Seven of Asia

5.4.103 - City

5.4.104 - City, Great

5.4.105 - Clothing

5.4.106 - Clothing

5.4.107 - Cloud

5.4.108 - Coming, Second

5.4.109 - Command

5.4.110 - Contents, Expanded Table of

5.4.111 - Cosmic Phenomena

5.4.112 - Covenant

5.4.113 - Creation

5.4.114 - Creature

5.4.115 - Creatures, Living

5.4.116 - Crown

5.4.117 - Crucifixion

5.4.118 - Crystal

5.4.119 - Cup

5.4.120 - Curse

5.4.121 - Dan

5.4.122 - Daniel

5.4.123 - Dark

5.4.124 - Date Written

5.4.125 - David

5.4.126 - David, Root of

5.4.127 - Day

5.4.128 - Day of Pentecost

5.4.129 - Day of the Lord

5.4.130 - Dead

5.4.131 - Death

5.4.132 - Death, First

5.4.133 - Death, Second

5.4.134 - Deception

5.4.135 - Deed of Purchase

5.4.136 - Demon

5.4.137 - Desolation, Abomination of

5.4.138 - Devil

5.4.139 - Devil

5.4.140 - Diadem

5.4.141 - Diamond

5.4.142 - Diana

5.4.143 - Didache

5.4.144 - Dispensation

5.4.145 - Docetism

5.4.146 - Dome of the Rock

5.4.147 - Dominion

5.4.148 - Dominion Theology

5.4.149 - Domitian

5.4.150 - Door

5.4.151 - Dragon

5.4.152 - Drunk

5.4.153 - Dweller, Earth

5.4.154 - Eagle

5.4.155 - Ear

5.4.156 - Earth

5.4.157 - Earth Dweller

5.4.158 - Earth, New

5.4.159 - Earthquake

5.4.160 - East

5.4.161 - Eat

5.4.162 - Ecclectice Interpretation

5.4.163 - Ecclesiastical

5.4.164 - Elder

5.4.165 - Election

5.4.166 - Elijah

5.4.167 - Emerald

5.4.168 - Emperor Worship

5.4.169 - Enoch

5.4.170 - Ephesus

5.4.171 - Ephraim

5.4.172 - Erasmus

5.4.173 - Eternal

5.4.174 - Euphrates

5.4.175 - Eusebius

5.4.176 - Evangelical

5.4.177 - Eve

5.4.178 - Evidence, External

5.4.179 - Evidence, Internal

5.4.180 - External Evidence

5.4.181 - Extra-Biblical

5.4.182 - Eye

5.4.183 - Face

5.4.184 - Fall, The

5.4.185 - Fallen

5.4.186 - False Prophet

5.4.187 - False Prophets

5.4.188 - Famine

5.4.189 - Father God

5.4.190 - Fathers, Church

5.4.191 - Feet

5.4.192 - Fifth Bowl

5.4.193 - Figures

5.4.194 - Fire

5.4.195 - Fire, Lake of

5.4.196 - First Bowl

5.4.197 - First Death

5.4.198 - First Resurrection

5.4.199 - Firstborn

5.4.200 - Five

5.4.201 - Flag

5.4.202 - Flood

5.4.203 - Fonts

5.4.204 - Forehead

5.4.205 - Fornication

5.4.206 - Foundation

5.4.207 - Fountain

5.4.208 - Four

5.4.209 - Fourth Bowl

5.4.210 - Fruit

5.4.211 - Futurist

5.4.212 - Futurist Interpretation

5.4.213 - Gad

5.4.214 - Gamatria

5.4.215 - Garden

5.4.216 - Garden of Eden

5.4.217 - Garment

5.4.218 - Garments, White

5.4.219 - Gate

5.4.220 - Gematria

5.4.221 - Genesis compared with Revelation

5.4.222 - Genre

5.4.223 - Gentile

5.4.224 - Glass

5.4.225 - Glory

5.4.226 - Glory, Shekinah

5.4.227 - Glossary

5.4.228 - Gnosticism

5.4.229 - God, Son of

5.4.230 - God, the Father

5.4.231 - Goel

5.4.232 - Gog

5.4.233 - Gold

5.4.234 - Golden Rule of Interpretation

5.4.235 - Gospel

5.4.236 - Gospels, Synoptic

5.4.237 - Govern

5.4.238 - Grape

5.4.239 - Grass

5.4.240 - Great City

5.4.241 - Great Tribulation

5.4.242 - Great White Throne

5.4.243 - Green

5.4.244 - Hades

5.4.245 - Hail

5.4.246 - Hand

5.4.247 - Hand, Right

5.4.248 - Har Megiddo

5.4.249 - Harlot

5.4.250 - Harp

5.4.251 - Harvest

5.4.252 - Head

5.4.253 - Heads, Seven

5.4.254 - Healed

5.4.255 - Heat

5.4.256 - Heaven

5.4.257 - Heaven, New

5.4.258 - Hell

5.4.259 - Hermeneutic

5.4.260 - Hermeneutics

5.4.261 - Herod

5.4.262 - Hills, Seven

5.4.263 - Historicist

5.4.264 - Historist Interpretation

5.4.265 - Holy

5.4.266 - Holy Spirit

5.4.267 - Holy Spirit Baptism

5.4.268 - Holy of Holies

5.4.269 - Honor

5.4.270 - Horn

5.4.271 - Horns, Ten

5.4.272 - Horse

5.4.273 - Horsemen

5.4.274 - Hour

5.4.275 - Hunger

5.4.276 - Husband

5.4.277 - Hyperbole

5.4.278 - Idealist

5.4.279 - Idealist Interpretation

5.4.280 - Idol

5.4.281 - Idolatry

5.4.282 - Ignatius

5.4.283 - Illumination

5.4.284 - Image

5.4.285 - Image of the Beast

5.4.286 - Imminency

5.4.287 - Immorality, Sexual

5.4.288 - Imperial cult

5.4.289 - Incense

5.4.290 - Inerrancy

5.4.291 - Inherit

5.4.292 - Inspiration

5.4.293 - Internal Evidence

5.4.294 - Interpretation

5.4.295 - Interpretation, Ecclectic

5.4.296 - Interpretation, Futurist

5.4.297 - Interpretation, Historicist

5.4.298 - Interpretation, Idealist

5.4.299 - Interpretation, Literal

5.4.300 - Interpretation, Preterist

5.4.301 - Interpretation, Systems of

5.4.302 - Iona

5.4.303 - Iraq

5.4.304 - Irenaeus

5.4.305 - Isaac

5.4.306 - Islam

5.4.307 - Island

5.4.308 - Israel

5.4.309 - Israel, Camp of

5.4.310 - Issachar

5.4.311 - Jacob

5.4.312 - Jacob’s, Time of Trouble

5.4.313 - Jasper

5.4.314 - Jehoshaphat, Valley of

5.4.315 - Jerome

5.4.316 - Jerusalem

5.4.317 - Jerusalem, New

5.4.318 - Jesse

5.4.319 - Jew

5.4.320 - Jezebel

5.4.321 - Jezreel Valley

5.4.322 - John Calvin

5.4.323 - Jordan

5.4.324 - Joseph

5.4.325 - Judah

5.4.326 - Judaism

5.4.327 - Judgment

5.4.328 - Justin Martyr

5.4.329 - Kells, Book of

5.4.330 - Key

5.4.331 - Kill

5.4.332 - King

5.4.333 - Kingdom

5.4.334 - Kingdom, Millennial

5.4.335 - Kinsman Redeemer

5.4.336 - Koran

5.4.337 - LXX

5.4.338 - Labor

5.4.339 - Lake of Fire

5.4.340 - Lamb’s Book of Life

5.4.341 - Lament

5.4.342 - Lamp

5.4.343 - Lampstand

5.4.344 - Land

5.4.345 - Leaves

5.4.346 - Leopard

5.4.347 - Levi

5.4.348 - Levites

5.4.349 - Liar

5.4.350 - Life, Book of

5.4.351 - Life, River of

5.4.352 - Life, Tree of

5.4.353 - Life, Water of

5.4.354 - Light

5.4.355 - Lightning

5.4.356 - Linen, White

5.4.357 - Lion

5.4.358 - Literalism

5.4.359 - Literary Structure

5.4.360 - Living Creature

5.4.361 - Living, Book of

5.4.362 - Loadicea

5.4.363 - Locust

5.4.364 - Lord, Day of the

5.4.365 - Lost Tribes

5.4.366 - Love

5.4.367 - Luther, Martin

5.4.368 - Luxury

5.4.369 - Magic

5.4.370 - Magog

5.4.371 - Man

5.4.372 - Man of Sin

5.4.373 - Man, Son of

5.4.374 - Manasseh

5.4.375 - Manna

5.4.376 - Mark of the Beast

5.4.377 - Marriage

5.4.378 - Martin Luther

5.4.379 - Martyr, Justin

5.4.380 - Martyrdom

5.4.381 - Marvel

5.4.382 - Meaning

5.4.383 - Measure

5.4.384 - Megiddo

5.4.385 - Merchant

5.4.386 - Messiah

5.4.387 - Metaphor

5.4.388 - Michael

5.4.389 - Millennial Kingdom

5.4.390 - Millennial Sacrifice

5.4.391 - Millennial Temple

5.4.392 - Millennium

5.4.393 - Million

5.4.394 - Minuscule

5.4.395 - Moab

5.4.396 - Mohammed

5.4.397 - Montanus

5.4.398 - Month

5.4.399 - Moon

5.4.400 - Moriah, Mount

5.4.401 - Mormon

5.4.402 - Morning Star

5.4.403 - Moses

5.4.404 - Mother

5.4.405 - Motive

5.4.406 - Mount Moriah

5.4.407 - Mount Sinai

5.4.408 - Mount Zion

5.4.409 - Mount, Temple

5.4.410 - Mountain

5.4.411 - Mountains, Seven

5.4.412 - Mourn

5.4.413 - Mouth

5.4.414 - Muhammed

5.4.415 - Mystery

5.4.416 - Mythology, Pagan

5.4.417 - Naked

5.4.418 - Names, Numerical Value

5.4.419 - Naphtali

5.4.420 - Nation

5.4.421 - Nebuchadnezzar

5.4.422 - Nero, Caesar

5.4.423 - Nero, Revival Myth

5.4.424 - New Earth

5.4.425 - New Heaven

5.4.426 - New Jerusalem

5.4.427 - Nicolaitans

5.4.428 - Night

5.4.429 - Nimrod

5.4.430 - North

5.4.431 - Number

5.4.432 - Number of the Beast

5.4.433 - Numbers, Understanding

5.4.434 - Numerical Value, Names

5.4.435 - Numerology

5.4.436 - Objectivity, Lack of

5.4.437 - Oil

5.4.438 - Omega, and Alpha

5.4.439 - Origen

5.4.440 - Outline

5.4.441 - Overcome

5.4.442 - Ox

5.4.443 - Pagan

5.4.444 - Pagan Mythology

5.4.445 - Pale

5.4.446 - Papias

5.4.447 - Papyrus

5.4.448 - Parable

5.4.449 - Paradise

5.4.450 - Patmos

5.4.451 - Peace

5.4.452 - Pearl

5.4.453 - Pentecost

5.4.454 - Peoples

5.4.455 - Perdition

5.4.456 - Perdition, Son of

5.4.457 - Pergamos

5.4.458 - Persecution

5.4.459 - Petra

5.4.460 - Phenomena, Cosmic

5.4.461 - Philadelphia

5.4.462 - Pierce

5.4.463 - Pit, Bottomless

5.4.464 - Plague

5.4.465 - Polycarp

5.4.466 - Pope

5.4.467 - Populate

5.4.468 - Possess

5.4.469 - Postmillennial

5.4.470 - Posttribulational

5.4.471 - Potter

5.4.472 - Power

5.4.473 - Praise

5.4.474 - Pray

5.4.475 - Predestination

5.4.476 - Premillennial

5.4.477 - Preterism

5.4.478 - Preterist Interpretation

5.4.479 - Pretribulational

5.4.480 - Priest

5.4.481 - Prophecy

5.4.482 - Prophet

5.4.483 - Prophet, the False

5.4.484 - Prophets, False

5.4.485 - Pseudepigrapha

5.4.486 - Purchase, Deed of

5.4.487 - Purple

5.4.488 - Purpose

5.4.489 - Queen

5.4.490 - Qur’an

5.4.491 - Rabbinical Thought

5.4.492 - Raiment

5.4.493 - Rainbow

5.4.494 - Rapture

5.4.495 - Reap

5.4.496 - Recapitulation

5.4.497 - Red

5.4.498 - Redeemer, Kinsman

5.4.499 - Redemption

5.4.500 - Reformation

5.4.501 - Regenerate

5.4.502 - Reign

5.4.503 - Repent

5.4.504 - Replacement Theology

5.4.505 - Restrainer

5.4.506 - Resurrection

5.4.507 - Resurrection, First

5.4.508 - Resurrection, Second

5.4.509 - Reuben

5.4.510 - Revelation compared with Genesis

5.4.511 - Revival

5.4.512 - Revival, Nero Myth

5.4.513 - Right Hand

5.4.514 - Righteous

5.4.515 - River of Life

5.4.516 - Robe

5.4.517 - Robes, White

5.4.518 - Rock, Dome of

5.4.519 - Rod

5.4.520 - Rome

5.4.521 - Root

5.4.522 - Root of David

5.4.523 - Rule

5.4.524 - Sacrifice

5.4.525 - Sacrifice, Millennial

5.4.526 - Salvation

5.4.527 - Samaritan

5.4.528 - Sardis

5.4.529 - Sardius

5.4.530 - Satan

5.4.531 - Satan

5.4.532 - Scale

5.4.533 - Scarlet

5.4.534 - Scepter

5.4.535 - Scorch

5.4.536 - Scroll

5.4.537 - Sea

5.4.538 - Seal

5.4.539 - Seal, Fifth

5.4.540 - Seal, First

5.4.541 - Seal, Fourth

5.4.542 - Seal, Second

5.4.543 - Seal, Seventh

5.4.544 - Seal, Sixth

5.4.545 - Seal, Third

5.4.546 - Second Bowl

5.4.547 - Second Coming

5.4.548 - Second Death

5.4.549 - Second Resurrection

5.4.550 - Second Temple

5.4.551 - Security

5.4.552 - Sell

5.4.553 - Semitism

5.4.554 - Septuagint

5.4.555 - Sequential

5.4.556 - Seraph

5.4.557 - Serpent

5.4.558 - Serpent

5.4.559 - Servant

5.4.560 - Seven

5.4.561 - Seven Churches of Asia

5.4.562 - Seven Heads

5.4.563 - Seven Mountains

5.4.564 - Sevens, Seventy

5.4.565 - Seventh Bowl

5.4.566 - Seventy Weeks

5.4.567 - Sexual Immorality

5.4.568 - Shekinah Glory

5.4.569 - Shepherd

5.4.570 - Shiloh

5.4.571 - Shinar

5.4.572 - Ship

5.4.573 - Shortly

5.4.574 - Sign

5.4.575 - Signified

5.4.576 - Simeon

5.4.577 - Sin, Man of

5.4.578 - Sinai, Mount

5.4.579 - Sing

5.4.580 - Sit

5.4.581 - Six

5.4.582 - Sixth Bowl

5.4.583 - Slain

5.4.584 - Slave

5.4.585 - Smoke

5.4.586 - Smyrna

5.4.587 - Solecism

5.4.588 - Solomon

5.4.589 - Solomon’s Temple

5.4.590 - Son of God

5.4.591 - Son of Man

5.4.592 - Son of Perdition

5.4.593 - Song

5.4.594 - Soon

5.4.595 - Sorcery

5.4.596 - Soul

5.4.597 - South

5.4.598 - Sovereignty

5.4.599 - Spirit

5.4.600 - Spirit, Holy

5.4.601 - Standard

5.4.602 - Star

5.4.603 - Star, Morning

5.4.604 - Stephanos

5.4.605 - Stone

5.4.606 - Street

5.4.607 - Structural Outline

5.4.608 - Structure, Literary

5.4.609 - Study, Bible Target

5.4.610 - Style of Writing

5.4.611 - Subjectivity

5.4.612 - Sun

5.4.613 - Supper

5.4.614 - Sword

5.4.615 - Symbols

5.4.616 - Synagogue

5.4.617 - Synoptic Gospels

5.4.618 - Systems of Interpretation

5.4.619 - Tabernacle

5.4.620 - Table of Contents, Expanded

5.4.621 - Tail

5.4.622 - Tanach

5.4.623 - Target, Bible Study

5.4.624 - Targum

5.4.625 - Tear

5.4.626 - Temple

5.4.627 - Temple Mount

5.4.628 - Temple, Millennial

5.4.629 - Temple, Second

5.4.630 - Temple, Solomon’s

5.4.631 - Temple, Tribulation

5.4.632 - Ten

5.4.633 - Ten Horns

5.4.634 - Ten Lost Tribes

5.4.635 - Ten Tribes

5.4.636 - Tertullian

5.4.637 - Test

5.4.638 - Testament

5.4.639 - Testimony

5.4.640 - Testimony

5.4.641 - Textus Receptus

5.4.642 - Themes

5.4.643 - Theocracy

5.4.644 - Theology, Dominion

5.4.645 - Theology, Replacement

5.4.646 - Theonomy

5.4.647 - Thief

5.4.648 - Third Bowl

5.4.649 - Thousand

5.4.650 - Thousand Years

5.4.651 - Three

5.4.652 - Three, and one-half years

5.4.653 - Throne

5.4.654 - Throne, Great White

5.4.655 - Thummim

5.4.656 - Thunder

5.4.657 - Thyatira

5.4.658 - Time of Jacob’s Trouble

5.4.659 - Times, time and half a time

5.4.660 - Tongue

5.4.661 - Torment

5.4.662 - Tree

5.4.663 - Tree of Life

5.4.664 - Trial

5.4.665 - Tribe

5.4.666 - Tribes, Lost

5.4.667 - Tribes, Twelve

5.4.668 - Tribulation

5.4.669 - Tribulation Temple

5.4.670 - Tribulation, Great

5.4.671 - Trinity

5.4.672 - Trouble, Time of Jacob’s

5.4.673 - Trumpet

5.4.674 - Trumpet, Fifth

5.4.675 - Trumpet, First

5.4.676 - Trumpet, Fourth

5.4.677 - Trumpet, Second

5.4.678 - Trumpet, Seventh

5.4.679 - Trumpet, Sixth

5.4.680 - Trumpet, Third

5.4.681 - Twelve

5.4.682 - Twelve Tribes

5.4.683 - Type

5.4.684 - Unbiblical

5.4.685 - Uncial

5.4.686 - Urim

5.4.687 - Valley of Jehoshaphat

5.4.688 - Valley of Jezreel

5.4.689 - Vatican

5.4.690 - Vengeance

5.4.691 - Victorinus

5.4.692 - Vine

5.4.693 - Virgin

5.4.694 - Voice

5.4.695 - Vulgate

5.4.696 - Wall

5.4.697 - War

5.4.698 - Watch

5.4.699 - Water

5.4.700 - Water of Life

5.4.701 - Wedding

5.4.702 - Weep

5.4.703 - West

5.4.704 - Wheat

5.4.705 - White

5.4.706 - White Robes

5.4.707 - Widow

5.4.708 - Wilderness

5.4.709 - Wind

5.4.710 - Wine

5.4.711 - Winepress

5.4.712 - Wing

5.4.713 - Wisdom

5.4.714 - Witchcraft

5.4.715 - Witness

5.4.716 - Witnesses

5.4.717 - Woe

5.4.718 - Woman

5.4.719 - World

5.4.720 - Wormwood

5.4.721 - Worship

5.4.722 - Worship, Emperor

5.4.723 - Wound

5.4.724 - Wrath

5.4.725 - Writing, Style

5.4.726 - Years, Thousand

5.4.727 - Years, three and one-half

5.4.728 - Zebulun

5.4.729 - Zechariah

5.4.730 - Zion, Mount

5.5 - Revision History

5.6 - Scripture Index

5.6.1 - Genesis

5.6.2 - Exodus

5.6.3 - Leviticus

5.6.4 - Numbers

5.6.5 - Deuteronomy

5.6.6 - Joshua

5.6.7 - Judges

5.6.8 - Ruth

5.6.9 - 1 Samuel

5.6.10 - 2 Samuel

5.6.11 - 1 Kings

5.6.12 - 2 Kings

5.6.13 - 1 Chronicles

5.6.14 - 2 Chronicles

5.6.15 - Ezra

5.6.16 - Nehemiah

5.6.17 - Esther

5.6.18 - Job

5.6.19 - Psalms

5.6.20 - Proverbs

5.6.21 - Ecclesiastes

5.6.22 - Song of Solomon

5.6.23 - Isaiah

5.6.24 - Jeremiah

5.6.25 - Lamentations

5.6.26 - Ezekiel

5.6.27 - Daniel

5.6.28 - Hosea

5.6.29 - Joel

5.6.30 - Amos

5.6.31 - Obadiah

5.6.32 - Jonah

5.6.33 - Micah

5.6.34 - Nahum

5.6.35 - Habbakuk

5.6.36 - Zephaniah

5.6.37 - Haggai

5.6.38 - Zechariah

5.6.39 - Malachi

5.6.40 - Matthew

5.6.41 - Mark

5.6.42 - Luke

5.6.43 - John

5.6.44 - Acts

5.6.45 - Romans

5.6.46 - 1 Corinthians

5.6.47 - 2 Corinthians

5.6.48 - Galatians

5.6.49 - Ephesians

5.6.50 - Philippians

5.6.51 - Colossians

5.6.52 - 1 Thessalonians

5.6.53 - 2 Thessalonians

5.6.54 - 1 Timothy

5.6.55 - 2 Timothy

5.6.56 - Titus

5.6.57 - Philemon

5.6.58 - Hebrews

5.6.59 - James

5.6.60 - 1 Peter

5.6.61 - 2 Peter

5.6.62 - 1 John

5.6.63 - 2 John

5.6.64 - 3 John

5.6.65 - Jude

5.6.66 - Revelation

5.7 - Bibliography

1.4 - About the Author

Author Tony Garland

Tony Garland

Tony and his wife Deb live on Camano Island, Washington (USA) where Tony serves as an elder/pastor of Mabana Chapel.

Tony holds the Masters of Theological Studies (M.T.S.) and Doctor of Theology degrees from Louisiana Baptist Theological Seminary and the Advanced Diploma in Systematic Theology (Th.M.) and Advanced Diploma in Prophetic Studies from Tyndale Theological Seminary.

Tony is an ordained minister of the gospel (nondenominational) and administers the Christian website www.SpiritAndTruth.org. He can be contacted at contact@SpiritAndTruth.org.

Tony earned a Bachelor’s of Science degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Washington and has worked in the field of software engineering for several decades.

1.5 - Abbreviations

The following abbreviations are used within the text. See the Glossary for additional information.

Abbreviations

Abbreviation | Meaning
AV | Authorized Version
KJV | King James Version Bible
LXX | Septuagint
MSS | Manuscripts
MS | Manuscript
MT | Majority Text
NASB | New American Standard Bible
NKJV | New King James Version Bible
NT | New Testament
NU | Nestle-Aland / United Bible Society Greek text of the New Testament.
OT | Old Testament
TR | The Textus Receptus or “Received Text”.

4 - Related Topics

4.1 - Babylon and the Harlot

4.2 - The Beast

4.3 - Beasts, Heads, and Horns

4.4 - Book of Life

4.5 - Campaign of Armageddon

4.6 - Crowns

4.7 - Four Gospels

4.8 - Imminency

4.9 - Jezebel

4.10 - Marriage of the Lamb

4.11 - Millennial Kingdom

4.12 - Nero

4.13 - Nicolaitans

4.14 - Rapture

4.15 - Seven Churches of Asia

4.16 - Temple of God

4.17 - Ten Tribes Lost?

4.18 - Worldly Churches

4.19 - Zechariah’s Horses

5 - Reference Information

5.1 - Expanded Table of Contents

5.2 - Glossary

5.3 - Tables and Figures

5.4 - Topic Index

5.5 - Revision History

5.6 - Scripture Index

5.7 - Bibliography

5.3 - Tables and Figures

1.4 - Tony Garland

1.4 - Author Tony Garland

1.5 - Abbreviations

2.1 - Audio Teaching Button

2.2.2.2 - Navigation Aids in the Electronic Version

2.2.14 - Bible Study Target

2.2.14 - Rings of Biblical Study

2.4.2 - Poetic Expressions of Praise

2.12 - Systems of Interpretation Compared

2.13.1 - The Tribulation precedes the Messianic Kingdom on Earth

2.13.5.4 - Events during the First Half of the 70th Week

2.13.5.4 - Events during the Last Half of the 70th Week

2.13.5.4 - Events during the Middle of the 70th Week

2.13.5.5 - The Tribulation in the book of Revelation

2.13.6 - Parallels Between the Olivet Discourse and the Seal Judgments of Revelation

2.13.7 - The Plagues Compared

2.13.8 - Cursed versus Redeemed World

2.13.8 - Probationary versus Eternal World

2.13.8 - Genesis versus Revelation

2.14 - In the Spirit

2.14.1 - Recapitulation of Events

2.14.2 - Sequential Events

2.14.2 - Sequential Chronology

3.1.9 - Patmos near Asia Minor

3.1.9 - The Island of Patmos

3.1.9 - The Church of the Apocalypse

3.1.12 - St. John Beholding the Seven Candelabra

3.1.20 - The Identity of the Angels

3.2.1 - Temple of Artemis at Ephesus

3.2.8 - Temple of Athena in Old Smyrna

3.2.12 - Temple of Dionysus in Pergamum

3.2.18 - Excavations at Thyatira

3.3.1 - Temple of Artemis at Sardis

3.3.7 - Architrave Fragment at Philadelphia

3.3.14 - Bathhouse Arches at Laodicea

3.3.15 - Aqueduct at Laodicea

3.4.4 - St. John with the Twenty-Four Elders

3.5.5 - Messianic Line from Abraham to Jesus

3.5.9 - The Adoration of the Lamb

3.6.1 - The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

3.6.9 - Opening the Fifth and Sixth Seals

3.7.1 - Angels Restraining the Four Winds

3.7.4 - The Twelve Tribes of Israel

3.8.2 - The Seven Angels with Trumpets

3.8.7 - Variation in Symbolic Interpretations

3.9.14 - The Four Angels Bound at the Euphrates

3.10.1.1 - Divine Similarities

3.10.10 - St. John Swallows the Little Book

3.11.3 - Symbols, Institutions, or Individuals?

3.11.3.1 - Identifying the Witnesses

3.12.1.1 - Two Women Compared

3.12.3 - The Dragon with Seven Heads

3.12.6 - Judean Wilderness West of Jericho

3.12.6.1 - Bozrah in Southern Jordan

3.12.7 - Michael and His Angels Fight the Dragon

3.12.14 - Judean Wilderness and Lisan Peninsula

3.13.8.2 - The Lamb versus The Beast

3.13.11 - The Seven-Headed Beast and the Beast with Lamb's Horns

3.13.13 - Two Foundations of Faith

3.16.16 - Megiddo From the South

3.17.3 - A Woman Rides the Beast

3.17.18.1 - City of Man vs. City of God

3.20.1 - The Angel with the Key to the Bottomless Pit

3.20.1 - Key Interpretive Issues in Revelation 20:1-6

3.20.5.1 - The Resurrections

3.20.6.1 - Participation in Births, Deaths, and Resurrections

3.21.19.1 - Stones of the Tribes of Israel

4.1 - Babylon in Iraq

4.1.2.1 - Plan of Babylon (1944)

4.1.3.5.3 - Zechariah 5 and Revelation 17-18

4.1.4.2.2 - The Harlot versus The City

4.2.6 - Contrasts between Christ and Antichrist

4.3.1 - Gentile Kingdoms

4.3.2 - Seven Heads and Ten Horns of Daniel and Revelation

4.3.2.16 - Daniel’s Little Horn versus The Beast of Revelation

4.5.3.3 - Jezreel Valley

4.5.4 - The Campaign of Armageddon

4.6.3 - Crowns for Believers

4.7 - The Gospels Compared

4.7 - The Book of Kells - The Four Gospels

4.7.2 - Camp of Israel

4.7.3 - Camp of Israel as a Shadow of Heaven

4.10.1 - Steps in a Jewish Wedding

4.11 - The Millennial Kingdom on Earth

4.11.1 - Views of the Return of Christ and the Millennium

4.11.4 - Character of the Millennial Kingdom

4.11.9 - The Millennial Voice of the Early Church

4.12 - Caesar Nero

4.12.3 - Emperor Domitian Gold Coins

4.14.3.1 - Contrasts Between the Rapture and the Second Coming

4.14.9 - Example of Biblical Typology: Moses and the Serpent on a Pole (Num. 21)

4.15 - The Seven Churches of Asia

4.15.1.3 - Promises to the Overcomer

4.15.1.4.1 - The Letter to Ephesus

4.15.1.4.2 - The Letter to Smyrna

4.15.1.4.3 - The Letter to Pergamos

4.15.1.4.4 - The Letter to Thyatira

4.15.1.4.5 - The Letter to Sardis

4.15.1.4.6 - The Letter to Philadelphia

4.15.1.4.7 - The Letter to Laodicea

4.15.1.5 - Seven Stages of Church History

4.16.3 - Temple Mount with Dome of the Rock

4.16.3.1 - The Offering of Isaac points to the Crucifixion of Jesus

4.16.4 - Shared Elements of Earthly and Heavenly Temples

4.16.5 - The Temples of God

4.16.5.8 - Al-Aqsa Mosque and Dome of the Rock

4.17.3.1 - Migrations and Captivities

4.17.3.2.3 - Tribes in the New Testament and the Future

5.5 - Revisions

5.5 - Revision History

Revisions

Revision
Date
Description

2.2
February 12, 2009
Added a new section defining common Abbreviations to the preface. Moved revision history from the Preface to Reference Information. Typographical corrections.

2.1
December 18, 2006
Typographical corrections.

2.0
November 8, 2006
Converted generic quotes to right- and left-hand quotes. Typographical corrections.

1.28
September 21, 2006
Restructured the table comparing the The Structure of the Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia to work better with Libronix. Typographical corrections.

1.27
August 2, 2006
Modified names of SwordSearcher book and commentary files to protect compatibility with future versions of SwordSearcher. Typographical corrections.

1.26
July 22, 2006
Added new section explaining HTML Page Formats. Typographical corrections.

1.25
July 10, 2006
Typographical corrections. Long-overdue update of print-format edition.

1.24
May 18, 2006
Added quote from Irenaeus in commentary on Revelation 7:4. Added citation from Waymeyer in Understanding Symbols and Figures. Minor correction in Babylon is Jerusalem?. Typographical corrections.

1.23
January 7, 2006
Corrected missing cross-references within Topic Index. Typographical corrections.

1.22
January 3, 2006
Expanded commentary on Revelation 17:10. Added citation from the Jerome Biblical Commentary to Nebuchadnezzar’s Dream and Daniel’s Vision. Added chart describing Key Interpretive Issues in Revelation 20:1-6+ to commentary on Revelation 20:1. Html versions of the commentary now available with both short and long page sizes. Typographical corrections.

1.21
November 12, 2005
Added accents to transliterations within SwordSearcher version. Typographical corrections.

1.20
November 3, 2005
Corrected alphabetization of Glossary entries. Restored secondary index entries in Topic Index which were omitted in some formats. Added new section contrasting Babylon and the New Jerusalem. Moved commentary at end of Revelation 17:4 which was incorrectly placed at the introduction of Revelation 17. Added a citation by Dr. John Niemelä to commentary on Revelation 5:9. Added book by Waymeyer to Additional Resources on the Millennial Kingdom. Typographical corrections.

1.19
October 8, 2005
Corrected problem which caused omission of entries in scripture index for books of Daniel and Zechariah in some formats. The Scripture Index now lists each verse within a verse range, not just the first verse. Typographical corrections.

1.18
September 15, 2005
Corrected errors in section links for SwordSearcher version. Modified instructions on how to use the commentary within SwordSearcher. Typographical corrections.

1.17
September 6, 2005
Revised the section on the Rejection of the Book of Revelation to remove an erroneous statement and citation indicating that the Westminster Confession of Faith rejected the Apocalypse from the Canon. Typographical corrections.

1.16
June 16, 2005
Added footnote to commentary on Revelation 13:3. Fixed Automatic Lookup example. Added a citation to The Millennial Kingdom in the Early Church. Typographical corrections.

1.15
April 14, 2005
Added related passages to commentary on Revelation 12:1. Revised Revelation 19:20 and Beast Worshipers are Unique. Typographical corrections.

1.14
February 10, 2005
Added citation to Additional Resources on the Rapture. Corrected missing section numbers from verse-by-verse commentary within the Libronix PBB version. Typographical corrections.

1.13
January 1, 2005
Typographical corrections in automatic transliteration of Greek. Added notice of registration with United States Copyright Office effective July 8, 2004. Moved mislocated paragraph to end of Revelation 14:20.

1.12
December 2, 2004
Added information to Babylon is Jerusalem?. This is the first version available for use with the free e-Sword Bible study software. Corrected Greek transliteration error where initial smooth breathing mark was not being removed.

1.11
November 23, 2004
Corrected problem in SwordSearcher and Libronix PBB versions where verse ranges only included the first verse in the range.

1.10
November 10, 2004
Added topic milestone markers to the Topic Index so that topic index entries operate in the active index of the Libronix PBB version.

1.9
November 8, 2004
Corrected heading levels in Topic Index and Scripture Index which were causing problems for the table of contents within the Libronix PBB version.

1.8
October 31, 2004
Corrected minor formatting inconsistencies concerning citations.

1.7
October 30, 2004
The HTML version and the Libronix Personal Book version now generate individual files for every section in the commentary. This greatly reduces individual page size leading to improved performance loading a new page.

1.6
October 26, 2004
First version available for use with the Sword Searcher Bible study program.

1.5
October 15, 2004
Modifications to improve operation of the Libronix PBB version of the commentary: (1) Section titles at the top of each page no longer use H1 formatting codes which confused Libronix’s notion of levels in the table of contents; (2) Replaced navigation buttons which appear in each section with text links to work around what appears to be a problem with linked images within the Libronix PBB compiler. Typographical corrections, including corrections to numerous Bible addresses with incorrect chapter or verse numbers.

1.4
October 12, 2004
Moved Acknowledgments, Special Permission, Copyright, About the Author, and Revision History under a new Preface section at the beginning of the table of contents. Modified the Topic Index for Libronix PBB versions to limit the number of entries at each topic. (The full index is available on the web at www.SpiritAndTruth.org/id/revc.htm?Topic_Index.)

1.3
October 8, 2004
Greek transliteration now includes macrons to differentiate eta from epsilon and omega from omicron. Hebrew transliteration now differentiates between various vowels. Collapsed abbreviated Table of Contents. Added citation by Svigel to Revelation 3:14. Expanded Additional Resources on the Rapture. Added a citation to the section titled Book of Mormon which discusses DNA evidence against the idea that Native Americans are descendants of a lost tribe of Israel. Fixed citations in Revelation 9:7. Expanded commentary on Revelation 1:7. Typographical corrections. This is the first version available in Libronix PBB format for use with the Libronix Bible Study program.

1.2
April 22, 2004
Removed diagram of Daniel’s Outline of the Future which previously appeared in the section titled Nebuchadnezzar’s Dream and Daniel’s Vision. We obtained initial permission to include this image in digital versions of the commentary, but were unable to procure permission for printed media. Copyright notices are now directly marked on all copyrighted images. Typographical corrections.

1.1
April 14, 2004
Related topics are now in alphabetical order. Added new section: Tables and Figures. Typographical corrections.

1.0
March 27, 2004
First draft of completed commentary. Revised Beasts, Heads, and Horns diagram so it can be more easily printed. Glossary and topical index items are now included in the expanded table of contents so they will be found in searches. Fixed capitalization within Scripture passages. Rearranged related topics to be in alphabetical order. The scripture index is now separated into a separate file for each Bible book. Added new section Acknowledgments. Typographical corrections.

0.26
March 20, 2004
Added new section: Revelation 22. Typographical corrections.

0.25
March 14, 2004
Added new section: Revelation 21. Typographical corrections.

0.24
March 07, 2004
Added new section: Revelation 20. Added new section: Millennial Kingdom. Typographical corrections.

0.23
February 29, 2004
Added new section: Revelation 19. Added new section: Marriage of the Lamb. Revised commentary at Revelation 1:1, and Revelation 1:2 concerning the testimony of Jesus. Typographical corrections.

0.22
February 21, 2004
Added new section: Revelation 18. Typographical corrections.

0.21
February 14, 2004
Added new section: Revelation 17. Added new section: Babylon and the Harlot. Added new section: Audio Course. Added new map to Sheep in Bozrah. Typographical corrections.

0.20
February 8, 2004
Added new section: Revelation 16. Added new section: Campaign of Armageddon. Typographical corrections.

0.19
February 3, 2004
Added new section: Revelation 15. Typographical corrections.

0.18
January 30, 2004
Added new section: Revelation 14. Added new section: Finding Your Way Around. Added buttons to verse-by-verse commentary which provide access to the audio teaching associated with each verse. Added new diagram from Charting the End Times to Nebuchadnezzar’s Dream and Daniel’s Vision. Typographical corrections.

0.17
January 23, 2004
Added new section: Revelation 13. Revised section: Nero. Typographical corrections. Added new Glossary entries which point to their corresponding articles under Related Topics.

0.16
January 17, 2004
Added new section: Revelation 12. Added new section: Beasts, Heads, and Horns. Typographical corrections.

0.15
January 7, 2004
Added new section: Revelation 11. Added new section: Temple of God. Added new section: The Plagues of Egypt and the Tribulation. Added new section: Events of the 70th Week of Daniel. Added new section: Prophetic Year. Revised existing section: Supernatural Origin? Typographical corrections.

0.14
December 24, 2003
Added new section: Revelation 10. Typographical corrections.

0.13
December 18, 2003
Added new section: Revelation 9. Added new section: Five: Provision, Fullness, Grace. Added new subsection concerning the Beast: Relation to the Pope. Typographical corrections.

0.12
December 4, 2003
Added new section: Revelation 8. Added new section: When Does the Day of the Lord Dawn?. Typographical corrections.

0.11
November 28, 2003
Fixed problem with links between files under Netscape (URL’s contained DOS back slashes which are now converted to forward slashes). Typographical corrections.

0.10
November 24, 2003
Added new section: Revelation 7. Added new section: Ten Tribes Lost?. Typographical corrections.

0.9
November 18, 2003
Added new section: Revelation 6. Added new section: Zechariah’s Horses. Added wood cut images by Albrecht Durer. Typographical corrections. Added parallel companion bible viewer. Added ability to open bible from commentary for each verse.

0.8
November 11, 2003
Added new section: Revelation 5. Added new section: Camp of Israel. Typographical corrections.

0.7
November 5, 2003
Added new section: Revelation 4. Added new section: Four Gospels. Typographical corrections.

0.6
October 30, 2003
Added new section: Revelation 3. Added new section: Rapture. Added new section: Book of Life. Typographical corrections.

0.5
October 20, 2003
Added new section: Revelation 2. Added new section: Crowns. Added new section: Jezebel. Added new section: Worldly Churches. Added new section: Who is the Overcomer?. Revised Seven Churches of Asia. Added new picture of Domitian Gold Coins to Failure in Fulfillment. Typographical corrections.

0.4
October 9, 2003
Added a section titled Automatic Lookup which describes how to automatically open the commentary at a specified section or verse. Added first draft of verse-by-verse commentary for Revelation 1. Added first draft of a section titled the Seven Churches of Asia. Added first draft of a section titled Imminency.

0.3
September 15, 2003
Added support for automatically opening the HTML commentary by chapter and verse, section number, or fragment of the section title. Some examples: index.htm?2.1 opens the commentary at section 2.1; index.htm?symbols opens the commentary at the first section which has the word ‘symbols’ in its title; and index.htm?1:10 opens the commentary at chapter 1 and verse 10.

0.2
September 08, 2003
Incorporated feedback from reviewers. Added a new section on the symbolic meaning of the number two. Added new diagrams illustrating the recapitulation and sequential views of the Literary Structure.

0.1
August 16, 2003
First draft of all introductory subjects. Introduction without verse-by-verse commentary.

0.0
May 2003
Began background study for introduction.

var topics = new Array ( 'Revelation', '../5.htm', 'Audio Course', '../5.htm', 'Index', '../5.htm', 'As We Begin', '01_introduction/webshow/index.htm?1', 'Audience and Purpose', '02_introduction/webshow/index.htm?1', 'Theme', '02_introduction/webshow/index.htm?13', 'Anti-supernatural Bias', '03_introduction/webshow/index.htm?1', 'The Genre of the Book of Revelation', '03_introduction/webshow/index.htm?15', 'Interpreting Symbols', '07_introduction/webshow/index.htm?1', 'Authorship', '04_introduction/webshow/index.htm?1', 'Acceptance into the Canon', '05_introduction/webshow/index.htm?1', 'Date', '06_introduction/webshow/index.htm?1', 'Systems of Interpretation', '08_introduction/webshow/index.htm?1', 'Related Passages and Themes', '09_introduction/webshow/index.htm?1', 'Literary Structure', '05_introduction/webshow/index.htm?14', 'Nero', '06_introduction/webshow/index.htm?7', 'The Beast', '28_Revelation_13/webshow/index.htm?1', 'Beasts, Heads, and Horns', '28_Revelation_13/webshow/index.htm?1', 'Imminency', '10_Revelation_1_1-2/webshow/index.htm?12', 'Jezebel', '15_Revelation_2_12-29/webshow/index.htm?17', 'Book of Life', '16_Revelation_3_1-6/webshow/index.htm?15', 'Seven Churches of Asia', '11_Revelation_1_3-4/webshow/index.htm?14', 'Nicolaitans', '14_Revelation_2_1-11/webshow/index.htm?16', 'Rapture', '19_Revelation_4/webshow/index.htm?3', 'Worldly Churches', '18_Revelation_3_14-22/webshow/index.htm?4', 'Ten Tribes Lost?', '22_Revelation_7/webshow/index.htm?13', 'Temple of God', '26_Revelation_11/webshow/index.htm?9', 'Four Gospels', '19_Revelation_4/webshow/index.htm?21', 'Style of Writing', '03_introduction/webshow/index.htm?8', 'Campaign of Armageddon', '31_Revelation_16/webshow/index.htm?22', '- Babylon', '32_Babylon_and_the_Harlot/webshow/index.htm?1', 'Babylon of Old', '32_Babylon_and_the_Harlot/webshow/index.htm?3', 'The Destruction of Babylon', '32_Babylon_and_the_Harlot/webshow/index.htm?4', "The Timing of Babylon's Destruction", '32_Babylon_and_the_Harlot/webshow/index.htm?7', 'The Identity of Babylon', '32_Babylon_and_the_Harlot/webshow/index.htm?8', 'Babylon is the World?', '32_Babylon_and_the_Harlot/webshow/index.htm?8', 'Babylon is Rome?', '32_Babylon_and_the_Harlot/webshow/index.htm?9', 'Babylon is Jerusalem?', '32_Babylon_and_the_Harlot/webshow/index.htm?11', 'Babylon is Babylon!', '32_Babylon_and_the_Harlot/webshow/index.htm?13', 'Back to Shinar', '32_Babylon_and_the_Harlot/webshow/index.htm?16', 'The Great Harlot', '32_Babylon_and_the_Harlot/webshow/index.htm?18', 'Mystery Babylon', '32_Babylon_and_the_Harlot/webshow/index.htm?20', 'One or Two Babylons?', '32_Babylon_and_the_Harlot/webshow/index.htm?21', 'Marriage of the Lamb', '35_Revelation_19/webshow/index.htm?8', 'The Jewish Wedding Analogy', '35_Revelation_19/webshow/index.htm?9', 'Roles in the Wedding Party', '35_Revelation_19/webshow/index.htm?10', 'Israel Married to Jehovah', '35_Revelation_19/webshow/index.htm?12', 'Jerusalem Married to God', '35_Revelation_19/webshow/index.htm?13', 'Church Betrothed to Christ', '35_Revelation_19/webshow/index.htm?14', 'Israel, the Church, the New Jerusalem', '35_Revelation_19/webshow/index.htm?15', 'Millennial Kingdom', '37_Millennial_Kingdom/webshow/index.htm?1', 'Views of the Millennium', '37_Millennial_Kingdom/webshow/index.htm?2', 'Allegorizing and Spiritualizing The Truth', '37_Millennial_Kingdom/webshow/index.htm?3', 'Why a Millennial Kingdom?', '37_Millennial_Kingdom/webshow/index.htm?4', 'Summary of the Millennial Kingdom', '37_Millennial_Kingdom/webshow/index.htm?5', 'Millennial Passages', '37_Millennial_Kingdom/webshow/index.htm?6', 'Who Populates the Millennial Kingdom?', '37_Millennial_Kingdom/webshow/index.htm?7', 'The Millennial Kingdom in the Early Church', '37_Millennial_Kingdom/webshow/index.htm?8' )

5.4 - Topic Index

The major topics mentioned within the commentary appear below. Each topic is listed along with every section number within the commentary where that topic is mentioned. The total number of times a topic occurs in the commentary, and within each section, is shown in superscript. Topics which appear in endnotes are listed within the section which contains the endnote. Sections which mention the topic most often appear first in the list.

Clicking on a section number within a topic opens the section at the location where the topic is first mentioned.

5.4.1 - 1,260 days

1,260 days⁴⁴ : 2.13.5.2⁷, 2.13.4⁵, 3.11.3³, 3.11.7³, 3.12.6³, 2.12.4², 3.6.9², 3.11.2², 3.11.6², 3.13.5², 2.7.5.2, 2.11.3.2, 2.13.5.3, 3.6.1, 3.11.14, 3.12.14, 3.17.11, 4.3.2.16, 4.5.4, 4.12, 5.4.2, 5.4.659, 5.4.727

5.4.2 - 42 months

See 1,260 days.

5.4.3 - 616, Number of the Beast

See Number of the Beast.

5.4.4 - 666, Number of the Beast

See Number of the Beast.

5.4.5 - 70 Weeks

See Seventy Weeks.

5.4.6 - Abaddon

See Apollyon.

5.4.7 - Abomination

Abomination¹¹⁰ : 3.17.4¹², 4.1.4.1⁹, 3.17.5⁶, 2.13.4⁵, 3.12.6⁵, 4.1.3.3⁵, 3.13.14⁴, 2.13.6³, 3.6.12³, 4.3.2.19³, 4.16.5.4³, 4.16.5.9³, 2.13.5.4², 3.11.2², 3.12.15², 3.13.15², 3.17.18.1², 3.21.8², 4.3.2.5², 4.12.2.4², 2.11.3.1, 2.13.5.3, 3.1.7, 3.2.4, 3.3.10, (33 more . . .)

5.4.8 - Abomination of Desolation

Abomination of Desolation³⁵ : 2.13.6³, 3.6.12³, 4.16.5.9³, 2.13.4², 2.13.5.4², 3.12.6², 3.13.14², 3.13.15², 2.11.3.1, 3.6.9, 3.7.4, 3.11.1, 3.11.2, 3.11.3, 3.11.13, 3.12.15, 3.13.4, 3.14.10, 3.16.15, 4.3.2.12, 4.3.2.19, 4.8.2, 4.12.2.4, 5.2.72

5.4.9 - Abraham

Abraham¹¹⁶ : 3.2.9¹³, 4.16.3.1¹¹, 4.16.5.8⁵, 2.7.5.3.1⁴, 4.16.3⁴, 3.5.6³, 3.9.20³, 3.10.3³, 3.12.17³, 3.19.9³, 2.11.3.2², 2.13.8², 3.1.7², 3.2.5², 3.7.4², 3.12.1², 3.13.5², 3.16.7², 3.19.8², 3.21.2², 4.7², 4.12.2.4², 4.14.9², 4.16.5.9², 4.17.3.2.1², (34 more . . .)

5.4.10 - Abram

See Abraham.

5.4.11 - Abyss

Abyss¹⁹⁸ : 3.9.1³⁸, 3.9.11¹⁶, 4.2.7¹², 3.11.7⁹, 3.17.8⁸, 4.2.7.1⁸, 3.9.7⁶, 3.20.1⁶, 3.9.2⁵, 3.9.3⁵, 3.13.1⁵, 3.13.11⁵, 3.20.3⁵, 4.3.2.17⁵, 3.13.4⁴, 4.3.2.16⁴, 2.7.4², 3.11.5², 3.12.9², 3.19.20², 3.20.7², 3.20.10², 4.2.6², 4.11.4², 2.14.3, (41 more . . .)

5.4.12 - Adam

Adam⁹⁹ : 3.1.13¹⁴, 3.22.2⁷, 3.5.3⁵, 4.16.1⁵, 2.2.4⁴, 3.14.7⁴, 3.21.24⁴, 2.13.8³, 3.5.2³, 4.5.1³, 4.16.5.1³, 3.2.7², 3.3.18², 3.20.5.1², 4.16.2², 2.5.1, 2.6.1, 2.13.1, 3.1.14, 3.2.23, 3.3.4, 3.4.6, 3.5.4, 3.5.5, 3.5.9, (36 more . . .)

5.4.13 - Adultery

Adultery¹³ : 3.2.22³, 4.10.3², 3.2.14, 3.9.21, 3.17.5, 3.21.8, 4.1.3.1, 4.1.4.1, 4.13, 4.15.1.4.4

5.4.14 - Allegory

Allegory²⁹ : 2.7.3¹⁰, 2.7.2², 3.4.1², 4.2.8², 4.11.2², 1.2, 2.12.2.4, 2.12.3, 3.1.1, 3.1.3, 3.1.20, 3.9.7, 3.11.8, 3.16.1, 3.22.6, 3.22.18

5.4.15 - Alpha and Omega

Alpha and Omega²⁵ : 3.1.8⁴, 3.22.13⁴, 2.2.2.6.1², 2.2.13², 2.13.8², 3.1.11², 3.4.3², 3.21.6², 5.4.438², 3.13.17, 3.13.18, 5.5

5.4.16 - Altar

Altar¹²⁵ : 3.6.9²³, 3.8.3¹¹, 3.11.1¹¹, 3.9.13¹⁰, 3.14.18⁶, 3.16.7⁶, 3.2.17⁴, 4.11.7⁴, 3.2.13³, 4.16.4³, 4.16.5.1³, 3.2.5², 3.5.8², 3.11.2², 3.16.18², 4.16.3², 4.16.5.4², 4.16.5.8², 4.17.2.3², 2.7.5.3.3, 2.14.3, 3.2.12, 3.2.14, 3.3.1, 3.6.17, (25 more . . .)

5.4.17 - Amillennialism

Amillennialism⁴⁶ : 3.20.1⁹, 3.20.2⁸, 5.2.1⁴, 2.7.3³, 4.11.1³, 4.11.3³, 3.20.5², 4.11.5², 2.2.2.3, 2.7.2, 2.10.1, 2.12.5, 3.1.3, 3.14.1, 3.20.4, 3.20.7, 4.11, 4.11.2, 4.11.6, 4.16.5.10.1

5.4.18 - Ammon

Ammon⁴ : 3.12.6.1², 3.16.12, 4.1.4.1

5.4.19 - Angel

Angel⁸⁹⁵ : 3.1.20⁵¹, 3.10.1.1⁴⁶, 3.9.1²⁷, 3.4.4²⁶, 3.8.2¹⁹, 3.8.3¹⁷, 3.20.1¹⁷, 3.9.11¹⁶, 3.10.1¹⁶, 3.10.3¹⁶, 3.19.10¹⁶, 3.9.14¹⁵, 3.1.1¹³, 3.17.14¹³, 3.12.7¹¹, 3.16.5¹⁰, 3.19.14¹⁰, 3.18.1⁹, 3.8.13⁸, 3.12.4⁸, 3.14.6⁷, 3.14.15⁷, 3.14.17⁷, 3.15.1⁷, 3.17.1⁷, (496 more . . .)

5.4.20 - Anglo-Israelism

See British-Israelism.

5.4.21 - Anti-supernatural

Anti-supernatural¹⁷ : 2.5⁸, 2.5.1⁴, 2.3.2.1.1³, 2.3.3, 2.6.2

5.4.22 - Antichrist

See Beast, from the sea.

5.4.23 - Antichrist, Armilus

See Armilus, Antichrist.

5.4.24 - Antitype

See Type.

5.4.25 - Apocalyptic

Apocalyptic²⁷² : 2.6.1²¹, 2.10.1¹², 2.11.3.2¹⁰, 2.6⁹, 2.6.2⁹, 2.8⁸, 2.11.4.2.1⁸, 2.7.5.4.2⁷, 2.9.3.4⁷, 4.12.2.4⁷, 2.7.2⁶, 2.7.4⁵, 2.10.2⁵, 2.12.5⁵, 3.1.1⁵, 4.15.1.1.1⁵, 2.2.7⁴, 2.7.5.5⁴, 2.12.3⁴, 3.10.11⁴, 3.11.7⁴, 4.11.9⁴, 4.15.1⁴, 2.7.1³, 2.7.5.4³, (109 more . . .)

5.4.26 - Apocrypha

Apocrypha²² : 2.7.5.4.2⁴, 5.2.5⁴, 4.17.2.1³, 2.7.5.4², 5.2.61², 2.2.8, 2.7.1, 2.10.2, 2.11.4.2.1, 2.12.2.5, 3.14.13, 3.22.18

5.4.27 - Apollyon

Apollyon¹³ : 3.9.11⁶, 3.9.1⁴, 3.11.18², 5.4.6

5.4.28 - Apostle

Apostle¹⁸¹ : 2.9.4.1⁹, 3.2.2⁷, 3.21.12⁷, 2.7.5.3.7⁶, 2.9.2⁶, 3.21.14⁶, 3.4.4⁵, 3.7.4⁵, 3.18.20⁵, 2.10.1⁴, 2.7.3³, 2.7.5.2³, 2.9.1³, 2.9.3.2³, 2.9.3.3³, 2.9.4.2³, 2.11.4.2.1³, 2.13.3³, 3.1.9³, 3.11.3³, 3.13.11³, 3.20.1³, 4.11.9³, 2.8², 2.9², (78 more . . .)

5.4.29 - Arianism

Arianism¹ : 5.2.7

5.4.30 - Ark

Ark⁷⁹ : 3.11.19⁴⁵, 3.15.5⁴, 4.7.3⁴, 3.2.17³, 4.16.5.10.1³, 3.3.10², 3.16.21², 4.16.5.1², 3.3.3, 3.4.6, 3.10.1, 3.16.2, 3.16.18, 3.19.15, 3.21.16, 4.14.5, 4.16.2, 4.16.4, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.2, 4.16.5.5, 4.16.5.10.2

5.4.31 - Armageddon

Armageddon⁷⁷ : 4.5.6¹⁷, 4.5¹², 4.5.1⁶, 4.5.4⁶, 3.16.16⁴, 3.14.20³, 4.5.2³, 4.5.3.3³, 4.5.5³, 4.5.3.2², 2.13.4, 2.13.5.3, 2.13.7, 3.3.10, 3.5.5, 3.6.1, 3.6.2, 3.8.13, 3.9.14, 3.9.16, 3.13.13, 3.16.14, 3.19.11, 3.22.6, 4.5.3, (18 more . . .)

5.4.32 - Armilus, Antichrist

Armilus, Antichrist¹³ : 4.2.2¹², 5.4.23

5.4.33 - Artemis

Artemis¹⁶ : 3.2.1¹⁰, 3.3.1², 3.2.5, 3.2.12, 4.15.1.4.1, 5.4.142

5.4.34 - Asher

Asher⁹ : 3.7.6², 3.21.13², 3.7.4, 3.21.19.1, 4.7.2, 4.17.3.1, 4.17.3.2.3

5.4.35 - Asia

Asia¹¹³ : 3.1.11¹³, 4.15¹⁰, 2.11.4.2.4⁷, 4.15.1⁷, 2.11.4.1.1⁵, 2.12.5⁴, 3.2.13⁴, 3.3.10⁴, 2.11.4.2.2³, 3.1.4³, 3.2.1³, 2.2.8², 2.9.2², 2.10.2², 3.1.7², 3.1.9², 3.2.8², 3.13.9², 4.1.3.3², 2.3.2, 2.3.2.1, 2.7.5.4, 2.9.3.3, 2.9.4.1, 2.10.1, (34 more . . .)

5.4.36 - Athanasias

Athanasias⁶ : 5.2.7³, 2.10.1, 2.10.2, 4.7.1

5.4.37 - Audience

Audience²⁷ : 2.3.2⁴, 2.3³, 4.1.3.3³, 2.2.7², 4.12.2.4², 2.3.2.1, 2.3.2.2, 3.1.6, 3.2.17, 3.10.10, 3.11.9, 3.11.11, 3.17.9, 3.19.11, 3.20.12, 4.7, 4.15, 4.17.2.3

5.4.38 - Authority

Authority²³⁰ : 3.13.12⁸, 3.2.27⁷, 3.3.7⁶, 3.5.9⁶, 3.11.2⁶, 4.3.2.16⁶, 3.6.2⁵, 3.17.11⁵, 2.10⁴, 3.13.2⁴, 3.17.13⁴, 3.18.9⁴, 3.20.1⁴, 4.11.6.1⁴, 2.9.3.3³, 3.9.1³, 3.11.5³, 3.12.3³, 3.12.10³, 3.13.13³, 3.20.10³, 4.3.2.22³, 4.13³, 2.13.5.4², 3.1.20², (126 more . . .)

5.4.39 - Authorship

Authorship⁴⁶ : 2.9.1¹¹, 2.9⁹, 2.9.3.1³, 2.5², 2.9.2², 2.9.4², 2.9.4.2², 2.10², 2.2.10, 2.3.2.1, 2.9.3.4, 2.9.4.1, 2.10.1, 2.11.2, 2.11.3.2, 3.1.1, 3.2.7, 3.9.11, 3.22.8, 5.2.5, 5.2.52

5.4.40 - Avenge

See Vengeance.

5.4.41 - Babel

Babel⁵⁸ : 4.3.2.5¹⁰, 4.1.1⁸, 4.1.3.5.3⁴, 3.17.10³, 3.18.3³, 3.17.18², 4.1.3.3², 4.1.3.5.2², 4.3.2.4.1², 4.5.1², 4.11.4², 3.3.1, 3.9.7, 3.9.14, 3.9.21, 3.14.8, 3.16.12, 3.17.1, 3.17.5, 3.17.15, 3.18.7, 4.1.3.1, 4.1.4.1, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.3.2.4, (18 more . . .)

5.4.42 - Babylon

Babylon⁷¹² : 4.1.3.5.2⁴⁸, 4.1.3.4⁴³, 4.1.3.3⁴², 4.1.3.1²⁵, 3.14.8¹⁸, 4.1.2.1¹⁷, 4.1.4.2.2¹⁷, 3.17.16¹⁵, 4.1.3.5.3¹⁵, 3.17.1¹⁴, 3.18.17¹⁴, 4.1.2.2¹⁴, 4.1.3.5.1¹⁴, 3.17.5¹³, 3.18.2¹³, 3.18.4¹³, 4.1.1¹³, 4.5.3.4¹³, 4.1.3.5¹², 3.17.18¹¹, 3.18.9¹¹, 4.1.3¹¹, 3.16.19¹⁰, 4.3.2.5¹⁰, 4.1.2.3⁹, (277 more . . .)

5.4.43 - Balaam

Balaam³⁶ : 4.13¹⁷, 3.2.14⁶, 3.2.20², 3.2.28², 3.19.15², 3.1.1, 3.2.12, 3.2.15, 3.2.16, 4.7.2, 4.15.1.4.3, 4.18.3

5.4.44 - Baptism

Baptism¹⁷ : 3.15.2³, 3.1.9², 3.8.7², 3.14.18², 4.16.5.10.2², 2.7.3, 3.4.1, 3.4.4, 3.9.20, 4.14.4.3, 5.4.267

5.4.45 - Baptism, Holy Spirit

Baptism, Holy Spirit¹ : 3.4.4

5.4.46 - Bear

Bear⁷⁵ : 3.13.2⁹, 3.20.12⁴, 4.3.2.10⁴, 4.3.2.16³, 3.2.2², 3.2.5², 3.3.7², 3.3.14², 3.15.3², 3.22.2², 4.11.7², 2.2.4, 2.3.2.2, 2.7.5.3.3, 2.9, 2.13, 3.1.5, 3.1.12, 3.1.14, 3.2.10, 3.2.20, 3.2.26, 3.3.22, 3.5.1, 3.6.8, (41 more . . .)

5.4.47 - Beast, Image of

See Image of the Beast.

5.4.48 - Beast, Mark of

See Mark of the Beast.

5.4.49 - Beast, Number of

See Number of the Beast.

5.4.50 - Beast, from the land

Beast, from the land¹⁴² : 3.13.11¹⁸, 3.19.20¹³, 3.13.15¹⁰, 3.13.12⁹, 4.3.2.18⁹, 3.13.13⁷, 3.13.1⁶, 4.2.8⁴, 3.20.10³, 4.1.4.2.3³, 4.3.2.16³, 2.7.5.3.1², 3.11.5², 3.12.9², 3.13.10², 3.14.1², 3.16.13², 3.19.21², 3.20.2², 3.20.4², 4.2.3², 4.3.2.19², 4.4.3.4², 4.12.3², 2.4.2, (31 more . . .)

5.4.51 - Beast, from the sea

Beast, from the sea¹¹⁹⁰ : 3.13.1³⁵, 3.6.2³⁴, 3.11.7³², 3.13.4²⁸, 4.3.2.16²⁵, 3.13.12²², 3.13.16²², 3.17.8²⁰, 4.2.7.1²⁰, 4.12.2.4²⁰, 3.13.2¹⁹, 3.13.11¹⁹, 4.2.7¹⁸, 3.13.3¹⁷, 3.17.3¹⁷, 4.5.4¹⁷, 3.13.15¹⁶, 3.13.18¹⁶, 2.13.5.4¹⁵, 4.2.3¹⁵, 4.2.8¹⁵, 4.3.2.19¹⁵, 3.15.2¹⁴, 3.17.16¹⁴, 3.19.20¹⁴, (691 more . . .)

5.4.52 - Benjamin

Benjamin²³ : 3.12.1³, 2.7.5.3.4², 3.4.3², 3.21.13², 3.7.4, 3.7.8, 3.11.15, 3.21.19.1, 4.7.2, 4.11.7, 4.16.5.4, 4.17, 4.17.1, 4.17.2.1, 4.17.2.2, 4.17.3, 4.17.3.1, 4.17.3.2.3

5.4.53 - Bible Study, Target

Bible Study, Target² : 2.2.14²

5.4.54 - Biblical, extra

See Extra-Biblical.

5.4.55 - Bird

Bird⁴⁰ : 3.18.2⁵, 3.19.17⁴, 3.8.13³, 3.16.14³, 3.2.20², 3.12.6², 3.19.18², 3.3.2, 3.3.3, 3.8.1, 3.11.9, 3.12.14, 3.13.16, 3.14.8, 3.14.17, 3.16.1, 3.16.12, 3.16.20, 3.17.17, 3.19.21, 4.1.2.2, 4.1.3.5.3, 4.3.2.11, 4.5.2, 4.5.5.1, (19 more . . .)

5.4.56 - Birth

Birth⁹⁶ : 3.12.2⁹, 3.6.1⁸, 3.20.6.1⁷, 3.16.17⁶, 2.13.4⁵, 2.13.6⁵, 3.12.1⁵, 3.1.1⁴, 3.1.5³, 3.6.2², 3.12.4², 3.12.17², 3.21.5², 3.21.19.1², 4.2.7², 4.11.7², 4.16.5.4², 4.17.2.2², 2.3.1, 2.4.3, 2.5, 2.13.7, 3.1.13, 3.2.11, 3.2.17, (26 more . . .)

5.4.57 - Black

Black⁴¹ : 4.19.3⁸, 4.19.2⁵, 4.19.4⁴, 3.2.17³, 3.3.18³, 3.6.5³, 3.13.17², 2.14.3, 3.1.11, 3.4.1, 3.6.6, 3.6.12, 3.8.12, 3.9.17, 3.11.3, 3.12.9, 3.16.20, 3.18.4, 3.19.1, 3.20.4

5.4.58 - Blasphemy

Blasphemy⁶⁰ : 3.13.1⁵, 3.13.5⁴, 3.13.6⁴, 3.17.3⁴, 3.16.21³, 3.8.7², 3.14.13², 4.3.2.4², 4.16.5.5.1², 4.16.5.10.2², 2.7.3, 3.1.7, 3.2.13, 3.2.17, 3.3.18, 3.5.13, 3.9.1, 3.11.3, 3.12.1, 3.12.1.1, 3.13.4, 3.13.15, 3.14.5, 3.14.8, 3.15.3, (30 more . . .)

5.4.59 - Blessing

Blessing¹²⁷ : 2.13.3⁹, 4.11.3⁶, 3.3.17⁴, 3.14.13⁴, 3.20.6⁴, 3.22.7⁴, 4.11.7⁴, 3.1.3³, 3.7.12³, 3.19.5³, 2.2.14², 2.10.1², 2.12.1², 2.12.2.2², 3.4.4², 3.7.4², 3.10.1.1², 3.11.4², 3.14.4², 3.20.3², 3.21.3², 3.22.2², 3.22.10², 3.22.14², 3.22.19², (53 more . . .)

5.4.60 - Blind

Blind³² : 3.3.17⁵, 2.2.6², 2.7.5.7², 3.13.3², 3.14.7², 2.2.8, 2.2.9, 3.2.7, 3.2.9, 3.3.10.1, 3.3.14, 3.3.18, 3.6.17, 3.7.4, 3.10.7, 3.11.3, 3.11.4, 3.11.13, 3.12.7, 3.14.4, 3.18.11, 3.20.12, 4.5.5, 4.15.1.4.7

5.4.61 - Blood

Blood³²⁸ : 4.5.5.1¹⁷, 3.1.5¹⁴, 3.14.20¹⁴, 3.19.13¹⁴, 3.8.8¹³, 3.16.6¹², 3.6.9⁹, 3.8.7⁹, 3.16.3⁹, 3.17.6⁹, 3.5.9⁷, 3.16.4⁷, 3.19.2⁷, 3.13.15⁶, 3.18.20⁶, 4.16.5.10.2⁶, 3.5.6⁵, 3.7.14⁵, 3.22.2⁵, 4.5.5⁵, 3.12.1⁴, 3.15.2⁴, 3.18.24⁴, 3.19.8⁴, 3.3.10³, (130 more . . .)

5.4.62 - Blotted Out

Blotted Out⁵⁰ : 4.4.3¹⁰, 4.4.3.3⁷, 4.4.3.5⁷, 4.4.3.1⁶, 4.4.3.2⁵, 3.13.8³, 3.20.15², 4.4.3.4², 3.2.5, 3.12.5, 3.13.15, 3.17.8, 3.20.12, 3.21.4, 3.21.27, 4.15.1.3

5.4.63 - Body of Christ

Body of Christ⁴² : 4.10.5⁶, 3.17.14⁵, 3.3.1³, 4.14.4.3³, 4.16.5.10.2³, 3.1.13², 3.7.4², 4.15.1.2², 3.4.4, 3.8.7, 3.12.6, 3.19.7, 3.19.9, 3.20.4, 3.20.5.1, 3.21.12, 3.22.17, 4.10.6, 4.14.3, 4.14.4, 4.14.4.1, 4.14.4.2, 4.14.4.4, 4.14.9

5.4.64 - Book

Book¹⁵⁸⁰ : 3.5.1⁴⁷, 3.1.1³⁶, 2.10.1²⁸, 3.10.2²⁶, 3.13.8²⁶, 3.22.19²⁶, 2.12.5²⁵, 4.4.3²², 4.4.3.2²⁰, 2.11.1¹⁸, 2.3.1¹⁷, 3.20.12¹⁷, 2.2.6¹⁶, 3.22.10¹⁶, 3.22.18¹⁶, 4.4.3.1¹⁶, 3.22.7¹⁵, 4.4.1¹⁵, 2.2.13¹⁴, 2.11.3.1¹⁴, 2.12.2.4¹⁴, 2.2.7¹³, 2.6.1¹³, 2.7.2¹³, 2.7.5.3.6¹³, (1084 more . . .)

5.4.65 - Book of Kells

Book of Kells⁴ : 4.7⁴

5.4.66 - Book of Life

Book of Life⁸⁴ : 3.13.8¹⁰, 4.4.3.2⁹, 3.17.8⁶, 4.4.3.1⁶, 4.4.3.3⁶, 4.4.3⁵, 4.4.1⁴, 3.3.5³, 3.21.27³, 4.4³, 4.4.2³, 4.4.3.5³, 3.14.10², 3.20.15², 3.22.19², 4.4.3.4², 3.1.20, 3.2.23, 3.5.6, 3.6.10, 3.13.8.1, 3.13.15, 3.20.5.1, 3.20.6, 3.20.12, (15 more . . .)

5.4.67 - Book of the Living

See Book of Life.

5.4.68 - Born Again

Born Again¹³ : 3.20.6.1², 4.4.3.2², 2.2.3, 3.1.13, 3.2.11, 3.3.1, 3.7.4, 3.9.4, 3.12.10, 4.15.1.2, 4.16.5.10.2

5.4.69 - Bottomless Pit

See Abyss.

5.4.70 - Bound

Bound⁹⁴ : 3.20.2²¹, 3.20.1¹², 3.9.14¹¹, 4.11.3⁷, 4.11.2⁴, 2.7.4², 3.18.2², 2.7.5.3.3, 2.12.4, 2.14.3, 3.1.18, 3.3.14, 3.5.9, 3.7.1, 3.9.1, 3.9.6, 3.9.13, 3.10.7, 3.12.9, 3.12.12, 3.13.16, 3.14.18, 3.16.12, 3.19.1, 3.19.10, (35 more . . .)

5.4.71 - Bow

Bow³³ : 3.6.2⁵, 3.3.9³, 4.11.7³, 3.6.9², 3.1.18, 3.2.28, 3.5.6, 3.5.13, 3.7.4, 3.9.20, 3.10.1, 3.11.15, 3.12.1, 3.12.6, 3.13.14, 3.13.15, 3.14.1, 3.14.8, 3.15.2, 3.15.4, 3.16.2, 3.20.6, 3.20.8, 4.1.3.4

5.4.72 - Bowl

Bowl²⁹⁷ : 2.14.2¹⁷, 3.16.1¹⁷, 3.15.1¹⁴, 2.13.5.4¹³, 2.14.3¹¹, 3.5.8¹⁰, 3.15.7¹⁰, 3.16.17¹⁰, 3.17.1⁹, 3.16.4⁸, 3.16.10⁶, 2.14⁵, 3.7.1⁵, 3.8.1⁵, 3.8.2⁵, 4.5.3.4⁵, 3.5.1⁴, 3.5.5⁴, 3.6.12⁴, 3.11.19⁴, 3.18.4⁴, 3.19.1⁴, 2.7.5.3.6³, 2.14.1³, 3.3.10.1³, (114 more . . .)

5.4.73 - Bowl, Fifth

Bowl, Fifth⁸ : 3.16.10², 2.14.3, 3.3.10.1, 3.13.2, 3.15.1, 3.16.11, 5.4.192

5.4.74 - Bowl, First

Bowl, First¹⁵ : 2.13.5.4⁵, 3.16.10², 3.18.4², 2.12.4, 2.14.3, 3.15.1, 3.16.4, 3.16.11, 5.4.196

5.4.75 - Bowl, Fourth

Bowl, Fourth⁹ : 2.14.3, 3.3.10.1, 3.6.2, 3.6.12, 3.7.16, 3.15.1, 3.16.4, 3.16.8, 5.4.209

5.4.76 - Bowl, Second

Bowl, Second⁸ : 2.14.2, 2.14.3, 3.7.1, 3.8.2, 3.8.8, 3.15.1, 3.16.1, 5.4.546

5.4.77 - Bowl, Seventh

Bowl, Seventh²⁸ : 3.16.17³, 3.11.13², 3.18.4², 3.19.1², 4.5.3.4², 2.4.1, 2.14.3, 3.5.5, 3.5.6, 3.6.14, 3.8.7, 3.11.14, 3.16.1, 3.17.1, 3.18.2, 3.18.7, 3.20.2, 3.21.9, 4.1.2.3, 4.1.4.2.2, 4.5.4, 5.4.565

5.4.78 - Bowl, Sixth

Bowl, Sixth¹⁶ : 4.5.3.4³, 3.6.12², 2.14.3, 3.3.10, 3.3.10.1, 3.7.1, 3.9.14, 3.9.16, 3.15.1, 3.16.12, 3.16.15, 4.5.4, 5.4.582

5.4.79 - Bowl, Third

Bowl, Third⁹ : 2.14.3, 3.8.8, 3.11.6, 3.13.15, 3.15.1, 3.16.4, 3.16.5, 3.19.2, 5.4.648

5.4.80 - Bozrah

Bozrah²⁸ : 3.12.6.1⁸, 3.14.20⁷, 4.5.4⁷, 4.5.5², 4.5.5.1², 3.12.14, 4.5.3.5

5.4.81 - Branch

Branch³² : 4.7⁵, 3.5.5³, 4.16.5.10.1³, 2.7.5.3.5², 3.11.4², 3.19.12², 4.2.6², 4.11.7², 3.2.28, 3.4.5, 3.6.17, 3.10.1, 3.19.11, 3.22.2, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.2.3, 4.7.1, 4.11.5, 4.16.5.5.1

5.4.82 - Bride

Bride¹⁶² : 4.10.2²², 4.10.1²⁰, 4.10.5¹⁸, 3.21.2¹⁴, 3.19.7¹¹, 3.19.8¹⁰, 3.19.9⁷, 4.10.4⁷, 2.13.8⁴, 3.3.12³, 3.21.9³, 4.10.3³, 3.18.23², 3.22.2², 3.22.17², 4.1.4.2.3², 4.10.6², 4.14.3.1², 4.14.5², 2.2.1, 2.2.7, 3.2.8, 3.3.3, 3.3.4, 3.3.9, (26 more . . .)

5.4.83 - Brimstone

Brimstone²³ : 3.14.10⁵, 3.9.17⁴, 3.19.20³, 3.2.11, 3.9.15, 3.13.8, 3.17.8, 3.18.2, 3.18.23, 3.19.3, 3.20.6, 3.20.14, 4.5.5, 4.12.3

5.4.84 - British-Israelism

British-Israelism⁹ : 4.17.2.3⁶, 5.2.2², 5.4.20

5.4.85 - Burn

Burn¹⁶⁹ : 3.17.16¹⁰, 3.8.7⁸, 3.14.18⁶, 4.1.2.2⁶, 3.4.5⁵, 3.8⁴, 3.8.10⁴, 3.18.9⁴, 3.20.14⁴, 3.2.28³, 3.6.9³, 3.8.8³, 3.10.1³, 3.17.8³, 3.18.8³, 3.19.3³, 3.19.20³, 3.21.8³, 3.1.4², 3.2.1², 3.2.9², 3.2.17², 3.3.3², 3.6.17², 3.7.1², (77 more . . .)

5.4.86 - Buy

Buy²⁴ : 3.5.9², 3.21.6², 3.22.17², 3.1.13, 3.3.5, 3.3.7, 3.3.18, 3.5.1, 3.12.6, 3.13.11, 3.13.16, 3.13.17, 3.14.4, 3.16.15, 3.19.16, 3.20.4, 3.21.1, 4.3.2.18, 4.10.2, 4.12.2, 4.15.1.4.7

5.4.87 - Caesar Nero

See Nero, Caesar.

5.4.88 - Calf

See Ox.

5.4.89 - Calvin, John

Calvin, John¹² : 2.2.5², 2.9.1², 2.9.2², 2.10.1, 3.13.1, 3.22.10, 4.2.8, 4.11.6, 5.4.322

5.4.90 - Camp of Israel

Camp of Israel⁶ : 4.7.2², 4.7.3², 2.7.5.3.3, 3.20.9

5.4.91 - Canon

Canon⁶⁵ : 2.10.1¹¹, 2.10.2⁸, 2.10⁶, 5.2.12⁵, 2.12.2.5⁴, 2.9³, 3.22.18³, 2.2.8², 2.6.2², 2.2.7, 2.6.1, 2.7.1, 2.7.4, 2.7.5.2, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.7.5.3.7, 2.7.5.4.2, 2.8, 2.9.1, 2.9.2, 2.9.4, 2.13, 2.13.5, 2.13.8, 3.3.14, (21 more . . .)

5.4.92 - Carnelian

See Sardius.

5.4.93 - Cave

Cave¹² : 3.6.17⁵, 3.6.15², 3.6.8, 3.6.12, 3.13.16, 3.19.18, 3.20.12

5.4.94 - Censer

Censer¹² : 3.8.3², 3.8.5², 3.16.18², 3.5.8, 3.6.9, 3.6.17, 3.14.18, 4.16.4, 4.16.5.10.2

5.4.95 - Chain

Chain³⁶ : 3.20.1¹², 3.9.1⁴, 2.7.4³, 2.12.4², 3.2.27², 3.5.1², 3.20.2², 3.1.1, 3.2.5, 3.2.8, 3.8.8, 3.9.6, 3.14.1, 3.16.3, 4.11.6.1, 4.11.9

5.4.96 - Chariot

Chariot⁴⁹ : 4.19.3²⁰, 3.9.9³, 3.18.13³, 4.19.4³, 3.4.6², 3.9.7², 3.9.17², 2.7.5.3.3, 3.2.28, 3.4.2, 3.6.12, 3.7.4, 3.11.3.1, 3.18.12, 3.19.14, 3.20.6, 4.1.2.2, 4.1.3.5.3, 4.11.7, 4.19.1, 4.19.2

5.4.97 - Cherub

Cherub⁵⁹ : 3.4.6¹¹, 4.7.3⁷, 4.16.5.1⁷, 2.7.5.3.3⁵, 4.7.2⁴, 3.9.7³, 4.7³, 2.2.7, 2.7.4, 2.13.8, 3.1.7, 3.4, 3.4.8, 3.4.11, 3.5.9, 3.11.19, 3.15.2, 3.15.4, 3.15.5, 3.15.7, 3.19.4, 4.16.2, 4.16.4, 4.16.5.2, 4.16.5.5, (19 more . . .)

5.4.98 - Child

Child²²⁴ : 4.11.7¹³, 3.12.2¹⁰, 3.7.4⁸, 3.12.6⁷, 3.2.9⁶, 3.2.23⁶, 3.21.7⁶, 4.17.2.2⁶, 4.17.3.2.2⁶, 3.12.5⁵, 3.15.3⁵, 3.20.12⁵, 4.1.4.1⁵, 4.16.1⁵, 3.12.1⁴, 3.12.4⁴, 4.2.5⁴, 2.13.4³, 3.1.7³, 3.10.3³, 3.13.1³, 3.13.16³, 3.16.21³, 3.18.7³, 3.19.15³, (95 more . . .)

5.4.99 - Chiliasm

Chiliasm²⁵ : 4.11.9⁷, 3.20.1⁶, 2.12.5⁴, 2.10.1³, 5.2.13², 3.20.2, 5.2.42, 5.2.52

5.4.100 - Christ, Body of

See Body of Christ.

5.4.101 - Church Fathers

Church Fathers⁶⁵ : 4.11.9⁵, 3.2.17⁴, 4.17.2.2⁴, 2.12.5³, 2.10.1², 3.1.7², 3.7.4², 3.11.3.1², 3.12.6², 3.13.4², 3.20.1², 4.2.3², 4.7², 4.7.1², 4.10², 2.9, 2.9.4.1, 2.10.2, 2.13.4, 3.2.4, 3.8.13, 3.10.6, 3.11.2, 3.11.3, 3.13.8, (27 more . . .)

5.4.102 - Churches, Seven of Asia

See Seven Churches of Asia.

5.4.103 - City

City⁸⁰⁷ : 3.21.2⁴², 4.1.3.5.2²⁸, 4.1.2.1²³, 3.16.19¹⁹, 3.11.2¹⁷, 3.17.18¹⁷, 3.11.8¹⁶, 3.14.1¹⁶, 3.3.12¹⁵, 3.17.16¹⁵, 3.21.16¹⁵, 4.1.4.2.2¹⁴, 3.22.2¹³, 3.14.8¹², 4.1.3.3¹², 3.3.14¹¹, 4.1.4.2.3¹¹, 3.3.1¹⁰, 3.18.1⁹, 3.18.2⁹, 3.21.10⁹, 4.1.3.1⁹, 4.1.4.2⁹, 3.12.6.1⁸, 3.18.9⁸, (440 more . . .)

5.4.104 - City, Great

City, Great⁷¹ : 3.17.18¹⁰, 3.14.8⁵, 3.11.8⁴, 3.16.19⁴, 4.1.2.2⁴, 4.1.4.2.2⁴, 3.21.10³, 4.1.3.5.2³, 4.1.4.2.3³, 3.17.3², 3.17.18.1², 3.18.1², 4.1.4.1², 4.1.4.2², 4.3.2.5², 3.3.12, 3.6.17, 3.8.2, 3.17.2, 3.17.4, 3.17.5, 3.17.16, 3.18.2, 3.18.9, 3.18.10, (19 more . . .)

5.4.105 - Clothing

Clothing⁹⁹ : 3.12.1¹², 3.3.5⁸, 3.19.8⁸, 3.7.9⁶, 3.3.18⁵, 3.4.4⁴, 4.16⁴, 3.16.15³, 3.19.14³, 4.5.5.1³, 3.3.4², 3.12.1.1², 3.15.6², 3.17.4², 3.17.16², 3.17.18.1², 3.18.12², 3.18.16², 4.15.1.3², 2.2.7, 2.7.3, 2.7.4, 2.7.5.3.1, 2.13.3.1, 3.1.13, (25 more . . .)

5.4.106 - Clothing

See Garment.

5.4.107 - Cloud

Cloud⁹⁰ : 3.1.7³⁰, 3.10.1⁵, 3.15.8⁵, 2.12.2.4³, 3.8.3³, 3.8.12³, 3.14.14³, 4.5.4², 4.12.2.4², 4.16.2², 2.11.3.2, 2.12.2.5, 3.3.10.1, 3.4.2, 3.4.3, 3.4.6, 3.6.13, 3.6.17, 3.7.15, 3.7.16, 3.9.4, 3.10.1.1, 3.11.10, 3.11.12, 3.11.15, (32 more . . .)

5.4.108 - Coming, Second

See Second Coming.

5.4.109 - Command

Command¹³⁷ : 3.22.14⁹, 3.2.17⁶, 3.13.16⁴, 3.4.1³, 3.6.1³, 3.12.17³, 3.14.4³, 3.14.12³, 4.1.1³, 3.2.7², 3.2.25², 3.3.2², 3.3.17², 3.6.2², 3.7.4², 3.10.9², 3.11.19², 3.12.6², 3.13.10², 3.15.5², 3.16.1², 3.16.21², 3.18.6², 3.19.1², 3.19.10², (68 more . . .)

5.4.110 - Contents, Expanded Table of

Contents, Expanded Table of² : 5.1, 5.5

5.4.111 - Cosmic Phenomena

Cosmic Phenomena² : 2.13.6, 3.6.1

5.4.112 - Covenant

Covenant¹⁸⁸ : 3.11.19¹⁸, 4.11.3¹¹, 3.7.4⁸, 3.12.1⁸, 3.6.2⁷, 3.10.1⁷, 4.10.1⁶, 3.11.13⁴, 3.12.15⁴, 4.5.4⁴, 4.10.3⁴, 2.4.3³, 2.13.5.3³, 3.2.17³, 3.5.5³, 3.12.17³, 3.14.6³, 4.1.4.1³, 4.16.5.10.2³, 4.17.3.2.2³, 2.12.2.4², 2.13.4², 2.13.5.4², 3.11.1², 3.12.6², (70 more . . .)

5.4.113 - Creation

Creation¹⁴⁹ : 3.21.1¹⁵, 3.4.11⁹, 3.21.5⁹, 3.3.14⁷, 3.22.2⁶, 4.11.9⁶, 2.13.8⁴, 3.14.7⁴, 3.20.11⁴, 3.21.23⁴, 2.7.5.3.6³, 3.5.13³, 3.10.7³, 3.21.6³, 2.4.2², 2.7.5.2², 2.7.5.3.2², 3.3.10², 3.7.1², 3.19.1², 3.20.12², 3.22.3², 2.2.4, 2.2.7, 2.2.13, (53 more . . .)

5.4.114 - Creature

Creature¹⁷¹ : 3.4.6²², 2.4.2⁵, 2.7.5.3.3⁵, 3.5.9⁵, 2.2.6⁴, 3.6.1⁴, 3.12.8⁴, 3.19.4⁴, 3.5.8³, 3.7.11³, 3.8.7³, 3.8.9³, 3.9.7³, 3.14.7³, 3.19.10³, 4.7.2³, 2.7.5.3.2², 3.1.18², 3.4.4², 3.4.8², 3.4.10², 3.4.11², 3.5.13², 3.7.1², 3.8.3², (76 more . . .)

5.4.115 - Creatures, Living

See Living Creature.

5.4.116 - Crown

Crown¹⁸⁸ : 3.6.2²⁷, 3.19.12²³, 3.4.4¹⁹, 4.6.1¹¹, 4.16.5.10.1¹¹, 3.9.7⁸, 4.6.3⁸, 4.6⁶, 3.12.3⁵, 3.13.1⁵, 3.19.16⁵, 4.6.2⁵, 3.4⁴, 4.6.4⁴, 3.2.10³, 3.3.11³, 2.7.5.3.6², 3.1.20², 3.2.8², 3.2.13², 3.14.14², 4.1.4.2.3², 4.10.4², 4.17.2.3², 2.7.5.4.1, (25 more . . .)

5.4.117 - Crucifixion

Crucifixion⁶² : 3.1.7⁹, 3.11.8⁴, 3.12.1⁴, 4.14.9⁴, 4.16.3.1⁴, 4.16.5.5⁴, 4.16.3³, 3.12.4², 3.20.2², 4.16.5.4², 4.16.5.8², 2.3.2.2, 2.7.4, 2.7.5.3.2, 2.13.1, 2.13.5.3, 3.1.14, 3.2.7, 3.5.6, 3.5.7, 3.5.12, 3.12.6, 3.14.15, 3.17.10, 3.17.14, (22 more . . .)

5.4.118 - Crystal

Crystal¹⁷ : 3.4.6⁵, 3.15.2⁴, 3.22.1², 3.15.3, 3.21.11, 3.21.19, 3.21.19.1, 4.9.3, 4.10.4

5.4.119 - Cup

Cup⁴⁸ : 3.17.4⁶, 3.14.10⁵, 3.15.8⁵, 4.1.4.2.2⁴, 3.16.19³, 3.18.6³, 3.1.9², 3.6.4², 3.17.2², 3.18.24², 4.18.2², 3.3.10, 3.6.11, 3.13.8, 3.13.10, 3.14.8, 3.16.1, 3.18.5, 3.19.9, 3.21.8, 4.1.3.5.2, 4.5.2, 4.5.5

5.4.120 - Curse

Curse⁶⁹ : 3.22.3¹³, 4.11.4⁵, 3.7.4³, 3.10.7³, 3.12.2³, 3.22.2³, 2.2.14², 2.11.4.1.3², 3.1.7², 3.1.18², 3.5.4², 3.21.4², 3.21.9², 4.14.9², 2.7.2, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.12.2.5, 2.13.8, 2.14, 3.3.2, 3.3.17, 3.4.11, 3.7.17, 3.15.4, 3.16.8, (23 more . . .)

5.4.121 - Dan

Dan⁶³⁶ : 3.7.4³⁵, 4.3.1²⁷, 4.3.2.16²², 3.6.2¹⁸, 3.13.1¹⁶, 4.7.2¹⁶, 4.3.2.12¹³, 3.17.10¹², 4.2.1¹², 3.13.2¹¹, 3.11.2⁹, 3.13.15⁹, 3.1.13⁸, 3.10.1.1⁸, 4.2.3⁸, 2.13.4⁷, 2.13.5.4⁷, 4.3.2.22⁷, 4.5.4⁷, 2.13.5.3⁶, 3.1.7⁶, 3.12.6⁶, 3.12.7⁶, 3.17.8⁶, 4.16.5.4⁶, (348 more . . .)

5.4.122 - Daniel

Daniel³⁶⁵ : 4.3.2.4.1¹⁶, 3.13.2¹⁴, 3.22.10¹³, 4.3.1¹³, 3.13.1¹¹, 4.3.2.16¹¹, 3.17.10¹⁰, 4.3.2.12¹⁰, 4.3.2.8⁹, 2.5.1⁸, 2.11.3.1⁷, 2.13.4⁷, 3.1.13⁷, 3.10.1.1⁷, 4.3.2.4⁷, 3.12.7⁶, 2.7.5.5⁵, 2.12.2.2⁵, 2.12.5⁵, 2.13.1⁵, 2.13.5⁵, 2.13.5.3⁵, 2.13.5.4⁵, 2.12.4³, 2.13.3³, (168 more . . .)

5.4.123 - Dark

Dark¹⁷¹ : 2.13.3¹⁰, 3.16.10⁸, 2.7.3⁶, 3.9.1⁶, 3.9.20⁵, 3.2.28⁴, 3.3.3⁴, 3.6.12⁴, 3.14.10⁴, 3.3.10.1³, 3.6.8³, 3.8.12³, 3.9.2³, 3.9.17³, 3.10.10³, 3.11.4³, 3.13.9³, 3.21.23³, 3.21.25³, 3.22.16³, 3.1.7², 3.1.14², 3.6.13², 3.6.17², 3.8.11², (77 more . . .)

5.4.124 - Date Written

Date Written¹⁶⁰ : 2.11.1³¹, 2.11.3.2¹⁸, 2.11.3.1¹⁰, 2.11.4.2.1⁷, 2.11.2⁶, 2.11.4.1.2⁶, 2.11⁵, 2.11.4³, 2.11.4.1.1³, 2.11.4.1.3³, 4.8.2³, 4.15.1.5³, 2.9.3.1², 2.9.4.2², 2.11.4.1², 2.11.4.2.3², 2.11.4.2.4², 2.12.2.2², 4.11.9², 4.16.5², 4.16.5.3², 2.2.7, 2.7, 2.7.2, 2.9.4.1, (44 more . . .)

5.4.125 - David

David²⁰² : 3.5.5²¹, 3.3.21¹⁵, 3.22.16¹⁴, 3.3.7¹⁰, 3.12.1⁶, 4.11.5⁶, 3.1.7⁵, 3.14.1⁵, 4.5.5⁵, 2.7.5.3.4⁴, 4.11.7⁴, 4.17.2.3⁴, 2.2.13³, 3.7.10³, 3.19.10³, 4.11.4³, 4.16.5.3³, 4.17.3.2.2³, 2.12.2.1², 2.12.2.4², 2.12.4², 2.13.2², 3.3.8², 3.3.12², 3.4.4², (71 more . . .)

5.4.126 - David, Root of

David, Root of⁷ : 3.10.1.1², 2.2.13, 3.3.7, 3.5.5, 3.5.6, 5.4.522

5.4.127 - Day

Day⁹⁹⁷ : 2.13.3⁶⁵, 3.1.10⁶¹, 2.13.3.1⁴⁹, 3.6.17⁴³, 2.7.5.3.2²⁷, 3.3.3¹⁶, 3.6.12¹⁶, 4.5.5¹⁵, 2.13.5.2¹², 3.3.10.1¹², 4.11.9¹², 3.2.28¹⁰, 3.8.7¹⁰, 3.9.1¹⁰, 4.11.7¹⁰, 4.14.4.1¹⁰, 2.13.4⁹, 3.17.14⁹, 2.13.1⁸, 3.21.23⁸, 3.22.16⁸, 3.8.12⁷, 3.16.15⁷, 3.22.20⁷, 4.14.4.2⁷, (549 more . . .)

5.4.128 - Day of Pentecost

See Pentecost.

5.4.129 - Day of the Lord

Day of the Lord¹⁸⁸ : 2.13.3.1³², 2.13.3³¹, 3.1.10¹⁵, 3.6.17¹⁵, 3.6.12¹¹, 3.3.3⁸, 2.13.1⁵, 2.13.4⁴, 3.6.1⁴, 3.9.3⁴, 3.10.10⁴, 4.14.4.2⁴, 3.3.10.1³, 3.8.1³, 3.8.12³, 3.2.28², 3.6.13², 3.8.7², 3.9.1², 3.14.18², 4.1.2.3², 4.5.5², 4.8.2², 3.5.1, 3.6.2, (26 more . . .)

5.4.130 - Dead

Dead²⁸⁶ : 3.20.5²¹, 3.20.5.1¹⁸, 3.11.18¹³, 3.20.12¹³, 3.1.5¹⁰, 3.1.18¹⁰, 3.3.1⁹, 3.20.4⁹, 3.13.3⁶, 3.17.8⁶, 3.20.13⁶, 3.19.20⁵, 3.21.1⁵, 4.4.1⁵, 4.11.9⁵, 3.2.23⁴, 3.2.8³, 3.2.14³, 3.4.4³, 3.9.20³, 3.9.21³, 3.11.9³, 3.11.11³, 3.16.3³, 3.20.11³, (114 more . . .)

5.4.131 - Death

Death⁵³⁷ : 3.1.18²⁵, 3.6.8²⁴, 3.20.14¹⁸, 3.20.6.1¹⁵, 3.21.1¹⁴, 3.21.4¹³, 3.20.6¹¹, 3.2.10¹⁰, 3.9.6⁹, 3.17.8⁹, 3.20.4⁹, 3.22.2⁹, 3.2.11⁸, 3.11.3.1⁸, 3.13.3⁸, 3.1.5⁷, 3.6.9⁷, 3.20.12⁷, 3.20.13⁷, 3.11.18⁶, 3.15.2⁶, 3.3.10⁵, 4.4.1⁵, 4.16.5.10.2⁵, 3.1.13⁴, (288 more . . .)

5.4.132 - Death, First

Death, First⁶ : 3.20.6.1³, 3.2.11, 3.19.15, 5.4.197

5.4.133 - Death, Second

Death, Second⁴⁷ : 3.20.6⁹, 3.2.11⁷, 3.20.14⁶, 3.20.6.1⁵, 3.11.18⁴, 3.9.21², 3.14.10², 4.4.1², 4.15.1.3², 3.2.17, 3.16.17, 3.19.15, 3.19.20, 3.20.4, 3.22.14, 4.11.7, 5.4.548

5.4.134 - Deception

Deception¹³⁶ : 3.12.9¹², 3.20.3¹⁰, 3.20.2⁸, 3.13.13⁷, 3.13.14⁷, 3.16.14⁴, 3.18.23⁴, 3.19.20⁴, 3.20.8⁴, 3.6.2³, 3.13.11³, 3.20.4³, 3.22.18³, 4.1.3.1³, 4.5.2³, 4.11.2³, 3.2.2², 3.3.10.1², 3.9.21², 3.12.3², 3.17.8², 3.20.10², 3.21.8², 4.3.2.18², 4.14.3.1², (37 more . . .)

5.4.135 - Deed of Purchase

Deed of Purchase⁶ : 3.5.1⁶

5.4.136 - Demon

Demon²⁰⁵ : 3.9.1¹⁹, 3.18.2¹⁸, 3.16.14¹², 3.9.11¹⁰, 3.9.4⁹, 3.9.7⁸, 3.9.20⁸, 3.9.21⁸, 3.9.6⁵, 3.13.4⁵, 3.13.15⁵, 3.8.13⁴, 3.13.13⁴, 4.18.2⁴, 3.9.19³, 3.11.5³, 3.12.4³, 3.16.12³, 4.2.7.1³, 2.14.2², 3.5.11², 3.9.3², 3.9.14², 3.9.16², 3.9.17², (59 more . . .)

5.4.137 - Desolation, Abomination of

See Abomination of Desolation.

5.4.138 - Devil

Devil⁶⁷⁰ : 3.20.2⁵⁹, 3.20.1²⁴, 4.2.5²³, 3.9.1¹⁹, 3.12.9¹⁵, 4.2.7¹⁵, 3.2.24¹³, 3.12.3¹³, 3.20.3¹³, 3.9.11¹², 3.12.6¹², 3.13.2¹¹, 4.14.9¹¹, 3.2.13¹⁰, 3.5.5¹⁰, 4.11.3⁹, 3.2.10⁸, 3.13.11⁸, 3.20.10⁸, 3.9.20⁷, 3.12.4⁷, 3.12.8⁷, 2.7.4⁶, 2.13.8⁶, 3.6.2⁶, (338 more . . .)

5.4.139 - Devil

See Satan.

5.4.140 - Diadem

See Crown.

5.4.141 - Diamond

Diamond⁶ : 3.2.17², 2.2.3, 3.4.3, 3.21.11, 3.21.19.1

5.4.142 - Diana

See Artemis.

5.4.143 - Didache

Didache⁶ : 2.12.2.3², 2.3.2.2, 3.1.10, 3.3.10, 4.12.2.4

5.4.144 - Dispensation

Dispensation³⁸ : 2.12.5⁶, 5.2.15⁵, 2.2.11⁴, 4.16.5.10.2⁴, 2.2.7², 3.6.11², 3.20.9², 2.3.2.2, 2.13.1, 3.1.6, 3.3.21, 3.11.2, 3.20.5.1, 4.1.3.5.1, 4.11.2, 4.11.10, 4.12.2.4, 4.13, 4.17.2.4.2, 5.2.75

5.4.145 - Docetism

Docetism² : 5.2.16, 5.2.28

5.4.146 - Dome of the Rock

Dome of the Rock¹⁵ : 4.16.5.8¹⁰, 4.16.5.9³, 3.11.19, 4.16.3

5.4.147 - Dominion

Dominion⁸⁷ : 3.19.15⁷, 3.11.15⁵, 4.11.3⁵, 3.1.6⁴, 3.5.6⁴, 2.10³, 2.11.1³, 2.12.2.2³, 3.1.13³, 3.4.4³, 2.13.1², 2.13.8², 3.1.18², 3.5.2², 3.5.7², 3.11.2², 4.3.2.11², 4.11.6², 4.11.7², 2.2.11, 2.13.4, 3.5.1, 3.5.3, 3.5.10, 3.6.8, (29 more . . .)

5.4.148 - Dominion Theology

Dominion Theology¹⁰ : 2.10³, 2.2.11, 2.11.1, 2.12.2.2, 3.9.3, 3.11.15, 5.2.17, 5.2.77

5.4.149 - Domitian

Domitian⁹⁴ : 2.11.4.2.1²², 2.11.4.1.2¹⁰, 2.11.3.2⁹, 3.1.9⁶, 2.11.4.2.2⁵, 2.11.4.1.3⁴, 3.6.6⁴, 2.9.4.1³, 3.10.11³, 2.11.2², 2.11.4.1.1², 2.12.3², 2.12.5², 3.3.1², 4.3.2.4², 4.12.3², 2.5.1, 2.11, 2.11.1, 2.11.4, 2.12.4, 3.1.7, 3.2.4, 3.2.13, 3.17.10, (14 more . . .)

5.4.150 - Door

Door⁵⁶ : 3.3.8¹¹, 3.3.20¹⁰, 3.4.1⁶, 3.3.7⁵, 3.12.6.1³, 3.12.6², 3.15.8², 4.15.1.4.7², 4.16.5.4², 1.2, 2.7.1, 2.12.2.4, 3.1.5, 3.1.10, 3.3.10, 3.6.9, 3.7.3, 3.9.2, 3.19.11, 4.10.2, 4.11.7, 4.15.1.4.6

5.4.151 - Dragon

See Satan.

5.4.152 - Drunk

Drunk⁴⁰ : 3.17.2⁴, 3.17.6⁴, 4.1.4.2.2⁴, 3.3.3³, 3.14.8³, 3.14.10³, 3.16.6², 3.16.15², 2.2.6, 2.7.5.7, 3.2.22, 3.6.11, 3.8.8, 3.12.1.1, 3.16.19, 3.18.3, 3.18.20, 3.19.2, 3.19.21, 3.20.3, 4.1.3.3, 4.3.2.21, 4.5.5.1

5.4.153 - Dweller, Earth

See Earth Dweller.

5.4.154 - Eagle

Eagle⁵⁶ : 4.7.2⁹, 3.8.13⁸, 4.7⁶, 3.4.6⁵, 4.7.1⁵, 3.12.14⁴, 3.19.17³, 2.7.5.3.3², 3.14.17², 3.3.3, 3.4.7, 3.8.2, 3.9.17, 3.12.3, 3.12.6, 3.12.6.1, 3.14.6, 3.14.8, 4.3.1, 4.3.2.9, 4.7.3

5.4.155 - Ear

Ear¹⁸ : 3.3.14⁴, 2.2.5, 3.1.10, 3.2.2, 3.3.1, 3.3.8, 3.3.20, 3.11.1, 3.11.3, 3.12.6, 3.14.17, 3.16.13, 3.22.17, 3.22.18, 4.11.7

5.4.156 - Earth

See World.

5.4.157 - Earth Dweller

Earth Dweller⁹⁷ : 3.3.10.1⁷, 3.9.20⁵, 2.13.3.1³, 3.8.7³, 3.13.13³, 3.14.7³, 3.16.1³, 3.17.8³, 3.3.10², 3.6.17², 3.8.10², 3.8.11², 3.8.13², 3.9.1², 3.11.5², 3.15.1², 3.21.8², 4.3.2.19², 4.4.3.4², 2.11.1, 2.12.2.2, 2.13.3, 2.13.5.4, 2.13.7, 3.1.7, (45 more . . .)

5.4.158 - Earth, New

Earth, New⁶⁰ : 3.21.1¹⁴, 3.21.24⁴, 2.12.2.5³, 2.13.3³, 2.12.2.1², 3.2.7², 3.10.7², 3.16.20², 3.19.9², 3.22.1², 4.11.1², 4.11.3², 4.11.7², 4.11.9², 2.3.1, 3.3.12, 3.16.19, 3.19.1, 3.19.3, 3.20.2, 3.20.11, 3.21.5, 3.21.25, 3.21.27, 3.22.17, (16 more . . .)

5.4.159 - Earthquake

Earthquake⁸² : 3.16.18¹⁴, 3.6.12¹², 3.11.13⁸, 3.16.19⁵, 2.11.4.1.3³, 2.14.1³, 3.3.1³, 3.16.21³, 2.14.2², 3.3.14², 3.3.17², 3.6.14², 3.8.5², 3.11.8², 3.11.19², 2.7.5.3.2, 2.13.6, 3.3.7, 3.3.20, 3.5.8, 3.6.1, 3.6.6, 3.8.7, 3.11.12, 3.15.4, (17 more . . .)

5.4.160 - East

East⁹⁴ : 3.16.12¹¹, 3.9.16⁶, 3.7.1⁵, 4.5.4⁵, 4.16.5.1⁵, 4.7.2⁴, 4.11.7⁴, 3.21.13³, 2.10.1², 3.7.2², 3.9.14², 3.17.14², 4.5.2², 4.5.3.2², 4.5.5², 4.17.2.1², 4.17.2.3², 2.7.5.3.3, 2.7.5.4.1, 2.9.1, 2.10.2, 2.11.3.2, 3.1.13, 3.1.15, 3.2.12, (33 more . . .)

5.4.161 - Eat

Eat⁷⁹ : 3.22.2⁹, 4.11.7⁶, 3.10.9⁵, 3.19.9⁵, 3.2.17⁴, 3.17.16³, 3.2.20², 3.3.3², 3.10.2², 3.12.2², 4.15.1.3², 4.15.1.4.3², 4.18.2², 2.7.5.1, 3.1.7, 3.1.10, 3.2.4, 3.3.21, 3.5.1, 3.8.11, 3.10.10, 3.11.10, 3.12.6, 3.12.14, 3.13.1, (33 more . . .)

5.4.162 - Ecclectice Interpretation

See Interpretation, Ecclectic.

5.4.163 - Ecclesiastical

Ecclesiastical²¹ : 4.1.3.1⁴, 3.17.3³, 3.17.16³, 4.1.3.2², 4.1.4.2.3², 4.11.9², 2.11.4.1.1, 2.13.5.5, 3.1.9, 3.6.11, 4.13

5.4.164 - Elder

Elder¹⁴⁶ : 3.4.4⁴⁴, 3.5.9¹³, 3.19.4¹⁰, 2.4.2⁶, 3.14.3⁵, 3.1.20⁴, 3.5.8⁴, 3.20.4⁴, 2.9.2³, 3.7.11³, 3.11.16³, 3.4.6², 3.4.10², 3.4.11², 3.5.6², 3.5.11², 3.8.3², 3.14.1.1², 3.14.1.2², 4.11.5², 1.4, 2.2.7, 2.7.5.3.7, 2.9.1, 2.10.1, (29 more . . .)

5.4.165 - Election

Election¹⁵⁰ : 3.17.14¹¹, 3.7.4⁴, 3.12.6⁴, 3.16.15⁴, 3.19.9⁴, 4.17.2.3⁴, 3.3.10³, 3.4.4³, 3.16.14³, 3.21.14³, 3.1.9², 3.1.20², 3.5.8², 3.8.2², 3.8.7², 3.9.1², 3.12.3², 3.13.10², 3.17.8², 3.18.20², 3.19.14², 3.19.21², 3.21.19.1², 3.22.2², 4.4.3², (77 more . . .)

5.4.166 - Elijah

Elijah⁹² : 3.11.3.1⁵⁷, 3.11.3⁷, 3.11.6⁵, 2.7.5.3.1³, 2.12.5³, 3.11.5², 3.12.6², 4.14.2², 2.6.1, 2.7.5.4.2, 3.1.5, 3.5.2, 3.10.1.1, 3.20.9, 3.21.4, 3.21.24, 3.22.4, 4.9.2, 4.14.4.2

5.4.167 - Emerald

Emerald⁹ : 3.4.3⁴, 3.21.19.1⁴, 4.7.2

5.4.168 - Emperor Worship

Emperor Worship²³ : 2.11.4.1.2⁸, 2.11.4.2.2⁴, 3.2.13³, 2.2.8², 2.3.2², 3.2.9, 4.3.2.4, 4.13, 5.2.31

5.4.169 - Enoch

Enoch⁴⁶ : 3.11.3.1²⁴, 3.8.2³, 2.6.1², 3.3.10², 4.14.2², 4.14.5², 4.14.9², 2.7.5.4.2, 2.12.5, 3.1.4, 3.1.5, 3.11.3, 3.17.14, 3.21.4, 3.21.24, 4.17.2.4.2

5.4.170 - Ephesus

Ephesus⁹⁴ : 3.2.1³⁰, 2.11.4.1.1⁸, 3.2.5⁵, 2.9.4.1⁴, 2.11.3.2³, 2.11.4.2.1³, 3.1.20³, 4.15³, 4.15.1³, 4.15.1.4.1³, 5.2.28³, 2.9.1², 3.1.9², 3.22.2², 4.15.1.1.1², 4.18.3², 2.9.2, 2.9.3.3, 3.2.2, 3.2.8, 3.2.12, 3.2.19, 3.2.20, 3.3.3, 3.3.12, (16 more . . .)

5.4.171 - Ephraim

Ephraim⁵³ : 4.7.2¹⁴, 3.7.4¹², 3.21.13⁴, 4.17.2.4.2⁴, 3.16.12³, 3.7.8², 4.2.2², 4.17.3.1², 4.17.3.2.2², 3.5.5, 3.7.6, 3.12.6, 4.1.3.4, 4.7, 4.16.5.9, 4.17.2.2, 4.17.2.3

5.4.172 - Erasmus

Erasmus⁶ : 3.22.19⁴, 2.9.1²

5.4.173 - Eternal

Eternal³³⁷ : 3.22.2³⁵, 3.21.1¹⁴, 4.11.3⁸, 3.1.18⁷, 4.11.7⁷, 3.21.23⁶, 3.2.7⁵, 3.20.12⁵, 3.22.1⁵, 3.22.3⁵, 4.11.6⁵, 3.2.17⁴, 3.3.12⁴, 3.4⁴, 3.9.1⁴, 3.14.1⁴, 3.14.10⁴, 3.19.20⁴, 3.20.6.1⁴, 3.20.14⁴, 3.20.15⁴, 4.11.9⁴, 2.13.8³, 3.2.10³, 3.3.14³, (182 more . . .)

5.4.174 - Euphrates

Euphrates⁸¹ : 3.9.14¹⁶, 3.16.12¹⁵, 3.18.17⁹, 4.1.3.5.2⁶, 4.1.3.5.3³, 3.9.16², 3.16.16², 3.17.1², 3.18.21², 4.1.2.1², 4.5.2², 4.5.4², 4.17.2.1², 2.7.3, 2.7.5.3.3, 2.12.4, 2.14.1, 3.7.1, 3.14.8, 3.14.18, 3.16.10, 3.16.21, 3.18.2, 4.1.3.1, 4.1.3.3, (16 more . . .)

5.4.175 - Eusebius

Eusebius⁴⁰ : 2.11.4.2.1⁹, 2.9.2⁶, 5.2.19⁶, 2.9.1³, 2.10.1², 2.11.3.2², 3.2.1², 4.11.9², 2.10.2, 2.11.4.1.2, 3.1.9, 3.12.6, 4.5.3.2, 4.13, 5.2.50, 5.2.55

5.4.176 - Evangelical

Evangelical³⁷ : 2.5²⁸, 2.5.1², 2.2.3, 2.2.10, 2.7.2, 3.20.12, 4.1.3.3, 4.5.2, 5.2.56

5.4.177 - Eve

Eve⁶⁰ : 3.22.2⁶, 4.16.1⁵, 3.12.2⁴, 3.12.1³, 3.12.9³, 3.21.24³, 4.16.5.1³, 3.20.3², 4.1.3.5.2², 4.5.1², 4.16.2², 2.2.4, 2.5.1, 2.13.1, 2.13.8, 3.1.14, 3.3.18, 3.4.6, 3.5.4, 3.9.20, 3.10.6, 3.10.7, 3.12.4, 3.12.17, 3.13.8, (25 more . . .)

5.4.178 - Evidence, External

Evidence, External¹⁸ : 2.11.3.2⁶, 2.11.2³, 2.9.4², 2.9, 2.9.3.1, 2.9.4.1, 2.11.4.1, 2.11.4.2, 3.11.12, 5.4.180

5.4.179 - Evidence, Internal

Evidence, Internal⁵¹ : 2.11.2¹⁵, 2.9.3.1⁹, 2.11.3.1⁷, 2.11.3.2⁵, 2.9.2², 2.11.4.1², 2.11.4.2.2², 2.9, 2.9.3, 2.9.4.1, 2.11.4.1.1, 2.11.4.1.2, 2.11.4.1.3, 3.1.5, 4.1.4.2.3, 5.4.293

5.4.180 - External Evidence

See Evidence, External.

5.4.181 - Extra-Biblical

Extra-Biblical³³ : 2.2.8¹¹, 2.7.5.4³, 3.7.4², 2.2.4, 2.2.14, 2.3.2.1, 2.5, 2.7.5.5, 2.12.1, 3.4.6, 3.9.21, 3.13.13, 3.22.18, 4.1.3.3, 4.1.3.5.1, 4.2.2, 4.7.2, 4.9.3, 4.11.9, 5.4.684

5.4.182 - Eye

Eye¹⁶⁰ : 3.1.7¹⁰, 3.3.18⁶, 3.1.14⁵, 3.4.8⁵, 4.2.4⁵, 3.2.18⁴, 3.5.6⁴, 3.11.4⁴, 3.13.3⁴, 3.20.4⁴, 4.16.1⁴, 2.7.5.3.6³, 3.4.6³, 3.8.5³, 3.21.4³, 4.11.7³, 2.2.6², 2.2.7², 3.1.1², 3.3.14², 3.6.9², 3.11.2², 3.11.5², 3.19.12², 3.20.11², (72 more . . .)

5.4.183 - Face

Face¹⁷⁵ : 3.22.4¹⁷, 3.9.7⁵, 4.7.1⁵, 3.4.6⁴, 3.6.16⁴, 3.12.6⁴, 3.21.3⁴, 4.1.1⁴, 4.7⁴, 4.7.2⁴, 4.7.3⁴, 2.7.5.3.3³, 3.2.17³, 3.20.12³, 3.21.2³, 2.7.3², 2.9.4², 3.1.17², 3.4.8², 3.6.8², 3.6.17², 3.7.9², 3.10.1², 3.11.5², 3.12.14², (84 more . . .)

5.4.184 - Fall, The

Fall, The⁷¹ : 2.12.2.1⁵, 4.16.5.1⁵, 2.11.1⁴, 3.22.2⁴, 3.17.10³, 4.17.3.1³, 5.2.59³, 2.2.7², 3.2.5², 3.8.7², 3.12.2², 3.21.24², 3.22.3², 4.1.3.3², 2.2.4, 2.4.3, 2.12, 2.12.2.3, 2.12.4, 3.2.7, 3.2.24, 3.3.2, 3.3.10, 3.4.11, 3.5.3, (30 more . . .)

5.4.185 - Fallen

Fallen¹²³ : 3.9.1¹⁵, 3.18.2⁷, 3.17.10⁶, 4.3.2.4⁵, 4.3.2.5⁵, 4.1.2.2⁴, 3.9.3³, 4.2.7³, 4.3.2.4.1³, 4.3.2.12³, 3.1.1², 3.2.5², 3.8.10², 3.9.7², 3.9.11², 3.9.16², 3.14.8², 3.20.5.1², 4.3.2.16², 4.16.5.8², 2.2.13, 2.5.1, 2.7.5.3.4, 2.12.4, 3.1.18, (49 more . . .)

5.4.186 - False Prophet

See Beast, from the land.

5.4.187 - False Prophets

False Prophets¹⁴ : 3.13.11³, 3.2.2², 2.13.6, 3.12.9, 3.13.13, 3.13.14, 3.14.6, 3.16.14, 3.21.8, 4.12.2.4, 4.15.1.4.4

5.4.188 - Famine

Famine⁷³ : 3.6.6¹⁴, 3.6.8¹⁴, 3.7.16⁶, 3.8.7⁴, 3.6.2³, 3.13.10³, 3.2.4², 2.7.5.3.2, 2.13.3.1, 3.1.1, 3.2.17, 3.3.1, 3.6.1, 3.6.5, 3.6.9, 3.6.12, 3.7.1, 3.7.2, 3.8.8, 3.9.15, 3.11.6, 3.15.3, 3.16.8, 3.17.4, 3.18.13, (27 more . . .)

5.4.189 - Father God

See God, the Father.

5.4.190 - Fathers, Church

See Church Fathers.

5.4.191 - Feet

Feet¹⁰⁷ : 4.3.1⁶, 4.3.2.12⁵, 3.1.15⁴, 3.13.2⁴, 3.19.10⁴, 3.1.13³, 3.3.9³, 3.12.1³, 3.19.15³, 3.21.16³, 3.1.17², 3.1.18², 3.2.1², 3.2.4², 3.2.18², 3.3.1², 3.7.9², 3.10.1², 3.10.2², 3.11.3², 3.14.20², 3.21.17², 4.3.2.9², 4.3.2.16², 4.11.7², (39 more . . .)

5.4.192 - Fifth Bowl

See Bowl, Fifth.

5.4.193 - Figures

Figures⁹² : 3.11.5¹⁸, 2.7.4¹⁵, 2.7.3¹², 2.7.2³, 2.7.5.1³, 2.5.1², 3.7.4², 3.14.20², 2.2.11, 2.6.1, 2.7.5.6, 2.12.2.4, 2.12.4, 2.14, 2.14.2, 3.1.1, 3.7.1, 3.9.3, 3.9.7, 3.9.17, 3.9.21, 3.10.6, 3.11.4, 3.12.1, 3.13.3, (35 more . . .)

5.4.194 - Fire

Fire³⁶⁹ : 3.11.5²⁶, 3.19.20²⁰, 3.8.7¹⁷, 3.14.18¹⁴, 3.15.2¹², 3.9.17¹⁰, 3.20.14⁹, 3.14.10⁸, 3.17.16⁷, 3.20.10⁷, 3.17.8⁶, 3.3.18⁵, 3.8.3⁵, 3.12.6⁵, 3.21.1⁵, 3.21.8⁵, 4.1.2.2⁵, 4.4.1⁵, 4.12.3⁵, 3.1.14⁴, 3.20.11⁴, 4.4.3.4⁴, 4.16⁴, 2.7.2³, 3.2.11³, (171 more . . .)

5.4.195 - Fire, Lake of

See Lake of Fire.

5.4.196 - First Bowl

See Bowl, First.

5.4.197 - First Death

See Death, First.

5.4.198 - First Resurrection

See Resurrection, First.

5.4.199 - Firstborn

Firstborn²³ : 3.1.5⁷, 3.5.5⁴, 3.5.13², 2.2.13, 2.13.7, 3.1.7, 3.3.12, 3.4.3, 3.5.6, 3.10.1.1, 3.14.1, 3.21.2, 4.5.5

5.4.200 - Five

Five¹⁰⁹ : 2.7.5.3.4¹³, 3.17.10⁸, 4.3.2.5⁸, 3.9.5⁷, 4.3.2.4⁵, 4.3.2.12⁴, 2.5.1³, 3.6.12³, 3.21.16³, 2.2.11², 2.5², 2.7.5.5², 2.13.5.2², 3.3.7², 3.9.20², 4.3.2.4.1², 4.5.3.1², 2.7.3, 2.7.4, 2.7.5.3.1, 2.7.5.3.2, 2.9.4, 2.11.4.1.2, 2.12.3, 2.12.5, (39 more . . .)

5.4.201 - Flag

See Standard.

5.4.202 - Flood

Flood⁷³ : 3.10.1⁶, 3.12.15⁶, 3.16.12⁶, 4.14.9⁴, 3.3.3³, 3.4.3³, 2.13.8², 3.3.10², 3.9.1², 3.9.14², 3.9.20², 3.10.4², 3.15.2², 4.1.1², 4.5.1², 2.7.5.3.4, 2.13.1, 2.13.5.2, 2.13.5.3, 3.4.6, 3.8.7, 3.8.13, 3.9.5, 3.9.21, 3.11.3.1, (27 more . . .)

5.4.203 - Fonts

Fonts⁹ : 2.2.2.6⁴, 2.2.2.2², 2.2.2.6.1², 3.13.18

5.4.204 - Forehead

Forehead⁶⁷ : 3.7.3⁸, 3.13.16⁷, 3.14.1⁶, 3.17.5⁵, 3.20.4³, 3.22.4³, 2.4.2², 2.14.2², 3.3.10², 3.17.4², 4.1.4.2.1², 4.2.5², 3.2.17, 3.3.12, 3.4.4, 3.6.6, 3.7.1, 3.9.4, 3.12.11, 3.13.1, 3.13.3, 3.13.8, 3.14.1.2, 3.14.8, 3.14.9, (23 more . . .)

5.4.205 - Fornication

Fornication⁸² : 3.17.2¹¹, 3.14.8¹⁰, 4.1.4.2.2⁶, 3.9.21⁵, 3.18.3⁵, 3.9.1⁴, 3.17.4⁴, 3.19.2⁴, 3.21.8⁴, 4.13⁴, 3.2.14³, 3.2.22², 3.14.4², 3.16.19², 4.1.3.3², 4.15.1.4.4², 3.2.9, 3.6.15, 3.17.1, 3.17.5, 3.17.18, 3.18.2, 3.18.9, 4.1.2.2, 4.9.2, (12 more . . .)

5.4.206 - Foundation

Foundation¹¹² : 3.13.8.1¹², 4.4.2⁸, 3.21.19.1⁷, 3.13.8⁵, 3.21.14⁵, 3.5.6⁴, 3.21.2⁴, 2.7.5.3.7³, 3.1.1³, 3.4.3³, 2.2.12², 2.5², 3.4.4², 3.9.20², 3.12.1², 3.17.8², 3.17.18.1², 3.21.7², 3.21.19², 4.1.1², 4.1.3.4², 4.4.3.3², 4.11.3², 4.11.7², 4.16.5.5.1², (28 more . . .)

5.4.207 - Fountain

Fountain²¹ : 3.21.6⁷, 3.7.17², 3.8.10², 3.17.5², 3.1.18, 3.8.2, 3.9.14, 3.16.12, 3.21.1, 3.22.1, 3.22.17, 4.11.9

5.4.208 - Four

Four⁴⁰⁷ : 2.7.5.3.3⁴⁰, 3.4.6²¹, 4.7¹⁹, 4.7.2¹⁷, 3.7.1¹⁴, 3.4.4¹³, 4.3.2.4.1¹³, 3.6.1¹², 4.3.2.8¹⁰, 3.9.14⁹, 3.13.1⁸, 4.3.1⁸, 4.3.2.4⁸, 3.5.9⁶, 3.8.2⁶, 4.19.3⁶, 2.14.1⁵, 3.6.2⁵, 3.14.3⁵, 3.16.12⁵, 3.7.4⁴, 3.17.10⁴, 3.19.4⁴, 3.20.4⁴, 3.2.17³, (158 more . . .)

5.4.209 - Fourth Bowl

See Bowl, Fourth.

5.4.210 - Fruit

Fruit⁹² : 3.22.2²³, 4.11.7⁵, 2.7.5.3.7⁴, 3.14.4³, 3.2.4², 3.2.5², 3.2.23², 3.3.1², 3.12.2², 3.13.11², 3.14.18², 3.18.14², 3.22.12², 2.2.9, 2.4.2, 2.5, 2.7.5.3.5, 2.13.1, 2.13.8, 3.1.3, 3.1.5, 3.1.9, 3.2.2, 3.2.3, 3.2.7, (39 more . . .)

5.4.211 - Futurist

Futurist⁴⁰ : 2.12.5²⁰, 3.17.10⁴, 2.12², 2.14.2², 2.2.7, 2.7.2, 2.12.1, 2.12.2.2, 2.12.2.3, 2.12.2.4, 2.12.6, 3.1.19, 3.2.22, 3.6.9, 3.13.16, 5.4.212

5.4.212 - Futurist Interpretation

See Interpretation, Futurist.

5.4.213 - Gad

Gad¹¹ : 4.17.2.4.1³, 3.7.5², 3.21.13², 3.7.4, 3.21.19.1, 4.7.2, 4.17.3.1

5.4.214 - Gamatria

See Gematria.

5.4.215 - Garden

Garden⁸⁵ : 4.16.5.1²⁰, 3.22.2¹³, 3.2.7⁷, 2.13.8⁵, 3.4.3³, 3.10.7³, 4.16.1³, 3.22.3², 4.5.1², 4.16.2², 2.13.1, 3.3.4, 3.4.1, 3.4.6, 3.5.4, 3.9.14, 3.9.17, 3.12.1, 3.12.3, 3.12.4, 3.12.9, 3.13.10, 3.13.11, 3.15.6, 3.20.2, (25 more . . .)

5.4.216 - Garden of Eden

Garden of Eden⁸⁵ : 4.16.5.1²⁰, 3.22.2¹³, 3.2.7⁷, 2.13.8⁵, 3.4.3³, 3.10.7³, 4.16.1³, 3.22.3², 4.5.1², 4.16.2², 2.13.1, 3.3.4, 3.4.1, 3.4.6, 3.5.4, 3.9.14, 3.9.17, 3.12.1, 3.12.3, 3.12.4, 3.12.9, 3.13.10, 3.13.11, 3.15.6, 3.20.2, (25 more . . .)

5.4.217 - Garment

Garment¹⁷⁴ : 3.19.8¹⁹, 4.5.5.1¹⁵, 3.3.4¹⁰, 3.3.18¹⁰, 3.19.13⁹, 3.3.5⁸, 3.7.9⁸, 3.1.13⁶, 3.16.15⁶, 3.12.6.1⁵, 3.3.14⁴, 3.7.14⁴, 3.4.4³, 3.15.6³, 3.17.4³, 3.21.2³, 4.15.1.4.5³, 4.16³, 3.1.3², 3.3.17², 3.6.11², 3.12.1², 3.19.14², 4.1.4.1², 4.15.1.3², (38 more . . .)

5.4.218 - Garments, White

See White Robes.

5.4.219 - Gate

Gate⁹³ : 3.21.12¹², 3.21.13¹¹, 3.22.2⁶, 4.11.7⁶, 3.22.14⁵, 3.21.21⁴, 3.21.25⁴, 2.7.5.3.7³, 3.1.18³, 3.4.4³, 3.11.15³, 3.21.2³, 2.7.5.3.3², 3.3.20², 3.12.6.1², 3.21.27², 4.1.2.2², 4.5.3.1², 4.16.5.4², 2.7.5.3.2, 3.1.15, 3.7.4, 3.9.2, 3.9.21, 3.12.1, (16 more . . .)

5.4.220 - Gematria

Gematria¹⁹ : 4.12.2.3⁶, 3.13.18³, 4.12.2.1², 4.12.2.5², 3.13.17, 4.2.6, 4.12, 4.12.2.2, 4.12.2.4, 5.2.21

5.4.221 - Genesis compared with Revelation

Genesis compared with Revelation¹ : 2.13.8

5.4.222 - Genre

Genre³⁸ : 2.6⁷, 2.6.2⁷, 2.14.2⁴, 2.5.1³, 2.6.1³, 2.7.2³, 2.7.1², 2.7.4², 2.7.5.2², 2.10.2, 3.1.11, 3.8, 3.10.11, 5.2.22

5.4.223 - Gentile

Gentile²⁶⁰ : 3.11.2³², 3.7.4¹⁸, 4.2.3¹⁸, 3.13.1⁸, 4.11.7⁸, 3.3.9⁷, 3.12.17⁶, 3.21.21⁶, 3.10.3⁴, 3.12.6⁴, 4.11.4⁴, 2.13.4³, 3.1.7³, 3.2.14³, 3.3.7³, 3.9.11³, 3.13.11³, 3.14.4³, 3.15.3³, 3.16.19³, 4.3.1³, 4.3.2.5³, 4.13³, 4.17.3.2.1³, 4.17.3.2.3³, (103 more . . .)

5.4.224 - Glass

Glass²⁰ : 3.15.2⁷, 3.4.6³, 3.21.21², 3.22.1², 3.9.7, 3.15.4, 3.15.5, 3.17.6, 3.21.11, 3.21.18

5.4.225 - Glory

Glory³⁵⁹ : 4.16.2²², 3.1.7¹⁵, 3.21.23¹³, 3.15.8⁹, 4.11.7⁹, 2.4.2⁷, 3.1.13⁷, 3.1.14⁷, 3.6.17⁶, 3.21.24⁶, 3.22.4⁶, 3.1.17⁵, 3.15.4⁵, 3.18.1⁵, 4.11.5⁵, 4.16.5.4⁵, 2.3.3⁴, 3.1.1⁴, 3.6.12⁴, 3.11.3.1⁴, 3.19.7⁴, 4.16.5.10.1⁴, 3.1.6³, 3.4.2³, 3.4.11³, (194 more . . .)

5.4.226 - Glory, Shekinah

See Shekinah Glory.

5.4.227 - Glossary

Glossary⁶ : 2.2.2.3³, 2.2.2.2, 5.2, 5.5

5.4.228 - Gnosticism

Gnosticism¹⁷ : 5.2.23⁴, 2.9.1², 2.9.4.2², 3.2.24², 3.12.9, 3.13.17, 4.11.3, 4.13, 5.2.34, 5.2.55, 5.2.75

5.4.229 - God, Son of

See Son of God.

5.4.230 - God, the Father

God, the Father³² : 3.1.1, 3.1.4, 3.2.17, 3.2.27, 3.3.12, 3.3.21, 3.4, 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.6, 3.5.13, 3.6.1, 3.11.4, 3.13.11, 3.14.1, 3.15.3, 3.16.17, 3.16.20, 3.17.14, 3.19.1, 3.19.8, 3.20.4, 3.20.10, 3.20.14, 3.21.5, (32 more . . .)

5.4.231 - Goel

See Redeemer, Kinsman.

5.4.232 - Gog

Gog³⁸ : 3.20.8¹⁴, 4.5.6¹³, 3.9.11², 3.16.18², 3.14.10, 3.16.14, 3.16.21, 3.19.15, 3.19.18, 3.20.9, 4.5.2

5.4.233 - Gold

Gold²⁰⁸ : 3.3.18⁶, 3.17.4⁶, 3.9.7⁵, 3.11.19⁵, 4.3.1⁵, 4.11.7⁵, 3.5.8⁴, 3.18.12⁴, 3.21.18⁴, 4.9.2⁴, 2.7.2³, 2.12.5³, 2.13.1³, 3.1.13³, 3.6.13³, 3.8.3³, 3.11.1³, 3.15.7³, 3.21.19.1³, 4.1.4.2.2³, 4.11.1³, 4.16.5.10.1³, 4.16.5.10.2³, 2.2.8², 2.7.5.1², (117 more . . .)

5.4.234 - Golden Rule of Interpretation

Golden Rule of Interpretation²⁸ : 2.7.2², 2.12.5², 4.15.1.5², 5.2.24², 2.12, 2.12.3, 2.13.3.1, 2.14.2, 3.1.1, 3.1.3, 3.2.17, 3.4.1, 3.6.13, 3.8.7, 3.9.7, 3.11.1, 3.11.5, 3.20.1, 3.22.18, 4.11, 4.11.1, 4.12, 4.12.3, 4.16.5.10.1

5.4.235 - Gospel

Gospel²²¹ : 4.7¹⁸, 3.14.6¹², 2.8⁹, 3.7.4⁷, 4.7.1⁷, 3.10.7⁶, 4.14.4.2⁵, 2.9.3.4⁴, 3.3.20⁴, 3.5.9⁴, 3.6.11⁴, 2.4.4³, 2.9³, 2.11.3.1³, 3.7.9³, 3.16.14³, 4.2.5³, 2.2.4², 2.4.3², 2.7.5.3.3², 2.9.1², 2.9.2², 2.9.4.2², 2.12.2.5², 2.13.6², (107 more . . .)

5.4.236 - Gospels, Synoptic

See Synoptic Gospels.

5.4.237 - Govern

Govern⁶¹ : 3.19.16⁴, 4.14.4.2⁴, 3.8.7³, 3.20.9³, 4.2.9³, 4.3.2.4³, 4.11.4³, 3.3.7², 3.3.14², 3.5.5², 4.1.4.2.3², 2.7.5.1, 2.7.5.3.3, 2.11.4.1.2, 3.3.1, 3.5.6, 3.6.11, 3.7.1, 3.11.15, 3.11.19, 3.13.1, 3.13.2, 3.13.11, 3.13.16, 3.13.18, (30 more . . .)

5.4.238 - Grape

Grape²³ : 3.14.18⁸, 4.5.5.1⁶, 3.14.15³, 3.15.3², 3.10.3, 3.14.19, 3.16.9, 4.5.5

5.4.239 - Grass

Grass⁴⁵ : 3.8.7¹⁵, 3.8¹⁰, 3.9.4⁶, 3.6.8², 3.7.1², 3.14.8², 4.11.7², 2.7.5.3.2, 3.3.10, 3.8.2, 3.8.11, 3.9.3, 3.17.16

5.4.240 - Great City

See City, Great.

5.4.241 - Great Tribulation

See Tribulation, Great.

5.4.242 - Great White Throne

Great White Throne³² : 3.19.20⁴, 3.11.18³, 3.20.5.1³, 3.20.6.1², 4.4.3.4², 2.12.5, 2.14.3, 3.1.10, 3.6.8, 3.6.14, 3.12.6, 3.17.8, 3.19.15, 3.19.21, 3.20.10, 3.20.11, 3.20.12, 3.21.4, 3.22.1, 3.22.22, 4.4.1, 4.11.6, 4.16.5.11

5.4.243 - Green

Green⁴⁰ : 3.8.7⁷, 3.9.4⁵, 3.8⁴, 3.21.19.1⁴, 3.6.8³, 3.7.1³, 3.8.11², 3.11.4², 4.7.2², 2.7.2, 2.7.5.5, 3.3.10, 3.3.15, 3.9.3, 3.12.6, 3.22.12, 4.1.4.1

5.4.244 - Hades

Hades⁶⁵ : 3.6.8¹⁵, 3.1.18¹⁴, 3.20.13⁷, 3.20.14⁵, 3.9.1⁴, 3.19.20², 3.19.21², 4.4.1², 2.7.5.3.1, 3.2.7, 3.3.7, 3.5.13, 3.6.2, 3.9.2, 3.9.15, 3.12.6, 3.17.8, 3.17.14, 3.20.6, 3.21.1, 3.21.4, 4.11.8

5.4.245 - Hail

Hail⁴⁹ : 3.16.21²⁰, 3.8.7¹⁵, 2.7.2³, 2.13.7², 3.9.4², 3.11.19², 3.3.10.1, 3.15.2, 3.16.18, 4.6.1, 4.17.2.4.2

5.4.246 - Hand

Hand³⁷⁰ : 3.13.16⁹, 3.11.2⁸, 3.1.3⁷, 3.9.20⁷, 3.12.6⁷, 3.20.4⁷, 4.11.7⁷, 3.1.20⁶, 3.3.21⁶, 3.10.2⁶, 3.10.5⁶, 2.13.1⁵, 3.1.7⁵, 3.1.16⁵, 3.5.1⁵, 3.7.9⁵, 3.13.1⁵, 3.17.14⁵, 3.2.20⁴, 3.16.10⁴, 4.17.3.2.2⁴, 2.2.6³, 2.2.12³, 2.12.2.4³, 2.13.3.1³, (235 more . . .)

5.4.247 - Hand, Right

See Right Hand.

5.4.248 - Har Megiddo

See Armageddon.

5.4.249 - Harlot

Harlot²⁴⁸ : 4.1.4.1¹⁷, 4.1.4.2.2¹⁶, 4.1.3.3¹⁵, 3.17.4¹³, 3.19.2¹¹, 3.17.16¹⁰, 4.1.4.2.3⁹, 4.1.3.4⁸, 3.17.5⁷, 4.1.3.5.2⁶, 4.1.4.2⁶, 3.13.1⁵, 3.17.1⁵, 3.17.3⁵, 3.18.9⁵, 4.3.2.21⁵, 3.17.2⁴, 3.17.9⁴, 3.17.18⁴, 3.18.3⁴, 3.19.9⁴, 3.12.1.1³, 3.14.8³, 3.18.1³, 3.18.2³, (73 more . . .)

5.4.250 - Harp

Harp⁵⁵ : 3.14.2¹⁹, 3.14.1.2¹⁸, 3.5.8⁶, 3.15.2⁶, 3.14.3², 3.14.5, 3.16.9, 3.18.22, 3.19.1

5.4.251 - Harvest

Harvest⁷⁰ : 3.14.15³², 3.14.16⁵, 3.14.4⁴, 3.20.5.1³, 4.14.10³, 3.14.17², 3.15.1², 4.5.2², 2.7.5.3.3, 3.1.13, 3.5.9, 3.6.6, 3.7.4, 3.9.20, 3.10.3, 3.14.1, 3.14.14, 3.14.18, 3.14.20, 3.15.4, 3.15.6, 3.17.14, 3.20.4, 4.5.5.1, 4.11.9, (17 more . . .)

5.4.252 - Head

Head³²⁰ : 4.3.2.4.1²⁷, 3.13.1²⁴, 4.3.2.4²⁰, 3.12.3¹⁴, 3.13.3¹⁰, 3.19.16⁸, 4.3.2.16⁸, 3.9.7⁷, 3.17.10⁷, 3.17.11⁷, 3.9.17⁶, 3.19.12⁶, 4.7.2⁶, 4.3⁵, 4.3.2.5⁵, 3.17.3⁴, 4.6.2⁴, 2.7.5.3.6³, 3.1.14³, 3.10.1³, 3.12.2³, 3.13.18³, 3.17.9³, 4.3.1³, 4.3.2³, (128 more . . .)

5.4.253 - Heads, Seven

See Seven Heads.

5.4.254 - Healed

Healed⁷⁰ : 3.22.2²³, 3.13.3⁵, 3.1.18³, 4.11.7³, 3.9.11², 3.12.6², 3.13.1², 3.13.11², 3.16.2², 3.17.8², 3.18.4², 3.18.5², 2.4.2, 3.2.7, 3.2.13, 3.2.28, 3.8.11, 3.9.1, 3.9.21, 3.10.1, 3.13.4, 3.13.12, 3.16.14, 3.19.10, 3.19.21, (20 more . . .)

5.4.255 - Heat

Heat⁴⁵ : 3.16.8⁷, 3.7.16⁵, 3.8.7³, 3.16.9³, 3.20.11³, 3.21.1³, 3.3.10.1², 3.6.12², 3.7.15², 2.13.3.1, 2.14.3, 3.1.15, 3.3.3, 3.6.2, 3.9.4, 3.14.10, 3.15.3, 3.16.4, 3.19.20, 3.22.3, 3.22.12, 4.18.4, 4.19.3, 5.4.535

5.4.256 - Heaven

Heaven⁷⁴⁶ : 3.21.1³⁹, 3.4.1¹⁵, 3.14.1.2¹², 3.6.13¹⁰, 3.20.11¹⁰, 3.4.4⁹, 3.19.1⁹, 3.2.17⁸, 3.3.21⁸, 3.11.3.1⁸, 3.13.6⁸, 3.22.1⁸, 3.4.2⁷, 3.6.14⁷, 3.9.1⁷, 3.11.5⁷, 3.11.19⁷, 3.14.1.1⁷, 3.17.14⁷, 3.18.5⁷, 3.20.1⁷, 3.21.3⁷, 3.1.7⁶, 3.3.12⁶, 3.12.1⁶, (514 more . . .)

5.4.257 - Heaven, New

Heaven, New²⁵ : 3.21.1⁶, 3.22.1³, 3.19.9², 3.22.2², 4.11.1², 2.13.8, 3.20.11, 3.21.5, 3.21.16, 3.21.24, 3.21.25, 3.21.27, 3.22.17, 3.22.20, 5.4.425

5.4.258 - Hell

Hell⁴² : 3.19.20⁶, 3.20.12³, 3.20.14³, 3.7.9², 3.9.1², 3.14.10², 3.20.6.1², 4.14.6², 2.5, 3.1.6, 3.5.4, 3.5.5, 3.9.4, 3.9.11, 3.9.15, 3.9.20, 3.9.21, 3.12.7, 3.12.11, 3.13.16, 3.14.18, 3.17.8, 3.20.1, 3.20.15, 3.21.8, (20 more . . .)

5.4.259 - Hermeneutic

Hermeneutic⁴⁷ : 2.12.2.4⁸, 2.7.2⁶, 2.7.3⁴, 5.2.26⁴, 2.2.6³, 2.12.5³, 2.12.6³, 2.7.1², 2.7.4², 3.1.1², 2.2.11, 2.12.1, 3.1.7, 3.6.13, 3.7.4, 4.1.3.5.1, 4.12, 4.15.1.5, 4.17.2.2, 5.4.260

5.4.260 - Hermeneutics

See Interpretation.

5.4.261 - Herod

Herod²⁰ : 3.11.2³, 4.16.5.4³, 2.11.3.1², 3.12.4², 2.3.1, 3.7.2, 3.11.1, 3.11.4, 3.20.2, 4.1.2.1, 4.2.3, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.3, 4.16.5.9

5.4.262 - Hills, Seven

See Seven Mountains.

5.4.263 - Historicist

Historicist¹⁰ : 2.12.4⁹, 2.12

5.4.264 - Historist Interpretation

See Interpretation, Historicist.

5.4.265 - Holy

Holy⁵⁹⁵ : 4.14.4.2²⁰, 4.16.5.5²⁰, 3.11.2¹⁷, 4.16.5.1¹⁴, 3.15.4¹¹, 4.14.4.1¹¹, 4.11.7¹⁰, 3.3.7⁹, 4.16.5.10.1⁹, 3.19.10⁸, 3.21.2⁸, 4.16.5.8⁸, 4.16.5.10.2⁸, 3.11.4⁷, 3.12.6⁷, 3.22.11⁷, 3.3.1⁶, 3.6.2⁶, 3.11.1⁶, 3.13.11⁶, 3.13.14⁶, 3.1.4⁵, 3.7.4⁵, 3.17.14⁵, 4.11.5⁵, (371 more . . .)

5.4.266 - Holy Spirit

Holy Spirit²²² : 4.14.4.2²⁰, 4.16.5.5¹⁷, 4.14.4.1¹¹, 3.11.4⁶, 3.13.11⁶, 3.19.10⁶, 3.1.4⁵, 3.3.1⁵, 4.16.5.10.2⁵, 3.6.2⁴, 3.22.17⁴, 4.14.4.4⁴, 2.2.12³, 3.1.2³, 3.1.10³, 3.13.12³, 4.14.4³, 5.2.33³, 2.4.3², 2.7.2², 2.7.5.3.6², 3.1.1², 3.3.2², 3.3.18², 3.4.5², (97 more . . .)

5.4.267 - Holy Spirit Baptism

See Baptism, Holy Spirit.

5.4.268 - Holy of Holies

Holy of Holies⁴⁰ : 4.16.5.1⁸, 4.16.5.4⁴, 3.11.1², 3.11.19², 3.21.16², 3.21.23², 4.16.5.5², 4.16.5.8², 4.16.5.10.1², 4.16.5.11², 3.5.1, 3.6.9, 3.13.8, 3.13.14, 3.13.15, 3.15.6, 3.21.3, 3.21.22, 4.12, 4.16.4, 4.16.5.5.1, 4.16.5.6

5.4.269 - Honor

Honor⁶³ : 3.5.12⁵, 3.20.11⁴, 3.19.1³, 3.4.11², 3.14.5², 3.21.24², 3.22.7², 3.22.12², 4.6.1², 4.11.6.1², 2.2.6, 2.5, 2.7.5.7, 2.12.2.2, 3.1.8, 3.1.10, 3.1.16, 3.2.1, 3.2.10, 3.2.14, 3.2.17, 3.3.9, 3.3.18, 3.5.1, 3.5.13, (37 more . . .)

5.4.270 - Horn

Horn²⁰³ : 3.13.1¹⁶, 4.3.2.22¹⁵, 3.5.6¹³, 4.3.2.25¹², 3.12.3¹¹, 3.17.11¹⁰, 4.3.2.16⁹, 4.3⁷, 3.13.11⁶, 3.17.12⁶, 3.6.4⁴, 3.17.3⁴, 3.17.10⁴, 3.17.16⁴, 3.19.16⁴, 2.13.1³, 3.9.13³, 4.2.4³, 4.3.2³, 4.3.2.4³, 4.3.2.26³, 5.2.37³, 2.7.5.3.3², 2.7.5.3.6², 3.13.5², (51 more . . .)

5.4.271 - Horns, Ten

See Ten Horns.

5.4.272 - Horse

Horse¹⁷⁷ : 4.19.3²⁴, 4.19.2²⁰, 3.9.17¹⁵, 3.6.2¹², 4.19.4¹², 3.9.7¹⁰, 3.6.8⁵, 3.14.20⁵, 4.5.5.1⁵, 2.14.3⁴, 3.6.3⁴, 3.9.19⁴, 3.19.11⁴, 4.19.1⁴, 3.7.4³, 3.19.14³, 3.6.1², 3.6.12², 3.9.16², 3.11.5², 4.5.5², 4.11.7², 2.2.10, 2.7.5.3.3, 2.12.4, (31 more . . .)

5.4.273 - Horsemen

Horsemen⁴⁸ : 4.19.2⁶, 3.6.2⁵, 3.6.8⁴, 3.16.12³, 4.19.3³, 2.7.5.3.3², 4.19.1², 2.4.1, 2.7.4, 3.4.6, 3.5.11, 3.6.1, 3.6.4, 3.6.6, 3.6.9, 3.7.1, 3.7.4, 3.9.4, 3.9.7, 3.9.15, 3.9.16, 3.9.17, 3.9.19, 3.14.18, 3.16.14, (23 more . . .)

5.4.274 - Hour

Hour¹⁰⁴ : 3.3.10¹⁴, 3.3.3⁷, 3.16.15⁷, 3.17.12⁵, 3.9.15³, 3.14.8³, 4.1.2.2³, 1.2², 2.13.3², 2.13.3.1², 3.1.1², 3.6.17², 3.7.14², 3.8.1², 3.9.20², 3.12.14², 3.17.16², 3.20.5², 4.14.5², 4.15.1.5², 2.2.9, 2.2.12, 2.7.5.2, 2.13.5.2, 3.1.7, (36 more . . .)

5.4.275 - Hunger

See Famine.

5.4.276 - Husband

Husband²⁹ : 4.10.3⁸, 4.10.5³, 2.13.8², 3.21.2², 4.9.2², 4.10.6², 1.2, 3.2.4, 3.12.2, 3.12.6, 3.14.4, 3.17.5, 3.19.7, 3.21.19, 4.1.3.4, 4.10.4

5.4.277 - Hyperbole

Hyperbole¹⁷ : 4.1.2⁴, 5.2.27², 2.7.4, 2.11.4.1.2, 2.12, 2.13.3, 3.1.11, 3.6.13, 3.9.21, 3.14.20, 3.16.21, 4.1.2.2, 4.5.5

5.4.278 - Idealist

Idealist¹² : 2.12.3⁷, 2.12, 2.12.2.2, 2.12.2.4, 2.12.6, 5.4.279

5.4.279 - Idealist Interpretation

See Interpretation, Idealist.

5.4.280 - Idol

Idol⁷⁹ : 3.9.20¹⁴, 3.13.15⁴, 4.18.2⁴, 3.2.4³, 3.2.14³, 3.6.17³, 3.7.2³, 3.13.4³, 3.13.14³, 3.21.8³, 4.13³, 3.2.20², 3.2.22², 4.3.2.19², 4.9.3², 2.4.2, 2.13.5.4, 3.1.11, 3.1.18, 3.2.9, 3.2.17, 3.3.10.1, 3.6.2, 3.6.12, 3.7.1, (25 more . . .)

5.4.281 - Idolatry

Idolatry⁶⁹ : 3.7.4⁶, 3.8.7³, 3.9.20³, 3.17.5³, 4.1.4.1³, 4.9.2³, 3.1.1², 3.2.14², 3.8.11², 3.14.4², 3.14.7², 3.17.1², 3.17.4², 4.1.1², 4.3.2.5², 3.1.7, 3.2.4, 3.2.22, 3.2.24, 3.4.11, 3.5.13, 3.6.13, 3.7.2, 3.7.3, 3.8.8, (30 more . . .)

5.4.282 - Ignatius

Ignatius²⁰ : 5.2.28⁴, 3.2.2³, 3.2.8², 4.15.1², 4.15.1.1.1², 2.10.2, 2.11.4.1.3, 3.1.10, 3.1.20, 3.3.9, 3.6.6, 4.11.9

5.4.283 - Illumination

Illumination¹³ : 2.2.3, 2.2.6, 2.7.2, 3.1.13, 3.2.5, 3.2.7, 3.2.17, 3.3.8, 3.3.18, 3.4.5, 3.11.4, 3.18.1, 3.21.23

5.4.284 - Image

Image²²⁶ : 3.13.15²⁶, 4.3.2.19²¹, 3.13.14¹³, 2.13.5.4¹¹, 3.9.20⁸, 4.3.1⁷, 2.13.1⁵, 3.15.2⁵, 3.20.4⁵, 3.13.18⁴, 2.13.8³, 3.13.2³, 3.13.11³, 3.16.2³, 3.17.6³, 4.12³, 2.7.4², 2.12.5², 3.1.9², 3.6.9², 3.7.4², 3.8.2², 3.12.3², 3.13.7², 3.13.8², (85 more . . .)

5.4.285 - Image of the Beast

Image of the Beast⁷³ : 4.3.2.19⁹, 3.13.15⁸, 2.13.5.4⁶, 3.9.20⁵, 3.20.4⁴, 3.15.2³, 3.13.7², 3.13.8², 3.13.11², 3.13.14², 3.14.7², 3.14.13², 3.16.2², 3.17.6², 3.19.20², 3.6.9, 3.7.2, 3.12.9, 3.12.11, 3.13.3, 3.13.4, 3.13.13, 3.13.17, 3.14.1, 3.14.1.2, (20 more . . .)

5.4.286 - Imminency

Imminency⁶⁵ : 4.8.2²², 4.8⁸, 2.4.3⁵, 3.1.1⁵, 2.12.2.4⁴, 2.12.2.5³, 4.15.1.5², 2.11.1, 3.1.3, 3.1.7, 3.2.5, 3.2.12, 3.2.16, 3.2.22, 3.2.23, 3.2.25, 3.14.1, 3.14.7, 3.18.2, 3.22.10, 4.14.3.1, 4.14.10, 5.2.30

5.4.287 - Immorality, Sexual

See Fornication.

5.4.288 - Imperial cult

Imperial cult⁷ : 5.2.31², 2.3.2, 2.11.4.1.2, 3.2.1, 3.2.9, 3.2.13

5.4.289 - Incense

Incense⁴⁹ : 3.8.3¹⁰, 3.5.8⁸, 3.6.9⁶, 4.16.4³, 3.8.4², 3.15.4², 4.1.4.1², 4.11.7², 4.16.5.1², 3.2.8, 3.2.13, 3.8.1, 3.8.6, 3.11.1, 3.11.2, 3.14.9, 3.14.18, 3.15.7, 3.18.12, 3.18.20, 5.2.31

5.4.290 - Inerrancy

Inerrancy²⁹ : 2.5⁴, 5.2.32⁴, 2.2.14³, 2.5.1³, 3.10.7², 2.2.8, 2.2.9, 2.2.10, 2.7.2, 2.9.2, 2.12.2.5, 3.1.2, 3.1.3, 3.13.13, 3.16.14, 4.1.2, 4.16.5.8, 5.2.33

5.4.291 - Inherit

Inherit⁷⁷ : 3.5.1¹¹, 3.21.7¹⁰, 3.22.2⁶, 3.21.8⁵, 4.5.1³, 3.5.5², 3.5.10², 3.7.4², 3.10.7², 3.16.12², 3.20.4², 4.17², 2.11.3.2, 2.13.1, 3.2.17, 3.2.27, 3.4.4, 3.5.6, 3.5.7, 3.5.8, 3.11.2, 3.11.15, 3.11.18, 3.12.17, 3.13.1, (28 more . . .)

5.4.292 - Inspiration

Inspiration⁹¹ : 3.22.18⁶, 2.2.8⁵, 2.5⁵, 2.7.5.4⁵, 2.2.14⁴, 2.7.2⁴, 3.22.19³, 2.5.1², 2.9.1², 2.10.1², 3.1.1², 3.2.20², 3.10.7², 3.12.1², 5.2.33², 2.2.5, 2.2.7, 2.2.10, 2.6, 2.7.4, 2.7.5.2, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.9, 2.9.2, 2.9.3.3, (43 more . . .)

5.4.293 - Internal Evidence

See Evidence, Internal.

5.4.294 - Interpretation

Interpretation⁵⁵⁷ : 2.7.2⁴⁴, 2.7.3²⁶, 2.12.5²⁴, 2.12.2.4¹⁸, 4.11.9¹³, 2.12.6¹², 2.7.4¹¹, 4.15.1.5¹¹, 2.11.1¹⁰, 2.12.3⁹, 2.12.4⁹, 2.2.11⁸, 3.1.3⁸, 3.9.7⁸, 3.20.1⁸, 4.11.3⁸, 2.2.6⁷, 2.2.7⁷, 2.7.5.2⁷, 2.12⁷, 3.1.1⁷, 3.8.7⁷, 5.2.26⁷, 2.11.2⁶, 2.12.1⁶, (269 more . . .)

5.4.295 - Interpretation, Ecclectic

Interpretation, Ecclectic¹ : 2.12.6

5.4.296 - Interpretation, Futurist

Interpretation, Futurist¹² : 2.12.5⁶, 2.7.2, 2.12.1, 2.12.2.3, 3.6.9, 3.13.16, 5.4.212

5.4.297 - Interpretation, Historicist

Interpretation, Historicist² : 2.12.4²

5.4.298 - Interpretation, Idealist

Interpretation, Idealist⁶ : 2.12.3⁴, 2.12.2.4, 5.4.279

5.4.299 - Interpretation, Literal

See Literalism.

5.4.300 - Interpretation, Preterist

Interpretation, Preterist¹⁴ : 2.11.1³, 2.12.2.4², 3.1.7², 4.1.3.4², 2.12.2, 2.12.2.1, 2.12.2.3, 4.12.2.4, 5.4.478

5.4.301 - Interpretation, Systems of

Interpretation, Systems of¹¹ : 2.11.1², 2.12², 2.12.5², 2.7.2, 2.12.6, 4.11, 4.11.2, 5.4.618

5.4.302 - Iona

Iona² : 4.7²

5.4.303 - Iraq

Iraq⁴ : 4.1.3.5.2⁴

5.4.304 - Irenaeus

Irenaeus⁹³ : 2.11.3.2²¹, 4.11.9¹⁰, 4.12.2.4¹⁰, 2.12.5⁸, 2.11.4.2.1⁷, 3.13.18⁶, 2.9.4.1⁵, 4.13⁵, 2.10.2³, 5.2.34³, 3.13.5², 5.2.55², 3.2.8, 3.7.4, 3.11.3.1, 3.13.1, 3.13.4, 3.20.4, 4.1.3.3, 4.3.1, 4.7.1, 4.12.1, 5.5

5.4.305 - Isaac

Isaac⁴⁹ : 4.16.3.1¹⁰, 4.16.5.8⁶, 2.12.4⁴, 4.16.3⁴, 3.12.17³, 3.19.9³, 3.2.9², 2.6.1, 2.11.3.2, 2.13.8, 2.14.1, 3.4.1, 3.5.2, 3.5.6, 3.12.1, 3.13.5, 3.19.8, 3.21.2, 3.21.14, 3.22.4, 4.2.3, 4.10, 4.12.2.4, 4.16.5.9

5.4.306 - Islam

Islam²² : 4.16.5.8¹⁵, 4.16.3³, 3.6.2, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.2.8, 4.16.5.9

5.4.307 - Island

Island³⁶ : 3.1.9⁹, 2.11.4.2.1⁵, 2.7.2⁴, 3.6.14³, 3.16.20³, 1.4, 2.9.4.1, 2.11.3.2, 2.12.5, 2.14, 3.6.17, 3.10.11, 3.13.10, 3.16.4, 3.17.1, 4.7, 4.12

5.4.308 - Israel

Israel¹¹⁷⁹ : 3.7.4⁶¹, 2.13.4³⁷, 3.12.17³¹, 4.1.3.4²⁷, 3.1.7²⁵, 3.12.6²⁴, 3.12.1²³, 4.11.7²⁰, 4.17.2.3²⁰, 3.11.4¹⁶, 4.5.2¹⁶, 3.12.6.1¹⁵, 3.6.2¹⁴, 4.10.3¹⁴, 4.10.5¹³, 3.4.4¹², 3.11.3¹², 3.21.12¹², 4.17.3.2.2¹², 5.2.63¹², 2.12.2.2¹¹, 3.10.3¹¹, 3.14.1¹¹, 3.15.3¹¹, 3.19.15¹¹, (708 more . . .)

5.4.309 - Israel, Camp of

See Camp of Israel.

5.4.310 - Issachar

Issachar⁷ : 3.7.7², 3.21.13², 3.7.4, 3.21.19.1, 4.7.2

5.4.311 - Jacob

See Israel.

5.4.312 - Jacob’s, Time of Trouble

See Time of Jacob’s Trouble.

5.4.313 - Jasper

Jasper²⁰ : 3.4.3¹⁰, 3.21.11⁵, 3.21.18³, 3.21.19.1²

5.4.314 - Jehoshaphat, Valley of

See Valley of Jehoshaphat.

5.4.315 - Jerome

Jerome³¹ : 4.11.9⁷, 2.11.4.2.1⁶, 2.12.5³, 4.1.3.3², 4.3.1², 4.7.2², 2.2.14, 2.11.3.2, 3.10.7, 3.13.1, 3.14.10, 4.11.1, 4.13, 5.2.81, 5.5

5.4.316 - Jerusalem

Jerusalem⁷⁷⁰ : 4.1.3.4⁴⁰, 3.21.2³⁴, 4.5.5²⁴, 3.3.12²⁰, 3.1.7¹⁹, 3.11.2¹⁹, 3.11.8¹⁹, 3.16.19¹⁸, 4.11.7¹⁶, 3.17.18¹⁴, 4.16.5.8¹⁴, 3.14.1¹³, 4.10.4¹⁰, 4.16.5.9¹⁰, 2.11.1⁹, 3.12.6⁹, 4.11.4⁹, 3.22.2⁸, 2.11.2⁷, 2.11.3.1⁷, 3.14.20⁷, 3.17.4⁷, 3.19.7⁷, 3.21.1⁷, 3.21.10⁷, (416 more . . .)

5.4.317 - Jerusalem, New

Jerusalem, New¹⁷⁶ : 3.21.2²³, 3.11.2¹², 3.22.2⁹, 3.3.12⁷, 3.21.10⁷, 3.19.7⁶, 3.21.9⁶, 3.22.1⁶, 4.10.4⁵, 4.16.5.1⁴, 2.7.5.3.7³, 3.4.3³, 3.17.18.1³, 3.21.23³, 4.10.6³, 4.16.5.11³, 2.12.2.5², 3.2.28², 3.4.4², 3.14.1², 3.17.18², 3.19.10², 3.20.2², 3.21.3², 3.21.11², (55 more . . .)

5.4.318 - Jesse

Jesse⁷ : 4.11.7³, 3.5.5², 3.1.4, 3.22.16

5.4.319 - Jew

Jew⁸⁰⁰ : 3.7.4⁴⁶, 3.12.17³⁸, 3.12.6³⁶, 3.2.9³⁴, 3.1.7²⁶, 4.16.5.8²⁴, 3.11.2²³, 2.13.4¹⁷, 4.7.2¹⁷, 4.2.3¹⁶, 4.17.2.2¹⁶, 3.3.9¹⁵, 4.10¹², 3.14.4¹¹, 3.11.3⁹, 3.11.13⁹, 4.16.5.4⁹, 4.16.5.9⁹, 4.17.2.4.2.1⁹, 2.7.3⁸, 2.7.5.2⁸, 3.13.1⁸, 3.3.16⁷, 4.5.4⁷, 4.10.1⁷, (379 more . . .)

5.4.320 - Jezebel

Jezebel⁷¹ : 4.9.3²⁰, 3.2.20⁸, 4.9.2⁶, 3.2.22⁴, 3.2.23⁴, 4.9.1⁴, 3.2.18³, 3.19.2³, 3.2.21², 3.9.21², 4.15.1.5², 3.2.2, 3.2.24, 3.9.20, 3.12.1, 3.16.9, 3.16.15, 3.18.23, 3.21.8, 3.22.4, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.9, 4.15.1.4.4, 5.2.35

5.4.321 - Jezreel Valley

Jezreel Valley⁴ : 4.5.3.3³, 3.16.16

5.4.322 - John Calvin

See Calvin, John.

5.4.323 - Jordan

Jordan¹⁴ : 3.2.17⁴, 3.11.1, 3.12.6.1, 3.12.14, 3.16.12, 4.5.3, 4.5.3.1, 4.5.3.3, 4.5.3.5, 4.16.5.1, 4.16.5.2

5.4.324 - Joseph

Joseph⁴⁷ : 3.7.4⁸, 3.7.8⁵, 3.12.1⁵, 4.17.2.4.2⁴, 2.12.4³, 3.1.7³, 3.21.13³, 2.7.5.3.4², 3.7.6², 4.7.2², 4.17.3.2.2², 3.1.1, 3.5.2, 3.5.5, 3.21.2, 3.21.19.1, 4.5.5.1, 4.17.2.1, 4.17.2.3

5.4.325 - Judah

Judah¹⁴¹ : 4.7.2¹⁴, 3.5.5¹⁰, 4.17.3.1⁹, 4.5.5⁷, 3.16.12⁵, 4.17.2.3⁵, 3.7.4⁴, 3.19.15⁴, 2.13.4³, 3.3.7³, 3.14.1³, 4.5.5.1³, 4.7³, 4.17³, 4.17.1³, 4.17.3.2.2³, 3.4.3², 3.7.5², 3.10.1.1², 3.10.3², 3.12.4², 3.21.13², 4.1.3.4², 4.5.2², 4.5.3.1², (41 more . . .)

5.4.326 - Judaism

Judaism⁴⁰ : 3.2.9¹³, 4.2.2³, 4.16.3.1³, 4.16.3², 4.16.5.7², 4.16.5.9², 2.7.5.4, 2.11.4.1.3, 2.13.2, 3.1.20, 3.2.14, 3.3.9, 3.5.5, 3.11.2, 3.12.2, 3.20.6, 4.1.3.5.3, 4.16.5.8, 4.18.1, 5.2.4, 5.2.28

5.4.327 - Judgment

Judgment¹¹⁵³ : 3.8.7²³, 2.14.2²², 3.20.12²², 3.9.1²¹, 3.1.7¹⁹, 3.6.1¹⁹, 3.16.1¹⁸, 3.4.4¹⁷, 3.7.1¹⁶, 3.11.18¹⁶, 3.19.2¹⁶, 3.8.1¹⁵, 3.10.1¹⁵, 3.11.5¹⁵, 3.5.5¹⁴, 3.9.15¹⁴, 3.5.1¹³, 2.13.3¹², 3.2.23¹², 3.6.17¹², 3.15.1¹², 3.16.17¹¹, 2.14.1¹⁰, 3.6.8¹⁰, 3.8.2¹⁰, (769 more . . .)

5.4.328 - Justin Martyr

Justin Martyr¹⁹ : 2.12.5³, 4.11.9³, 4.12.2.4³, 2.9.4.1², 2.10.2², 2.12.2.3², 5.2.36², 2.11.4.2.1, 5.2.63

5.4.329 - Kells, Book of

See Book of Kells.

5.4.330 - Key

Key¹⁴⁶ : 3.3.7¹⁵, 3.1.18¹², 3.9.1⁸, 3.20.1⁵, 2.7.4⁴, 3.12.1⁴, 2.5³, 4.12.2.3³, 4.13³, 2.2.13², 2.4.3², 2.12.4², 2.12.5², 3.1.1², 3.1.19², 3.2.2², 3.7.4², 3.9.7², 3.11.3², 3.17.10², 3.21.1², 2.2.2.3, 2.2.2.6.1, 2.2.4, 2.2.6, (65 more . . .)

5.4.331 - Kill

Kill¹²⁵ : 3.13.10⁶, 3.9.15⁵, 3.9.20⁵, 3.11.7⁵, 3.19.20⁵, 3.6.9³, 3.11.3³, 3.12.11³, 3.19.21³, 4.3.2.19³, 2.7.5.3.3², 2.11.3.2², 2.13.5.4², 3.1.7², 3.2.23², 3.6.8², 3.6.11², 3.7.9², 3.9.5², 3.11.5², 3.20.15², 2.7.5.3.2, 2.7.5.3.4, 2.11.3.1, 2.11.4.2.1, (62 more . . .)

5.4.332 - King

King⁸²⁸ : 4.3.2.4²⁷, 3.17.10²⁶, 4.11.7²⁰, 3.17.14¹⁷, 3.18.9¹⁶, 4.3.2.13¹⁴, 3.9.11¹², 3.11.15¹², 3.13.1¹², 3.17.16¹², 3.19.16¹², 3.19.19¹², 4.1.1¹², 4.3.2.16¹¹, 3.1.7¹⁰, 3.15.3¹⁰, 4.5.2¹⁰, 3.16.12⁹, 4.17.2.2⁹, 4.17.2.3⁹, 3.13.2⁸, 3.16.14⁸, 3.17.11⁸, 3.19.12⁸, 4.1.3.3⁸, (516 more . . .)

5.4.333 - Kingdom

Kingdom¹¹⁴⁹ : 2.4.3³⁶, 4.17.3.1²⁹, 3.11.15²⁴, 3.17.10²³, 4.11.3²², 2.13.1²¹, 3.13.2²¹, 4.3.2.5²¹, 3.20.2²⁰, 4.11.9²⁰, 4.3.2.16¹⁸, 4.3.1¹⁷, 4.11.6¹⁶, 4.11.1¹⁴, 4.11.4¹⁴, 3.1.6¹³, 3.13.1¹³, 3.19.9¹³, 4.3.2.4¹³, 3.12.10¹², 3.21.1¹², 3.5.10¹¹, 3.10.7¹¹, 3.19.15¹¹, 4.1.1¹¹, (713 more . . .)

5.4.334 - Kingdom, Millennial

See Millennial Kingdom.

5.4.335 - Kinsman Redeemer

See Redeemer, Kinsman.

5.4.336 - Koran

Koran¹⁶ : 4.16.5.8¹⁵, 5.4.490

5.4.337 - LXX

See Septuagint.

5.4.338 - Labor

Labor⁵² : 2.13.4⁹, 3.12.2⁹, 3.16.17⁷, 3.2.2³, 3.6.17³, 4.11.7³, 3.3.3², 3.11.2², 2.11.1, 2.11.4.2.1, 3.1.9, 3.1.13, 3.2.18, 3.10.11, 3.12.9, 3.14.13, 3.16.15, 3.17.16, 3.19.7, 4.1.2.2, 4.11.9, 4.15.1.4.1

5.4.339 - Lake of Fire

Lake of Fire⁶⁵ : 3.19.20¹⁷, 3.20.10⁶, 3.20.14⁶, 3.17.8⁵, 3.14.10⁴, 4.4.1⁴, 4.12.3⁴, 3.20.12², 4.4.3.4², 3.2.11, 3.8.7, 3.9.1, 3.12.6, 3.13.8, 3.14.18, 3.15.2, 3.19.3, 3.20.6, 3.21.1, 3.21.8, 3.21.27, 3.22.18, 4.3.2.18, 4.12.2.4

5.4.340 - Lamb’s Book of Life

See Book of Life.

5.4.341 - Lament

Lament⁸ : 3.18.9⁴, 3.5.1, 3.18.1, 3.18.3, 4.1.2.2

5.4.342 - Lamp

Lamp²⁸ : 3.11.4⁹, 3.1.13⁶, 3.4.5³, 2.7.5.3.6², 3.1.4, 3.1.9, 3.1.12, 3.3.3, 3.15.6, 3.16.15, 3.21.2, 3.22.5

5.4.343 - Lampstand

Lampstand³² : 3.11.4⁷, 3.1.20⁴, 3.1.12³, 3.1.13³, 3.2.5³, 3.4.5², 4.15.1.4.1², 2.2.13, 2.7.5.3.1, 2.7.5.3.6, 3.1.4, 3.3.16, 4.15.1.4, 4.16.4, 4.16.5.10.2

5.4.344 - Land

Land³⁴⁷ : 3.10.2¹⁵, 3.5.1¹¹, 4.1.3.5.3⁹, 3.1.7⁸, 3.12.6⁸, 4.1.3.4⁸, 4.5.2⁸, 4.5.5⁸, 3.15.3⁷, 4.11.7⁷, 3.2.4⁶, 4.1.1⁶, 4.17.2.1⁶, 2.13.4⁵, 3.17.4⁵, 3.18.4⁵, 3.7.4⁴, 3.8.7⁴, 3.12.15⁴, 3.16.12⁴, 3.16.21⁴, 4.1.2.2⁴, 4.1.4.1⁴, 4.3.2.5⁴, 4.16.5.4⁴, (189 more . . .)

5.4.345 - Leaves

Leaves⁵⁴ : 3.22.2²³, 4.11.7², 4.16.1², 2.3.1, 2.3.2.2, 2.7.3, 2.12.6, 3.1.1, 3.1.9, 3.1.11, 3.2.27, 3.3.18, 3.6.14, 3.9.4, 3.13.3, 3.17.3, 3.17.10, 3.20.5.1, 3.21.1, 3.21.9, 3.21.25, 3.22.12, 3.22.14, 4.1.3.3, 4.2.6, (27 more . . .)

5.4.346 - Leopard

Leopard²³ : 3.13.2⁹, 4.3.2.11⁴, 4.3.2.16³, 4.3.2.12², 3.17.10, 4.3.1, 4.11.4, 4.11.7, 4.12.2.4

5.4.347 - Levi

Levi³¹ : 3.7.4⁶, 3.5.5⁴, 3.21.13⁴, 4.5.5.1³, 3.7.7², 4.17.3.1², 3.1.7, 3.4.3, 3.4.4, 3.21.19.1, 4.2.3, 4.7.2, 4.17.2.4, 4.17.3.2, 4.17.3.2.3, 4.17.4

5.4.348 - Levites

Levites²³ : 3.12.1³, 4.7.2³, 4.7.3³, 3.1.13, 3.5.8, 3.7.4, 3.8.4, 3.11.1, 3.14.3, 3.15.5, 3.20.6, 3.21.13, 4.11.7, 4.13, 4.16.5.4, 4.17.3.1, 4.17.4

5.4.349 - Liar

Liar¹⁵ : 3.21.8⁶, 2.13.8², 3.22.14², 3.2.11, 3.16.13, 3.20.6, 3.20.14, 4.15.1.4.1

5.4.350 - Life, Book of

See Book of Life.

5.4.351 - Life, River of

See River of Life.

5.4.352 - Life, Tree of

See Tree of Life.

5.4.353 - Life, Water of

See Water of Life.

5.4.354 - Light

Light²³¹ : 3.21.23¹⁸, 3.11.4⁹, 4.11.7⁹, 3.6.12⁸, 2.13.3⁷, 3.8.12⁶, 3.22.5⁵, 3.22.16⁵, 2.13.8⁴, 3.2.17⁴, 3.2.28⁴, 3.21.11⁴, 3.21.24⁴, 2.7.2³, 3.4.3³, 3.6.13³, 3.16.10³, 3.20.12³, 3.21.25³, 4.17.3.2.1³, 2.2.6², 2.7.3², 2.9², 3.1.12², 3.1.20², (113 more . . .)

5.4.355 - Lightning

Lightning¹⁴ : 3.4.5², 3.8.5², 3.11.19², 2.14.1, 3.4.3, 3.5.8, 3.8.7, 3.9.1, 3.16.18, 3.16.21, 3.19.17

5.4.356 - Linen, White

See White Robes.

5.4.357 - Lion

Lion¹¹³ : 3.10.3¹⁴, 3.13.2¹⁰, 4.7.2¹⁰, 4.7⁸, 3.5.5⁶, 3.9.8⁶, 3.4.6⁵, 4.7.1⁵, 4.3.2.9⁴, 3.5.6³, 3.9.17³, 3.10.1.1³, 4.3.2.16³, 4.11.7³, 2.7.5.3.3², 3.12.6², 4.2.5², 2.2.13, 3.2.10, 3.3.7, 3.4.7, 3.5.7, 3.6.8, 3.9.7, 3.10.10, (24 more . . .)

5.4.358 - Literalism

Literalism⁴³⁵ : 4.1.3.5.2²⁸, 2.7.2²⁷, 2.7.4²², 2.7.3¹⁹, 2.7.5.2¹⁹, 2.12.5¹⁸, 3.20.1¹³, 3.11.5¹², 3.8.7¹¹, 4.11.9¹¹, 3.7.4¹⁰, 3.22.2⁸, 2.2.11⁶, 2.12.2.4⁶, 3.21.2⁶, 4.11.3⁶, 4.16.5.10.1⁶, 2.7.5.1⁵, 2.13.7⁵, 3.6.13⁵, 3.16.1⁵, 4.11.2⁵, 2.14.2⁴, 3.7.9⁴, 3.9.7⁴, (170 more . . .)

5.4.359 - Literary Structure

Literary Structure⁶ : 2.14⁵, 2.14.2

5.4.360 - Living Creature

Living Creature⁴² : 3.4.6⁸, 2.7.5.3.3⁴, 3.5.9⁴, 2.4.2³, 3.6.1³, 3.19.4³, 3.5.8², 3.7.11², 2.7.5.3.2, 3.4.4, 3.7.1, 3.8.3, 3.8.7, 3.8.9, 3.10.3, 3.14.1.1, 3.14.1.2, 3.14.2, 3.14.3, 3.16.3, 4.7.2

5.4.361 - Living, Book of

See Book of Life.

5.4.362 - Loadicea

Loadicea⁷⁴ : 3.3.14¹⁸, 3.3.18⁶, 3.3.15⁴, 3.3.16⁴, 3.3.20⁴, 3.3.17³, 2.9.4.1², 2.10.1², 2.11.4.1.1², 2.11.4.1.3², 3.2.1², 3.2.9², 3.16.15², 4.15.1.1.1², 4.15.1.4.7², 4.18.3², 3.2.4, 3.2.5, 3.3.5, 3.3.7, 3.3.8, 3.5.10, 3.18.11, 3.19.9, 3.19.15, (15 more . . .)

5.4.363 - Locust

Locust¹²⁰ : 3.9.7³³, 3.9.3²¹, 3.9.4¹⁶, 3.9.8⁸, 3.9.11⁸, 3.9.5⁵, 3.7.1⁴, 3.9.1³, 2.7.5.3.4², 2.12.4², 3.8.7², 3.9.6², 3.20.1², 2.7.4, 2.13.7, 3.6.2, 3.6.6, 3.8.13, 3.9.10, 3.9.17, 3.9.19, 3.9.20, 3.14.1.1, 3.16.10, 4.6.1, (12 more . . .)

5.4.364 - Lord, Day of the

See Day of the Lord.

5.4.365 - Lost Tribes

Lost Tribes⁷⁷ : 4.17.2.3¹⁴, 4.17.2.4.2¹¹, 4.17⁹, 4.17.2.4.2.1⁹, 4.17.2.1⁸, 4.17.2⁵, 4.17.1³, 4.17.3³, 4.17.2.4², 4.17.2.4.1², 4.17.3.1², 3.2.9, 3.7.4, 4.11.6.1, 4.17.2.2, 4.17.3.2.2, 4.17.4, 5.2.74, 5.4.634, 5.4.635

5.4.366 - Love

Love¹³⁶ : 3.1.5¹², 3.3.20⁸, 3.2.4⁷, 3.12.11⁵, 3.2.5³, 3.2.19³, 3.8.5³, 3.14.11³, 3.21.4³, 3.22.20³, 2.11.4.1.1², 3.1.1², 3.2.7², 3.3.2², 3.3.10.1², 3.3.19², 3.9.20², 3.11.19², 3.13.10², 3.13.13², 3.16.17², 3.18.14², 3.19.20², 3.20.12², 3.21.7², (56 more . . .)

5.4.367 - Luther, Martin

Luther, Martin³¹ : 2.10.1⁶, 2.12.4⁶, 2.9.1⁴, 3.10.3², 4.2.8², 2.2.6, 3.1.3, 3.1.6, 3.12.6, 3.13.1, 3.13.11, 3.14.13, 4.1.3.3, 4.3.1, 4.12.2.3, 5.4.378

5.4.368 - Luxury

Luxury¹⁷ : 3.18.3⁴, 3.6.6³, 4.1.3.5.3², 2.13.8, 3.1.11, 3.6.15, 3.9.14, 3.14.8, 3.18.1, 3.18.11, 3.18.15

5.4.369 - Magic

Magic¹⁶ : 3.2.1⁴, 3.9.21⁴, 3.2.20², 3.18.23², 3.13.11, 3.13.13, 3.21.8, 5.2.61

5.4.370 - Magog

Magog¹³ : 3.20.8¹², 3.20.9

5.4.371 - Man

Man⁸⁰⁵ : 3.1.1¹⁸, 2.13.8¹⁴, 4.16¹⁴, 2.7.5.3.5¹³, 3.13.18¹³, 4.16.5.1¹², 3.1.13¹¹, 3.20.12¹¹, 3.6.17¹⁰, 3.9.20¹⁰, 4.5.1¹⁰, 4.14.4.2¹⁰, 3.6.8⁹, 3.13.4⁹, 4.7⁸, 3.2.7⁷, 3.19.12⁷, 4.5.5.1⁷, 3.1.5⁶, 3.1.18⁶, 3.3.2⁶, 3.4.6⁶, 3.9.6⁶, 3.9.21⁶, 3.20.5.1⁶, (570 more . . .)

5.4.372 - Man of Sin

See Beast, from the sea.

5.4.373 - Man, Son of

See Son of Man.

5.4.374 - Manasseh

Manasseh²⁶ : 3.21.13⁴, 4.17.2.2⁴, 3.7.4³, 3.7.6³, 4.17.2.4³, 3.7.8², 4.17.3.1², 3.5.5, 4.7.2, 4.17.2.1, 4.17.2.3, 4.17.2.4.2

5.4.375 - Manna

Manna⁴⁰ : 3.2.17³⁰, 3.10.9³, 3.11.19², 3.12.6², 4.15.1.3, 4.15.1.4.3, 4.16.5.10.2

5.4.376 - Mark of the Beast

Mark of the Beast⁵⁹ : 3.13.16⁸, 3.15.2⁴, 3.12.17³, 3.14.1³, 3.20.4³, 2.13.5.4², 3.7.3², 3.13.15², 3.15.5², 3.16.2², 3.16.10², 3.17.8², 3.19.20², 2.4.2, 3.12.9, 3.13.8, 3.13.13, 3.14.1.2, 3.14.2, 3.14.7, 3.14.9, 3.14.10, 3.16.1, 3.17.6, 3.18.4, (22 more . . .)

5.4.377 - Marriage

Marriage¹⁶³ : 4.10.1³⁰, 4.10.2²⁵, 3.19.8¹⁷, 3.19.9¹³, 4.10.5¹¹, 4.10⁸, 3.3.4⁶, 3.21.2⁵, 3.19.7⁴, 4.10.4⁴, 3.9.21³, 3.14.4³, 2.13.8², 3.3.3², 3.3.20², 3.6.17², 3.20.4², 4.10.3², 4.15.1.4.3², 2.4.2, 3.1.3, 3.2.14, 3.2.17, 3.3.7, 3.4.4, (20 more . . .)

5.4.378 - Martin Luther

See Luther, Martin.

5.4.379 - Martyr, Justin

See Justin Martyr.

5.4.380 - Martyrdom

Martyrdom¹⁴² : 3.6.9¹³, 4.11.9⁶, 2.12.5⁵, 3.7.14⁴, 3.11.3⁴, 3.14.13⁴, 3.15.2⁴, 3.17.6⁴, 3.19.2⁴, 3.20.4⁴, 3.2.8³, 3.2.10³, 3.6.11³, 3.16.7³, 3.20.5.1³, 4.12.2.4³, 2.9.4.1², 2.10.2², 2.11.3.2², 2.11.4.2.1², 2.12.2.3², 2.13.5.4², 2.14.3², 3.2.9², 3.7.9², (54 more . . .)

5.4.381 - Marvel

Marvel¹² : 3.17.8⁵, 3.3.1, 3.9.1, 3.13.8, 3.15.3, 3.20.5, 4.2.7.1, 4.4.2

5.4.382 - Meaning

Meaning³³⁴ : 2.7.3¹⁵, 2.7.2¹⁴, 2.7.1¹¹, 2.7.5.2¹¹, 4.1.3.5.1¹⁰, 3.1.1⁹, 3.1.3⁹, 3.3.10⁸, 2.7.5.1⁷, 3.21.2⁷, 4.1.3.4⁷, 4.13⁷, 2.7.4⁶, 3.2.22⁶, 3.1.7⁵, 5.2.72⁵, 2.7.5.4⁴, 3.7.4⁴, 3.20.1⁴, 3.22.2⁴, 4.11.2⁴, 2.7.5.5³, 2.12.1³, 3.1.5³, 3.1.10³, (165 more . . .)

5.4.383 - Measure

Measure⁷⁴ : 3.11.1¹⁶, 4.16.5.9⁶, 3.6.6⁵, 3.2.9³, 3.20.1³, 3.21.15³, 2.11.3.1², 3.3.17², 3.17.4², 3.21.2², 3.21.17², 4.1.3.5.3², 2.7.5.3.2, 2.7.5.3.7, 2.9.4, 2.12.4, 3.2.2, 3.2.12, 3.2.16, 3.2.20, 3.4.1, 3.5.10, 3.7.4, 3.11.2, 3.11.4, (26 more . . .)

5.4.384 - Megiddo

Megiddo⁴² : 4.5.3.1¹⁹, 3.16.16¹⁶, 4.5.3.3², 3.16.21, 4.5, 4.5.4, 4.5.5, 5.4.248

5.4.385 - Merchant

Merchant²⁸ : 3.18.3⁶, 3.18.15⁴, 3.18.1³, 3.3.18², 3.18.11², 3.18.17², 3.18.19², 3.18.23², 3.9.21, 3.14.8, 3.18.10, 3.18.13, 4.1.3.1

5.4.386 - Messiah

Messiah³⁴¹ : 3.1.7¹⁷, 3.5.5¹⁷, 3.19.15¹³, 2.13.4¹¹, 4.2.2¹⁰, 3.6.2⁹, 2.13.2⁸, 4.16.5.6⁸, 4.16.5.10.1⁸, 4.2.3⁶, 2.13.3⁵, 3.12.6.1⁵, 2.13.5.3⁴, 3.2.26⁴, 3.5.1⁴, 3.7.4⁴, 3.11.4⁴, 3.13.11⁴, 3.17.10⁴, 3.19.12⁴, 4.1.4.2.3⁴, 4.5.1⁴, 4.7⁴, 4.16.5.10.2⁴, 2.4.3³, (173 more . . .)

5.4.387 - Metaphor

Metaphor³ : 3.1.7, 3.11.8, 3.22.15

5.4.388 - Michael

Michael²² : 3.12.7⁵, 3.10.1.1⁴, 3.8.2³, 3.12.8³, 4.14.4.2², 3.1.4, 3.5.2, 3.12.17, 3.13.1, 3.20.5.1

5.4.389 - Millennial Kingdom

Millennial Kingdom³⁹¹ : 4.11.9²³, 3.20.5.1²¹, 3.21.1²⁰, 4.11.3¹³, 3.20.2¹², 4.11.4¹⁰, 2.13.3⁹, 3.11.18⁸, 3.20.5⁸, 4.16.5.10.2⁸, 2.12.5⁷, 3.4.4⁷, 4.11.7⁷, 4.11.8⁷, 2.4.3⁶, 3.19.9⁶, 3.20.1⁶, 4.11.1⁶, 3.3.12⁵, 3.19.20⁵, 3.2.27⁴, 3.12.6⁴, 3.18.2⁴, 3.19.1⁴, 3.20.9⁴, (177 more . . .)

5.4.390 - Millennial Sacrifice

Millennial Sacrifice⁵ : 4.16.5.10.2⁵

5.4.391 - Millennial Temple

See Temple, Millennial.

5.4.392 - Millennium

See Millennial Kingdom.

5.4.393 - Million

Million²⁶ : 3.9.16¹¹, 3.12.17³, 3.16.12³, 3.6.8², 2.7.4, 3.1.7, 3.2.1, 3.12.6, 3.20.12, 3.21.16, 4.17.2.3

5.4.394 - Minuscule

Minuscule⁵ : 3.13.18², 2.2.2.4, 5.2.41, 5.2.80

5.4.395 - Moab

Moab¹⁴ : 3.12.6.1⁹, 3.19.15², 3.2.14, 3.16.12, 4.13

5.4.396 - Mohammed

Mohammed¹⁰ : 4.16.5.8⁵, 3.8.7, 3.22.18, 4.12.2.3, 4.16.3, 5.4.414

5.4.397 - Montanus

Montanus²⁵ : 2.10.1¹¹, 4.11.9⁴, 5.2.42⁴, 2.9.1², 2.12.5², 3.8.7, 5.2.75

5.4.398 - Month

Month⁹⁷ : 2.13.5.2²², 3.9.5⁹, 3.11.2⁷, 3.22.2⁵, 4.16.5.3⁵, 2.7.5.3.4³, 3.2.1³, 3.9.15³, 3.11.6³, 3.21.23³, 4.16.5.4³, 2.7.5.3.7², 2.13.5.3², 3.13.5², 3.20.8², 4.3.2.16², 2.3.2.1.1, 2.11.3.2, 2.12.4, 2.13.4, 3.1.9, 3.1.10, 3.2.10, 3.6.2, 3.6.9, (21 more . . .)

5.4.399 - Moon

Moon¹³⁵ : 3.12.1²⁸, 3.21.23²⁸, 3.6.12¹², 4.11.7⁷, 2.13.5.2⁶, 3.8.12⁶, 2.13.8⁴, 3.22.2⁴, 4.17.3.2.1⁴, 3.6.13³, 3.16.8³, 2.7.5.3.1², 3.12.1.1², 3.21.1², 2.2.3, 2.13.3, 2.13.3.1, 3.5.5, 3.6.17, 3.7.4, 3.8, 3.8.7, 3.9.1, 3.9.3, 3.9.15, (24 more . . .)

5.4.400 - Moriah, Mount

See Mount Moriah.

5.4.401 - Mormon

Mormon²⁵ : 4.17.2.4.2⁹, 4.17.2.4.2.1⁷, 3.21.2², 3.22.18², 4.17.2.4.1², 3.8.7, 4.17.2, 4.17.2.4

5.4.402 - Morning Star

Morning Star³⁸ : 3.2.28¹², 3.22.16¹⁰, 4.14.9⁵, 2.2.13, 2.3.2.1.1, 3.2.17, 3.3.22, 3.6.13, 3.9.21, 3.15.6, 3.19.10, 4.15.1.3, 4.15.1.4.4, 5.2.33

5.4.403 - Moses

Moses¹⁸⁵ : 3.11.3.1²⁷, 3.15.3²², 2.7.5.4.2⁸, 2.7.5.3.1⁷, 3.2.17⁶, 4.5.5.1⁵, 4.14.9⁵, 3.11.3⁴, 3.22.4⁴, 2.13.7³, 3.1.1³, 3.11.5³, 3.15.8³, 3.16.10³, 2.9.4², 3.1.6², 3.4.6², 3.6.1², 3.8.11², 3.9.20², 3.11.6², 3.11.19², 3.14.3², 3.15.2², 3.18.4², (60 more . . .)

5.4.404 - Mother

Mother⁷⁷ : 3.17.5¹², 4.1.4.1⁸, 3.12.1⁷, 4.1.3.4⁷, 4.1.3.3⁶, 3.12.2³, 4.3.2.4.1³, 4.3.2.5³, 3.17.4², 4.3.2.4², 4.5.5.1², 2.9.4, 2.11.4.1.2, 3.1.3, 3.8.7, 3.9.14, 3.12.4, 3.13.1, 3.13.4, 3.13.12, 3.14.4, 3.16.20, 3.17.18, 3.18.24, 3.19.2, (22 more . . .)

5.4.405 - Motive

Motive³¹ : 2.3.2.1⁵, 2.3.2.1.1³, 2.5.1³, 2.7.3³, 2.3², 2.12.2.2², 4.16.1², 2.2.3, 2.3.1, 2.5, 2.6.1, 2.12.4, 3.5.9, 3.20.12, 4.1.1, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.5.5, 4.12.2.4

5.4.406 - Mount Moriah

Mount Moriah¹⁸ : 4.16.3.1⁵, 4.16.3⁴, 4.16.5.5.1², 4.1.3.5.2, 4.5.3.6, 4.16, 4.16.5.1, 4.16.5.8, 4.16.6, 5.4.400

5.4.407 - Mount Sinai

Mount Sinai¹⁴ : 2.13.7, 3.1.10, 3.2.17, 3.4.5, 3.4.6, 3.5.1, 3.12.6.1, 3.15.5, 3.17.14, 3.22.4, 4.5.5.1, 4.16.2, 4.16.5.2, 5.4.578

5.4.408 - Mount Zion

Mount Zion¹¹⁴ : 3.14.1³³, 4.11.7⁹, 3.14.1.2⁷, 4.5.5⁶, 3.14.1.1⁵, 3.14.3⁴, 4.5.1³, 4.11.5³, 3.7.15², 3.10.3², 3.12.6.1², 3.14.2², 3.17.16², 3.21.2², 4.1.3.4², 4.5.2², 4.10.4², 4.11.4², 2.7.2, 2.13.1, 3.3.12, 3.7.4, 3.8.7, 3.9.1, 3.11.3, (24 more . . .)

5.4.409 - Mount, Temple

See Temple Mount.

5.4.410 - Mountain

Mountain²¹¹ : 4.11.7¹⁵, 3.17.10¹³, 3.17.9¹², 3.16.16⁹, 3.16.20⁸, 3.8.8⁷, 4.1.3.3⁷, 3.6.12⁵, 3.6.17⁵, 3.12.6⁵, 3.21.10⁵, 4.3.2.4⁵, 4.16.2⁵, 4.16.3.1⁵, 3.6.14⁴, 4.5.5⁴, 2.13.1³, 3.3.1³, 3.8.7³, 3.12.6.1³, 3.17.14³, 4.16.5.1³, 2.7.5.3.6², 2.13.4², 3.2.28², (73 more . . .)

5.4.411 - Mountains, Seven

See Seven Mountains.

5.4.412 - Mourn

Mourn²¹ : 3.1.7⁸, 4.5.5³, 3.6.6, 3.6.13, 3.6.15, 3.16.9, 3.16.17, 3.16.20, 3.17.14, 3.18.9, 3.18.11, 3.21.4

5.4.413 - Mouth

Mouth¹⁰⁰ : 3.14.5¹², 3.11.5¹⁰, 3.19.15⁶, 3.1.16⁴, 3.16.13⁴, 4.3.2.16³, 3.9.19², 3.10.9², 3.13.2², 3.13.6², 3.13.8², 3.18.17², 3.19.21², 4.5.5.1², 4.11.7², 4.12.2.4², 3.2.16, 3.2.20, 3.3.12, 3.3.14, 3.3.21, 3.4.1, 3.6.2, 3.6.4, 3.7.4, (41 more . . .)

5.4.414 - Muhammed

See Mohammed.

5.4.415 - Mystery

Mystery¹³⁸ : 3.10.7¹⁹, 4.1.4.2.1¹⁷, 3.17.5¹⁵, 3.5.1⁷, 3.1.20⁵, 3.10.3⁴, 4.10.5⁴, 3.2.24³, 4.1.3.5.2³, 2.7.3², 2.12.5², 3.1.1², 3.2.13², 3.2.17², 3.17.15², 4.1.3.2², 4.1.4.2², 4.2.5², 4.14.4.2², 2.2.6, 2.3.3, 2.6.1, 2.7.5.3.4, 2.7.5.5, 2.11.4.2.1, (41 more . . .)

5.4.416 - Mythology, Pagan

See Pagan Mythology.

5.4.417 - Naked

Naked⁴¹ : 3.3.18⁵, 3.16.15⁴, 3.3.17³, 4.16.1³, 3.3.5², 3.12.1², 3.17.16², 4.15.1.4.7², 2.2.6, 3.1.3, 3.1.14, 3.2.9, 3.3.3, 3.3.14, 3.6.11, 3.6.16, 3.13.1, 3.13.8, 3.13.10, 3.18.7, 3.18.11, 4.1.2.2, 4.1.4.1, 4.3.2.21, 4.10.4, (18 more . . .)

5.4.418 - Names, Numerical Value

See Gematria.

5.4.419 - Naphtali

Naphtali⁸ : 3.7.6², 3.21.13², 3.7.4, 3.21.19.1, 4.7.2, 4.17.3.1

5.4.420 - Nation

Nation⁷⁰⁶ : 4.11.7³¹, 4.5.2²², 4.5.5²², 3.11.2¹⁹, 3.10.3¹⁸, 3.1.7¹⁷, 3.22.2¹⁷, 4.5.1¹⁴, 3.15.4¹³, 3.7.4¹¹, 3.12.6¹¹, 3.5.9¹⁰, 3.14.8¹⁰, 3.21.24¹⁰, 2.13.3⁹, 3.12.1⁹, 3.19.21⁸, 4.11.4⁸, 3.7.9⁷, 3.11.4⁷, 3.11.15⁷, 3.14.1⁷, 3.16.19⁷, 3.19.15⁷, 4.11.5⁷, (398 more . . .)

5.4.421 - Nebuchadnezzar

Nebuchadnezzar⁶⁶ : 4.3.1⁶, 3.14.8⁴, 3.17.10⁴, 3.13.18³, 4.3.2.12³, 4.3.2.19³, 4.16.5.4³, 3.11.19², 3.13.2², 3.17.12², 3.17.17², 4.1.4.1², 4.3.2.5², 4.3.2.9², 4.16.5.3², 2.7.5.3.5, 2.13.1, 3.5.3, 3.9.14, 3.11.1, 3.11.2, 3.13.15, 3.16.12, 3.16.19, 3.18.1, (24 more . . .)

5.4.422 - Nero, Caesar

Nero, Caesar¹⁶⁵ : 4.12.1¹⁷, 4.12.2.4¹⁴, 4.12¹¹, 2.3.2¹⁰, 2.11.3.1⁹, 2.11.4.2.2⁹, 3.13.18⁸, 4.2.7⁸, 4.12.4⁸, 4.12.3⁷, 2.11.4.1.2⁶, 2.11.3.2⁵, 2.11.4.1.3⁴, 4.12.2.2⁴, 3.13.1³, 4.1.3.3³, 4.2.7.1³, 4.12.2.3³, 4.12.2.5³, 2.11.4.1.1², 2.11.4.2.1², 3.3.10², 3.13.3², 3.17.10², 4.16.5.9², (18 more . . .)

5.4.423 - Nero, Revival Myth

Nero, Revival Myth² : 3.13.3, 4.12.1

5.4.424 - New Earth

See Earth, New.

5.4.425 - New Heaven

See Heaven, New.

5.4.426 - New Jerusalem

See Jerusalem, New.

5.4.427 - Nicolaitans

Nicolaitans⁵⁰ : 4.13²⁷, 2.11.4.1.1⁴, 3.2.6³, 3.2.14³, 3.2.15³, 3.2.16³, 3.2.12, 3.2.20, 4.12.2.3, 4.15.1.4.1, 4.15.1.4.3, 4.18.3, 5.2.47

5.4.428 - Night

Night¹³⁶ : 3.21.25¹¹, 3.3.3⁹, 3.16.15⁵, 3.17.10⁵, 3.2.28⁴, 4.3.1⁴, 4.14.9⁴, 2.13.3.1³, 3.6.12³, 3.7.15³, 3.12.1³, 3.14.10³, 4.1.2.1³, 4.16.5.8³, 3.3.1², 3.13.1², 3.14.11², 3.19.15², 3.20.10², 3.20.11², 3.20.12², 3.21.23², 3.22.2², 3.22.5², 3.22.16², (51 more . . .)

5.4.429 - Nimrod

Nimrod³¹ : 4.1.1¹⁶, 4.3.2.5⁵, 2.13.8, 3.2.13, 3.9.14, 3.14.8, 3.17.5, 3.18.3, 4.1.3.5.2, 4.1.4.1, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.3.2.4.1

5.4.430 - North

North⁷² : 4.19.3⁷, 4.5.4⁵, 4.7.2⁵, 3.12.15³, 3.21.13³, 4.5.2³, 4.5.6³, 4.17.2.4.2³, 4.19.4³, 3.2.1², 3.2.12², 3.7.4², 3.18.4², 3.20.8², 4.17.2.4.1², 4.17.3.1², 2.7.5.3.3, 2.12.2.3, 2.12.4, 3.2.13, 3.7.1, 3.8.7, 3.9.20, 3.13.2, 3.13.4, (23 more . . .)

5.4.431 - Number

Number³²⁹ : 3.13.18⁴⁶, 3.7.4²², 2.7.5.3.5¹⁴, 2.7.5.2¹⁰, 3.13.17⁹, 4.12.2⁹, 3.9.16⁷, 4.12.2.4⁷, 2.7.5.3.2⁶, 2.7.5.3.6⁶, 2.7.5.3.3⁵, 4.3.2⁵, 2.7.5.1⁴, 2.7.5.3.7⁴, 2.8⁴, 2.2.3³, 2.2.14³, 3.1.20³, 3.13.11³, 3.13.16³, 3.15.2³, 4.7³, 4.12.2.2³, 4.12.2.3³, 5.4³, (141 more . . .)

5.4.432 - Number of the Beast

Number of the Beast⁶⁶ : 3.13.18³², 4.12.2.3⁶, 4.12.2.2⁵, 4.12.2.4⁵, 2.7.5.3.5⁴, 4.12.2⁴, 5.4.3², 5.4.4², 2.7.5.3.2, 2.11.3.2, 2.12.2.4, 3.7.4, 4.2.6, 4.5

5.4.433 - Numbers, Understanding

Numbers, Understanding⁹ : 2.7.5.1², 2.7.5.2², 2.7.5.3², 2.7.5, 2.7.5.3.4, 5.4.435

5.4.434 - Numerical Value, Names

See Gematria.

5.4.435 - Numerology

See Numbers, Understanding.

5.4.436 - Objectivity, Lack of

See Subjectivity.

5.4.437 - Oil

Oil³¹ : 3.6.6¹², 3.11.4⁹, 3.8.11³, 4.1.4.1², 3.1.13, 3.12.1, 3.12.14, 3.18.12, 3.18.13

5.4.438 - Omega, and Alpha

See Alpha and Omega.

5.4.439 - Origen

Origen¹⁶ : 2.7.3⁴, 2.9.4.1³, 2.11.4.2.1², 4.11.9², 5.2.50², 2.10.1, 2.12.5, 3.8.7

5.4.440 - Outline

Outline² : 2.14.3, 5.4.607

5.4.441 - Overcome

Overcome²⁰⁵ : 4.15.1.3¹⁴, 3.2.17¹², 3.3.12¹⁰, 3.21.7¹⁰, 3.17.14⁷, 3.3.5⁶, 3.6.2⁶, 3.11.7⁵, 3.2.26⁴, 3.13.7⁴, 3.22.2⁴, 3.2.27³, 3.5.5³, 3.13.4³, 3.19.11³, 3.20.14³, 3.1.2², 3.1.18², 3.2.7², 3.2.11², 3.3.21², 3.5.6², 3.10.9², 3.11.3², 3.11.18², (90 more . . .)

5.4.442 - Ox

Ox⁴⁸ : 4.7.2¹⁰, 4.7⁶, 3.4.6⁵, 4.7.1⁵, 4.9.2³, 4.11.7³, 2.7.5.3.3², 3.10.4², 3.14.8², 2.7.2, 3.3.1, 3.4.7, 3.11.8, 3.14.20, 3.22.2, 4.5.5, 4.7.3, 4.11.4, 5.4.88

5.4.443 - Pagan

Pagan⁷⁶ : 2.7.5.4.1⁶, 3.9.20⁶, 3.12.1⁶, 3.2.14⁵, 4.18.1⁴, 2.2.8³, 3.2.9³, 3.2.17³, 4.13³, 4.18.3³, 2.7.5.4², 2.12.2.2², 3.2.13², 3.7.1², 3.14.4², 4.9.3², 2.2.7, 2.8, 2.12.4, 2.13.4, 3.2.20, 3.2.22, 3.3.9, 3.13.3, 3.15.2, (22 more . . .)

5.4.444 - Pagan Mythology

Pagan Mythology⁶ : 2.7.5.4.1³, 2.7.5.4², 3.12.1

5.4.445 - Pale

Pale¹⁷ : 3.6.8⁷, 4.19.2², 2.2.4, 2.13.4, 3.6.17, 3.8.7, 3.9.7, 3.11.2, 3.16.6, 4.19.4

5.4.446 - Papias

Papias³³ : 4.11.9⁸, 2.9.2⁶, 2.9.4.1⁵, 2.11.3.2⁵, 2.10.2³, 5.2.52³, 2.9.1², 3.2.1

5.4.447 - Papyrus

Papyrus¹⁵ : 5.2.53⁶, 3.2.12³, 3.1.10², 2.2.2.4, 3.1.4, 3.13.16, 3.13.18

5.4.448 - Parable

Parable⁴⁰ : 2.2.6¹⁴, 4.10.2⁶, 3.20.2³, 5.2.54³, 2.4.3², 3.2.27², 3.19.8², 3.2.26, 3.7.1, 3.11.10, 3.12.17, 3.13.1, 3.18.20, 4.10.5, 4.11.9

5.4.449 - Paradise

Paradise²⁹ : 3.2.7¹⁰, 3.22.2⁷, 3.11.4², 3.17.14², 3.21.24², 3.1.6, 3.1.18, 3.4.4, 3.21.1, 4.15.1.4.1, 4.17.2.1

5.4.450 - Patmos

Patmos⁴¹ : 2.11.4.2.1⁷, 3.1.9⁷, 2.7.2³, 3.10.11³, 2.8², 2.9.4.1², 3.1.20², 2.4.2, 2.11.3.2, 2.11.4.2.2, 2.11.4.2.4, 2.12.5, 2.14, 3.1.2, 3.2.1, 3.13.10, 3.17.10, 3.19.10, 4.1.3.3, 4.3.2.4, 4.12.3, 4.15

5.4.451 - Peace

Peace¹¹⁸ : 3.6.2¹⁶, 2.13.3.1⁸, 4.5.1⁵, 3.11.4⁴, 4.11.7⁴, 4.19.2⁴, 3.19.11³, 4.5.5.1³, 4.11.3³, 4.11.4³, 4.18.3³, 2.13.1², 3.3.3², 3.3.7², 3.5.5², 3.6.4², 3.7.4², 3.9.21², 4.16.5.8², 4.16.5.10.1², 4.19.4², 2.3.1, 2.4.3, 2.12.5, 2.13.4, (42 more . . .)

5.4.452 - Pearl

Pearl²⁸ : 3.21.21⁷, 3.13.1⁵, 3.18.12⁴, 3.17.4³, 2.7.5.3.7², 3.17.18.1², 4.1.4.2.2², 3.17.16, 3.21.2, 3.21.12

5.4.453 - Pentecost

Pentecost⁴⁴ : 4.14.4.1¹⁰, 4.14.4.3³, 4.16.5.5³, 3.3.1², 3.17.14², 3.20.4², 4.14.3², 4.16.5.5.1², 4.16.5.10.2², 2.2.7, 3.2.1, 3.4.1, 3.4.4, 3.8.7, 3.10.7, 3.11.3, 3.19.9, 3.20.5.1, 3.21.12, 4.10.5, 4.11.2, 4.14.4, 4.14.7, 4.16.5.9, 5.4.128, (16 more . . .)

5.4.454 - Peoples

Peoples¹⁰⁸ : 4.11.7⁶, 3.5.9⁵, 4.5.5⁵, 3.22.2⁴, 4.5.2⁴, 3.1.7³, 3.10.11³, 3.11.9³, 3.12.6³, 4.17.2.3³, 4.17.2.4.2³, 2.12.2.5², 3.3.9², 3.7.9², 3.9.21², 3.11.11², 3.15.4², 3.17.9², 3.17.15², 3.19.6², 3.19.15², 3.21.3², 4.5.5.1², 4.17.2², 2.7.4, (40 more . . .)

5.4.455 - Perdition

Perdition³⁷ : 3.17.8⁶, 4.3.2.16³, 3.22.20², 4.2.7.1², 4.12², 3.3.17, 3.6.2, 3.9.11, 3.9.21, 3.11.1, 3.13.1, 3.13.3, 3.13.4, 3.13.8, 3.13.10, 3.13.12, 3.17.11, 3.20.11, 3.22.10, 4.2.1, 4.2.5, 4.2.6, 4.3.2.4, 4.3.2.13, 4.4.2, (22 more . . .)

5.4.456 - Perdition, Son of

See Beast, from the sea.

5.4.457 - Pergamos

Pergamos⁶¹ : 3.2.12¹³, 3.2.13¹², 3.2.14⁴, 3.2.17³, 4.13³, 3.2.1², 3.2.16², 3.2.20², 4.15.1², 4.15.1.4.3², 3.2.5, 3.2.6, 3.2.15, 3.3.7, 3.3.8, 3.3.12, 3.6.9, 3.17.6, 4.15, 4.15.1.3, 4.15.1.4, 4.15.1.4.1, 4.15.1.5, 4.18.1, 4.18.3, (16 more . . .)

5.4.458 - Persecution

Persecution¹³¹ : 2.11.4.2.2¹³, 3.2.9¹⁰, 3.12.17¹⁰, 3.12.6⁶, 4.12.3⁴, 2.13.4³, 3.3.10³, 2.11.4.1.2², 2.11.4.2.1², 2.12.3², 2.13.1², 3.1.2², 3.2.3², 3.2.10², 3.3.1², 3.6.9², 3.7.14², 3.7.17², 3.12.1², 3.12.6.1², 3.13.7², 3.19.2², 4.12.2.4², 2.2.11, 2.7.5.1, (50 more . . .)

5.4.459 - Petra

Petra¹³ : 3.12.6.1¹⁰, 3.12.14, 4.5.6, 4.17.2.3

5.4.460 - Phenomena, Cosmic

See Cosmic Phenomena.

5.4.461 - Philadelphia

Philadelphia⁵¹ : 3.3.7⁵, 3.3.8⁴, 3.3.12³, 2.11.4.1.3², 3.2.5², 3.3.1², 3.3.10², 3.6.6², 4.15.1², 4.15.1.4.1², 4.15.1.4.6², 4.15.1.5², 2.12.6, 3.2.8, 3.2.9, 3.2.17, 3.3.14, 3.7.3, 3.9.4, 3.9.20, 3.13.10, 3.16.19, 3.19.12, 3.22.4, 4.14.4.2, (21 more . . .)

5.4.462 - Pierce

Pierce³⁰ : 3.1.7¹⁶, 3.1.18², 3.5.6², 3.20.4², 4.5.5², 3.1.14, 3.1.16, 3.3.17, 3.9.10, 3.17.10, 4.5.3.1

5.4.463 - Pit, Bottomless

See Abyss.

5.4.464 - Plague

Plague¹⁵² : 2.13.7¹⁷, 3.15.1⁸, 3.9.3⁷, 3.16.1⁶, 2.14.2⁵, 3.9.7⁵, 3.9.20⁵, 3.11.6⁵, 3.8.7⁴, 3.16.21⁴, 3.3.10³, 3.16.10³, 2.7.2², 2.7.5.3.6², 3.8.8², 3.9.1², 3.9.4², 3.10.3², 3.11.10², 3.11.19², 3.15.3², 3.16.2², 3.18.4², 3.21.9², 3.22.18², (54 more . . .)

5.4.465 - Polycarp

Polycarp³³ : 3.2.8⁷, 5.2.55⁶, 3.2.9³, 4.11.9³, 2.11.4.2.3², 3.2.10², 2.10.1, 3.1.8, 3.13.5, 3.13.18, 4.12.1, 4.15.1.1.1, 4.18.1, 5.2.13, 5.2.28, 5.2.52

5.4.466 - Pope

Pope²⁸ : 4.2.8¹², 2.12.4⁶, 4.1.3.3², 2.7.3, 3.10.3, 3.14.13, 3.15.1, 3.15.2, 3.18.13, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.12.2.3

5.4.467 - Populate

Populate⁶⁷ : 3.9.15⁹, 3.6.8⁴, 3.14.4⁴, 3.9.20³, 4.11.8³, 3.2.1², 3.3.16², 3.8.7², 3.9.16², 3.9.21², 3.11.13², 3.12.17², 3.22.2², 4.17.3.1², 2.5, 2.7.4, 2.12.5, 2.13.4, 3.1.9, 3.2.12, 3.3.14, 3.7.4, 3.10.11, 3.11.4, 3.12.1, (26 more . . .)

5.4.468 - Possess

Possess⁹¹ : 3.5.1⁹, 3.5.2⁹, 3.10.2⁵, 4.5.1⁴, 3.5.5³, 3.13.4³, 2.13.1², 3.2.27², 3.12.6², 3.13.10², 3.13.15², 4.11.5², 4.11.6², 2.4.3, 2.8, 2.9.2, 2.13.4, 3.1.6, 3.1.9, 3.1.20, 3.2.5, 3.2.8, 3.3.1, 3.3.10, 3.4.4, (44 more . . .)

5.4.469 - Postmillennial

Postmillennial¹⁹ : 5.2.56⁶, 3.20.1³, 3.21.1², 2.12.4, 3.10.7, 3.16.12, 3.20.2, 4.11, 4.11.1, 4.11.3, 5.2.77

5.4.470 - Posttribulational

Posttribulational⁴ : 4.11.8², 4.14.3.1, 5.2.60

5.4.471 - Potter

Potter²³ : 3.2.27⁶, 3.9.21³, 3.13.3², 4.5.1², 2.13.1, 3.11.15, 3.12.5, 3.13.2, 3.17.10, 3.19.15, 3.20.4, 4.3.2.12, 4.11.5, 4.15.1.4.4

5.4.472 - Power

Power³⁶⁰ : 4.2.7⁸, 3.13.2⁷, 3.6.2⁶, 3.13.15⁶, 3.18.3⁶, 3.2.26⁵, 3.9.3⁵, 3.13.1⁵, 3.13.4⁵, 3.13.13⁵, 4.19.3⁵, 3.1.18⁴, 3.5.6⁴, 3.11.3⁴, 3.11.6⁴, 3.12.10⁴, 3.13.7⁴, 3.13.11⁴, 4.14.4.2⁴, 2.12.4³, 3.1.16³, 3.8.7³, 3.8.12³, 3.9.21³, 3.11.4³, (247 more . . .)

5.4.473 - Praise

See Worship.

5.4.474 - Pray

Pray¹¹³ : 3.8.3¹², 3.5.8⁹, 3.8.4⁶, 3.8.5⁶, 3.15.4⁴, 2.13.1³, 3.14.18³, 3.16.15³, 4.16.5.8³, 2.4.3², 2.13.4², 3.1.7², 3.2.17², 3.3.2², 3.3.3², 3.3.9², 3.5.10², 3.6.9², 3.7.10², 3.9.13², 3.11.15², 3.15.7², 3.16.7², 3.18.20², 3.20.4², (32 more . . .)

5.4.475 - Predestination

See Election.

5.4.476 - Premillennial

Premillennial⁵⁰ : 4.11.9¹⁰, 3.20.1⁷, 4.11.3⁵, 2.2.11³, 3.10.7³, 3.11.17³, 4.11.6³, 2.12², 2.12.5², 4.11.1², 5.2.58², 2.7.3, 2.10.1, 2.12.2.3, 3.21.1, 4.11, 4.11.7, 4.16.5.10.1, 5.2.13

5.4.477 - Preterism

Preterism²⁵⁴ : 2.12.2.4⁴⁷, 2.12.2.1³¹, 3.1.7²³, 2.12.2.2²¹, 2.12.2.3¹⁵, 2.11.1¹³, 2.12.2.5¹², 3.22.7¹², 5.2.59⁸, 4.1.3.4⁶, 2.12.2⁵, 3.19.11⁵, 4.16.5.9⁵, 2.12.5⁴, 4.12.3⁴, 3.1.1³, 3.1.3³, 2.11.3.2², 2.12.1², 2.12.3², 3.10.7², 3.13.14², 3.16.21², 4.12², 4.12.2.5², (21 more . . .)

5.4.478 - Preterist Interpretation

See Interpretation, Preterist.

5.4.479 - Pretribulational

Pretribulational²⁴ : 3.4.1³, 2.2.11², 2.13.3.1², 3.3.22², 4.8.2², 4.14.4.2², 4.14.8², 2.4.3, 3.4.4, 3.11.4, 3.13.7, 3.19.7, 3.22.16, 4.14.5, 5.2.57, 5.2.60

5.4.480 - Priest

Priest¹⁵⁶ : 3.2.17¹², 3.1.6¹¹, 3.11.4⁶, 3.19.12⁶, 4.16.5.10.1⁶, 3.1.13⁵, 3.5.10⁵, 3.20.6⁵, 4.7.2⁵, 4.16.5.10.2⁵, 4.17.2.2⁵, 3.4.4⁴, 3.21.19.1⁴, 3.4.3³, 3.5.9³, 3.8.3³, 3.15.8³, 4.1.4.2.3³, 4.7.3³, 4.11.6³, 4.13³, 4.16.5.1³, 4.16.5.4³, 4.16.5.5³, 3.2.4², (42 more . . .)

5.4.481 - Prophecy

Prophecy³⁹² : 2.3.1¹⁶, 2.7.2¹⁵, 2.13.5⁹, 3.10.11⁹, 2.3.2.2⁸, 2.6.1⁸, 2.7.3⁸, 3.22.10⁸, 3.19.10⁷, 3.21.1⁷, 2.7.4⁶, 2.12.2.1⁶, 2.12.5⁶, 3.1.3⁶, 3.11.3⁶, 3.22.7⁶, 4.1.3.3⁶, 4.11.3⁶, 2.2.13⁵, 2.12.2.3⁵, 2.12.2.5⁵, 3.1.7⁵, 3.6.2⁵, 3.10.10⁵, 3.22.19⁵, (214 more . . .)

5.4.482 - Prophet

Prophet³⁹⁶ : 3.10.7¹⁵, 3.19.20¹³, 3.13.12¹², 3.13.15¹², 3.11.5¹¹, 3.13.11¹¹, 3.13.13¹⁰, 3.19.10¹⁰, 3.11.3⁹, 3.11.18⁹, 3.11.3.1⁸, 3.21.1⁸, 4.3.2.18⁸, 2.7.5.3.1⁷, 2.3.1⁶, 4.11.3⁶, 2.12.5⁴, 3.5.1⁴, 3.16.6⁴, 4.16.5.4⁴, 4.16.5.8⁴, 4.19.3⁴, 3.9.20³, 3.11.10³, 3.12.6³, (208 more . . .)

5.4.483 - Prophet, the False

See Beast, from the land.

5.4.484 - Prophets, False

See False Prophets.

5.4.485 - Pseudepigrapha

Pseudepigrapha⁵ : 5.2.61³, 2.2.8, 2.6.1

5.4.486 - Purchase, Deed of

See Deed of Purchase.

5.4.487 - Purple

Purple²¹ : 3.17.4⁶, 3.18.12⁴, 3.2.18³, 4.1.4.2.2², 3.9.17, 3.12.1.1, 3.17.16, 3.17.18.1, 3.19.8, 3.21.19.1

5.4.488 - Purpose

Purpose²⁴⁹ : 2.3.3¹², 3.6.2¹², 4.16.5.10.2⁷, 2.13.4⁵, 3.1.1⁵, 3.22.2⁵, 2.2.6⁴, 2.2.11⁴, 2.3.2.1.1⁴, 3.12.6⁴, 2.3³, 3.10.7³, 3.17.17³, 3.22.7³, 2.2.7², 2.4.1², 2.12.5², 3.2.10², 3.2.27², 3.4.1², 3.9.20², 3.10.4², 3.11.3², 3.11.4², 3.11.5², (153 more . . .)

5.4.489 - Queen

Queen¹⁷ : 3.18.7³, 3.11.19², 3.21.18², 4.10.2², 4.17.2.3², 3.9.14, 3.17.4, 4.1.3.5.2, 4.2.4, 4.9.3, 5.2.35

5.4.490 - Qur’an

See Koran.

5.4.491 - Rabbinical Thought

Rabbinical Thought¹ : 2.13.2

5.4.492 - Raiment

See Garment.

5.4.493 - Rainbow

Rainbow²¹ : 3.10.1⁸, 3.4.3⁷, 3.21.19.1², 3.4.2, 3.10.1.1, 3.12.1, 4.7.2

5.4.494 - Rapture

Rapture¹⁸³ : 3.4.1²², 4.14.10¹¹, 4.11.8¹⁰, 4.14.1⁹, 4.14.2⁸, 4.14.8⁸, 4.8.2⁶, 4.14⁶, 4.14.3.1⁶, 4.14.4.2⁶, 2.4.3⁵, 2.13.3.1⁵, 3.3.3⁵, 3.6.17⁵, 3.20.5.1⁴, 4.14.9⁴, 5.2.57⁴, 5.2.60⁴, 3.3.22³, 3.13.7³, 3.16.15³, 4.14.4.1³, 3.3.10², 3.10.10², 3.11.3.1², (37 more . . .)

5.4.495 - Reap

Reap¹¹ : 2.7.5.1², 3.6.17², 3.14.15², 3.14.16², 3.1.13, 3.9.20, 3.14.17

5.4.496 - Recapitulation

Recapitulation²⁷ : 2.14.1⁶, 2.14.2⁶, 2.14⁵, 3.21.9³, 3.20.1², 2.12.4, 3.16.4, 3.16.17, 4.3.2.9, 5.5

5.4.497 - Red

Red⁸¹ : 4.19.2¹³, 4.19.3⁹, 3.15.2⁷, 3.6.4³, 3.12.3³, 3.15.3³, 3.17.3³, 3.4.1², 3.9.17², 3.16.12², 3.21.19.1², 4.5.5.1², 4.7.2², 4.17.2.3², 4.19.4², 2.12.4, 2.13.7, 2.14.3, 3.1.15, 3.3.1, 3.4.3, 3.5.10, 3.6.12, 3.7.1, 3.7.4, (24 more . . .)

5.4.498 - Redeemer, Kinsman

Redeemer, Kinsman¹⁸ : 3.1.13⁵, 3.5.9³, 3.5.6², 3.5.1, 3.6.10, 3.10.7, 3.14.15, 3.21.3, 4.10.5, 5.4.231, 5.4.335

5.4.499 - Redemption

Redemption²⁹⁴ : 3.5.9²⁶, 3.5.1¹¹, 3.4.4¹⁰, 3.14.3¹⁰, 3.14.1.2⁷, 3.21.6⁷, 3.22.2⁷, 3.12.2⁶, 2.4.3⁵, 2.13.8⁴, 3.1.13⁴, 3.5.2⁴, 3.5.5⁴, 3.5.6⁴, 3.10.7⁴, 3.12.1⁴, 3.13.15⁴, 3.19.1⁴, 3.21.5⁴, 3.22.20⁴, 4.11.7⁴, 4.14.6⁴, 4.16.5.10.2⁴, 3.1.5³, 3.4.11³, (143 more . . .)

5.4.500 - Reformation

Reformation³⁴ : 2.12.4⁶, 2.7.3³, 2.12.5³, 4.1.3.3³, 2.2.5², 2.12.2.3², 3.10.3², 4.11.9², 4.15.1.5², 2.2.7, 2.5, 2.9.1, 2.10.1, 3.12.10, 3.20.1, 4.2.8, 4.14.1, 4.16.5.10.2

5.4.501 - Regenerate

Regenerate⁵² : 3.16.20⁴, 3.12.17³, 3.21.1³, 4.11.4³, 4.11.5³, 2.2.6², 3.4.4², 3.11.13², 3.20.4², 4.14.4.3², 4.14.4.4², 4.16.5.10.2², 2.4.3, 2.13.3, 2.13.4, 3.3.1, 3.3.15, 3.3.21, 3.6.14, 3.7.4, 3.10.7, 3.12.1, 3.12.5, 3.12.9, 3.12.15, (22 more . . .)

5.4.502 - Reign

Reign³⁰⁷ : 4.11.5¹⁷, 4.11.6¹³, 4.11.9¹², 2.11.3.2¹⁰, 2.11.4.2.1⁸, 3.20.4⁷, 3.17.10⁶, 3.19.6⁶, 4.11.1⁶, 3.20.1⁵, 2.11.4.1.2⁴, 2.11.4.1.3⁴, 2.12.5⁴, 2.13.3⁴, 3.1.6⁴, 3.5.9⁴, 3.5.10⁴, 4.11.4⁴, 2.11.4.1.1³, 2.11.4.2.2³, 3.1.7³, 3.2.27³, 3.4.4³, 3.11.15³, 3.11.17³, (164 more . . .)

5.4.503 - Repent

Repent¹⁰⁹ : 3.2.21¹⁰, 3.9.20⁹, 3.2.5⁸, 3.11.3⁴, 3.2.16³, 3.2.22³, 3.3.20³, 3.9.1³, 3.11.13³, 3.12.6³, 3.16.9³, 3.21.8³, 4.15.1.4.4³, 2.4.4², 2.13.7², 3.3.3², 3.3.10.1², 3.9.5², 3.9.21², 3.14.18², 3.16.11², 3.16.21², 4.15.1.4.1², 2.2.12, 2.3.1, (31 more . . .)

5.4.504 - Replacement Theology

Replacement Theology¹² : 3.2.9², 2.2.11, 2.11.1, 3.7.4, 3.11.15, 3.21.12, 4.1.3.4, 4.17, 4.17.2.3, 4.17.3.2.1, 5.2.63

5.4.505 - Restrainer

Restrainer²⁵ : 4.14.4.2¹⁵, 3.6.2⁴, 3.13.18², 3.11.18, 3.13.7, 3.19.9, 4.14.4.4

5.4.506 - Resurrection

Resurrection⁴¹⁸ : 3.20.5.1⁶⁸, 3.20.5⁵⁹, 3.20.4³⁶, 3.20.6.1²⁰, 3.11.12¹², 4.11.9¹⁰, 3.4.4⁹, 3.1.5⁸, 3.1.18⁸, 3.20.1⁸, 4.10.5⁸, 3.7.9⁷, 3.11.18⁶, 3.22.2⁶, 2.7.5.3.2⁵, 3.11.11⁵, 3.13.3⁵, 3.20.13⁵, 3.11.7⁴, 3.17.14⁴, 3.20.6⁴, 4.11.4⁴, 2.12.2.1³, 3.1.7³, 3.11.3.1³, (108 more . . .)

5.4.507 - Resurrection, First

Resurrection, First⁵³ : 3.20.5¹⁶, 3.20.5.1⁸, 3.20.4⁵, 3.20.6.1³, 3.11.12², 3.14.10², 3.20.6², 4.11.7², 2.7.3, 3.1.3, 3.2.11, 3.3.4, 3.4.4, 3.11.18, 3.20.1, 3.20.13, 3.20.14, 4.4.1, 4.11.4, 4.11.9, 5.4.198

5.4.508 - Resurrection, Second

Resurrection, Second¹⁷ : 3.20.5.1⁶, 3.20.6.1³, 3.20.5², 3.2.11, 3.12.6, 3.20.4, 3.20.14, 4.4.1, 5.4.549

5.4.509 - Reuben

Reuben³¹ : 4.7.2¹², 3.5.5⁵, 3.4.3³, 3.7.5², 3.21.13², 3.7.4, 3.20.6, 3.20.8, 3.21.19.1, 4.7, 4.17.2.4.2, 4.17.3.1

5.4.510 - Revelation compared with Genesis

See Genesis compared with Revelation.

5.4.511 - Revival

Revival⁶⁶ : 3.13.3⁹, 4.12.1⁶, 3.13.4⁵, 3.17.8⁴, 3.17.11³, 2.3.2², 2.4.4², 2.13.4², 3.9.21², 3.11.4², 3.18.17², 3.20.4², 4.2.7.1², 4.3.2.16², 2.12.5, 3.3.3, 3.6.11, 3.7.4, 3.7.9, 3.9.11, 3.9.20, 3.11.3, 3.11.7, 3.11.11, 3.13.1, (21 more . . .)

5.4.512 - Revival, Nero Myth

See Nero, Revival Myth.

5.4.513 - Right Hand

Right Hand²⁵ : 3.3.21⁵, 3.1.20³, 3.17.14³, 3.1.7, 3.1.16, 3.2.1, 3.2.27, 3.5.1, 3.5.7, 3.10.2, 3.12.6, 3.13.16, 3.14.1, 3.14.10, 3.20.4, 4.1.3.4, 4.16.5.4

5.4.514 - Righteous

Righteous²⁷⁷ : 3.19.8¹⁶, 3.20.12¹⁶, 3.19.2⁸, 3.19.11⁸, 4.11.7⁸, 3.16.7⁷, 3.20.5.1⁷, 3.22.11⁷, 3.11.19⁶, 3.16.5⁶, 3.15.3⁵, 3.19.1⁵, 4.5.5.1⁵, 4.11.5⁵, 3.2.7⁴, 3.2.23⁴, 3.3.4⁴, 3.3.18⁴, 3.14.13⁴, 3.20.5⁴, 4.11.3⁴, 3.1.5³, 3.3.10³, 3.3.14³, 3.5.5³, (128 more . . .)

5.4.515 - River of Life

River of Life¹⁰ : 3.4.6², 4.16.5.1², 3.7.17, 3.15.2, 3.16.20, 3.22.1, 3.22.2, 3.22.22

5.4.516 - Robe

See Garment.

5.4.517 - Robes, White

See White Robes.

5.4.518 - Rock, Dome of

See Dome of the Rock.

5.4.519 - Rod

Rod⁶³ : 3.19.15¹³, 3.11.1⁹, 3.2.27⁵, 3.12.5³, 3.2.28², 3.11.19², 4.5.1², 4.5.5.1², 4.11.7², 5.2.12², 2.13.1, 2.13.4, 2.13.7, 3.2.17, 3.2.26, 3.3.14, 3.5.5, 3.6.14, 3.8.8, 3.11.15, 3.12.3, 3.12.6, 3.17.14, 3.20.1, 3.20.4, (21 more . . .)

5.4.520 - Rome

Rome⁴⁴¹ : 4.1.3.3⁷⁵, 3.17.10²⁰, 3.13.2¹⁸, 3.18.17¹³, 3.13.7¹⁰, 2.11.4.1.2⁸, 2.12.4⁸, 3.8.7⁸, 4.3.2.4⁸, 4.3.2.5⁸, 3.2.9⁷, 4.3.2.12⁷, 4.12.3⁷, 4.16.5.4⁷, 2.12.2.2⁶, 4.3.1⁶, 4.5.4⁶, 4.7.2⁶, 2.9.3.1⁵, 3.3.10⁵, 3.13.3⁵, 3.13.4⁵, 4.1.3.5.1⁵, 4.2.7⁵, 4.11.9⁵, (178 more . . .)

5.4.521 - Root

Root⁶⁹ : 3.5.5¹², 3.8.11³, 3.22.16³, 2.2.13², 3.1.7², 3.3.22², 3.9.1², 3.10.1.1², 2.13.8, 3.1.1, 3.2.18, 3.2.22, 3.2.26, 3.2.28, 3.3.7, 3.3.14, 3.3.17, 3.3.19, 3.4.5, 3.5.6, 3.6.2, 3.6.4, 3.6.17, 3.7.4, 3.8, (41 more . . .)

5.4.522 - Root of David

See David, Root of.

5.4.523 - Rule

Rule³⁵⁰ : 3.19.15¹⁴, 4.11.6¹¹, 2.7.2¹⁰, 2.13.3⁹, 3.12.5⁹, 4.11.4⁹, 3.5.5⁷, 4.11.5⁷, 5.2.12⁷, 3.2.27⁶, 3.3.21⁶, 3.17.14⁶, 3.3.14⁵, 3.4.4⁵, 3.19.12⁵, 4.3.2.16⁵, 2.12.5⁴, 3.1.5⁴, 3.1.6⁴, 3.3.7⁴, 3.5.10⁴, 3.6.2⁴, 3.9.1⁴, 3.11.3.1⁴, 4.11.9⁴, (193 more . . .)

5.4.524 - Sacrifice

Sacrifice²¹⁴ : 4.16.5.10.2⁴⁹, 4.16.3.1¹⁴, 3.6.9⁹, 3.11.2⁸, 4.16.5.4⁸, 4.16.5.9⁸, 3.5.6⁶, 4.16.3⁵, 2.13.3.1⁴, 3.11.1⁴, 3.1.5³, 3.2.14³, 3.8.1³, 3.9.20³, 3.13.8³, 3.18.2³, 3.21.8³, 4.1.4.1³, 4.16.4³, 4.16.5.5³, 4.16.5.8³, 2.13.5.3², 2.13.5.4², 3.2.17², 3.2.20², (58 more . . .)

5.4.525 - Sacrifice, Millennial

See Millennial Sacrifice.

5.4.526 - Salvation

Salvation¹⁶⁶ : 3.7.10¹³, 3.3.20⁹, 4.16.5.10.2⁸, 3.19.1⁵, 3.1.7⁴, 4.14.6⁴, 3.3.18³, 3.12.6³, 3.15.2³, 3.20.12³, 3.22.20³, 4.4.3.5³, 4.5.5.1³, 4.16.5.8³, 2.5.1², 2.13.4², 2.14.1², 3.3.3², 3.4.2², 3.4.4², 3.7.14², 3.8.6², 3.15.3², 3.15.8², 3.16.4², (77 more . . .)

5.4.527 - Samaritan

Samaritan²⁴ : 4.17.2.2²¹, 2.7.3, 3.3.7, 3.7.17

5.4.528 - Sardis

Sardis⁵⁹ : 3.3.1¹⁹, 3.3.3⁴, 3.16.15⁴, 4.15.1.4.5⁴, 4.18.3³, 3.3.2², 3.3.4², 2.11.4.1.1, 2.12.4, 3.2.1, 3.2.5, 3.3.5, 3.3.7, 3.3.18, 3.11.13, 3.13.8, 3.14.4, 3.19.8, 3.19.12, 3.21.27, 4.4.3.1, 4.4.3.3, 4.4.3.5, 4.15.1, 4.15.1.3, (21 more . . .)

5.4.529 - Sardius

Sardius¹⁰ : 3.4.3⁶, 3.21.19.1³, 5.4.92

5.4.530 - Satan

Satan⁸³¹ : 3.20.2⁶³, 3.12.3²⁵, 3.20.1²⁴, 4.2.5²⁴, 3.13.2²¹, 3.9.1¹⁹, 3.13.1¹⁹, 3.12.6¹⁸, 3.12.9¹⁵, 3.20.3¹⁵, 4.2.7¹⁵, 3.2.24¹³, 3.13.4¹³, 3.13.11¹³, 3.9.11¹², 3.12.17¹¹, 4.14.9¹¹, 3.2.13¹⁰, 3.5.5¹⁰, 3.12.8¹⁰, 4.3.2.15⁹, 4.11.3⁹, 3.2.10⁸, 3.9.20⁸, 3.12.4⁸, (428 more . . .)

5.4.531 - Satan

See Devil.

5.4.532 - Scale

Scale²⁴ : 3.20.12³, 3.6.5², 3.9.7², 3.14.5², 3.19.6², 2.8, 3.3.10, 3.6.1, 3.6.2, 3.6.8, 3.9.21, 3.10.7, 3.15.1, 3.16.13, 3.17.3, 3.19.11, 4.1.2.1, 4.7.2

5.4.533 - Scarlet

Scarlet²⁵ : 3.17.4⁸, 3.17.3⁵, 3.18.12⁴, 4.1.4.2.2², 3.12.1.1, 3.17.16, 3.17.18.1, 3.19.8, 3.20.12, 3.21.3

5.4.534 - Scepter

See Rod.

5.4.535 - Scorch

See Heat.

5.4.536 - Scroll

See Book.

5.4.537 - Sea

Sea²⁸⁶ : 3.13.1²⁴, 3.15.2¹⁶, 3.21.1¹⁵, 3.7.1¹², 4.11.7¹¹, 3.8.8¹⁰, 3.13.11⁷, 3.4.6⁶, 3.8.7⁶, 3.15.3⁶, 4.2.3⁶, 3.10.2⁵, 3.16.3⁵, 3.20.13⁵, 2.13.7⁴, 3.8.9⁴, 3.17.3⁴, 4.3.2.2⁴, 2.14.3³, 3.10.6³, 3.16.12³, 3.22.1³, 4.1.2.2³, 2.7.5.3.1², 2.13.8², (117 more . . .)

5.4.538 - Seal

Seal⁵⁵⁵ : 3.5.1⁴³, 2.13.3.1³¹, 3.6.1²⁹, 2.14.2²⁵, 3.6.12²³, 3.7.1²², 3.7.4¹⁹, 3.6.2¹⁶, 3.6.17¹⁵, 3.20.3¹⁵, 3.6.9¹⁴, 3.5.5¹³, 3.8.1¹¹, 3.9.4¹¹, 3.22.10¹¹, 2.14.3¹⁰, 3.7.2⁹, 3.9.15⁹, 2.14.1⁸, 3.7.3⁵, 3.10.2⁵, 3.13.16⁵, 2.7.5.3.6⁴, 2.13.5⁴, 2.14⁴, (194 more . . .)

5.4.539 - Seal, Fifth

Seal, Fifth³¹ : 3.6.9¹¹, 3.7.9³, 3.7.1², 2.14.3, 3.1.2, 3.6.10, 3.8.3, 3.12.11, 3.13.6, 3.13.8, 3.14.1.2, 3.14.13, 3.14.18, 3.16.7, 3.17.6, 3.18.20, 3.19.2, 3.20.4

5.4.540 - Seal, First

Seal, First¹⁸ : 3.6.2⁴, 2.13.3.1³, 3.9.15², 2.4.1, 2.14.3, 3.5.1, 3.6.1, 3.6.16, 3.10.3, 3.11.18, 3.13.11, 3.19.11

5.4.541 - Seal, Fourth

Seal, Fourth⁸ : 3.8.7², 2.14.3, 3.6.2, 3.6.7, 3.6.8, 3.9.15, 3.20.13

5.4.542 - Seal, Second

Seal, Second⁶ : 2.13.3.1, 2.14.3, 3.6.2, 3.7.4, 3.9.15, 3.12.3

5.4.543 - Seal, Seventh

Seal, Seventh³⁹ : 2.13.3.1¹⁰, 3.8.1⁶, 2.14.2³, 3.5.5³, 3.6.17³, 2.14.3², 3.7.1², 3.10.1², 3.5.1, 3.6.1, 3.7.4, 3.8.3, 3.11.14, 3.15.1, 3.16.17, 3.16.18

5.4.544 - Seal, Sixth

Seal, Sixth⁶⁰ : 3.6.12¹⁶, 3.6.17⁹, 2.13.3.1⁸, 2.14.1⁴, 3.7.1³, 2.13.3², 2.14.2², 3.6.13², 3.6.16², 2.14.3, 3.7.4, 3.8, 3.8.10, 3.8.12, 3.11.13, 3.11.18, 3.15.1, 3.16.18, 3.16.20, 3.20.11, 4.5.5

5.4.545 - Seal, Third

Seal, Third⁸ : 3.9.15², 2.14.3, 3.6.2, 3.7.16, 3.8.7, 3.9.4, 3.18.13

5.4.546 - Second Bowl

See Bowl, Second.

5.4.547 - Second Coming

Second Coming²⁰⁸ : 2.12.2.4¹⁰, 3.17.14⁹, 3.16.15⁷, 2.12.2.1⁶, 3.19.11⁶, 3.22.7⁶, 4.11.8⁶, 3.19.15⁵, 4.10.1⁵, 4.14.3.1⁵, 3.1.1⁴, 2.12.2.5³, 3.1.3³, 3.1.7³, 3.11.2³, 3.19.21³, 3.20.1³, 2.4.3², 2.7.3², 2.11.3.1², 2.12², 2.12.5², 2.13.6², 3.2.28², 3.11.3.1², (105 more . . .)

5.4.548 - Second Death

See Death, Second.

5.4.549 - Second Resurrection

See Resurrection, Second.

5.4.550 - Second Temple

See Temple, Second.

5.4.551 - Security

Security²⁵ : 3.6.2³, 2.4.1², 3.5.1², 4.4.3.5², 2.7.2, 2.12.5, 2.13.7, 3.1.5, 3.2.1, 3.3.1, 3.3.2, 3.3.7, 3.6.17, 3.7.1, 3.16.15, 3.18.7, 3.20.8, 4.4.3, 4.11.3, 4.16.5.10.2

5.4.552 - Sell

Sell¹⁰ : 3.10.2³, 3.12.6, 3.13.11, 3.13.16, 3.13.17, 3.20.4, 4.3.2.18, 4.12.2

5.4.553 - Semitism

Semitism¹⁷ : 3.12.17⁵, 3.12.6⁴, 5.2.64², 3.6.9, 3.12.7, 4.5.2, 4.17, 5.2.4, 5.2.75

5.4.554 - Septuagint

Septuagint⁵⁸ : 3.1.7⁸, 3.1.5³, 1.5², 2.8², 3.1.1², 3.1.20², 3.9.11², 3.11.2², 3.20.9², 5.2.5², 5.2.38², 5.2.65², 2.9.3.4, 2.13.1, 3.1.4, 3.1.8, 3.1.12, 3.3.14, 3.4.4, 3.5.6, 3.6.12, 3.7.10, 3.9.21, 3.11.7, 3.11.19, (27 more . . .)

5.4.555 - Sequential

Sequential³⁵ : 2.14.2¹⁰, 2.14⁵, 3.20.1², 4.3.2.4.1², 2.13.3, 2.14.3, 3.6.3, 3.12.3, 3.15.1, 3.16.20, 3.19.1, 3.20.5.1, 4.3, 4.3.2, 4.3.2.16, 4.3.2.22, 4.3.2.25, 4.12.2.1, 4.15.1.5, 5.5

5.4.556 - Seraph

Seraph¹⁰ : 3.4.8², 2.7.5.3.5, 3.1.18, 3.4.6, 3.8.5, 3.9.7, 3.15.4, 3.15.8, 3.22.4

5.4.557 - Serpent

See Devil.

5.4.558 - Serpent

See Satan.

5.4.559 - Servant

Servant¹⁷⁸ : 3.10.7⁹, 3.19.2⁹, 3.1.1⁷, 3.3.3⁷, 3.6.11⁵, 3.11.18⁵, 3.19.5⁵, 4.7⁵, 4.11.7⁵, 3.22.3⁴, 3.5.1³, 3.15.3³, 3.16.15³, 3.18.20³, 4.17.3.2.2³, 2.2.6², 2.2.11², 3.1.7², 3.7.1², 3.7.3², 3.7.4², 3.12.1², 3.14.7², 3.14.15², 3.19.10², (82 more . . .)

5.4.560 - Seven

Seven⁸³⁶ : 2.7.5.3.6⁴⁰, 3.17.10³¹, 3.10.3²², 4.3.2.4.1²², 4.1.3.3¹⁸, 3.5.1¹⁷, 3.13.1¹⁷, 3.17.9¹⁷, 2.14.2¹⁶, 3.1.4¹⁶, 4.3.2.4¹⁶, 2.14¹⁵, 3.11.4¹⁴, 3.12.3¹³, 3.15.1¹³, 3.16.1¹³, 3.8.2¹², 4.15.1.5¹², 2.7.5.2¹¹, 3.5.6¹¹, 3.17.11¹¹, 4.15.1¹¹, 2.14.3¹⁰, 3.1.20¹⁰, 3.8.1¹⁰, (438 more . . .)

5.4.561 - Seven Churches of Asia

Seven Churches of Asia⁸¹ : 3.1.4⁵, 4.15.1.1⁵, 2.9.4.1⁴, 2.11.4.1.1⁴, 4.15.1⁴, 3.1.11³, 3.1.20³, 3.13.9³, 4.15.1.1.1³, 4.15.1.5³, 2.10.2², 2.11.4.2.2², 3.1.7², 3.2.1², 3.2.7², 3.16.15², 4.15², 4.15.1.2², 2.3.2.1, 2.3.3, 2.7.5.2, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.9.3.2, 2.11.3.2, 2.11.4.1.2, (28 more . . .)

5.4.562 - Seven Heads

Seven Heads⁵⁶ : 4.3.2.4.1¹³, 3.13.1¹², 4.3.2.4⁷, 3.12.3⁵, 3.17.3², 3.17.9², 3.17.10², 4.3.2.5², 4.3.2.22², 2.11.2, 3.13.3, 3.17.7, 3.17.15, 3.19.16, 4.1.3.3, 4.3.2.15, 4.3.2.16, 4.12.2.4

5.4.563 - Seven Mountains

Seven Mountains⁶¹⁶ : 2.7.5.3.6²⁵, 3.17.10²⁵, 3.10.3¹⁸, 4.3.2.4.1¹⁸, 4.1.3.3¹⁶, 2.14.2¹⁵, 3.5.1¹⁵, 3.13.1¹⁵, 3.1.4¹⁴, 3.17.9¹⁴, 2.14¹³, 3.8.2¹¹, 3.15.1¹¹, 3.16.1¹¹, 4.15.1.5¹¹, 3.5.6¹⁰, 3.11.4¹⁰, 3.12.3¹⁰, 4.3.2.4¹⁰, 4.15.1⁹, 2.7.5.2⁸, 3.1.20⁸, 3.8.1⁸, 4.15.1.1⁸, 2.14.3⁶, (297 more . . .)

5.4.564 - Sevens, Seventy

See Seventy Weeks.

5.4.565 - Seventh Bowl

See Bowl, Seventh.

5.4.566 - Seventy Weeks

Seventy Weeks¹⁶ : 2.12.5³, 2.11.3.1², 2.13.5.1², 2.7.5.2, 2.13.5, 2.13.5.2, 2.13.5.3, 3.17.8, 4.3.1, 4.14.8, 4.16.5.10.1, 5.4.5

5.4.567 - Sexual Immorality

See Fornication.

5.4.568 - Shekinah Glory

Shekinah Glory³⁰ : 3.1.7¹⁰, 3.21.23⁴, 4.16.2³, 4.16.5.10.1², 2.13.8, 3.15.8, 3.16.17, 3.16.18, 3.20.11, 3.22.16, 4.7.2, 4.7.3, 4.16.5.10.2, 5.2.67, 5.4.226

5.4.569 - Shepherd

Shepherd³³ : 3.12.6⁵, 3.7.17⁴, 3.12.6.1⁴, 3.13.3⁴, 3.3.10², 3.12.5², 4.2.6², 2.10.2, 3.3.2, 3.6.2, 3.15.1, 3.19.15, 4.2.1, 4.2.7.1, 4.11.5, 4.11.7, 4.17.3.2.2

5.4.570 - Shiloh

Shiloh¹⁴ : 3.5.5⁷, 3.2.26⁴, 3.19.15³

5.4.571 - Shinar

Shinar²⁶ : 4.1.3.5.3¹¹, 4.1.1⁴, 4.3.2.5³, 3.11.4, 3.16.10, 3.17.1, 3.17.18, 3.18.8, 4.1.3.4, 4.1.3.5.2, 4.19.4

5.4.572 - Ship

Ship³² : 3.18.17⁸, 3.8.7⁴, 3.8.9⁴, 3.7.1², 3.9.15², 4.1.2.2², 4.11.7², 2.13.1, 3.6.17, 3.7.4, 3.8.8, 3.8.11, 3.18.19, 3.19.10, 4.1.3.1

5.4.573 - Shortly

Shortly³³ : 3.1.1⁹, 3.20.5.1², 2.2.4, 2.2.6, 2.2.11, 2.2.13, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.11.1, 2.12.2.2, 2.12.2.4, 3.1.3, 3.2.12, 3.3.14, 3.6.4, 3.7.9, 3.8.3, 3.16.4, 3.16.15, 3.19.21, 3.20.4, 3.20.10, 3.22.6, 4.3.2.16, 4.15.1

5.4.574 - Sign

Sign¹⁷⁵ : 3.12.1¹⁸, 3.13.13¹⁷, 3.6.12¹¹, 2.13.3.1⁹, 2.12.5⁴, 3.12.9⁴, 3.16.14⁴, 4.7.2⁴, 4.8.2⁴, 2.7.4³, 2.13.6³, 3.1.7³, 3.12.3³, 3.15.1³, 4.1.4.2³, 2.2.2.5², 2.13.3², 3.1.14², 3.3.7², 3.3.10², 3.6.13², 3.9.11², 3.11.5², 3.11.19², 3.13.16², (62 more . . .)

5.4.575 - Signified

Signified¹⁴ : 2.7.4², 3.1.1², 3.2.17, 3.3.7, 3.8.7, 3.11.19, 3.12.1, 3.14.20, 3.15.6, 3.17.5, 3.21.2, 3.22.16

5.4.576 - Simeon

Simeon¹¹ : 3.7.7², 3.21.13², 3.5.5, 3.7.4, 3.10.6, 3.21.19.1, 4.7.2, 4.17, 4.17.3.1

5.4.577 - Sin, Man of

See Beast, from the sea.

5.4.578 - Sinai, Mount

See Mount Sinai.

5.4.579 - Sing

Sing⁷⁵ : 3.14.3¹⁷, 3.14.1.2¹⁴, 3.5.9¹⁰, 3.15.3⁵, 3.14.2³, 3.4.4², 3.8.1², 3.15.2², 4.10.4², 3.5.10, 3.11.8, 3.12.6, 3.12.6.1, 3.13.4, 3.14.1.1, 3.14.5, 3.14.7, 3.14.18, 3.18.4, 3.18.20, 3.19.1, 3.19.4, 3.19.5, 3.20.4, 3.21.4, (18 more . . .)

5.4.580 - Sit

Sit¹⁶³ : 3.4.4⁹, 4.11.5⁸, 3.18.7⁷, 3.3.21⁶, 4.11.7⁵, 4.16.5.9⁵, 3.17.9⁴, 3.19.9⁴, 4.3.2.4⁴, 3.13.4³, 3.17.1³, 3.17.14³, 4.1.3.3³, 4.3.2.1³, 4.11.6.1³, 4.12.2.4³, 2.11.3.2², 3.1.3², 3.7.15², 3.10.3², 3.12.6.1², 3.13.5², 3.16.20², 3.17.15², 3.20.4², (72 more . . .)

5.4.581 - Six

Six¹⁵⁴ : 2.7.5.3.5²⁵, 3.13.18²², 4.11.9⁵, 2.13.3.1⁴, 3.4.8⁴, 3.9.7⁴, 2.7.5.3.2³, 3.2.8³, 3.7.1³, 3.11.6³, 3.22.19³, 4.12.2.4³, 2.4.1², 2.7.5.2², 2.7.5.3.6², 3.1.4², 3.4.6², 3.8.1², 3.9.15², 3.10.1², 3.11.2², 3.11.14², 3.12.6², 3.14.20², 3.20.2², (46 more . . .)

5.4.582 - Sixth Bowl

See Bowl, Sixth.

5.4.583 - Slain

Slain¹⁰⁹ : 3.19.15⁸, 3.6.9⁷, 3.5.6⁶, 3.13.3⁴, 4.1.3.4⁴, 4.5.3.1⁴, 3.1.16², 3.5.9², 3.7.9², 3.13.8², 3.14.13², 3.17.6², 3.17.8², 3.18.6², 3.18.24², 3.19.1², 3.19.20², 3.19.21², 4.1.4.1², 4.2.2², 2.7.5.3.4, 3.1.2, 3.2.23, 3.3.4, 3.3.10, (48 more . . .)

5.4.584 - Slave

Slave¹⁹ : 3.18.13⁴, 3.13.16², 3.1.1, 3.2.20, 3.5.9, 3.6.10, 3.6.15, 3.7.3, 3.10.7, 3.13.18, 3.16.12, 3.19.18, 3.21.7, 4.5.5.1, 4.12.2

5.4.585 - Smoke

Smoke⁴⁶ : 3.9.2⁶, 3.19.3⁴, 3.9.17³, 3.15.8³, 3.18.9³, 4.1.2.2³, 3.6.12², 3.8.7², 3.9.3², 4.5.5², 2.11.1, 2.13.3.1, 3.1.7, 3.7.4, 3.7.15, 3.8.4, 3.8.12, 3.9.7, 3.9.15, 3.13.8, 3.14.11, 3.17.16, 3.18.2, 3.18.8, 3.18.18, (16 more . . .)

5.4.586 - Smyrna

Smyrna⁶⁵ : 3.2.8¹⁴, 3.2.9⁷, 3.2.10⁶, 2.11.4.2.3⁵, 2.11.4.1.3², 3.1.20², 4.15.1.1.1², 4.15.1.4.2², 5.2.28², 2.9.4.1, 2.11.4.2.2, 2.12.6, 3.1.18, 3.2.1, 3.2.5, 3.2.12, 3.3.1, 3.3.11, 3.3.17, 3.12.11, 3.15.2, 3.20.6, 4.11.9, 4.15.1, 4.15.1.3, (23 more . . .)

5.4.587 - Solecism

Solecism⁵ : 2.8³, 3.1.4, 5.2.68

5.4.588 - Solomon

Solomon⁵¹ : 4.16.5.3⁴, 3.3.12³, 2.6.1², 2.7.5.3.5², 3.11.4², 3.11.19², 4.16.2², 4.16.5.4², 4.16.5.8², 4.16.5.9², 2.7.5.5, 3.1.7, 3.2.4, 3.2.17, 3.4.6, 3.5.2, 3.7.2, 3.9.14, 3.11.1, 3.11.15, 3.13.18, 3.15.8, 3.22.20, 4.1.4.1, 4.2.4, (28 more . . .)

5.4.589 - Solomon’s Temple

See Temple, Solomon’s.

5.4.590 - Son of God

Son of God⁴⁸ : 3.21.7⁶, 3.1.13³, 3.2.17², 3.3.12², 3.9.4², 3.12.6², 3.20.15², 3.21.6², 3.21.8², 2.2.1, 2.2.4, 2.2.13, 3.1.5, 3.1.6, 3.1.18, 3.2.14, 3.2.18, 3.2.23, 3.3.10, 3.5.7, 3.10.1.1, 3.13.11, 3.13.16, 4.2.2, 4.2.5, (25 more . . .)

5.4.591 - Son of Man

Son of Man⁴⁹ : 3.1.13⁶, 3.1.20³, 3.3.3³, 3.16.15³, 4.11.5³, 3.1.7², 3.14.14², 3.14.17², 3.17.14², 4.11.4², 4.11.7², 3.1.3, 3.1.5, 3.2.20, 3.5.9, 3.6.13, 3.13.10, 3.16.20, 3.17.17, 3.19.15, 3.19.17, 3.20.12, 3.22.12, 4.1.2.2, 4.3.1, (19 more . . .)

5.4.592 - Son of Perdition

See Beast, from the sea.

5.4.593 - Song

Song¹²⁰ : 3.15.3⁴³, 3.14.1.2²¹, 3.14.3¹⁴, 3.5.9¹¹, 2.13.7³, 3.6.1³, 3.15.2³, 3.14.7², 3.20.4², 4.10.2², 2.7.5.5, 3.1.7, 3.4.4, 3.8.5, 3.11.8, 3.13.4, 3.14.1.1, 3.14.18, 3.16.9, 3.18.20, 3.19.1, 3.19.4, 3.19.6, 3.22.20, 5.2.5, (16 more . . .)

5.4.594 - Soon

Soon⁶³ : 3.22.7⁷, 3.1.1⁴, 4.8.2⁴, 2.12.2.4³, 3.2.28², 3.3.11², 3.12.6², 3.16.17², 3.20.8², 3.22.20², 2.2.11, 2.2.12, 2.2.14, 2.3.2.1, 2.4.3, 2.7.3, 2.7.5.1, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.12.2.2, 2.12.2.3, 2.14.2, 3.1.4, 3.1.18, 3.3.17, 3.3.20, (33 more . . .)

5.4.595 - Sorcery

Sorcery³⁰ : 3.9.21¹⁰, 3.18.23⁷, 3.21.8⁴, 3.13.13², 4.1.4.1², 3.12.9, 3.17.2, 3.17.4, 3.20.3, 4.1.4.2.2

5.4.596 - Soul

Soul¹³¹ : 3.6.9¹³, 3.20.4⁸, 3.7.9⁷, 3.18.13⁶, 3.2.20⁵, 3.6.8⁴, 3.12.11⁴, 3.19.20⁴, 3.17.14³, 3.20.13³, 3.1.5², 3.1.18², 3.2.28², 3.4.4², 3.9.6², 3.13.10², 3.17.6², 3.18.14², 3.20.12², 3.22.17², 4.11.7², 3.1.1, 3.1.2, 3.1.9, 3.1.16, (52 more . . .)

5.4.597 - South

South⁴² : 4.19.3⁵, 4.7.2⁴, 3.21.13³, 4.17.2.3³, 3.14.20², 4.5.4², 4.11.7², 2.7.5.3.3, 2.12.5, 2.13.5.2, 3.1.11, 3.3.15, 3.7.1, 3.7.4, 3.8.7, 3.9.4, 3.11.15, 3.16.19, 3.17.14, 4.5.2, 4.5.3.1, 4.5.5, 4.7, 4.11.9, 4.16.5.8, (21 more . . .)

5.4.598 - Sovereignty

Sovereignty⁷³ : 2.4.1⁷, 3.6.2⁶, 2.13.3⁴, 3.13.10⁴, 3.17.17³, 4.16.5.8³, 3.6.17², 3.12.14², 3.20.3², 2.3.2.1, 2.4, 2.4.2, 2.4.3, 2.7.5.3.5, 2.7.5.3.7, 3.1.7, 3.1.8, 3.1.10, 3.1.20, 3.2.10, 3.4.2, 3.5.1, 3.5.4, 3.7.1, 3.7.15, (40 more . . .)

5.4.599 - Spirit

Spirit⁶⁵⁶ : 4.16.5.5³², 3.19.10²⁶, 4.14.4.2²⁵, 3.1.4²², 3.16.14²¹, 3.3.1²⁰, 3.13.11¹⁷, 3.9.21¹⁶, 4.14.4.1¹⁴, 3.18.2¹¹, 3.1.10¹⁰, 3.4.2¹⁰, 3.11.4¹⁰, 3.21.7¹⁰, 4.16.5.10.2¹⁰, 3.13.15⁸, 3.22.17⁸, 3.1.1⁷, 3.17.14⁷, 3.2.2⁶, 3.2.7⁶, 3.5.6⁶, 3.13.13⁶, 3.16.13⁶, 2.7.5.3.6⁵, (337 more . . .)

5.4.600 - Spirit, Holy

See Holy Spirit.

5.4.601 - Standard

Standard⁷² : 4.7.2⁴⁰, 3.21.19.1⁴, 1.1³, 3.11.19³, 5.2.12³, 3.7.4², 4.7.3², 1.5, 2.5, 2.11.3.1, 2.13.3, 3.1.4, 3.2.17, 3.5.2, 3.10.6, 3.15.5, 3.19.11, 3.19.15, 4.11.4, 4.16.5.10.1, 4.17.2.3, 5.2.65

5.4.602 - Star

Star¹⁸⁴ : 3.9.1¹⁸, 3.1.20¹⁷, 3.2.28¹⁵, 3.12.1¹⁵, 3.22.16¹⁴, 3.6.13¹³, 3.8.10¹¹, 3.8.12⁶, 3.1.16⁵, 4.14.9⁵, 3.8⁴, 2.2.13³, 3.12.4³, 3.16.8³, 3.20.1³, 2.7.5.3.6², 3.2.1², 3.3.1², 3.6.12², 3.6.17², 3.8.7², 2.3.2.1.1, 2.7.5.3.7, 2.12.4, 2.13.3, (37 more . . .)

5.4.603 - Star, Morning

See Morning Star.

5.4.604 - Stephanos

See Crown.

5.4.605 - Stone

Stone²⁴¹ : 3.2.17⁶⁰, 3.21.19.1³², 3.4.3²², 4.17.2.3¹⁶, 3.16.21¹⁰, 2.13.1⁴, 3.9.20⁴, 3.17.4⁴, 3.18.12⁴, 3.21.19⁴, 3.5.6³, 3.13.1³, 3.15.6³, 4.1.2.2³, 4.7.2³, 2.7.5.3.4², 2.7.5.3.7², 2.13.8², 3.12.6², 3.17.18.1², 3.19.15², 3.21.11², 3.21.18², 4.1.3.5.2², 4.1.4.2.2², (46 more . . .)

5.4.606 - Street

Street²⁰ : 3.22.2³, 4.11.7³, 3.21.2², 3.21.21², 3.9.4, 3.11.8, 3.11.11, 3.13.4, 3.14.9, 3.15.2, 3.16.9, 3.18.2, 4.1.3.4, 4.1.4.1

5.4.607 - Structural Outline

See Outline.

5.4.608 - Structure, Literary

See Literary Structure.

5.4.609 - Study, Bible Target

See Bible Study, Target.

5.4.610 - Style of Writing

Style of Writing³ : 2.8, 2.10, 5.2.80

5.4.611 - Subjectivity

Subjectivity⁴³ : 2.9.3.1⁶, 3.1.1⁶, 3.5.9⁴, 2.9³, 2.9.2³, 2.9.4.1², 2.11.2², 2.12.6², 3.1.2², 3.19.10², 2.2.2.4, 2.7.2, 2.11.3.2, 2.11.4.1, 3.6.13, 3.7.4, 3.8.7, 3.9.7, 3.13.4, 3.19.8, 4.7.1

5.4.612 - Sun

Sun¹⁹² : 3.12.1³⁹, 3.21.23²², 3.6.12¹³, 3.16.8¹⁰, 3.8.12⁸, 3.2.28⁷, 4.11.7⁷, 2.13.8⁵, 3.22.16⁵, 3.6.13⁴, 3.19.17⁴, 4.17.3.2.1⁴, 3.9.2³, 3.22.5³, 2.7.5.3.1², 2.13.5.2², 3.7.16², 3.8², 3.10.1², 3.12.1.1², 3.16.12², 3.20.11², 3.21.25², 3.22.2², 2.2.7, (38 more . . .)

5.4.613 - Supper

Supper⁸⁴ : 3.19.9¹⁷, 3.19.8⁸, 3.19.17⁵, 4.10.1⁵, 4.10.2⁵, 3.7.9⁴, 3.3.20³, 3.11.15³, 4.11.7³, 3.1.10², 4.16.5.5², 2.7.3, 2.9.4, 3.1.3, 3.2.17, 3.2.20, 3.2.23, 3.3.4, 3.8.1, 3.8.13, 3.9.20, 3.9.21, 3.14.13, 3.14.17, 3.15.8, (27 more . . .)

5.4.614 - Sword

Sword¹¹³ : 3.6.8¹⁰, 3.1.16⁹, 3.13.10⁹, 3.11.5⁵, 3.19.15⁵, 3.19.21⁵, 3.14.1⁴, 4.5.1⁴, 4.5.5.1⁴, 4.11.7⁴, 3.6.2³, 3.6.4³, 3.12.6³, 3.1.7², 3.2.16², 3.10.3², 3.16.19², 4.2.7.1², 4.5.5², 4.15.1.4.3², 4.16.5.1², 2.2.13, 2.3.3, 3.2.12, 3.3.10, (29 more . . .)

5.4.615 - Symbols

Symbols²⁸⁸ : 2.7.4⁵⁵, 2.7¹⁰, 2.7.2⁹, 3.21.2⁹, 3.12.1⁸, 2.7.5.4.1⁷, 3.8.7⁷, 3.11.3⁷, 2.7.5.2⁶, 2.12.2.4⁶, 3.1.1⁶, 4.3.2⁶, 2.12.3⁵, 2.2.6⁴, 2.7.5.3⁴, 2.7.5.6⁴, 3.17.9⁴, 3.20.1⁴, 4.7.2⁴, 4.12.3⁴, 2.2.8³, 2.7.1³, 2.7.3³, 2.7.5.4³, 2.7.5.4.2³, (104 more . . .)

5.4.616 - Synagogue

Synagogue³⁶ : 3.2.9¹⁰, 2.11.4.1.3³, 3.3.9³, 3.1.20², 3.3.8², 4.18.1², 2.11.4.2.2, 3.2.7, 3.2.10, 3.2.12, 3.3.16, 3.4.4, 3.12.11, 3.16.14, 3.21.8, 4.2.5, 4.15.1.4.2, 4.15.1.4.6, 4.16.5.1, 4.16.5.8

5.4.617 - Synoptic Gospels

Synoptic Gospels² : 2.13.6, 4.7

5.4.618 - Systems of Interpretation Listen to Systems of Interpretation

See Interpretation, Systems of.

5.4.619 - Tabernacle

Tabernacle¹³¹ : 4.7.2¹¹, 4.16.5.2¹⁰, 3.15.5⁹, 3.21.3⁸, 4.16.2⁶, 3.13.6⁵, 3.15.8⁵, 4.7.3⁵, 4.16.5.10.2⁵, 3.7.9⁴, 3.7.15⁴, 3.12.12⁴, 3.21.13⁴, 4.11.7⁴, 3.11.19³, 4.16.5.1³, 3.1.7², 3.4.6², 3.6.9², 3.8.3², 3.15.3², 3.21.23², 4.16.4², 4.16.5.3², 4.16.5.4², (23 more . . .)

5.4.620 - Table of Contents, Expanded

See Contents, Expanded Table of.

5.4.621 - Tail

Tail¹⁴ : 3.9.19⁵, 3.9.10², 3.12.4², 3.9.1, 3.9.7, 3.9.8, 3.9.17, 3.12.7

5.4.622 - Tanach

Tanach³ : 5.2.70², 5.2.51

5.4.623 - Target, Bible Study

See Bible Study, Target.

5.4.624 - Targum

Targum²⁰ : 4.2.2⁴, 3.12.2³, 3.19.15³, 3.20.6³, 4.1.1², 3.12.6.1, 4.5.5.1, 4.7, 4.7.2, 5.2.71

5.4.625 - Tear

Tear⁴¹ : 3.5.4⁸, 3.7.17⁴, 3.13.2³, 3.21.4³, 3.22.2³, 3.2.20², 3.12.6², 3.14.3², 3.20.14², 3.21.1², 2.13.8, 3.2.2, 3.2.5, 3.3.2, 3.9.7, 3.9.8, 3.13.3, 3.22.17, 3.22.22, 4.16.2

5.4.626 - Temple

Temple⁷⁹⁷ : 4.16.5.9⁶⁰, 4.16.5.4⁵⁵, 4.16.5.8⁴², 4.16.5.10.1⁴⁰, 2.11.3.1³⁸, 4.16.5.5.1³⁵, 3.11.1²⁴, 3.11.19²³, 4.16.5.1²³, 3.11.2²¹, 4.16.2¹⁹, 4.16.5.3¹⁸, 4.16.5.5¹⁸, 4.16¹⁶, 4.16.5.6¹⁴, 3.11.4¹³, 4.16.5.10.2¹³, 3.3.12¹¹, 4.16.3¹⁰, 4.16.5.11¹⁰, 4.16.6¹⁰, 4.2.3⁸, 4.16.5⁸, 3.16.17⁷, 3.21.22⁷, (254 more . . .)

5.4.627 - Temple Mount

Temple Mount⁴⁹ : 4.16.5.8²⁸, 4.16.3⁷, 4.16.6⁴, 4.16.5.9³, 3.11.2, 3.11.19, 4.16.3.1, 4.16.5.1, 4.16.5.3, 4.16.5.5.1, 4.16.5.6

5.4.628 - Temple, Millennial

Temple, Millennial²² : 4.16.5.10.1⁶, 4.16.5.10.2⁴, 4.16.5.1², 3.1.15, 3.3.12, 3.16.18, 4.2.3, 4.16.2, 4.16.5.5.1, 4.16.5.9, 4.16.5.10, 5.2.40, 5.4.391

5.4.629 - Temple, Second

Temple, Second³⁷ : 4.16.5.4¹³, 4.16.5.9³, 2.11.3.1², 3.11.4², 4.2.3², 4.16.2², 4.16.5.6², 4.16.5.10.1², 3.11.2, 3.14.3, 4.1.2.1, 4.2.2, 4.16.5.3, 4.16.5.5, 4.16.5.5.1, 4.17.2.4, 5.4.550

5.4.630 - Temple, Solomon’s

Temple, Solomon’s²² : 4.16.5.3³, 4.16.2², 4.16.5.4², 4.16.5.9², 3.2.17, 3.3.12, 3.4.6, 3.11.1, 3.11.4, 3.15.8, 4.16.3, 4.16.5.8, 4.16.5.10.1, 4.16.5.11, 4.16.6, 4.19.4, 5.4.589

5.4.631 - Temple, Tribulation

Temple, Tribulation¹³ : 4.16.5.9⁹, 3.11.2, 4.2.3, 5.2.78, 5.4.669

5.4.632 - Ten

Ten²²⁷ : 3.13.1¹⁸, 3.12.3¹², 4.3.2.22¹², 3.17.12⁹, 4.17.2.3⁹, 3.2.10⁸, 3.17.11⁸, 3.17.16⁸, 3.7.4⁶, 3.17.10⁵, 4.3.2.12⁵, 4.17.1⁵, 3.17.3⁴, 4.3.2.4⁴, 4.17⁴, 4.17.2.1⁴, 3.17.7³, 3.19.19³, 4.1.3.5.2³, 4.17.2.4.2³, 4.17.3³, 2.13.1², 3.2.17², 3.3.10², 3.5.11², (83 more . . .)

5.4.633 - Ten Horns

Ten Horns⁵¹ : 3.13.1¹², 4.3.2.22⁹, 3.12.3⁸, 3.17.11⁴, 3.17.12³, 3.17.16³, 3.17.3², 3.17.10², 4.3.2.4², 2.13.1, 3.17.7, 4.3, 4.3.2.12, 4.3.2.25, 5.2.37

5.4.634 - Ten Lost Tribes

See Lost Tribes.

5.4.635 - Ten Tribes

See Lost Tribes.

5.4.636 - Tertullian

Tertullian³⁸ : 4.11.9⁷, 5.2.75⁷, 2.11.4.2.1⁶, 2.9.4.1³, 2.10.2³, 4.15.1.1.1³, 2.7.3², 4.1.3.3², 3.2.5, 3.2.8, 3.11.3.1, 4.13, 5.2.42

5.4.637 - Test

Test⁴⁷ : 3.2.10³, 3.3.10³, 3.16.9³, 3.2.2², 3.3.10.1², 3.3.18², 3.7.14², 3.13.13², 3.20.9², 4.12.2.3², 4.14.5², 2.2.4, 2.4.4, 2.5.1, 2.7.2, 2.9, 2.10, 2.13.1, 2.13.7, 3.2.20, 3.2.23, 3.3.8, 3.9.20, 3.12.6, 3.20.12, (22 more . . .)

5.4.638 - Testament

Testament³⁰⁰ : 2.7.5.5¹⁹, 3.10.7⁹, 3.20.5.1⁹, 2.2.7⁷, 2.7.2⁷, 2.7.3⁷, 2.10.1⁷, 3.21.1⁶, 2.3.3⁵, 3.2.17⁵, 3.22.18⁵, 4.14.3⁵, 2.4.3⁴, 2.9.1⁴, 2.10.2⁴, 3.7.4⁴, 4.11.2⁴, 5.2.5⁴, 5.2.63⁴, 1.5³, 2.6.1³, 2.7.5.4.2³, 2.9³, 2.10³, 2.12.2.4³, (163 more . . .)

5.4.639 - Testimony

Testimony¹⁸³ : 3.1.2²², 3.19.10¹⁷, 2.9.4.1¹³, 3.15.5¹², 3.6.9⁶, 3.11.3⁶, 3.11.19⁵, 3.16.21⁴, 3.20.4⁴, 2.11.4.2.1³, 3.12.11³, 3.12.17³, 3.14.13³, 3.15.3³, 2.2.13², 2.9², 2.9.4.2², 2.11.3.2², 3.1.9², 3.7.15², 3.11.5², 3.13.18², 3.15.2², 3.19.2², 4.7.3², (57 more . . .)

5.4.640 - Testimony

See Witness.

5.4.641 - Textus Receptus

Textus Receptus⁵⁴ : 2.2.2.4⁴, 3.5.9⁴, 3.5.10⁴, 3.17.16³, 1.5², 3.6.1², 3.13.6², 3.13.18², 3.14.1², 3.15.3², 3.22.19², 5.2.79², 3.1.2, 3.2.22, 3.2.24, 3.3.2, 3.4.4, 3.4.11, 3.7.1, 3.7.3, 3.8.13, 3.10.11, 3.11.1, 3.11.3, 3.13.16, (23 more . . .)

5.4.642 - Themes

Themes⁶⁹ : 3.10.7⁴, 2.2.13³, 2.4³, 2.13³, 3.10.1³, 2.7.5.5², 2.9.3.4², 2.13.1², 3.1.1², 3.2.25², 3.15.3², 2.4.2, 2.4.3, 2.11.1, 2.11.2, 3.1.4, 3.1.5, 3.1.7, 3.1.10, 3.1.11, 3.1.17, 3.3.1, 3.3.15, 3.4.8, 3.5.1, (41 more . . .)

5.4.643 - Theocracy

Theocracy⁶ : 5.2.76², 2.13.7, 3.1.6, 3.19.16, 4.11.9

5.4.644 - Theology, Dominion

See Dominion Theology.

5.4.645 - Theology, Replacement

See Replacement Theology.

5.4.646 - Theonomy

Theonomy³ : 5.2.77², 5.2.17

5.4.647 - Thief

Thief⁵⁵ : 3.3.3²⁰, 3.16.15⁹, 2.13.3.1⁵, 3.6.12⁴, 4.14³, 3.14.15², 3.2.7, 3.2.28, 3.3.1, 3.3.2, 3.5.7, 3.12.6.1, 3.18.6, 3.20.11, 3.21.1, 3.22.7, 3.22.20, 4.15.1.4.5

5.4.648 - Third Bowl

See Bowl, Third.

5.4.649 - Thousand

Thousand²⁰⁵ : 4.11.9²⁰, 3.20.2⁹, 3.20.5⁸, 4.11.7⁸, 3.20.1⁷, 2.12.5⁵, 4.11.1⁵, 3.14.1⁴, 3.21.16⁴, 2.7.3³, 2.9.1³, 2.10.1³, 2.13.5.2³, 3.1.1³, 3.7.4³, 3.20.4³, 3.20.5.1³, 3.20.11³, 3.22.2³, 3.22.20³, 4.11.6³, 5.2.13³, 2.4.3², 2.7.5.3.7², 2.13.3², (90 more . . .)

5.4.650 - Thousand Years

See Millennial Kingdom.

5.4.651 - Three

Three³⁵⁴ : 2.7.5.3.2¹⁷, 2.13.4¹¹, 2.7.5.2¹⁰, 3.7.4⁷, 3.16.19⁷, 2.14.1⁶, 2.13.5.3⁴, 3.1.1⁴, 3.2.5⁴, 3.5.5⁴, 3.11.2⁴, 3.11.6⁴, 3.13.18⁴, 3.16.13⁴, 4.7.2⁴, 2.7.2³, 2.7.3³, 2.7.5.4³, 2.11.4.1.1³, 2.13.1³, 2.13.5.1³, 3.8.2³, 3.8.13³, 3.9.1³, 3.9.4³, (230 more . . .)

5.4.652 - Three, and one-half years

See 1,260 days.

5.4.653 - Throne

Throne⁴⁸¹ : 3.3.21³⁶, 3.4.4¹⁸, 4.11.5¹⁸, 3.4.2¹⁴, 3.20.4¹⁴, 4.11.6¹³, 3.4.6¹², 3.22.1¹², 3.22.3¹¹, 3.14.3⁹, 3.14.1.1⁸, 3.2.13⁷, 3.16.10⁷, 3.19.4⁷, 3.4.3⁶, 3.5.1⁶, 3.20.11⁶, 4.11.1⁶, 4.11.6.1⁶, 3.3.7⁵, 3.12.1⁵, 3.14.1.2⁵, 4.7.3⁵, 3.1.7⁴, 3.5.5⁴, (237 more . . .)

5.4.654 - Throne, Great White

See Great White Throne.

5.4.655 - Thummim

Thummim⁴ : 3.2.17⁴

5.4.656 - Thunder

Thunder⁶⁵ : 3.10.3¹⁶, 3.4.5⁶, 3.10.4⁵, 3.14.2⁵, 3.6.1⁴, 3.19.6⁴, 2.5.1², 2.7.5.3.6², 3.4.3², 3.5.1², 3.8.5², 3.11.19², 2.14.1, 3.1.13, 3.5.8, 3.6.3, 3.6.6, 3.10.8, 3.14.1, 3.14.13, 3.15.3, 3.16.18, 3.16.21, 3.20.3, 3.21.3, (13 more . . .)

5.4.657 - Thyatira

Thyatira⁷⁵ : 3.2.18¹⁵, 4.9.3⁸, 3.2.20⁶, 4.15.1.1.1³, 4.15.1.4.4³, 3.1.15², 3.2.22², 3.2.23², 3.2.27², 3.9.21², 4.15.1², 4.15.1.5², 2.10.1, 2.12.6, 3.1.1, 3.1.14, 3.2.2, 3.2.5, 3.2.19, 3.2.24, 3.2.25, 3.2.28, 3.5.10, 3.9.20, 3.12.1, (26 more . . .)

5.4.658 - Time of Jacob’s Trouble

Time of Jacob’s Trouble²⁷ : 2.13.4¹², 2.13.1², 3.12.17², 2.12.5, 2.13.3, 3.6.17, 3.11.2, 3.11.13, 3.11.18, 3.12.6, 3.12.6.1, 3.14.8, 3.16.20, 3.20.5.1

5.4.659 - Times, time and half a time

See 1,260 days.

5.4.660 - Tongue

Tongue⁸² : 3.5.9¹⁰, 3.7.9⁵, 3.14.5⁴, 3.16.10⁴, 3.1.7³, 3.10.11³, 2.2.14², 2.12.2.5², 3.11.9², 3.17.9², 3.17.15², 4.1.4.1², 4.3.2.1², 2.7.4, 2.7.5.3.2, 2.7.5.3.3, 2.13.7, 3.1.3, 3.1.6, 3.3.10.1, 3.5.6, 3.5.13, 3.6.9, 3.7.4, 3.8.7, (39 more . . .)

5.4.661 - Torment

Torment⁸⁵ : 3.14.10⁷, 3.19.20⁷, 3.14.11⁶, 3.9.5⁵, 3.11.10⁵, 3.20.10⁵, 3.20.12⁴, 3.19.3³, 2.7.5.3.4², 3.9.1², 3.9.6², 3.9.21², 3.13.8², 3.14.13², 3.22.18², 2.7.5.3.1, 2.13.5.4, 2.14.2, 2.14.3, 3.1.7, 3.1.18, 3.6.2, 3.6.15, 3.9.2, 3.9.10, (29 more . . .)

5.4.662 - Tree

Tree²⁴⁶ : 3.22.2⁹⁰, 3.8.7¹⁹, 3.2.7¹³, 3.11.4¹², 4.16.5.1¹⁰, 3.22.14⁸, 3.7.1⁷, 3.21.9⁶, 3.22.19⁵, 4.11.7⁵, 2.13.8⁴, 2.7.5.3.7³, 3.7.9³, 3.8.11³, 3.9.4³, 4.14.9³, 3.1.13², 3.1.18², 3.3.10², 3.5.5², 3.9.20², 3.11.5², 3.21.23², 3.22.1², 4.15.1.3², (34 more . . .)

5.4.663 - Tree of Life

Tree of Life⁹⁷ : 3.22.2⁴⁴, 3.2.7¹⁰, 4.16.5.1⁹, 3.22.14⁵, 2.13.8⁴, 2.7.5.3.7³, 3.21.9³, 3.22.19², 4.15.1.3², 3.1.20, 3.2.17, 3.4.6, 3.7.17, 3.8.11, 3.14.5, 3.18.11, 3.21.12, 3.21.23, 3.21.25, 3.22.1, 3.22.11, 4.15.1.4.1, 4.16.1, 4.16.5.11

5.4.664 - Trial

Trial⁵² : 3.3.10¹⁷, 4.14.5³, 3.7.14², 3.15.2², 2.6.1, 2.12, 2.12.3, 2.13.3, 3.1.9, 3.2.10, 3.2.17, 3.3.8, 3.3.18, 3.5.4, 3.6.10, 3.6.17, 3.8.13, 3.9.20, 3.12.14, 3.13.10, 3.14.1, 3.14.3, 3.14.13, 3.16.9, 3.16.15, (28 more . . .)

5.4.665 - Tribe

Tribe⁴⁴² : 3.7.4⁶⁷, 3.1.7²³, 4.17.2.4.2²¹, 4.7.2²⁰, 4.17¹⁹, 4.17.2.3¹⁸, 4.17.2.4.2.1¹⁵, 4.17.1¹², 2.7.5.3.7¹¹, 3.21.12¹¹, 4.17.2.1¹¹, 4.17.3.1¹¹, 3.5.5⁹, 4.17.3.2.3⁹, 4.17.4⁹, 3.5.9⁸, 3.4.3⁷, 3.4.4⁷, 4.11.6.1⁷, 3.21.19.1⁶, 4.17.3⁶, 3.7.5⁵, 3.7.9⁵, 3.21.13⁵, 4.17.2⁵, (115 more . . .)

5.4.666 - Tribes, Lost

See Lost Tribes.

5.4.667 - Tribes, Twelve

See Twelve Tribes.

5.4.668 - Tribulation

Tribulation⁴⁹³ : 2.13.4³², 2.13.1¹¹, 2.13.3¹¹, 3.3.10¹¹, 4.16.5.9¹⁰, 3.7.14⁹, 3.20.5.1⁹, 4.14.5⁹, 2.13.7⁸, 3.7.4⁸, 3.15.2⁸, 3.20.4⁸, 4.14.7⁸, 3.6.9⁷, 3.14.1.2⁷, 2.12.5⁶, 2.13.5.5⁶, 3.4.4⁶, 3.14.4⁶, 3.20.5⁵, 4.1.4.2.3⁵, 4.11.8⁵, 4.14⁵, 4.14.4.4⁵, 3.2.22⁴, (284 more . . .)

5.4.669 - Tribulation Temple

See Temple, Tribulation.

5.4.670 - Tribulation, Great

Tribulation, Great¹¹² : 2.13.4¹⁸, 2.13.1⁵, 3.7.14⁵, 3.2.22³, 3.7.9³, 2.12.5², 2.13.3², 2.13.5.5², 2.13.6², 2.14.3², 3.3.10², 3.4.4², 3.6.1², 3.7.15², 3.12.6², 3.12.6.1², 3.13.6², 3.15.2², 4.14.9², 4.15.1.5², 2.4.4, 2.10.2, 2.13.5.3, 3.1.10, 3.2.28, (48 more . . .)

5.4.671 - Trinity

Trinity⁵⁹ : 4.2.5⁹, 2.7.5.3.2⁸, 3.13.11⁵, 3.1.1⁴, 2.7.5.3.5³, 3.10.1.1³, 2.4.2², 3.1.5², 3.3.7², 4.16.5.8², 2.2.4, 2.7.5.3.1, 3.1.4, 3.1.18, 3.3.1, 3.4.8, 3.4.11, 3.5.13, 3.9.14, 3.9.16, 3.11.3, 3.13.18, 3.14.13, 3.15.1, 4.2.3, (19 more . . .)

5.4.672 - Trouble, Time of Jacob’s

See Time of Jacob’s Trouble.

5.4.673 - Trumpet

Trumpet³⁴⁹ : 3.11.15²⁸, 2.14.2²⁶, 3.10.1¹⁶, 2.13.5.4¹², 3.8.2¹², 3.11.14¹¹, 2.14.3¹⁰, 3.1.10¹⁰, 3.8.1¹⁰, 3.9.1¹⁰, 3.9.15⁹, 3.16.12⁹, 3.5.5⁸, 3.15.1⁸, 2.14.1⁷, 3.7.1⁷, 3.8.7⁷, 3.9.4⁷, 3.5.1⁶, 3.8.13⁶, 3.16.4⁶, 2.12.4⁵, 2.14⁵, 3.4.1⁵, 2.7.5.3.6⁴, (105 more . . .)

5.4.674 - Trumpet, Fifth

Trumpet, Fifth¹⁶ : 3.9.1⁵, 2.14.2², 3.6.12², 2.12.4, 2.14.3, 3.8.13, 3.9.2, 3.9.3, 3.9.12, 3.20.1

5.4.675 - Trumpet, First

Trumpet, First¹³ : 3.8.7⁴, 2.12.4², 3.7.1², 3.9.4², 2.14.3, 3.9.15, 3.16.18

5.4.676 - Trumpet, Fourth

Trumpet, Fourth⁵ : 3.16.8², 2.14.3, 3.6.12, 3.9.15

5.4.677 - Trumpet, Second

Trumpet, Second⁷ : 2.14.2, 2.14.3, 3.7.1, 3.8.2, 3.9.15, 3.11.6, 3.16.3

5.4.678 - Trumpet, Seventh

Trumpet, Seventh⁶⁹ : 3.11.15¹², 2.13.5.4⁷, 2.14.2⁶, 3.10.1³, 3.11.14³, 3.15.1³, 2.14.3², 3.5.1², 3.8.1², 3.10.7², 3.11.18², 3.11.19², 3.12.10², 3.16.17², 2.4.2, 3.5.5, 3.5.6, 3.6.1, 3.8.2, 3.8.13, 3.9.12, 3.9.16, 3.10.4, 3.12.5, 3.15.4, (19 more . . .)

5.4.679 - Trumpet, Sixth

Trumpet, Sixth³² : 3.10.1⁸, 3.16.12⁷, 2.13.5.4², 2.14.1², 3.9.15², 2.14.3, 3.3.10.1, 3.8.13, 3.9.1, 3.9.7, 3.9.12, 3.9.13, 3.9.20, 3.11.5, 3.11.14, 4.3.2.19

5.4.680 - Trumpet, Third

Trumpet, Third⁸ : 3.16.4², 2.14.3, 3.7.16, 3.8.8, 3.9.1, 3.9.15, 3.11.6

5.4.681 - Twelve

Twelve²¹¹ : 2.7.5.3.7³⁹, 3.7.4²⁶, 3.4.4¹⁶, 3.21.12¹⁴, 2.7.5.2⁷, 3.4.3⁷, 3.21.14⁶, 3.12.1⁵, 3.21.19.1⁵, 3.1.20⁴, 3.7.5⁴, 4.11.6.1⁴, 4.17.3.2.3⁴, 2.7.5.1³, 3.2.17³, 3.3.21³, 3.14.1³, 4.11.5³, 4.11.7³, 4.17.4³, 2.6.1², 2.13.5.2², 3.1.7², 3.16.12², 3.16.20², (39 more . . .)

5.4.682 - Twelve Tribes

Twelve Tribes⁵⁸ : 3.7.4¹³, 2.7.5.3.7⁷, 3.21.12⁷, 3.4.4⁵, 4.11.6.1³, 4.17.3.2.3³, 4.17.4³, 2.7.5.2², 3.21.13², 4.11.7², 4.17.1², 3.1.7, 3.4.3, 3.7.5, 3.14.1, 3.16.12, 3.21.19.1, 4.7.2, 4.11.5, 4.17.2.4

5.4.683 - Type

Type⁹¹ : 4.15.1.5⁸, 2.2.2.2⁷, 3.4.1⁷, 4.14.9⁷, 2.7.5.1⁴, 4.12.4⁴, 2.7.2², 3.2.22², 3.5.1², 3.15.2², 4.2.3², 4.3.2², 4.11.9², 4.16.3.1², 4.16.5.10.2², 2.2.2.3, 2.7.5.3.7, 2.11.4.1.2, 2.12.2, 2.12.2.1, 2.14.1, 3.1.5, 3.1.13, 3.2.1, 3.6.2, (36 more . . .)

5.4.684 - Unbiblical

See Extra-Biblical.

5.4.685 - Uncial

Uncial⁷ : 5.2.80³, 5.2.41², 2.2.2.4, 3.2.20

5.4.686 - Urim

Urim⁹ : 3.2.17⁹

5.4.687 - Valley of Jehoshaphat

Valley of Jehoshaphat²¹ : 4.5.3.2⁵, 3.14.20⁴, 4.5.4⁴, 4.5.2³, 3.10.3², 3.9.1, 3.14.18, 3.17.14

5.4.688 - Valley of Jezreel

See Jezreel Valley.

5.4.689 - Vatican

Vatican² : 3.5.9, 4.1.3.3

5.4.690 - Vengeance

Vengeance⁶⁵ : 3.18.20⁶, 3.19.2⁴, 3.6.10³, 3.6.11³, 3.13.10³, 3.15.3³, 4.5.5.1³, 3.1.1², 3.5.8², 3.9.1², 3.14.18², 3.14.20², 3.19.14², 4.1.3.4², 2.11.1, 2.13.3, 3.1.13, 3.2.27, 3.3.7, 3.5.9, 3.8.8, 3.10.7, 3.12.6.1, 3.13.8, 3.14.12, (26 more . . .)

5.4.691 - Victorinus

Victorinus²³ : 4.11.9⁶, 2.11.4.2.1³, 2.12.5³, 2.9.4.1², 2.14.1², 3.10.11², 2.5.1, 3.1.9, 3.15.3, 4.2.7, 4.7.1

5.4.692 - Vine

Vine³⁷ : 3.14.18⁵, 3.6.6⁴, 4.5.5.1⁴, 2.11.2², 3.11.4², 3.11.8², 3.15.3², 3.16.9², 3.22.2², 2.7.5.3.5, 3.3.1, 3.3.2, 3.6.14, 3.8.7, 3.9.8, 3.15.8, 3.19.9, 4.2.5, 4.5.5, 4.11.7, 5.2.63

5.4.693 - Virgin

Virgin⁵³ : 4.10.2¹⁴, 3.14.4⁷, 3.12.2⁴, 3.12.1², 3.12.1.1², 4.2.7², 4.10.3², 4.10.5², 2.5, 2.6.1, 3.1.1, 3.1.5, 3.1.13, 3.2.1, 3.5.3, 3.12.9, 3.14.1.2, 3.18.7, 3.22.6, 4.1.3.4, 4.1.4.1, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.10.4, 4.14.3, 4.16.5.8, (18 more . . .)

5.4.694 - Voice

Voice²³⁷ : 3.10.3²², 3.14.2²², 3.10.4¹¹, 3.19.1⁹, 3.21.3⁹, 3.4.1⁸, 3.1.15⁶, 3.9.13⁶, 3.19.6⁶, 3.3.20⁵, 3.16.17⁵, 3.6.1⁴, 3.12.6.1⁴, 3.19.5⁴, 3.4.5³, 3.10.8³, 3.11.1³, 3.14.1.2³, 3.14.13³, 3.16.1³, 2.4.2², 2.5.1², 3.1.10², 3.1.13², 3.2.28², (88 more . . .)

5.4.695 - Vulgate

Vulgate¹¹ : 3.22.19³, 4.14.1³, 3.12.2, 3.13.18, 4.14.2, 5.2.5, 5.2.81

5.4.696 - Wall

Wall⁴⁹ : 3.21.12⁵, 3.21.2³, 3.14.1², 3.21.17², 3.21.18², 3.21.19², 3.22.2², 4.1.2.2², 4.11.7², 5.2.27², 2.7.5.3.2, 2.7.5.3.7, 2.13.1, 3.2.1, 3.2.7, 3.2.17, 3.4.3, 3.5.6, 3.6.8, 3.6.17, 3.9.11, 3.10.10, 3.11.2, 3.12.6.1, 3.13.7, (25 more . . .)

5.4.697 - War

War¹⁵⁹ : 3.17.14⁸, 4.5.2⁶, 3.6.2⁵, 3.6.8⁵, 3.6.12⁴, 3.8.7⁴, 3.13.4⁴, 3.19.11⁴, 2.13.3³, 2.14.3³, 3.3.10³, 3.6.4³, 3.9.16³, 3.12.6³, 3.12.7³, 3.13.7³, 3.16.14³, 4.1.3.5.2³, 4.5³, 4.16.5.8³, 4.17.3.1³, 2.13.1², 3.6.1², 3.9.11², 3.11.2², (72 more . . .)

5.4.698 - Watch

Watch⁹⁰ : 3.16.15²⁰, 3.3.3¹⁷, 3.3.2⁹, 3.2.28⁵, 3.1.3², 3.2.2², 3.22.16², 4.8.2², 4.14.8², 2.2.13, 2.13.1, 2.13.5.2, 3.1.7, 3.1.20, 3.3.1, 3.3.10, 3.6.2, 3.6.4, 3.8.2, 3.10.6, 3.10.10, 3.11.11, 3.12.7, 3.12.17, 3.13.1, (29 more . . .)

5.4.699 - Water

Water²⁵⁴ : 3.21.6¹⁸, 4.11.7¹⁷, 3.15.2¹⁰, 3.8.11⁹, 3.3.15⁷, 3.7.17⁷, 3.8.8⁷, 3.8.10⁷, 3.16.5⁷, 3.17.1⁶, 3.22.17⁶, 3.12.6⁵, 3.16.4⁵, 3.22.1⁵, 3.22.2⁵, 3.8.7⁴, 3.11.6⁴, 3.14.2⁴, 3.17.9⁴, 4.17.2.1⁴, 3.13.1³, 3.16.12³, 3.17.15³, 3.19.6³, 3.22.20³, (98 more . . .)

5.4.700 - Water of Life

Water of Life²⁴ : 3.21.6⁸, 3.22.17⁴, 3.7.17³, 3.22.1², 4.16.5.5², 2.2.1, 3.3.1, 3.8.11, 3.12.15, 3.22.2

5.4.701 - Wedding

See Marriage.

5.4.702 - Weep

Weep¹⁵ : 3.5.4⁴, 3.15.8², 3.6.12, 3.9.20, 3.18.11, 3.18.15, 3.19.9, 3.21.1, 4.1.2.2, 4.11.3, 4.11.7

5.4.703 - West

West⁴⁶ : 4.7.2⁵, 4.19.3⁴, 3.16.12³, 3.21.13³, 4.14.1², 2.7.5.3.3, 2.10.2, 2.11.3.2, 2.12.4, 3.2.13, 3.7.1, 3.9.14, 3.9.21, 3.11.3, 3.13.5, 3.16.16, 3.16.19, 3.17.14, 3.19.9, 3.19.17, 4.5.3.1, 4.5.3.3, 4.5.5, 4.7, 4.11.5, (29 more . . .)

5.4.704 - Wheat

Wheat²⁷ : 3.14.15⁹, 3.6.6⁶, 2.4.4², 3.8.7², 3.14.18², 3.2.10, 3.6.8, 3.13.12, 3.14.14, 3.18.12, 4.2.5

5.4.705 - White

White²¹⁰ : 3.2.17³², 4.19.3¹², 3.6.2¹¹, 3.3.5¹⁰, 4.19.2¹⁰, 3.3.4⁷, 3.7.9⁷, 3.1.14⁵, 3.19.14⁵, 3.3.18⁴, 3.19.8⁴, 3.19.20⁴, 4.5.5.1⁴, 4.19.4⁴, 3.4.4³, 3.11.18³, 3.15.6³, 3.16.15³, 3.19.11³, 3.19.13³, 3.20.5.1³, 3.20.11³, 4.15.1.3³, 4.17.2.3³, 2.14.3², (59 more . . .)

5.4.706 - White Robes

White Robes²⁵ : 3.3.5⁵, 3.7.9⁴, 3.3.18³, 3.19.8³, 3.16.15², 3.19.13², 3.3.4, 3.4.4, 3.6.11, 3.15.6, 4.15.1.3, 4.15.1.4.5

5.4.707 - Widow

Widow⁹ : 3.12.6², 3.18.7², 3.1.5, 3.1.13, 3.5.9, 3.17.4, 4.1.3.5.2

5.4.708 - Wilderness

Wilderness¹²⁸ : 3.12.6²⁰, 3.2.17⁸, 3.12.6.1⁶, 3.12.17⁶, 3.2.4⁵, 3.7.9⁵, 3.12.14⁴, 2.13.4³, 3.14.1.1³, 3.17.3³, 3.21.13³, 4.16.5.2³, 3.4.1², 3.10.1², 3.10.4², 3.12.1², 3.12.1.1², 3.16.20², 3.18.2², 4.2.2², 4.7.2², 4.7.3², 4.15.1.5², 4.16.2², 2.7.5.3.3, (35 more . . .)

5.4.709 - Wind

Wind⁵² : 3.7.1¹⁶, 2.2.11², 2.7.5.3.3², 3.9.20², 2.2.12, 2.7.2, 2.13.1, 2.13.7, 2.14.1, 3.3.1, 3.3.15, 3.6.6, 3.6.12, 3.7.4, 3.8.7, 3.9.4, 3.12.16, 3.13.15, 3.14.1, 3.14.1.1, 3.14.16, 3.14.18, 3.16.4, 3.16.12, 3.16.19, (30 more . . .)

5.4.710 - Wine

Wine⁷³ : 3.6.6¹², 3.14.8⁸, 3.14.10⁷, 4.1.4.2.2⁵, 3.16.9⁴, 3.17.2⁴, 3.16.19³, 3.18.3³, 3.15.7², 2.2.6, 2.7.5.7, 2.14.3, 3.2.17, 3.2.22, 3.3.1, 3.3.21, 3.6.4, 3.7.17, 3.13.8, 3.14.15, 3.14.18, 3.15.3, 3.16.6, 3.16.17, 3.17.15, (25 more . . .)

5.4.711 - Winepress

Winepress⁴⁰ : 4.5.5.1¹², 3.19.15⁶, 3.14.19³, 3.10.3², 3.12.6.1², 3.14.18², 3.15.1², 3.19.13², 4.5.2², 3.6.10, 3.14.10, 3.14.20, 3.17.14, 3.19.21, 4.5.4, 4.5.6

5.4.712 - Wing

Wing⁵⁰ : 3.4.8⁷, 3.12.6⁵, 3.12.14⁵, 3.4.6⁴, 4.3.2.9³, 2.7.5.3.5², 3.9.7², 4.1.3.5.3², 4.3.1², 2.7.5.3.3, 2.13.5.3, 3.2.28, 3.3.2, 3.6.2, 3.7.9, 3.8.5, 3.9.9, 3.10.1, 3.12.1, 3.14.10, 3.15.8, 3.16.1, 3.21.1, 3.22.16, 4.3.2.11, (18 more . . .)

5.4.713 - Wisdom

Wisdom⁹⁰ : 3.13.18⁴, 3.17.9⁴, 2.7.5.7³, 3.1.1³, 3.16.14³, 3.22.2³, 4.12.2.4³, 2.2.6², 3.2.7², 3.3.18², 3.5.10², 3.7.4², 3.9.20², 3.20.10², 3.20.12², 3.22.11², 4.3.2.4², 5.2.5², 2.2.12, 2.2.14, 2.7.5.1, 2.7.5.3.5, 2.7.5.6, 2.13, 3.1.4, (45 more . . .)

5.4.714 - Witchcraft

Witchcraft¹⁰ : 3.9.21³, 3.21.8², 3.13.11, 3.17.4, 3.17.5, 3.18.23, 4.9.2

5.4.715 - Witness

Witness³³¹ : 3.1.2²⁶, 3.19.10²¹, 3.15.5¹⁷, 2.9.4.1¹⁴, 3.11.3¹¹, 3.15.3⁸, 2.7.5.3.1⁷, 2.11.4.2.1⁷, 3.6.9⁷, 3.20.4⁷, 3.3.14⁶, 3.11.19⁶, 3.13.11⁵, 2.2.13⁴, 2.9.4.2⁴, 3.1.5⁴, 3.7.4⁴, 3.12.11⁴, 3.12.17⁴, 3.16.21⁴, 2.11.3.2³, 3.5.9³, 3.6.11³, 3.12.1³, 3.14.13³, (146 more . . .)

5.4.716 - Witnesses

Witnesses²¹⁰ : 3.11.3³⁹, 3.11.3.1¹⁶, 2.7.5.3.1¹¹, 3.11.7⁹, 3.11.13⁷, 3.12.1⁶, 3.5.1⁵, 3.7.4⁵, 3.11.5⁵, 3.14.1.1⁵, 2.7.5.4.2⁴, 3.11.6⁴, 3.11.1³, 3.11.4³, 3.11.10³, 3.11.14³, 2.7.5.3.2², 2.9.4.1², 2.12.5², 2.13.5.4², 2.13.7², 3.6.11², 3.10.1², 3.11.8², 3.11.11², (64 more . . .)

5.4.717 - Woe

Woe⁷¹ : 3.9.12⁸, 3.11.14⁸, 3.8.13⁷, 2.14.3⁴, 3.9.1⁴, 3.10.1⁴, 3.12.12⁴, 3.5.1³, 2.13.4², 2.14.2², 3.15.1², 4.1.4.1², 2.7.5.2, 2.7.5.3.2, 3.2.20, 3.3.7, 3.6.8, 3.9.3, 3.9.4, 3.9.13, 3.10.9, 3.10.10, 3.11.2, 3.12.6, 3.13.3, (21 more . . .)

5.4.718 - Woman

Woman³⁵³ : 3.12.1³², 3.12.2²⁵, 4.1.3.5.3¹⁶, 3.12.17¹⁴, 3.2.20¹², 3.12.6¹², 4.1.3.3⁹, 4.9.3⁹, 4.1.4.2.1⁸, 3.17.3⁷, 3.17.9⁷, 3.12.9⁶, 3.17.5⁶, 3.13.1⁵, 3.13.4⁵, 3.21.2⁵, 4.1.4.2.3⁵, 4.2.7⁵, 3.3.3⁴, 3.12.4⁴, 3.12.15⁴, 3.14.4⁴, 3.17.15⁴, 3.17.18⁴, 3.6.17³, (138 more . . .)

5.4.719 - World

World²³⁵⁶ : 3.21.1⁵⁸, 3.9.1³², 3.3.10.1²⁸, 3.3.10²⁵, 2.13.3²³, 4.11.4²³, 4.11.7²³, 4.11.9²², 3.6.2²⁰, 3.8.7²⁰, 3.21.24¹⁹, 3.1.7¹⁸, 3.6.17¹⁸, 3.7.4¹⁸, 3.13.11¹⁸, 4.11.3¹⁸, 2.13.1¹⁷, 3.9.20¹⁷, 3.11.15¹⁷, 2.13.3.1¹⁶, 3.7.1¹⁵, 3.14.6¹⁵, 3.18.3¹⁵, 4.19.3¹⁵, 2.7.5.3.3¹⁴, (1832 more . . .)

5.4.720 - Wormwood

Wormwood¹⁸ : 3.8.11¹⁰, 3.9.1², 3.10.9², 3.16.4², 3.7.4, 3.8.10

5.4.721 - Worship

Worship⁵⁷⁵ : 3.9.20²⁸, 3.13.4²², 2.4.2¹⁶, 3.13.12¹⁵, 3.19.10¹⁵, 3.13.15¹², 3.19.5¹², 4.3.2.19¹², 4.11.7¹¹, 4.9.2¹⁰, 2.11.4.1.2⁹, 3.14.10⁹, 3.15.4⁹, 3.19.4⁹, 4.4.3.4⁹, 2.13.5.4⁸, 3.11.1⁸, 4.4.3.3⁸, 3.13.8⁷, 3.14.11⁷, 3.15.2⁷, 3.2.13⁶, 3.5.9⁶, 3.14.7⁶, 3.17.8⁶, (308 more . . .)

5.4.722 - Worship, Emperor

See Emperor Worship.

5.4.723 - Wound

Wound⁶⁵ : 3.13.3¹¹, 4.2.7.1⁸, 4.3.2.16⁵, 3.13.12⁴, 3.17.8⁴, 3.9.11³, 3.13.1³, 3.1.7², 3.9.1², 3.13.11², 3.16.2², 3.20.4², 4.3.2.13², 2.4.2, 3.9.7, 3.11.7, 3.13.18, 3.17.11, 3.19.21, 3.20.2, 3.22.2, 4.3.2.4, 4.3.2.15, 4.3.2.17, 4.3.2.19, (15 more . . .)

5.4.724 - Wrath

Wrath³⁷⁴ : 3.6.17²⁷, 3.16.1¹⁷, 3.14.10¹⁶, 3.15.1¹⁶, 2.13.3.1¹³, 4.14.6¹³, 3.11.18⁸, 2.13.3⁷, 3.6.16⁷, 3.14.15⁷, 3.16.19⁷, 3.20.12⁷, 4.14.10⁷, 3.6.1⁶, 3.11.19⁶, 3.12.12⁶, 3.15.7⁶, 3.3.10⁵, 3.3.10.1⁵, 3.14.8⁵, 3.15.5⁵, 3.16.21⁵, 4.14.5⁵, 2.14.2⁴, 3.6.2⁴, (160 more . . .)

5.4.725 - Writing, Style

See Style of Writing.

5.4.726 - Years, Thousand

See Millennial Kingdom.

5.4.727 - Years, three and one-half

See 1,260 days.

5.4.728 - Zebulun

Zebulun⁷ : 3.7.8², 3.21.13², 3.21.19.1, 4.7.2, 4.17.3.1

5.4.729 - Zechariah

Zechariah¹⁰⁴ : 3.11.4¹⁴, 3.1.7¹¹, 4.19.3¹⁰, 4.19.2⁹, 4.1.3.5.3⁵, 4.19.4⁵, 4.19.1⁴, 2.13.3³, 3.6.2³, 3.12.6³, 2.11.3.1², 4.2.3², 4.16.5.9², 2.3.1, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.7.5.4.2, 2.7.5.5, 3.1.1, 3.1.4, 3.3.9, 3.6.8, 3.7.10, 3.9.14, 3.10.7, 3.11.1, (31 more . . .)

5.4.730 - Zion, Mount

See Mount Zion.

5.6 - Scripture Index

Every Bible address mentioned within the commentary appears in the list of Bible books below. Within each list, each address is listed along with every section number within the commentary where that address is mentioned. The total number of times an address occurs in the commentary, and within each section, is shown in superscript. Sections which mention the address most often appear first in the list.

5.6.1 - Genesis

5.6.2 - Exodus

5.6.3 - Leviticus

5.6.4 - Numbers

5.6.5 - Deuteronomy

5.6.6 - Joshua

5.6.7 - Judges

5.6.8 - Ruth

5.6.9 - 1 Samuel

5.6.10 - 2 Samuel

5.6.11 - 1 Kings

5.6.12 - 2 Kings

5.6.13 - 1 Chronicles

5.6.14 - 2 Chronicles

5.6.15 - Ezra

5.6.16 - Nehemiah

5.6.17 - Esther

5.6.18 - Job

5.6.19 - Psalms

5.6.20 - Proverbs

5.6.21 - Ecclesiastes

5.6.22 - Song of Solomon

5.6.23 - Isaiah

5.6.24 - Jeremiah

5.6.25 - Lamentations

5.6.26 - Ezekiel

5.6.27 - Daniel

5.6.28 - Hosea

5.6.29 - Joel

5.6.30 - Amos

5.6.31 - Obadiah

5.6.32 - Jonah

5.6.33 - Micah

5.6.34 - Nahum

5.6.35 - Habbakuk

5.6.36 - Zephaniah

5.6.37 - Haggai

5.6.38 - Zechariah

5.6.39 - Malachi

5.6.40 - Matthew

5.6.41 - Mark

5.6.42 - Luke

5.6.43 - John

5.6.44 - Acts

5.6.45 - Romans

5.6.46 - 1 Corinthians

5.6.47 - 2 Corinthians

5.6.48 - Galatians

5.6.49 - Ephesians

5.6.50 - Philippians

5.6.51 - Colossians

5.6.52 - 1 Thessalonians

5.6.53 - 2 Thessalonians

5.6.54 - 1 Timothy

5.6.55 - 2 Timothy

5.6.56 - Titus

5.6.57 - Philemon

5.6.58 - Hebrews

5.6.59 - James

5.6.60 - 1 Peter

5.6.61 - 2 Peter

5.6.62 - 1 John

5.6.63 - 2 John

5.6.64 - 3 John

5.6.65 - Jude

5.6.66 - Revelation

5.6.1 - Genesis

Gen. 1

1:1 ¹⁴ - 2.7.2, 2.7.5.3.1, 2.7.5.3.6, 3.3.12, 3.3.14, 3.4.11, 3.5.6, 3.5.13, 3.12.1, 3.12.2, 3.13.8.1, 3.21.1, 3.21.9, 4.14.4.2

1:2 ⁸ - 3.4.11², 2.13.8, 3.3.1, 3.21.25, 4.14.4.1, 4.14.4.2, 4.16.5.5

1:3 ⁷ - 2.7.3, 2.13.8, 3.1.16, 3.4.11, 3.21.23, 4.14.4.2, 4.16.2

1:4 ³ - 2.13.3, 2.13.8, 3.4.11

1:5 ² - 2.13.3, 3.4.11

1:6 ⁴ - 2.7.5.3.2, 2.13.3, 3.1.16, 3.4.11

1:7 ² - 2.7.5.3.2, 3.4.11

1:8 ² - 2.7.5.3.2, 3.4.11

1:9 ³ - 3.1.16, 3.4.11, 3.10.1.1

1:10 ⁴ - 2.7.5.3.2, 2.13.8, 3.4.11, 3.10.1.1

1:11 ² - 3.1.16, 3.4.11

1:12 ² - 2.7.5.3.2, 3.4.11

1:13 - 3.4.11

1:14 ⁹ - 3.21.23³, 2.13.8, 3.1.16, 3.4.11, 3.6.12, 3.12.1, 4.16.2

1:15 ² - 2.13.8, 3.4.11

1:16 ³ - 2.13.8², 3.4.11

1:17 ² - 2.13.8, 3.4.11

1:18 - 3.4.11

1:19 - 3.4.11

1:20 ² - 3.1.16, 3.4.11

1:21 - 3.4.11

1:22 ² - 3.4.11, 4.1.1

1:23 - 3.4.11

1:24 ² - 3.1.16, 3.4.11

1:25 - 3.4.11

1:26 ⁷ - 2.7.5.3.5, 2.13.8, 3.1.16, 3.4.11, 3.5.2, 3.5.10, 3.6.8

1:27 ⁶ - 2.7.5.3.5, 2.13.8, 3.4.11, 3.5.2, 3.6.8, 3.21.24

1:28 ⁷ - 2.13.8, 3.4.11, 3.5.2, 3.5.10, 3.6.8, 3.21.24, 4.1.1

1:29 ² - 2.2.11, 3.4.11

1:30 - 3.4.11

1:31 ³ - 3.1.6, 3.4.11, 4.11.3

Gen. 2

2:1 ⁷ - 3.2.17², 2.7.5.2, 2.13.8, 3.10.6, 3.21.9, 4.11.9

2:2 ³ - 2.13.8, 3.4.11, 4.17.2.2

2:3 ² - 2.13.8, 3.4.11

2:7 ¹⁰ - 3.1.13³, 3.13.15², 3.1.4, 3.3.1, 3.6.9, 3.9.20, 3.11.11

2:8 ² - 2.13.8, 3.2.7

2:9 ⁸ - 3.22.2⁴, 2.13.8², 3.2.7, 4.16.5.1

2:10 ³ - 2.13.8, 3.16.12, 4.16.5.1

2:12 ² - 2.13.8²

2:15 - 3.22.3

2:16 - 3.22.2

2:17 ⁴ - 2.13.8, 3.1.18, 3.2.23, 3.22.2

2:18 - 2.13.8

2:19 - 2.13.8

2:20 - 2.13.8

2:21 ⁴ - 2.13.8², 3.19.7, 4.10.6

2:22 ⁴ - 2.13.8², 3.19.7, 4.10.6

2:23 ⁴ - 2.13.8², 3.19.7, 4.10.6

2:24 ² - 3.19.7, 4.10.6

2:25 ² - 4.16.1, 4.16.5

Gen. 3

3:1 ¹⁰ - 3.2.17², 2.13.8, 3.8.13, 3.12.4, 3.12.9, 3.13.11, 3.20.2, 4.1.3.5, 4.14.9

3:2 ⁵ - 2.13.8, 3.8.13, 3.12.4, 3.12.9, 3.20.2

3:3 ⁵ - 2.13.8, 3.8.13, 3.12.4, 3.12.9, 3.20.2

3:4 ⁶ - 3.12.9², 2.13.8, 3.8.13, 3.12.4, 3.20.2

3:5 ⁵ - 2.13.8, 3.8.13, 3.12.4, 3.12.9, 3.20.2

3:6 ³ - 2.4.3, 3.20.2, 4.14.9

3:7 ² - 3.3.18, 4.16.1

3:8 ¹³ - 4.16.2⁴, 2.13.8², 3.2.7, 3.3.4, 3.3.12, 3.3.18, 3.6.15, 4.16.1, 4.16.5

3:9 - 3.3.18

3:10 ² - 3.3.18, 3.22.20

3:11 - 3.3.18

3:13 - 3.12.2

3:14 ⁵ - 2.4.3, 3.4.11, 3.12.2, 3.12.9, 4.14.9

3:15 ²⁷ - 3.12.1⁴, 2.13.8³, 3.12.4³, 3.12.2², 4.2.6², 2.4.3, 3.2.7, 3.4.11, 3.5.5, 3.12.9, 3.13.4, 3.16.17, 3.20.2, 3.22.3, 4.2.1, 4.2.5, 4.2.7, 4.11.4

3:16 ⁶ - 2.4.3, 3.4.11, 3.12.2, 3.12.9, 3.22.3, 4.11.4

3:17 ⁶ - 2.13.8², 2.4.3, 3.4.11, 3.22.3, 4.11.4

3:18 ⁸ - 2.13.8², 3.22.3², 2.4.3, 3.4.11, 4.11.4, 4.16.3.1

3:19 ¹¹ - 2.13.8², 3.21.4², 3.22.3², 2.4.3, 3.1.18, 3.4.11, 4.11.4, 4.14.9

3:21 ⁵ - 2.13.8, 3.1.5, 3.3.18, 3.13.8, 4.16.1

3:22 ⁸ - 3.22.2⁵, 3.2.7, 4.16.5.1, 4.16.5.11

3:23 ⁵ - 3.22.2³, 2.13.8, 3.2.7

3:24 ¹⁸ - 2.13.8⁴, 3.22.2⁴, 3.4.6², 4.16.1², 4.16.5.1², 3.2.7, 4.5.1, 4.7.2, 4.16.2

Gen. 4

4:1 ² - 2.13.8, 3.12.2

4:3 ² - 3.1.5, 4.16.1

4:4 ³ - 3.1.5², 4.16.1

4:5 ² - 3.1.5, 4.16.1

4:6 - 4.16.1

4:7 ² - 4.16.1²

4:8 - 3.12.4

4:10 ² - 3.18.5, 3.18.24

4:15 - 3.12.1

Gen. 5

5:1 - 4.14.2

5:22 - 3.3.4

5:24 ⁸ - 3.3.10², 3.1.5, 3.3.12, 3.11.3.1, 4.14.2, 4.14.5, 4.16.2

Gen. 6

6:1 ³ - 2.13.8, 3.9.1, 3.12.4

6:2 ⁶ - 3.12.4³, 3.9.1, 3.19.10, 3.21.7

6:3 ⁹ - 3.12.4³, 4.14.4.2², 3.1.4, 3.9.1, 3.9.13, 3.15.8

6:4 ⁹ - 3.9.1³, 3.12.4³, 3.19.10, 3.21.7, 4.2.7

6:5 ² - 2.13.8, 3.11.18

6:9 - 3.3.4

6:13 - 3.11.18

6:14 - 3.11.19

Gen. 7

7:1 - 4.5.1

7:11 ² - 2.13.5.2, 3.21.1

7:13 ² - 3.3.10²

7:24 ³ - 2.7.5.3.4, 2.13.5.2, 3.9.5

Gen. 8

8:3 - 2.13.5.2

8:4 - 2.13.5.2

8:5 - 3.11.3

8:22 - 2.7.5.3.3

Gen. 9

9:1 ⁵ - 2.13.8, 3.5.5, 3.21.24, 4.1.1, 4.5.1

9:2 ² - 3.6.8²

9:3 ³ - 3.6.8², 2.2.11

9:4 ⁴ - 3.1.5², 3.5.9, 3.17.6

9:5 - 3.13.10

9:7 - 4.1.1

9:11 - 3.10.1

9:12 ⁴ - 3.10.1, 3.12.1, 3.21.19.1, 4.7.2

9:13 ⁴ - 3.4.3, 3.10.1, 3.21.19.1, 4.7.2

9:14 ³ - 3.4.3, 3.10.1, 3.21.19.1

9:15 ⁴ - 3.2.5, 3.4.3, 3.10.1, 3.21.19.1

9:16 ⁵ - 3.10.1², 3.2.5, 3.4.3, 3.21.19.1

9:17 ³ - 3.10.1, 3.21.19.1, 4.7.2

9:26 - 3.5.5

9:27 - 3.1.7

Gen. 10

10:1 ² - 3.4.6, 3.17.18

10:2 - 3.20.8

10:8 ⁹ - 4.3.2.5², 2.13.8, 3.14.8, 3.17.5, 4.1.1, 4.3.2.4.1, 4.5.2, 4.11.4

10:9 ¹⁰ - 4.1.1², 4.3.2.5², 2.13.8, 3.14.8, 3.17.5, 4.3.2.4.1, 4.5.2, 4.11.4

10:10 ¹² - 4.3.2.5², 2.13.8, 3.14.8, 3.17.1, 3.17.5, 3.17.18.1, 4.1.1, 4.1.3.5.3, 4.3.2.4.1, 4.5.2, 4.11.4

10:11 ² - 4.1.1, 4.3.2.5

10:12 ² - 4.1.1, 4.3.2.5

Gen. 11

11:1 ⁸ - 4.1.1², 4.5.2², 4.11.4², 3.17.18, 4.3.2.5

11:2 ⁷ - 4.1.1², 3.17.1, 4.1.3.5.3, 4.3.2.5, 4.5.2, 4.11.4

11:3 ⁶ - 4.1.1², 4.1.3.5.3, 4.3.2.5, 4.5.2, 4.11.4

11:4 ¹³ - 4.1.1², 3.3.1, 3.6.12, 3.6.13, 3.16.8, 3.17.18.1, 3.18.5, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.3.2.5, 4.5.1, 4.5.2, 4.11.4

11:5 ⁵ - 4.1.1², 4.3.2.5, 4.5.2, 4.11.4

11:6 ⁸ - 4.1.1², 4.5.2², 4.11.4², 3.9.20, 4.3.2.5

11:7 ⁷ - 4.1.1², 4.11.4², 4.3.2.5, 4.5.1, 4.5.2

11:8 ⁴ - 4.1.1², 4.3.2.5, 4.5.1

11:9 ¹⁰ - 4.1.1³, 4.3.2.5², 3.17.1, 3.17.15, 4.5.1, 4.5.2, 4.11.4

Gen. 12

12:1 - 4.5.1

12:2 ³ - 3.5.5, 3.10.3, 4.5.1

12:3 ⁷ - 3.1.7⁵, 3.10.3, 4.5.1

Gen. 13

13:3 - 3.2.5

13:4 - 3.2.5

13:10 - 3.2.7

13:13 - 3.11.8

13:15 ³ - 3.10.2², 4.11.4

Gen. 14

14:1 ² - 3.9.14, 4.1.3.5.3

14:9 - 4.1.3.5.3

14:14 ² - 4.12.2.1, 5.2.21

14:22 - 3.10.5

Gen. 15

15:1 - 4.5.1

15:6 ² - 4.4, 4.16.5.8

15:7 - 3.5.10

15:9 - 3.1.5

15:10 - 3.1.5

15:11 - 3.1.5

15:12 - 3.1.5

15:13 - 3.1.5

15:14 - 3.1.5

15:15 - 3.1.5

15:16 ⁴ - 3.1.5, 3.14.18, 3.18.5, 3.22.20

15:17 ⁵ - 4.16.2², 2.13.8, 3.1.5, 3.4.5

15:18 ⁴ - 3.1.5, 3.5.10, 3.9.14, 3.16.12

15:19 - 3.1.5

15:20 - 3.1.5

15:21 - 3.1.5

Gen. 16

16:7 - 3.10.1.1

16:8 - 3.10.1.1

16:9 - 3.10.1.1

16:10 - 3.10.1.1

16:11 - 3.10.1.1

Gen. 17

17:8 - 4.11.4

17:19 - 3.5.5

Gen. 18

18:6 - 3.22.2

18:7 - 3.22.2

18:8 - 3.22.2

18:20 - 3.18.5

18:21 - 3.18.5

18:23 - 3.3.10

18:24 - 3.3.10

18:25 ³ - 3.3.4, 3.3.10, 3.16.7

18:26 - 3.3.10

18:27 - 3.3.10

18:28 - 3.3.10

18:29 - 3.3.10

18:30 - 3.3.10

18:31 - 3.3.10

18:32 - 3.3.10

Gen. 19

19:12 - 3.18.4

19:13 ² - 3.18.4, 3.18.5

19:14 - 3.18.4

19:15 - 3.18.4

19:21 - 3.3.10

19:22 ³ - 3.3.4, 3.3.10, 4.14.9

19:24 ⁴ - 3.9.17, 3.11.8, 3.14.10, 3.20.9

19:25 - 3.14.10

19:28 - 3.9.2

Gen. 20

20:6 ² - 3.1.4, 4.14.4.2

Gen. 21

21:12 - 3.5.5

21:19 - 3.1.1

21:33 - 3.1.11

Gen. 22

22:1 ⁵ - 3.2.10, 3.4.1, 4.14.9, 4.16.3, 4.16.3.1

22:2 ⁵ - 4.16.3.1³, 3.12.2, 4.16.3

22:4 - 4.16.3.1

22:5 - 4.16.3.1

22:7 - 4.16.3.1

22:8 ² - 3.5.6, 4.16.3.1

22:9 ² - 4.16.3.1, 4.16.5.8

22:11 - 3.10.1.1

22:12 ² - 4.16.3, 4.16.3.1

22:13 ³ - 4.16.3.1³

22:14 ² - 4.16.3, 4.16.3.1

22:15 - 3.10.1.1

22:18 - 3.5.5

Gen. 24

24:1 - 2.13.8

Gen. 25

25:23 - 3.5.5

25:30 - 4.5.3.5

Gen. 26

26:2 ² - 3.1.10, 3.5.5

26:4 - 3.5.10

26:5 - 3.5.5

26:24 - 3.1.10

Gen. 27

27:27 - 3.5.5

Gen. 28

28:3 - 3.5.5

28:13 - 3.5.5

28:14 ⁵ - 3.1.7⁴, 3.5.5

28:15 - 3.5.5

28:18 - 4.17.2.3

Gen. 29

29:32 - 3.7.5

29:33 - 3.7.7

29:34 - 3.7.7

29:35 ³ - 3.7.5², 3.5.9

Gen. 30

30:6 - 4.7.2

30:8 - 3.7.6

30:11 - 3.7.5

30:13 - 3.7.6

30:18 - 3.7.7

30:20 - 3.7.8

30:24 ² - 3.7.6, 3.7.8

Gen. 31

31:10 - 4.19.2

31:12 - 4.19.2

31:19 - 3.4.6

31:34 - 3.4.6

31:35 - 3.4.6

31:42 ² - 3.1.17²

31:53 ² - 3.1.17²

Gen. 32

32:9 - 3.5.5

32:28 - 2.13.4

32:29 ⁴ - 3.2.17, 3.3.12, 3.19.12, 4.5.5.1

32:30 ² - 3.22.4, 4.16.1

Gen. 33

33:1 - 3.5.5

33:2 - 3.5.5

33:3 - 3.5.5

33:4 - 3.5.5

33:5 - 3.5.5

33:6 - 3.5.5

33:7 - 3.5.5

33:8 - 3.5.5

33:9 - 3.5.5

33:10 ² - 3.5.5, 4.16.1

33:11 - 3.5.5

33:12 - 3.5.5

33:13 - 3.5.5

33:14 - 3.5.5

33:15 - 3.5.5

33:16 - 3.5.5

33:17 - 3.5.5

33:18 - 3.5.5

33:19 - 3.5.5

33:20 - 3.5.5

Gen. 34

34:25 - 3.5.5

Gen. 35

35:11 - 3.5.5

35:12 - 3.5.10

35:18 - 3.7.8

35:22 ³ - 2.7.5.1, 2.7.5.3.7, 3.5.5

35:23 - 2.7.5.1

35:24 - 2.7.5.1

35:25 - 2.7.5.1

35:26 - 2.7.5.1

Gen. 36

36:6 - 3.18.13

Gen. 37

37:3 - 3.1.13

37:9 ⁴ - 3.1.20², 3.12.1²

37:10 ² - 3.12.1²

37:31 - 4.5.5.1

Gen. 38

38:30 - 4.17.2.3

Gen. 41

41:1 - 4.7.2

41:6 ² - 3.7.1, 3.7.2

41:23 - 3.7.2

41:27 ² - 3.7.1, 3.7.2

41:51 - 3.7.6

Gen. 43

43:1 - 3.5.5

43:2 - 3.5.5

43:3 - 3.5.5

43:4 - 3.5.5

43:5 - 3.5.5

43:6 - 3.5.5

43:7 - 3.5.5

43:8 - 3.5.5

43:9 - 3.5.5

43:10 - 3.5.5

43:11 - 3.5.5

43:12 - 3.5.5

43:13 - 3.5.5

43:14 - 3.5.5

43:15 - 3.5.5

43:16 - 3.5.5

43:17 - 3.5.5

43:18 - 3.5.5

43:19 - 3.5.5

43:20 - 3.5.5

43:21 - 3.5.5

43:22 - 3.5.5

43:23 - 3.5.5

43:24 - 3.5.5

43:25 - 3.5.5

43:26 - 3.5.5

43:27 - 3.5.5

43:28 - 3.5.5

43:29 - 3.5.5

43:30 - 3.5.5

43:31 - 3.5.5

43:32 - 3.5.5

43:33 - 3.5.5

43:34 ² - 2.7.5.3.4, 3.5.5

Gen. 44

44:14 - 3.12.1

Gen. 45

45:22 - 2.7.5.3.4

Gen. 46

46:2 - 3.1.10

Gen. 47

47:2 - 2.7.5.3.4

47:3 - 2.7.5.3.4

47:4 - 2.7.5.3.4

47:5 - 2.7.5.3.4

47:6 - 2.7.5.3.4

47:9 - 3.11.3

47:28 - 3.11.3

Gen. 48

48:4 - 3.5.5

48:14 - 3.5.5

48:18 - 3.5.5

48:19 - 3.5.5

Gen. 49

49:1 - 3.7.4

49:3 ³ - 3.4.3, 3.5.5, 3.7.4

49:4 ² - 3.4.3, 3.5.5

49:5 ³ - 3.4.3, 3.5.5, 3.7.4

49:6 ³ - 3.4.3, 3.5.5, 3.7.4

49:7 ³ - 3.4.3, 3.5.5, 3.7.4

49:8 - 3.4.3

49:9 ⁶ - 3.5.5², 4.7², 3.4.3, 4.7.2

49:10 ¹⁰ - 3.5.5⁴, 3.2.26, 3.3.7, 3.4.3, 3.12.4, 3.19.15, 4.17.2.3

49:11 ² - 3.4.3, 4.5.5.1

49:12 - 3.4.3

49:13 - 3.4.3

49:14 ² - 3.4.3, 4.2.3

49:15 - 3.4.3

49:16 ³ - 3.4.3, 4.7, 4.7.2

49:17 ² - 3.4.3, 3.13.11

49:18 - 3.4.3

49:19 ⁴ - 3.4.3, 3.7.4, 3.16.16, 4.17.2.4.1

49:20 ² - 3.4.3, 3.7.4

49:21 - 3.4.3

49:22 - 3.4.3

49:23 - 3.4.3

49:24 - 3.4.3

49:25 - 3.4.3

49:26 - 3.4.3

49:27 - 3.4.3

49:28 - 2.7.5.3.7

49:31 - 3.12.1

5.6.2 - Exodus

Ex. 1

1:13 - 3.11.8

1:14 - 3.11.8

1:15 - 3.12.3

1:16 ² - 3.12.3, 3.12.4

1:17 ² - 3.1.17, 3.12.3

1:18 - 3.12.3

1:19 - 3.12.3

1:20 - 3.12.3

1:21 - 3.12.3

1:22 ² - 3.12.3, 3.12.4

Ex. 3

3:2 ⁴ - 2.13.8, 3.1.8, 3.10.1.1, 4.16.2

3:5 - 3.1.15

3:6 ⁷ - 3.1.8, 3.1.18, 3.7.2, 3.9.20, 3.20.11, 3.22.4, 4.16.1

3:7 ⁴ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.11.8, 3.19.21, 4.17.2.3

3:8 - 3.5.10

3:14 ³ - 3.1.8², 3.1.4

3:15 ³ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.19.21, 4.17.2.3

3:17 - 3.5.10

3:18 ³ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.19.21, 4.17.2.3

Ex. 4

4:9 - 3.11.6

4:22 - 2.13.4

Ex. 6

6:4 - 3.5.10

6:6 ³ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.19.21, 4.17.2.3

Ex. 7

7:3 - 2.13.7

7:4 - 3.17.17

7:11 - 3.13.13

7:12 ² - 2.13.7, 3.6.1

7:13 ³ - 2.13.7, 3.2.21, 3.9.20

7:17 - 3.11.6

7:18 ² - 3.11.6, 3.16.3

7:19 ³ - 3.8.7, 3.8.8, 3.11.6

7:20 ⁴ - 2.13.7, 3.11.3.1, 3.11.6, 3.16.4

7:21 ² - 3.11.6, 3.16.3

7:22 ² - 3.9.21, 3.13.13

7:23 ³ - 2.13.7, 3.2.21, 3.9.20

Ex. 8

8:2 - 3.16.13

8:3 - 3.16.13

8:4 - 3.16.13

8:5 - 3.16.13

8:6 ² - 2.13.7, 3.16.13

8:7 ² - 3.13.13, 3.16.13

8:8 - 3.16.13

8:9 - 3.16.13

8:10 - 3.16.13

8:11 - 3.16.13

8:12 - 3.16.13

8:13 - 3.16.13

8:15 ⁴ - 2.13.7, 3.2.21, 3.9.20, 3.16.9

8:18 - 3.13.13

8:19 ³ - 2.13.7, 3.2.21, 3.9.20

8:22 - 2.13.7

8:24 - 2.13.7

8:32 ² - 3.2.21, 3.9.20

Ex. 9

9:6 ² - 2.13.7²

9:8 - 3.16.2

9:9 - 3.16.2

9:10 ² - 2.13.7, 3.16.2

9:11 - 3.16.2

9:14 - 3.11.3.1

9:16 ² - 2.13.7, 3.13.7

9:17 - 3.13.7

9:22 ² - 2.13.7, 3.8.7

9:23 ⁷ - 2.13.7², 3.16.21², 3.4.5, 3.8.7, 3.12.16

9:24 ⁴ - 3.4.5, 3.8.7, 3.12.16, 3.16.21

9:25 ³ - 3.4.5, 3.12.16, 3.16.21

9:26 - 3.4.5

9:27 - 3.4.5

9:28 - 3.4.5

9:29 - 3.4.5

9:30 - 3.4.5

9:31 - 3.4.5

9:32 - 3.4.5

9:33 ² - 3.4.5, 3.16.1

9:34 ⁵ - 2.13.7, 3.2.21, 3.4.5, 3.9.20, 3.16.9

9:35 - 3.16.9

Ex. 10

10:12 ² - 3.8.7, 3.9.3

10:13 ⁴ - 2.13.7, 3.7.1, 3.7.2, 3.9.3

10:14 - 3.9.3

10:15 ² - 3.9.3, 3.9.4

10:21 ³ - 3.8.7, 3.8.12, 3.16.10

10:22 ³ - 2.13.7, 3.8.12, 3.16.10

10:23 ² - 3.8.12, 3.16.10

Ex. 11

11:5 - 3.5.6

11:6 - 3.5.6

11:9 ² - 2.13.7, 3.9.20

Ex. 12

12:3 ² - 3.5.6²

12:4 ² - 3.5.6²

12:5 ³ - 3.5.6², 4.16.5.10.2

12:6 ³ - 3.5.6², 4.16.5.10.2

12:7 - 3.5.6

12:8 - 3.5.6

12:9 - 3.5.6

12:10 - 3.5.6

12:11 - 3.5.6

12:12 - 3.5.6

12:13 ² - 3.3.10, 3.5.6

12:23 ³ - 3.1.5², 3.5.9

12:25 - 3.5.10

12:29 - 2.13.7

12:40 - 4.17.2.2

12:46 - 3.5.6

Ex. 13

13:2 - 3.5.5

13:5 - 3.5.10

13:9 ² - 3.12.1, 3.13.16

13:11 - 3.5.10

13:15 - 3.5.5

13:16 - 3.13.16

13:21 ⁴ - 2.13.8, 3.1.7, 3.10.1, 4.16.2

13:22 ⁴ - 2.13.8, 3.1.7, 3.10.1, 4.16.2

Ex. 14

14:10 - 2.4.2

14:19 ⁴ - 2.13.8, 3.10.1, 3.10.1.1, 4.16.2

14:20 ² - 2.13.8, 4.16.2

14:21 ⁴ - 2.13.7, 3.7.1, 3.7.2, 3.12.16

14:24 ³ - 2.13.8, 3.10.1, 4.16.2

14:28 - 3.21.1

14:30 - 3.14.3

Ex. 15

15:1 ⁷ - 3.15.3⁴, 3.15.2², 3.14.3

15:2 ⁴ - 3.15.3⁴

15:3 ³ - 3.15.3³

15:4 ³ - 3.15.3³

15:5 ³ - 3.15.3³

15:6 ³ - 3.15.3³

15:7 ³ - 3.15.3³

15:8 ³ - 3.15.3³

15:9 ³ - 3.15.3³

15:10 ³ - 3.15.3³

15:11 ⁷ - 3.15.3⁴, 3.1.17, 3.4.8, 3.13.4

15:12 ⁴ - 3.15.3³, 3.12.16

15:13 ⁴ - 3.15.3³, 3.5.9

15:14 ⁴ - 3.15.3⁴

15:15 ⁴ - 3.15.3⁴

15:16 ⁴ - 3.15.3⁴

15:17 ⁴ - 3.15.3³, 3.5.9

15:18 ⁴ - 3.15.3³, 3.11.15

15:20 - 3.2.20

15:25 ² - 3.2.10, 3.8.11

Ex. 16

16:4 - 3.2.10

16:10 ⁵ - 2.4.2, 2.13.8, 3.1.7, 3.10.1.1, 4.16.2

16:20 - 3.11.19

16:31 - 3.2.17

16:32 ² - 3.2.17²

16:33 ² - 3.2.17²

16:34 ³ - 3.2.17², 3.11.19

16:35 ² - 3.2.17, 3.11.19

Ex. 17

17:6 ² - 3.4.6, 3.21.6

Ex. 19

19:4 - 3.12.14

19:5 ³ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.19.21, 4.17.2.3

19:6 ⁶ - 3.1.6², 2.7.5.3.7, 3.5.10, 3.19.21, 4.17.2.3

19:9 - 3.1.7

19:13 - 4.16.4

19:16 ⁵ - 3.1.7, 3.1.10, 3.4.5, 3.8.6, 4.16.4

19:17 - 3.4.5

19:18 ⁴ - 4.16.2², 2.13.8, 3.4.5

19:19 ² - 3.8.6, 4.16.4

19:21 ² - 3.20.11, 4.16.1

Ex. 20

20:1 ³ - 3.2.17³

20:2 ² - 3.2.17, 3.11.8

20:3 ² - 3.2.17, 3.19.10

20:4 ⁵ - 3.2.17, 3.13.14, 3.16.2, 3.19.10, 4.7.2

20:5 - 3.2.17

20:6 - 3.2.17

20:7 - 3.2.17

20:8 - 3.2.17

20:9 ² - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.17

20:10 - 3.2.17

20:11 ⁴ - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.17, 3.4.11, 3.14.7

20:12 - 3.2.17

20:13 - 3.2.17

20:14 - 3.2.17

20:15 - 3.2.17

20:16 - 3.2.17

20:17 - 3.2.17

20:18 - 3.1.10

20:20 ² - 3.1.17, 3.2.10

20:25 - 4.17.2.3

Ex. 21

21:3 - 3.22.3

21:4 - 3.22.3

21:5 - 3.22.3

21:6 - 3.22.3

21:7 - 3.15.5

21:16 - 3.18.13

21:22 ² - 3.13.15²

21:23 ² - 3.13.15²

Ex. 22

22:4 - 3.18.6

22:18 ³ - 3.9.21², 3.18.23

Ex. 23

23:12 - 2.7.5.2

23:20 - 3.10.1.1

23:21 ² - 3.10.1.1, 3.19.12

23:22 - 3.10.1.1

23:23 - 3.10.1.1

23:31 - 3.9.14

Ex. 24

24:4 - 3.10.7

24:7 - 4.5.1

24:8 ⁴ - 3.1.5², 3.3.20, 3.5.9

24:9 ³ - 3.3.20, 3.4.6, 3.15.2

24:10 ³ - 3.3.20, 3.4.6, 3.15.2

24:11 - 3.3.20

24:12 - 3.2.17

24:15 ⁶ - 4.16.2², 2.4.2, 2.13.8, 3.1.7, 4.16.5

24:16 ⁶ - 4.16.2², 2.4.2, 2.13.8, 3.1.7, 4.16.5

24:17 ³ - 3.22.4, 4.16, 4.16.5

24:18 - 4.16.5

Ex. 25

25:1 - 4.16.4

25:8 ² - 4.16.2, 4.16.5

25:9 ⁴ - 4.7.3, 4.16.2, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.2

25:10 ² - 4.7.3, 4.16.5

25:11 - 4.16.5

25:12 - 4.16.5

25:13 - 4.16.5

25:14 - 4.16.5

25:15 ² - 4.7.2, 4.16.5

25:16 ³ - 3.11.19, 3.15.5, 4.16.5

25:17 - 4.16.5

25:18 ⁴ - 3.4.6, 4.7.3, 4.16.4, 4.16.5

25:19 ² - 3.4.6, 4.16.5

25:20 ² - 3.4.6, 4.16.5

25:21 ² - 3.11.19, 4.16.5

25:22 ⁷ - 3.4.6², 4.16.4², 4.16.2, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.1

25:31 - 3.1.12

25:32 - 2.7.5.3.5

25:33 - 2.7.5.3.5

25:40 ² - 4.16.4, 4.16.5.2

Ex. 26

26:1 ³ - 3.4.6, 4.7.2, 4.7.3

26:25 - 4.16.4

26:26 - 4.16.4

26:27 - 4.16.4

26:28 - 4.16.4

26:29 - 4.16.4

26:30 - 4.16.4

26:31 ⁴ - 3.4.6², 4.16.4, 4.16.5.1

26:32 - 4.16.4

26:33 - 4.16.4

26:35 - 4.16.4

Ex. 27

27:1 - 4.16.4

27:2 - 4.16.4

27:3 - 3.15.7

27:9 - 3.11.2

Ex. 28

28:4 - 3.1.13

28:10 - 3.21.19.1

28:17 ⁷ - 3.4.3⁴, 3.21.19.1², 3.2.17

28:18 ⁴ - 3.21.19.1², 3.2.17, 3.4.3

28:19 ⁴ - 3.21.19.1², 3.2.17, 3.4.3

28:20 ⁶ - 3.4.3², 3.21.19.1², 3.2.17, 3.21.18

28:21 ² - 3.2.17, 3.4.3

28:30 - 3.2.17

28:33 - 3.17.4

28:36 ⁴ - 3.2.17, 3.13.16, 3.17.5, 3.22.4

28:37 ³ - 3.2.17, 3.13.16, 3.17.5

28:38 - 3.13.16

28:39 - 3.1.13

Ex. 29

29:1 - 4.16.4

29:12 ² - 3.6.9²

29:14 - 3.20.9

29:39 - 4.16.4

29:46 - 4.16.2

Ex. 30

30:1 ² - 3.8.3, 4.16.4

30:2 - 4.16.4

30:3 - 4.16.4

30:4 - 4.16.4

30:5 - 4.16.4

30:6 - 4.16.4

30:10 - 4.16.4

30:23 - 3.2.8

30:26 ² - 3.15.5²

30:34 - 4.16.4

30:35 - 4.16.4

30:36 - 4.16.4

Ex. 31

31:13 - 3.12.1

31:15 - 2.7.5.2

31:17 ² - 2.7.5.2, 3.4.11

Ex. 32

32:4 ³ - 3.11.8, 4.3.2.5, 4.9.2

32:10 - 3.11.19

32:13 - 3.5.10

32:15 ² - 3.2.17, 3.5.1

32:16 ² - 3.2.17, 3.5.1

32:19 - 3.11.19

32:24 - 3.11.8

32:26 ² - 3.5.5, 4.5.5.1

32:27 ² - 3.5.5, 4.5.5.1

32:28 ² - 3.5.5, 4.5.5.1

32:32 ⁸ - 4.4.3², 4.4.3.1², 3.20.12, 3.20.15, 4.4.3.4, 4.4.3.5

32:33 ⁶ - 4.4.3², 3.20.12, 4.4.3.1, 4.4.3.4, 4.4.3.5

32:34 - 3.10.1.1

Ex. 33

33:1 - 3.5.10

33:11 ³ - 3.2.17, 3.22.4, 4.16.1

33:18 ³ - 4.16.2², 2.13.8

33:19 ³ - 4.16.2², 2.13.8

33:20 ⁵ - 4.16.2², 2.13.8, 3.21.3, 3.22.4

33:21 ⁴ - 4.16.2², 2.13.8, 3.22.4

33:22 ⁵ - 4.16.2², 2.13.8, 3.1.12, 3.22.4

33:23 ⁵ - 4.16.2², 2.13.8, 3.1.12, 3.22.4

Ex. 34

34:2 - 3.2.17

34:5 ⁵ - 4.16.2², 2.13.8, 3.1.7, 3.1.12

34:6 ⁶ - 4.16.2², 2.13.8, 3.1.12, 3.2.17, 3.15.3

34:7 - 3.2.17

34:10 ³ - 3.15.3, 3.16.1, 4.17.2.1

34:12 ² - 4.1.4.1, 4.18.4

34:13 ² - 4.1.4.1, 4.18.4

34:14 ² - 4.1.4.1, 4.18.4

34:15 ³ - 4.1.4.1², 4.18.4

34:16 ² - 4.1.4.1, 4.18.4

34:17 - 4.1.4.1

34:27 - 3.10.7

34:29 - 3.2.17

Ex. 36

36:8 ³ - 3.4.6, 4.7.2, 4.16.5.1

36:35 ⁴ - 3.4.6², 4.7.2, 4.16.5.1

Ex. 37

37:7 - 3.4.6

37:8 - 3.4.6

37:9 - 3.4.6

Ex. 38

38:3 - 3.15.7

38:8 - 3.4.6

38:21 - 3.15.5

Ex. 39

39:1 - 4.16.4

39:10 ² - 3.4.3²

39:13 ² - 3.4.3, 3.21.18

39:29 - 3.1.13

39:38 - 4.16.4

39:39 - 4.16.4

Ex. 40

40:1 - 4.16.5.10.2

40:20 - 3.11.19

40:34 ⁹ - 3.1.7², 4.16.2², 2.4.2, 2.13.8, 3.15.8, 4.16.5.2, 4.16.5.4

40:35 ³ - 3.15.8², 4.16.5.4

40:36 - 4.16.5.2

40:37 - 4.16.5.2

5.6.3 - Leviticus

Lev. 1

1:1 - 4.16.4

Lev. 3

3:17 - 3.17.6

Lev. 4

4:7 ⁴ - 3.6.9², 3.5.8, 3.8.3

4:12 - 3.20.9

Lev. 7

7:18 - 4.1.4.1

7:26 - 3.17.6

Lev. 8

8:7 - 3.1.13

8:8 - 3.2.17

8:9 - 3.19.12

8:15 - 3.6.9

Lev. 9

9:6 ² - 2.13.8, 4.16.2

9:23 ³ - 2.4.2, 2.13.8, 4.16.2

9:24 - 4.16

Lev. 10

10:1 - 4.16.4

Lev. 11

11:1 - 4.1.4.1

11:9 - 3.16.13

11:10 ³ - 3.16.13, 3.21.8, 3.21.21

11:11 ² - 3.16.13, 3.21.8

11:12 ² - 3.16.13, 3.21.8

11:13 ² - 3.18.2, 3.21.8

11:14 ² - 3.18.2, 3.21.8

11:15 ² - 3.18.2, 3.21.8

11:16 ² - 3.18.2, 3.21.8

11:17 ² - 3.18.2, 3.21.8

11:18 ² - 3.18.2, 3.21.8

11:19 ² - 3.18.2, 3.21.8

11:20 - 3.21.8

11:21 - 3.21.8

11:22 - 3.21.8

11:23 - 3.21.8

11:24 - 3.21.8

11:25 - 3.21.8

11:26 - 3.21.8

11:27 - 3.21.8

11:28 - 3.21.8

11:29 - 3.21.8

11:30 - 3.21.8

11:31 - 3.21.8

11:32 - 3.21.8

11:33 - 3.21.8

11:34 - 3.21.8

11:35 - 3.21.8

11:36 - 3.21.8

11:37 - 3.21.8

11:38 - 3.21.8

11:39 - 3.21.8

11:40 - 3.21.8

11:41 - 3.21.8

11:42 - 3.21.8

Lev. 13

13:44 - 3.1.18

13:45 - 3.1.18

Lev. 14

14:51 ² - 3.19.13, 4.5.5.1

Lev. 16

16:2 ² - 3.1.7, 4.16.4

16:4 - 3.1.13

16:12 - 3.8.3

16:13 ² - 3.8.3, 4.16.5.1

16:23 - 4.16.4

16:24 - 4.16.4

16:25 - 4.16.4

16:26 - 4.16.4

16:27 - 4.16.4

16:28 - 4.16.4

16:29 - 4.16.4

16:30 - 4.16.4

16:31 - 4.16.4

16:32 - 4.16.4

16:33 - 4.16.4

16:34 - 4.16.4

Lev. 17

17:7 ² - 3.9.20, 3.18.2

17:10 - 3.17.6

17:11 ⁸ - 3.1.5³, 3.6.9², 3.5.9, 3.16.3, 3.17.6

17:12 ² - 3.6.9, 3.17.6

17:13 ² - 3.6.9, 3.17.6

17:14 - 3.6.9

17:16 - 4.1.4.1

Lev. 18

18:22 ² - 3.21.8, 4.1.4.1

18:23 - 3.21.8

18:24 - 3.21.8

18:25 - 3.21.8

18:26 - 3.21.8

Lev. 19

19:7 - 3.21.8

19:12 - 3.2.3

19:26 - 3.18.23

19:31 ² - 3.9.21, 3.18.23

Lev. 20

20:3 - 3.2.3

20:4 - 4.1.4.1

20:5 - 4.1.4.1

20:6 - 3.9.21

20:13 - 3.21.8

20:26 ⁴ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.3.7, 3.19.21, 4.17.2.3

20:27 - 3.9.21

Lev. 21

21:14 - 4.10.3

Lev. 22

22:2 - 3.2.3

22:32 - 3.2.3

Lev. 23

23:10 - 3.14.4

23:11 - 3.14.4

23:12 - 3.14.4

23:13 - 3.14.4

23:14 - 3.14.4

23:40 - 3.7.9

23:43 - 3.7.9

Lev. 24

24:10 - 3.7.4

24:11 ² - 3.7.4²

24:12 - 3.7.4

24:13 - 3.7.4

24:14 ³ - 3.7.4, 3.8.7, 3.16.21

24:15 ³ - 3.7.4, 3.8.7, 3.16.21

24:16 ³ - 3.7.4, 3.8.7, 3.16.21

Lev. 25

25:9 - 3.1.10

25:10 ² - 3.10.2²

25:11 - 3.10.2

25:12 - 3.10.2

25:13 ² - 3.10.2²

25:14 - 3.10.2

25:15 - 3.10.2

25:16 ² - 3.10.2²

25:17 - 3.10.2

25:18 - 3.10.2

25:19 - 3.10.2

25:20 - 3.10.2

25:21 - 3.10.2

25:22 - 3.10.2

25:23 ³ - 3.10.2², 3.3.10.1

25:24 - 3.10.2

25:25 ⁴ - 3.10.2², 3.1.13, 3.5.9

25:26 ⁴ - 3.10.2², 3.1.13, 3.5.9

25:27 ² - 3.10.2²

25:28 ² - 3.10.2²

Lev. 26

26:11 - 3.21.3

26:12 - 3.21.3

26:22 - 3.6.8

26:27 - 3.15.7

26:28 - 3.15.7

26:33 - 3.22.6

26:34 - 3.22.6

26:35 - 3.22.6

26:36 - 3.22.6

26:37 - 3.22.6

26:38 - 3.22.6

26:39 - 3.22.6

26:40 ² - 2.13.5.4, 4.5.4

26:41 ² - 2.13.5.4, 4.5.4

26:42 ² - 2.13.5.4, 4.5.4

26:44 - 3.7.4

Lev. 27

27:24 ² - 3.10.2²

5.6.4 - Numbers

Num. 1

1:1 - 4.12.2.2

1:50 ² - 3.1.13, 3.15.5

1:52 - 4.7.3

Num. 2

2:1 ² - 2.7.5.3.3, 4.7.2

2:2 ⁴ - 4.7.2³, 2.7.5.3.3

2:3 ⁴ - 4.7.2³, 2.7.5.3.3

2:4 ² - 2.7.5.3.3, 4.7.2

2:5 ² - 2.7.5.3.3, 4.7.2

2:6 ² - 2.7.5.3.3, 4.7.2

2:7 ² - 2.7.5.3.3, 4.7.2

2:8 - 2.7.5.3.3

2:9 - 2.7.5.3.3

2:10 ⁴ - 4.7.2³, 2.7.5.3.3

2:11 ² - 2.7.5.3.3, 4.7.2

2:12 ² - 2.7.5.3.3, 4.7.2

2:13 ² - 2.7.5.3.3, 4.7.2

2:14 ² - 2.7.5.3.3, 4.7.2

2:15 ² - 2.7.5.3.3, 4.7.2

2:16 ² - 2.7.5.3.3, 4.7.2

2:17 ⁵ - 4.7.2³, 2.7.5.3.3, 4.7.3

2:18 ⁴ - 4.7.2³, 2.7.5.3.3

2:19 ² - 2.7.5.3.3, 4.7.2

2:20 ² - 2.7.5.3.3, 4.7.2

2:21 ² - 2.7.5.3.3, 4.7.2

2:22 ² - 2.7.5.3.3, 4.7.2

2:23 ² - 2.7.5.3.3, 4.7.2

2:24 ² - 2.7.5.3.3, 4.7.2

2:25 ³ - 4.7.2², 2.7.5.3.3

2:26 ² - 2.7.5.3.3, 4.7.2

2:27 ² - 2.7.5.3.3, 4.7.2

2:28 ² - 2.7.5.3.3, 4.7.2

2:29 ² - 2.7.5.3.3, 4.7.2

2:30 ² - 2.7.5.3.3, 4.7.2

2:31 ⁴ - 4.7.2³, 2.7.5.3.3

2:32 - 2.7.5.3.3

2:33 ² - 2.7.5.3.3, 4.7.2

2:34 ³ - 4.7.2², 2.7.5.3.3

Num. 3

3:12 - 3.5.5

3:21 - 4.7.2

3:22 - 4.7.2

3:23 - 4.7.2

3:24 - 4.7.2

3:25 - 4.7.2

3:26 - 4.7.2

3:27 - 4.7.2

3:28 - 4.7.2

3:29 - 4.7.2

3:30 - 4.7.2

3:31 - 4.7.2

3:32 - 4.7.2

3:33 - 4.7.2

3:34 - 4.7.2

3:35 - 4.7.2

3:36 - 4.7.2

3:37 - 4.7.2

3:38 - 4.7.2

3:45 - 3.5.5

Num. 4

4:16 - 3.5.8

Num. 5

5:1 - 4.12.2.2

Num. 6

6:27 - 3.3.12

Num. 7

7:13 - 4.16.4

7:19 - 4.16.4

7:25 - 4.16.4

7:31 - 4.16.4

7:37 - 4.16.4

7:89 ⁴ - 3.4.6², 4.16.2, 4.16.5.1

Num. 8

8:17 - 3.5.5

8:18 - 3.5.5

Num. 9

9:15 - 3.1.7

9:16 - 3.1.7

Num. 10

10:2 - 3.11.5

10:14 ³ - 3.7.4, 3.7.5, 4.7.2

10:18 - 4.7.2

10:22 - 4.7.2

10:25 ² - 3.7.4, 4.7.2

10:34 - 3.7.16

Num. 11

11:1 ² - 3.1.14, 4.16

11:7 - 3.2.17

11:16 - 3.11.19

11:19 - 3.9.5

11:20 - 3.9.5

Num. 12

12:6 - 3.1.10

12:7 - 2.9.4

12:8 ³ - 2.9.4, 3.22.4, 4.16.1

Num. 14

14:10 ³ - 2.4.2, 2.13.8, 4.16.2

14:22 ² - 2.13.8, 4.16.2

14:23 - 4.16.5.3

14:24 - 3.14.4

Num. 15

15:39 - 3.2.5

15:40 - 3.2.5

Num. 16

16:1 - 3.11.19

16:2 - 3.11.19

16:3 - 3.11.19

16:4 - 3.11.19

16:5 - 3.11.19

16:6 - 3.11.19

16:7 - 3.11.19

16:8 - 3.11.19

16:9 - 3.11.19

16:10 - 3.11.19

16:11 - 3.11.19

16:12 - 3.11.19

16:13 - 3.11.19

16:14 - 3.11.19

16:15 - 3.11.19

16:16 - 3.11.19

16:17 - 3.11.19

16:18 - 3.11.19

16:19 ⁴ - 2.4.2, 2.13.8, 3.11.19, 4.16.2

16:20 - 3.11.19

16:21 ² - 3.11.19, 3.18.4

16:22 - 3.11.19

16:23 - 3.11.19

16:24 - 3.11.19

16:25 - 3.11.19

16:26 ² - 3.11.19, 3.18.4

16:27 ² - 3.11.19, 3.18.4

16:28 ³ - 3.11.5, 3.11.19, 3.18.4

16:29 ³ - 3.11.5, 3.11.19, 3.18.4

16:30 ³ - 3.11.5, 3.11.19, 3.18.4

16:31 ³ - 3.11.5, 3.11.19, 3.18.4

16:32 ³ - 3.11.5, 3.11.19, 3.18.4

16:33 ⁴ - 3.11.5, 3.11.19, 3.12.16, 3.18.4

16:34 ² - 3.11.19, 3.18.4

16:35 ⁴ - 3.11.5, 3.11.19, 3.13.13, 3.22.4

16:36 - 3.11.19

16:37 - 3.11.19

16:38 - 3.11.19

16:39 - 3.11.19

16:40 - 3.11.19

16:41 - 3.11.19

16:42 ⁴ - 2.4.2, 2.13.8, 3.11.19, 4.16.2

16:43 - 3.11.19

16:44 - 3.11.19

16:45 - 3.11.19

16:46 ² - 3.8.3, 3.11.19

16:47 ² - 3.8.3, 3.11.19

16:48 ² - 3.8.3, 3.11.19

16:49 - 3.11.19

16:50 - 3.11.19

Num. 17

17:5 - 3.11.19

17:10 ² - 3.11.19²

Num. 18

18:2 - 3.15.5

18:6 - 3.11.19

18:7 - 3.11.19

18:8 - 3.11.19

18:9 - 3.11.19

18:20 - 3.3.10.1

18:23 ² - 3.3.10.1, 3.11.19

Num. 20

20:6 ³ - 2.4.2, 2.13.8, 4.16.2

Num. 21

21:1 ² - 3.4.1²

21:6 - 4.14.9

21:8 - 3.2.12

21:9 ⁸ - 4.14.9⁶, 3.2.7, 3.2.12

Num. 22

22:5 - 4.13

22:22 - 3.10.1.1

22:23 - 3.10.1.1

22:24 - 3.10.1.1

22:25 - 3.10.1.1

22:26 - 3.10.1.1

22:27 - 3.10.1.1

22:28 ² - 3.8.13, 3.10.1.1

22:29 ² - 3.8.13, 3.10.1.1

22:30 ² - 3.8.13, 3.10.1.1

22:31 ³ - 3.1.1, 3.2.16, 3.10.1.1

22:32 - 3.10.1.1

22:33 - 3.10.1.1

22:34 - 3.10.1.1

22:35 - 3.10.1.1

Num. 23

23:9 - 4.7.2

23:10 - 2.7.5.3.3

23:19 ⁵ - 3.1.5, 3.3.7, 3.15.3, 3.19.11, 4.1.3.5.1

Num. 24

24:1 ² - 3.2.17, 4.13

24:2 - 4.14.4.1

24:17 ⁴ - 3.1.7, 3.2.28, 3.19.15, 4.16.5.6

24:18 - 3.19.15

24:19 - 3.19.15

Num. 25

25:1 ² - 4.7.2, 4.13

25:2 ² - 3.2.14, 4.13

25:8 - 3.1.7

Num. 26

26:10 - 3.12.16

Num. 27

27:21 - 3.2.17

Num. 31

31:8 - 3.2.16

31:16 - 4.13

Num. 33

33:2 - 3.10.7

Num. 35

35:12 - 3.5.9

35:13 - 3.5.9

35:14 - 3.5.9

35:15 - 3.5.9

35:16 - 3.5.9

35:17 - 3.5.9

35:18 - 3.5.9

35:19 ³ - 3.1.13, 3.5.9, 3.6.10

35:20 ³ - 3.1.13, 3.5.9, 3.6.10

35:21 ³ - 3.1.13, 3.5.9, 3.6.10

35:22 ² - 3.1.13, 3.5.9

35:23 ² - 3.1.13, 3.5.9

35:24 ² - 3.1.13, 3.5.9

35:25 ² - 3.1.13, 3.5.9

35:26 ² - 3.1.13, 3.5.9

35:27 ² - 3.1.13, 3.5.9

35:30 ² - 2.7.5.3.1, 3.11.3

5.6.5 - Deuteronomy

Deu. 1

1:7 - 3.16.12

1:8 - 3.5.10

1:28 - 5.2.27

Deu. 2

2:30 - 3.17.17

Deu. 4

4:2 ³ - 3.22.19², 3.22.18

4:9 - 3.11.19

4:19 ³ - 3.6.12, 3.6.13, 3.16.8

4:24 ³ - 3.22.4, 4.16, 4.16.1

4:26 ² - 2.7.5.3.1, 3.12.1

4:27 - 2.13.4

4:28 ³ - 2.13.4, 3.7.2, 3.9.20

4:29 - 2.13.4

4:30 ³ - 2.13.4², 2.13.3

4:34 ³ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.19.21, 4.17.2.3

4:37 ³ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.19.21, 4.17.2.3

Deu. 5

5:4 ² - 3.22.4, 4.16.1

5:5 - 3.22.4

5:22 - 3.1.7

5:25 ⁵ - 2.13.8, 3.1.14, 4.16, 4.16.1, 4.16.2

5:26 ⁶ - 3.7.2², 2.13.8, 3.1.18, 3.9.20, 4.16.2

5:29 - 3.3.15

Deu. 6

6:4 ² - 4.17.2.4, 4.17.2.4.1

6:6 - 3.13.16

6:7 - 3.13.16

6:8 - 3.13.16

6:9 - 3.13.16

Deu. 7

7:6 ⁴ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.11.19, 3.19.21, 4.17.2.3

7:7 ⁵ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.11.19, 3.19.21, 4.10.5, 4.17.2.3

7:8 ⁵ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.11.19, 3.19.21, 4.10.5, 4.17.2.3

7:9 - 3.11.19

7:15 - 3.16.2

7:16 - 3.5.2

7:25 - 3.21.8

7:26 - 3.21.8

Deu. 8

8:2 - 3.2.10

8:5 - 3.3.19

8:11 - 3.3.17

8:12 - 3.3.17

8:13 - 3.3.17

8:14 - 3.3.17

8:15 - 3.3.17

8:16 ² - 3.2.10, 3.12.6

Deu. 9

9:3 ² - 3.1.14, 4.16

9:14 - 3.11.19

Deu. 10

10:2 - 3.11.19

10:3 - 3.11.19

10:4 - 3.11.19

10:5 - 3.11.19

10:7 - 3.17.14

10:8 - 3.11.4

10:15 ³ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.19.21, 4.17.2.3

10:17 - 3.19.16

Deu. 11

11:24 ² - 3.9.14, 3.10.2

11:29 - 4.17.2.2

Deu. 12

12:5 ² - 4.16, 4.16.2

12:11 ² - 4.16, 4.16.2

12:15 - 2.2.11

12:21 ² - 4.16, 4.16.2

12:31 ² - 3.21.8, 4.16.3.1

12:32 ² - 3.22.18, 3.22.19

Deu. 13

13:1 ² - 3.13.13, 3.16.14

13:2 ² - 3.13.13, 3.16.14

13:3 ³ - 3.2.10, 3.13.13, 3.16.14

13:4 ² - 3.13.13, 3.16.14

13:5 - 3.16.14

13:6 - 3.8.7

13:7 - 3.8.7

13:8 ² - 3.5.2, 3.8.7

13:9 - 3.8.7

13:10 - 3.8.7

13:11 - 3.2.23

13:13 - 3.21.8

13:14 - 3.21.8

Deu. 14

14:2 ³ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.19.21, 4.17.2.3

14:9 - 3.16.13

14:10 - 3.16.13

Deu. 16

16:13 - 3.2.5

Deu. 17

17:1 - 3.21.8

17:2 - 3.8.7

17:3 ⁵ - 3.6.12, 3.6.13, 3.8.7, 3.16.8, 3.21.8

17:4 ² - 3.8.7, 3.21.8

17:5 - 3.8.7

17:6 ² - 2.7.5.3.1, 3.11.3

17:13 - 3.2.23

Deu. 18

18:1 - 3.7.4

18:2 - 3.7.4

18:9 ³ - 3.17.4², 4.1.4.1

18:10 ⁶ - 3.9.21, 3.17.4, 3.18.23, 3.21.8, 4.1.4.1, 4.16.3.1

18:11 ⁴ - 3.9.21², 3.17.4, 4.1.4.1

18:12 ³ - 3.17.4, 3.21.8, 4.1.4.1

18:15 ⁴ - 3.11.3.1², 3.1.7, 3.13.12

18:16 ³ - 3.1.7, 3.11.3.1, 3.13.12

18:17 ³ - 3.1.7, 3.11.3.1, 3.13.12

18:18 ⁴ - 2.9.4, 3.1.7, 3.11.3.1, 3.13.12

18:21 - 2.12.2.4

18:22 - 2.12.2.4

Deu. 19

19:5 ² - 2.7.5.3.1, 3.11.3

19:6 - 3.6.10

19:13 - 3.5.2

19:20 - 3.2.23

19:21 - 3.5.2

Deu. 21

21:15 - 3.5.5

21:16 - 3.5.5

21:17 - 3.5.5

21:21 - 3.2.23

Deu. 22

22:5 - 3.21.8

Deu. 23

23:4 - 4.13

23:18 ² - 3.21.8, 3.22.15

Deu. 24

24:4 - 3.21.8

24:7 - 3.18.13

Deu. 25

25:12 - 3.5.2

Deu. 26

26:18 ³ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.19.21, 4.17.2.3

26:19 ³ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.19.21, 4.17.2.3

Deu. 27

27:2 - 3.2.17

27:3 - 3.2.17

27:4 - 3.2.17

27:5 - 3.2.17

27:6 - 3.2.17

27:7 - 3.2.17

27:8 - 3.2.17

27:12 - 4.17.2.2

27:15 - 3.22.3

27:16 - 3.22.3

27:17 - 3.22.3

27:18 - 3.22.3

27:19 - 3.22.3

27:20 - 3.22.3

27:21 - 3.22.3

27:22 - 3.22.3

27:23 - 3.22.3

27:24 - 3.22.3

27:25 - 3.22.3

27:26 - 3.22.3

Deu. 28

28:13 ² - 4.5.2, 4.11.4

28:15 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:16 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:17 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:18 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:19 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:20 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:21 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:22 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:23 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:24 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:25 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:26 ⁶ - 3.3.3, 3.8.13, 3.12.6, 3.14.17, 3.19.17, 3.22.3

28:27 ⁴ - 3.16.2², 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:28 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:29 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:30 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:31 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:32 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:33 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:34 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:35 ³ - 3.12.6, 3.16.2, 3.22.3

28:36 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:37 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:38 ³ - 3.9.11, 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:39 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:40 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:41 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:42 ³ - 3.9.11, 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:43 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:44 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:45 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:46 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:47 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:48 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:49 ³ - 3.12.6, 3.22.3, 4.7.2

28:50 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:51 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:52 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:53 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:54 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:55 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:56 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:57 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:58 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:59 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:60 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:61 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:62 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:63 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:64 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:65 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:66 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:67 ² - 3.12.6, 3.22.3

28:68 ³ - 3.12.6, 3.18.13, 3.22.3

Deu. 29

29:1 - 3.5.10

29:9 - 3.5.10

29:12 - 3.5.10

29:18 ⁵ - 3.8.11³, 3.7.4²

29:19 ² - 3.7.4²

29:20 ² - 3.7.4²

29:21 ³ - 3.7.4², 3.22.18

29:23 - 3.9.17

29:29 ³ - 3.1.1, 3.1.5, 3.10.4

Deu. 30

30:1 - 3.5.10

30:13 - 3.13.1

30:19 ² - 2.7.5.3.1, 3.12.1

Deu. 31

31:1 - 3.15.3

31:2 - 3.15.3

31:3 - 3.15.3

31:4 - 3.15.3

31:5 - 3.15.3

31:6 ² - 3.2.1, 3.15.3

31:7 - 3.15.3

31:8 ² - 3.2.1, 3.15.3

31:9 - 3.10.7

31:16 ² - 4.1.4.1²

31:24 - 3.10.7

31:26 ² - 3.10.7, 3.11.19

31:28 ² - 2.7.5.3.1, 3.12.1

31:29 - 3.15.3

31:30 - 3.15.3

Deu. 32

32:1 ⁶ - 3.15.3⁴, 2.7.5.3.1, 3.12.1

32:2 ² - 3.15.3²

32:3 ⁶ - 3.15.3⁶

32:4 ⁷ - 3.15.3⁷

32:5 ³ - 3.15.3², 3.14.1

32:6 ³ - 3.15.3², 3.14.1

32:7 ³ - 3.15.3², 3.14.1

32:8 ³ - 3.15.3², 3.14.1

32:9 ³ - 3.15.3², 3.14.1

32:10 ³ - 3.15.3², 3.12.14

32:11 ³ - 3.15.3², 3.12.14

32:12 ³ - 3.15.3², 3.12.14

32:13 ³ - 3.15.3², 3.12.14

32:14 ² - 3.15.3²

32:15 ² - 3.15.3²

32:16 ² - 3.15.3²

32:17 ⁴ - 3.15.3², 3.9.20, 3.13.4

32:18 ² - 3.15.3²

32:19 ² - 3.15.3²

32:20 ² - 3.15.3²

32:21 ³ - 3.15.3², 3.3.9

32:22 ² - 3.15.3²

32:23 ³ - 3.15.3³

32:24 ⁴ - 3.15.3³, 3.6.8

32:25 ³ - 3.15.3³

32:26 ³ - 3.15.3³

32:27 ³ - 3.15.3³

32:28 ³ - 3.15.3², 3.11.8

32:29 ³ - 3.15.3², 3.11.8

32:30 ³ - 3.15.3², 3.11.8

32:31 ³ - 3.15.3², 3.11.8

32:32 ⁵ - 3.15.3³, 3.11.8, 3.14.18

32:33 ⁴ - 3.15.3³, 3.14.18

32:34 ² - 3.15.3²

32:35 ⁴ - 3.15.3³, 2.13.3

32:36 ² - 3.15.3²

32:37 ² - 3.15.3²

32:38 ² - 3.15.3²

32:39 ⁴ - 3.15.3³, 3.19.21

32:40 ⁵ - 3.15.3², 3.10.1.1, 3.10.5, 3.19.21

32:41 ³ - 3.15.3², 3.19.21

32:42 ³ - 3.15.3², 3.19.21

32:43 ⁴ - 3.15.3³, 3.18.20

32:44 - 3.15.3

32:46 - 4.16.5.1

32:52 - 3.5.10

Deu. 33

33:2 ³ - 3.10.7, 3.12.6.1, 3.17.14

33:6 - 3.20.6

33:8 - 3.2.17

33:16 ² - 2.13.8, 4.16.2

33:17 ² - 4.7.2²

33:29 - 3.15.3

Deu. 34

34:3 - 4.2.2

34:5 ³ - 3.11.3.1², 3.15.3

34:6 ² - 3.11.3.1²

34:7 - 3.11.3.1

34:8 - 3.11.3.1

34:10 ² - 3.22.4, 4.16.1

5.6.6 - Joshua

Jos. 1

1:4 - 3.16.12

1:5 - 3.2.1

Jos. 2

2:1 - 4.1.4.1

2:9 - 3.11.11

Jos. 3

3:10 ³ - 3.1.18, 3.7.2, 3.9.20

3:15 - 3.16.12

3:16 - 3.16.12

3:17 - 3.16.12

Jos. 4

4:22 - 3.16.12

4:24 - 3.1.17

Jos. 5

5:12 ² - 3.2.17, 3.11.19

5:15 ² - 3.1.15, 3.19.10

Jos. 6

6:4 ² - 3.1.10, 3.8.2

6:5 ² - 3.1.10, 3.8.2

6:6 - 3.1.10

6:7 - 3.1.10

6:8 - 3.1.10

6:9 - 3.1.10

6:10 - 3.1.10

6:11 - 3.1.10

6:12 - 3.1.10

6:13 - 3.1.10

6:14 - 3.1.10

6:15 - 3.1.10

6:16 - 3.1.10

6:17 ³ - 3.1.10, 3.3.4, 4.1.4.1

6:18 - 3.1.10

6:19 - 3.1.10

6:20 - 3.1.10

6:23 - 4.1.4.1

6:25 - 4.1.4.1

Jos. 7

7:6 - 3.18.19

Jos. 8

8:32 - 3.2.17

8:33 - 4.17.2.2

8:35 - 3.1.3

Jos. 10

10:1 - 3.17.4

10:11 ⁶ - 3.16.21⁴, 3.8.7, 3.12.16

Jos. 12

12:12 - 4.5.3.3

Jos. 13

13:14 - 3.7.4

13:22 - 3.2.16

Jos. 19

19:1 - 4.17

19:15 - 4.17.3.1

19:16 - 4.17.3.1

19:32 - 4.17.3.1

19:33 - 4.17.3.1

19:34 - 4.17.3.1

19:35 - 4.17.3.1

19:36 - 4.17.3.1

19:37 - 4.17.3.1

19:38 - 4.17.3.1

19:39 - 4.17.3.1

19:47 - 3.7.4

19:48 - 3.7.4

19:49 - 3.7.4

Jos. 20

20:3 - 3.6.10

Jos. 21

21:43 - 3.5.10

Jos. 22

22:10 - 3.2.5

22:27 - 3.2.5

22:28 - 3.2.5

Jos. 23

23:5 - 3.5.10

Jos. 24

24:14 - 3.11.18

24:15 - 3.3.15

5.6.7 - Judges

Jdg. 1

1:27 - 4.5.3.3

Jdg. 2

2:1 - 3.10.1.1

2:4 - 3.10.1.1

2:18 - 4.1.4.1

2:22 - 3.2.10

Jdg. 3

3:1 - 3.2.10

3:4 - 3.2.10

3:10 - 4.14.4.1

3:25 - 3.17.10

Jdg. 4

4:1 - 4.5.3.1

4:4 - 3.2.20

Jdg. 5

5:1 - 4.5.3.1

5:17 - 3.7.4

5:19 ² - 4.5.3.1, 4.5.3.3

5:23 - 3.10.1.1

5:27 - 3.17.10

Jdg. 6

6:11 - 3.10.1.1

6:12 - 3.10.1.1

6:13 - 3.10.1.1

6:14 - 3.10.1.1

6:15 - 3.10.1.1

6:16 - 3.10.1.1

6:17 - 3.10.1.1

6:18 - 3.10.1.1

6:19 - 3.10.1.1

6:20 - 3.10.1.1

6:21 - 3.10.1.1

6:22 ² - 3.1.17, 3.10.1.1

6:33 - 4.5.3.1

6:34 - 4.14.4.1

Jdg. 7

7:1 - 4.5.3.1

Jdg. 8

8:26 - 3.17.4

Jdg. 9

9:1 - 3.11.5

9:14 ² - 3.11.5²

9:15 - 3.11.5

9:20 - 3.11.5

9:23 ² - 3.9.5, 3.16.14

Jdg. 13

13:3 - 3.10.1.1

13:4 - 3.10.1.1

13:5 ² - 3.10.1.1, 3.13.15

13:6 ⁵ - 3.2.17, 3.3.12, 3.10.1.1, 3.19.12, 4.5.5.1

13:7 - 3.10.1.1

13:8 - 3.10.1.1

13:9 - 3.10.1.1

13:10 - 3.10.1.1

13:11 - 3.10.1.1

13:12 - 3.10.1.1

13:13 - 3.10.1.1

13:14 - 3.10.1.1

13:15 - 3.10.1.1

13:16 - 3.10.1.1

13:17 - 3.10.1.1

13:18 ⁵ - 3.2.17, 3.3.12, 3.10.1.1, 3.19.12, 4.5.5.1

13:19 - 3.10.1.1

13:20 - 3.10.1.1

13:21 - 3.10.1.1

13:22 ² - 3.1.17, 4.16.1

Jdg. 14

14:1 - 4.2.4

Jdg. 17

17:5 - 3.4.6

Jdg. 18

18:2 - 3.7.4

18:3 - 3.7.4

18:4 - 3.7.4

18:5 - 3.7.4

18:6 - 3.7.4

18:7 - 3.7.4

18:8 - 3.7.4

18:9 - 3.7.4

18:10 - 3.7.4

18:11 - 3.7.4

18:12 - 3.7.4

18:13 - 3.7.4

18:14 ² - 3.4.6, 3.7.4

18:15 - 3.7.4

18:16 - 3.7.4

18:17 ² - 3.4.6, 3.7.4

18:18 ² - 3.4.6, 3.7.4

18:19 ² - 3.7.4²

18:20 ³ - 3.7.4², 3.4.6

18:21 ² - 3.7.4²

18:22 ² - 3.7.4²

18:23 ² - 3.7.4²

18:24 ² - 3.7.4²

18:25 ² - 3.7.4²

18:26 ² - 3.7.4²

18:27 ² - 3.7.4²

18:28 ² - 3.7.4²

18:29 ² - 3.7.4²

18:30 ³ - 3.7.4³

18:31 ² - 3.7.4²

Jdg. 20

20:18 ² - 3.5.9, 3.7.5

5.6.8 - Ruth

Ru. 2

2:20 ² - 3.1.13, 3.5.9

Ru. 3

3:2 - 3.14.15

3:3 - 3.14.15

3:4 - 3.14.15

3:5 - 3.14.15

3:6 - 3.14.15

3:7 - 3.14.15

Ru. 4

4:1 ² - 3.1.13, 3.5.9

4:2 - 3.5.9

4:3 - 3.5.9

4:4 - 3.5.9

4:5 - 3.5.9

4:6 - 3.5.9

4:7 - 3.5.9

4:8 - 3.5.9

4:9 - 3.5.9

4:10 - 3.5.9

4:11 - 3.5.9

4:14 ² - 3.1.13, 3.5.9

4:22 - 3.5.5

5.6.9 - 1 Samuel

1S. 2

2:9 - 3.3.4

2:10 ² - 3.4.5, 3.5.6

2:28 - 3.5.8

1S. 3

3:15 - 3.1.10

1S. 4

4:4 ³ - 3.4.6², 4.16.2

4:12 - 3.18.19

1S. 5

5:12 - 4.1.2

1S. 6

6:19 - 4.16.1

1S. 7

7:8 - 3.1.6

7:10 - 3.4.5

1S. 10

10:6 - 4.14.4.1

1S. 12

12:1 - 3.6.6

12:17 - 3.4.5

12:18 - 3.4.5

12:19 - 3.6.6

12:24 - 3.11.18

1S. 15

15:23 - 3.4.6

1S. 16

16:13 - 4.14.4.1

16:14 ⁵ - 4.16.5.5², 3.1.13, 3.16.14, 4.14.4.1

1S. 17

17:4 ³ - 2.7.5.3.4, 2.7.5.3.5, 3.13.18

17:5 ² - 2.7.5.3.5, 3.13.18

17:6 ² - 2.7.5.3.5, 3.13.18

17:7 ² - 2.7.5.3.5, 3.13.18

17:26 ⁴ - 3.7.2², 3.1.18, 3.9.20

17:36 ³ - 3.1.18, 3.7.2, 3.9.20

17:40 ² - 2.7.5.3.4²

17:44 - 3.19.18

17:46 - 3.19.18

17:49 - 2.7.5.3.4

17:50 - 2.7.5.3.4

1S. 18

18:10 ² - 3.9.5, 3.16.14

1S. 19

19:9 - 3.16.14

19:13 - 3.4.6

19:16 - 3.4.6

19:20 - 4.14.4.1

1S. 21

21:3 - 2.7.5.3.4

1S. 28

28:1 - 3.11.3.1

28:3 - 3.9.21

28:4 - 3.9.21

28:5 - 3.9.21

28:6 ² - 3.2.17, 3.9.21

28:7 - 3.9.21

28:8 - 3.9.21

28:9 - 3.9.21

28:13 - 3.13.11

1S. 29

29:1 - 4.5.3.1

1S. 31

31:2 - 4.5.3.1

31:8 - 4.5.3.1

5.6.10 - 2 Samuel

2S. 1

1:19 - 3.17.10

1:25 - 3.17.10

2S. 5

5:7 - 3.14.1

2S. 6

6:2 ³ - 3.4.6², 4.16.2

6:5 - 3.14.2

2S. 7

7:8 ² - 3.1.7, 3.5.5

7:9 ² - 3.1.7, 3.5.5

7:10 ² - 3.1.7, 3.5.5

7:11 ² - 3.1.7, 3.5.5

7:12 ³ - 3.5.5², 3.1.7

7:13 ⁵ - 3.5.5², 3.1.7, 3.3.7, 3.21.1

7:14 ⁵ - 3.5.5², 3.1.7, 3.3.7, 3.3.19

7:15 ⁴ - 3.5.5², 3.1.7, 3.3.7

7:16 ¹⁰ - 3.3.21³, 3.5.5², 3.1.7, 3.3.7, 3.14.6, 3.21.1, 4.11.4

7:17 ³ - 3.3.7, 3.3.21, 3.5.5

7:19 ² - 3.5.5, 3.6.16

7:23 ³ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.19.21, 4.17.2.3

2S. 12

12:30 - 3.19.12

2S. 21

21:16 - 2.7.5.3.4

21:18 - 2.7.5.3.4

21:19 - 2.7.5.3.4

21:20 ³ - 2.7.5.3.4, 2.7.5.3.5, 3.13.18

21:21 - 2.7.5.3.4

21:22 ² - 2.7.5.3.4²

2S. 22

22:3 - 3.5.6

22:11 - 3.4.6

22:14 - 3.4.5

2S. 23

23:2 ² - 3.19.10, 5.2.33

23:5 - 3.5.5

2S. 24

24:13 - 3.9.5

24:16 ² - 3.10.1.1, 3.14.15

24:18 - 4.16.3

24:19 - 4.16.3

24:20 - 4.16.3

24:21 - 4.16.3

24:22 - 4.16.3

24:23 - 4.16.3

24:24 ² - 4.16.3, 4.16.5.3

24:25 - 4.16.3

5.6.11 - 1 Kings

1K. 1

1:39 - 3.11.15

1:50 - 3.9.13

1:51 - 3.9.13

1K. 2

2:5 - 3.1.13

2:19 - 3.5.1

2:20 - 3.9.13

1K. 5

5:1 - 4.16.5

1K. 6

6:19 ² - 3.21.16, 4.16.5.11

6:20 - 4.16.5.11

6:22 - 3.21.18

6:23 ² - 3.4.6, 4.16.4

6:24 ² - 3.4.6, 4.16.4

6:25 ² - 3.4.6, 4.16.4

6:26 ² - 3.4.6, 4.16.4

6:27 ² - 3.4.6, 4.16.4

6:28 ² - 3.4.6, 4.16.4

6:29 - 3.4.6

6:32 ² - 3.4.6, 4.7.2

6:35 - 3.4.6

1K. 7

7:13 - 3.3.12

7:14 - 3.3.12

7:15 - 3.3.12

7:16 - 3.3.12

7:17 - 3.3.12

7:18 - 3.3.12

7:19 - 3.3.12

7:20 - 3.3.12

7:21 ² - 3.3.12²

7:22 - 3.3.12

7:23 - 3.4.6

7:29 ⁴ - 3.4.6², 4.7.2, 4.16.2

7:36 - 3.4.6

7:50 ³ - 4.16.4³

1K. 8

8:1 - 4.16.5

8:4 - 4.16.5.2

8:6 - 3.4.6

8:7 - 3.4.6

8:9 - 3.11.19

8:10 ⁷ - 4.16.2³, 2.13.8, 3.15.8, 4.16.5.3, 4.16.5.4

8:11 ⁸ - 4.16.2³, 3.15.8², 2.13.8, 4.16.5.3, 4.16.5.4

8:21 - 3.11.19

8:46 - 3.5.3

8:48 - 3.3.12

8:53 ³ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.19.21, 4.17.2.3

1K. 10

10:1 - 4.2.4

10:10 - 3.11.5

10:11 - 3.11.5

10:12 - 3.11.5

10:14 ² - 2.7.5.3.5, 3.13.18

10:19 - 2.7.5.3.5

1K. 11

11:4 - 3.2.4

11:13 - 3.3.12

11:26 - 4.17.3.1

11:27 - 4.17.3.1

11:28 - 4.17.3.1

11:29 - 4.17.3.1

11:30 - 4.17.3.1

11:31 - 4.17.3.1

11:32 - 4.17.3.1

11:33 - 4.17.3.1

11:34 - 4.17.3.1

11:35 - 4.17.3.1

11:36 ⁵ - 3.3.12, 3.5.5, 3.11.8, 4.16.5.8, 4.17.3.1

11:37 - 4.17.3.1

11:38 - 4.17.3.1

11:39 - 4.17.3.1

11:40 - 4.17.3.1

1K. 12

12:21 - 4.17.3.1

12:25 - 4.9.2

12:26 ² - 3.7.4, 4.9.2

12:27 ² - 3.7.4, 4.9.2

12:28 ⁵ - 3.7.4³, 4.9.2²

12:29 ⁵ - 3.7.4⁴, 4.9.2

12:30 ³ - 3.7.4², 4.9.2

12:31 ² - 3.7.4, 4.9.2

12:32 ² - 3.7.4, 4.9.2

12:33 ² - 3.7.4, 4.9.2

1K. 14

14:11 - 3.11.8

14:21 ² - 3.3.12, 4.17.3.1

14:22 - 4.17.3.1

14:23 - 4.17.3.1

14:24 ³ - 3.17.4², 4.17.3.1

14:25 ² - 3.11.19, 4.17.3.1

14:26 ² - 3.11.19, 4.17.3.1

14:27 - 4.17.3.1

14:28 - 4.17.3.1

14:29 - 4.17.3.1

14:30 - 4.17.3.1

14:31 - 4.17.3.1

1K. 15

15:4 - 3.5.5

1K. 16

16:4 - 3.11.8

16:13 - 4.9.1

16:29 - 4.9.2

16:30 - 4.9.2

16:31 ³ - 4.9.1, 4.9.2, 4.9.3

16:32 ² - 4.9.1, 4.9.2

16:33 ² - 4.9.1, 4.9.2

1K. 17

17:1 ³ - 3.11.3.1, 3.11.4, 3.11.6

17:2 - 3.12.6

17:3 - 3.12.6

17:8 - 3.12.6

17:9 - 3.12.6

17:10 - 3.12.6

17:11 - 3.12.6

17:12 - 3.12.6

17:13 - 3.12.6

17:14 - 3.12.6

17:15 - 3.12.6

17:17 ² - 3.1.5, 3.11.3.1

17:18 ² - 3.1.5, 3.11.3.1

17:19 ² - 3.1.5, 3.11.3.1

17:20 ² - 3.1.5, 3.11.3.1

17:21 ³ - 3.1.5, 3.11.3.1, 3.13.3

17:22 ³ - 3.1.5, 3.11.3.1, 3.20.4

17:23 ² - 3.1.5, 3.11.3.1

17:24 - 3.11.3.1

1K. 18

18:3 - 3.1.17

18:4 ³ - 3.16.6, 4.9.1, 4.9.2

18:13 ² - 4.9.2, 4.9.3

18:17 - 3.11.10

18:19 ³ - 4.9.2², 4.9.3

18:21 ² - 3.3.15, 4.9.3

18:28 - 3.1.10

18:38 ² - 3.13.13, 4.16

18:46 - 3.1.13

1K. 19

19:2 - 4.9.1

19:4 - 3.16.6

19:7 - 3.10.1.1

19:13 ³ - 3.20.11, 3.22.4, 4.16.1

19:18 ⁴ - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 3.7.4, 4.17.3.2.3

1K. 20

20:34 - 3.1.7

1K. 21

21:1 - 4.9.2

21:2 - 4.9.2

21:3 - 4.9.2

21:4 - 4.9.2

21:5 - 4.9.2

21:6 - 4.9.2

21:7 - 4.9.2

21:8 - 4.9.2

21:9 - 4.9.2

21:10 ³ - 2.7.5.3.1, 4.9.1, 4.9.2

21:11 - 4.9.2

21:12 - 4.9.2

21:13 - 4.9.2

21:14 - 4.9.2

21:15 - 4.9.2

21:16 - 4.9.2

21:20 - 3.11.10

21:23 - 4.9.2

21:25 - 4.9.3

1K. 22

22:8 - 3.11.10

22:10 - 3.16.14

22:11 - 3.16.14

22:12 - 3.16.14

22:13 - 3.16.14

22:14 - 3.16.14

22:15 - 3.16.14

22:16 - 3.16.14

22:17 - 3.16.14

22:18 - 3.16.14

22:19 ³ - 3.1.10, 3.4.4, 3.16.14

22:20 - 3.16.14

22:21 - 3.16.14

22:22 ⁴ - 3.2.10, 3.9.5, 3.12.4, 3.16.14

22:23 ² - 3.12.4, 3.16.14

22:28 - 3.9.7

5.6.12 - 2 Kings

2K. 1

1:3 - 3.10.1.1

1:9 - 3.13.13

1:10 ⁶ - 3.11.5², 3.1.14, 3.11.3.1, 3.13.13, 3.20.9

1:11 ⁵ - 3.11.5², 3.11.3.1, 3.13.13, 3.20.9

1:12 ⁵ - 3.11.5², 3.11.3.1, 3.13.13, 3.20.9

1:13 ² - 3.11.3.1, 3.20.9

1:14 ² - 3.11.3.1, 3.20.9

1:15 ² - 3.10.1.1, 3.20.9

2K. 2

2:1 ² - 4.14.2²

2:11 ⁵ - 3.11.3.1², 2.7.5.4.2, 3.1.5, 4.14.2

2:12 - 3.11.3.1

2:19 - 3.8.11

2:20 - 3.8.11

2:21 - 3.8.11

2:22 - 3.8.11

2K. 3

3:4 - 3.12.6.1

3:5 - 3.12.6.1

2K. 4

4:32 - 3.1.5

4:33 - 3.1.5

4:34 ² - 3.1.5, 3.13.3

4:35 - 3.1.5

4:36 - 3.1.5

2K. 6

6:14 - 3.19.14

6:17 - 3.1.1

2K. 8

8:13 - 3.22.15

8:19 - 3.5.5

8:27 - 4.5.3.3

2K. 9

9:6 - 3.19.2

9:7 - 3.19.2

9:10 - 3.11.9

9:22 ⁵ - 4.9.3², 3.9.21, 3.18.23, 4.9.2

9:23 - 3.9.21

9:27 - 4.5.3.1

9:30 - 4.9.2

9:31 - 4.9.2

9:32 - 4.9.2

9:33 - 4.9.2

9:34 - 4.9.2

9:35 - 4.9.2

9:36 - 4.9.2

9:37 ² - 3.11.8, 4.9.2

2K. 10

10:6 - 3.2.23

10:7 - 3.2.23

10:29 - 3.7.4

2K. 11

11:14 - 4.17.2.3

2K. 13

13:11 - 4.1.4.1

13:20 - 3.1.5

13:21 ² - 3.1.5²

2K. 14

14:7 - 3.12.6.1

2K. 15

15:29 - 4.17.3.1

2K. 16

16:3 - 3.17.4

16:17 - 4.7.2

2K. 17

17:3 - 4.17.3.1

17:4 - 4.17.3.1

17:5 - 4.17.3.1

17:6 ² - 4.17.2.1, 4.17.3.1

17:7 - 3.12.6

17:8 - 3.12.6

17:9 - 3.12.6

17:10 - 3.12.6

17:11 - 3.12.6

17:12 - 3.12.6

17:13 - 3.12.6

17:14 - 3.12.6

17:15 - 3.12.6

17:16 ⁴ - 3.6.12, 3.6.13, 3.12.6, 3.16.8

17:17 - 3.12.6

17:18 - 3.12.6

17:19 - 3.12.6

17:20 - 3.12.6

17:21 - 3.12.6

17:22 - 3.12.6

17:23 - 3.12.6

17:24 - 4.17.2.2

17:41 - 4.17.2.2

2K. 18

18:16 - 3.3.14

18:34 - 4.17.2.2

2K. 19

19:4 ⁶ - 2.7.5.2, 3.1.18, 3.2.9, 3.7.2, 3.9.20, 4.17.3.2.3

19:6 - 4.3.2.4

19:7 ² - 3.9.5, 3.16.14

19:15 ³ - 3.4.6², 4.16.2

19:16 ³ - 3.1.18, 3.7.2, 3.9.20

19:18 ² - 3.7.2, 3.9.20

19:30 ³ - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 4.17.3.2.3

19:35 ³ - 3.9.14, 3.10.1.1, 3.19.14

2K. 21

21:2 - 3.17.4

21:14 ³ - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 4.17.3.2.3

2K. 22

22:14 - 3.2.20

2K. 23

23:5 ³ - 3.6.12, 3.6.13, 3.16.8

23:10 - 3.20.14

23:11 ³ - 3.6.12, 3.6.13, 3.16.8

23:24 - 3.4.6

23:28 - 4.5.3.1

23:29 ⁵ - 4.5.3.1⁴, 4.5.3.3

23:30 ³ - 4.5.3.1³

2K. 24

24:4 - 3.16.6

24:13 - 4.16.5

2K. 25

25:13 ² - 3.11.19²

25:14 ² - 3.11.19²

25:15 ² - 3.11.19²

25:16 - 3.11.19

25:17 - 3.11.19

25:18 - 3.11.19

25:19 - 3.11.19

25:20 - 3.11.19

25:22 ³ - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 4.17.3.2.3

5.6.13 - 1 Chronicles

1Chr. 1

1:10 ² - 4.1.1²

1Chr. 2

2:10 ² - 3.7.4²

1Chr. 4

4:24 ² - 4.17, 4.17.3.1

4:25 ² - 4.17, 4.17.3.1

4:26 ² - 4.17, 4.17.3.1

4:27 ² - 4.17, 4.17.3.1

4:28 ² - 4.17, 4.17.3.1

4:29 ² - 4.17, 4.17.3.1

4:30 ² - 4.17, 4.17.3.1

4:31 ² - 4.17, 4.17.3.1

4:32 ² - 4.17, 4.17.3.1

4:33 ² - 4.17, 4.17.3.1

4:34 ² - 4.17, 4.17.3.1

4:35 ² - 4.17, 4.17.3.1

4:36 ² - 4.17, 4.17.3.1

4:37 ² - 4.17, 4.17.3.1

4:38 ² - 4.17, 4.17.3.1

4:39 ² - 4.17, 4.17.3.1

4:40 ² - 4.17, 4.17.3.1

4:41 ² - 4.17, 4.17.3.1

4:42 ² - 4.17, 4.17.3.1

4:43 ² - 4.17, 4.17.3.1

1Chr. 5

5:1 ³ - 3.5.5², 4.17.3.1

5:2 ³ - 3.5.5², 4.17.3.1

5:3 - 4.17.3.1

5:4 ² - 3.20.8, 4.17.3.1

5:5 - 4.17.3.1

5:6 - 4.17.3.1

5:7 - 4.17.3.1

5:8 - 4.17.3.1

5:25 ² - 3.17.2, 4.1.4.1

1Chr. 6

6:49 - 3.15.3

1Chr. 7

7:39 - 4.17.3.1

1Chr. 9

9:1 - 4.17.3.1

9:2 - 4.17.3.1

9:3 - 4.17.3.1

9:27 - 3.1.13

1Chr. 11

11:5 - 3.14.1

1Chr. 12

12:8 - 3.9.17

1Chr. 13

13:6 ³ - 3.4.6², 4.16.2

1Chr. 16

16:13 ³ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.19.21, 4.17.2.3

16:18 - 3.5.10

1Chr. 17

17:4 - 4.16.5.3

17:9 ³ - 3.5.5, 3.5.10, 4.11.4

17:10 - 3.5.5

17:11 ² - 3.5.5²

17:12 - 3.5.5

17:13 - 3.5.5

17:14 - 3.5.5

17:15 - 3.5.5

17:16 - 3.5.5

17:21 ³ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.19.21, 4.17.2.3

17:27 - 3.5.5

1Chr. 18

18:3 - 3.9.14

1Chr. 20

20:4 - 2.7.5.3.4

20:6 ³ - 2.7.5.3.4, 2.7.5.3.5, 3.13.18

20:7 - 2.7.5.3.4

20:8 - 2.7.5.3.4

1Chr. 21

21:12 - 3.10.1.1

21:13 - 3.10.1.1

21:14 - 3.10.1.1

21:15 ² - 3.10.1.1, 3.14.15

21:16 - 3.10.1.1

21:17 - 3.10.1.1

21:18 ² - 3.10.1.1, 4.16.3

21:19 ² - 3.10.1.1, 4.16.3

21:20 ² - 3.10.1.1, 4.16.3

21:21 ² - 3.10.1.1, 4.16.3

21:22 ² - 3.10.1.1, 4.16.3

21:23 ² - 3.10.1.1, 4.16.3

21:24 ³ - 3.10.1.1, 4.16.3, 4.16.5.3

21:25 ³ - 3.10.1.1, 4.16.3, 4.16.5.3

21:26 ⁴ - 3.10.1.1, 4.16, 4.16.3, 4.16.5.3

21:27 - 3.10.1.1

21:28 - 3.10.1.1

21:29 - 3.10.1.1

21:30 - 3.10.1.1

1Chr. 22

22:8 - 4.16.5.3

22:10 - 3.5.5

1Chr. 23

23:3 - 4.16.4

23:4 - 4.16.4

23:5 - 4.16.4

23:6 - 4.16.4

1Chr. 24

24:1 ² - 3.4.4²

24:2 - 3.4.4

24:3 - 3.4.4

24:4 - 3.4.4

24:5 - 3.4.4

1Chr. 25

25:1 - 3.14.2

25:2 - 3.14.2

25:3 - 3.14.2

25:4 - 3.14.2

25:5 - 3.14.2

25:6 - 3.14.2

25:7 - 3.14.2

1Chr. 28

28:3 - 4.16.5.3

28:6 - 4.16

28:12 ² - 4.16.4, 4.16.5.3

28:13 - 4.16.4

28:14 - 4.16.4

28:15 - 4.16.4

28:16 - 4.16.4

28:17 - 4.16.4

28:18 ² - 3.4.6, 4.16.4

28:19 ³ - 3.10.7, 4.16.4, 4.16.5.3

1Chr. 29

29:1 - 4.16.5.3

29:2 - 4.16.5.3

29:3 - 4.16.5.3

29:4 - 4.16.5.3

29:5 - 4.16.5.3

29:6 - 4.16.5.3

29:7 - 4.16.5.3

29:8 - 4.16.5.3

29:9 - 4.16.5.3

29:15 - 3.3.10.1

5.6.14 - 2 Chronicles

2Chr. 3

3:1 ⁴ - 4.16.3², 4.16.3.1, 4.16.5.3

3:7 - 3.4.6

3:10 - 3.4.6

3:11 - 3.4.6

3:12 - 3.4.6

3:13 - 3.4.6

3:14 ² - 3.4.6, 4.16.5.1

3:15 - 3.3.12

3:17 ² - 3.3.12²

2Chr. 4

4:3 - 4.7.2

4:4 - 4.7.2

4:15 - 4.7.2

2Chr. 5

5:5 - 4.16.5.2

5:7 ⁴ - 3.4.6², 4.16.2, 4.16.5.1

5:8 - 3.4.6

5:10 - 3.11.19

5:12 - 3.5.8

5:13 ² - 4.16.5.3, 4.16.5.4

5:14 ² - 4.16.5.3, 4.16.5.4

2Chr. 6

6:1 - 3.1.7

6:6 - 3.3.12

6:11 - 3.11.19

6:15 - 3.5.5

6:16 - 3.5.5

6:17 - 3.5.5

6:20 ² - 4.16, 4.16.2

6:36 - 3.5.3

6:38 - 3.3.12

6:41 ² - 3.4.6, 4.16.2

2Chr. 7

7:1 ⁷ - 4.16.2³, 2.4.2, 2.13.8, 3.1.7, 4.16

7:2 - 3.1.7

7:3 ² - 3.1.7, 4.16.4

7:13 - 4.16.5.4

7:16 ² - 4.16, 4.16.2

7:18 - 3.5.5

2Chr. 10

10:7 ² - 3.10.2²

2Chr. 11

11:13 - 4.17.3.1

11:14 - 4.17.3.1

2Chr. 12

12:2 - 3.11.19

12:3 - 3.11.19

12:4 - 3.11.19

12:9 - 3.11.19

12:13 - 3.3.12

2Chr. 13

13:3 - 4.17.3.1

13:5 - 3.5.5

2Chr. 14

14:8 - 4.17.3.1

2Chr. 15

15:2 - 4.14.4.1

15:8 - 4.17.3.1

15:9 - 4.17.3.1

2Chr. 16

16:9 - 3.22.10

2Chr. 18

18:21 ⁴ - 3.2.10, 3.9.5, 3.12.4, 3.16.14

18:22 ² - 3.12.4, 3.16.14

2Chr. 19

19:7 - 3.1.17

19:9 - 3.1.17

2Chr. 20

20:5 - 2.7.5.3.4

20:14 - 4.14.4.1

20:19 ² - 4.16, 4.16.2

20:21 - 3.7.5

20:26 - 4.5.3.2

2Chr. 21

21:7 - 3.5.5

21:13 - 4.1.4.1

2Chr. 22

22:10 - 3.12.4

2Chr. 24

24:6 - 3.15.3

24:21 - 3.16.6

2Chr. 28

28:3 - 3.17.4

28:9 - 3.18.5

2Chr. 29

29:25 - 3.5.8

2Chr. 30

30:1 - 3.7.4

30:2 - 3.7.4

30:3 - 3.7.4

30:4 - 3.7.4

30:5 - 3.7.4

30:6 - 3.7.4

30:7 - 3.7.4

30:8 - 3.7.4

30:9 - 3.7.4

30:10 - 3.7.4

30:11 - 3.7.4

30:27 - 3.8.4

2Chr. 32

32:31 - 3.2.10

2Chr. 33

33:2 - 3.17.4

33:3 ³ - 3.6.12, 3.6.13, 3.16.8

33:4 ² - 3.11.8, 4.16.5.8

33:6 ² - 3.9.21, 3.18.23

33:7 ² - 3.11.8, 4.16.5.8

2Chr. 34

34:1 - 3.7.4

34:2 - 3.7.4

34:3 - 3.7.4

34:4 - 3.7.4

34:5 - 3.7.4

34:6 - 3.7.4

34:7 - 3.7.4

34:8 - 3.7.4

34:9 - 3.7.4

2Chr. 35

35:20 - 4.5.3.1

35:21 - 4.5.3.1

35:22 ³ - 4.5.3.1³

35:23 - 4.5.3.1

35:24 - 4.5.3.1

35:25 ² - 4.5.3.1²

35:26 - 4.5.3.1

35:27 - 4.5.3.1

2Chr. 36

36:7 ² - 4.16.5, 4.16.5.3

36:10 - 4.16.5.3

36:14 - 3.17.4

36:17 - 3.11.19

36:18 ³ - 3.11.19², 4.16.5.3

36:19 - 3.11.19

36:21 - 4.16.5.4

36:22 - 4.16.5

36:23 - 4.16.5

5.6.15 - Ezra

Ezra 1

1:1 ² - 3.11.19, 4.16.5

1:2 ³ - 3.11.19, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.4

1:3 ² - 3.11.19, 4.16.5

1:4 ² - 3.11.19, 4.16.5

1:5 - 3.11.19

1:6 - 3.11.19

1:7 ² - 3.11.19, 4.16.5.4

1:8 - 3.11.19

1:9 ³ - 3.11.19³

1:10 ³ - 3.11.19³

1:11 ³ - 3.11.19³

Ezra 2

2:5 - 4.17.3.1

2:10 - 4.17.3.1

2:26 ² - 4.17.3.1²

2:28 ² - 4.17.3.1²

2:29 - 4.17.3.1

2:59 - 3.4.6

Ezra 3

3:1 - 4.16.5

3:2 ² - 4.16.5, 4.16.5.4

3:3 ² - 4.16.5, 4.16.5.4

3:4 ² - 4.16.5, 4.16.5.4

3:5 ² - 4.16.5, 4.16.5.4

3:6 ² - 4.16.5, 4.16.5.4

3:7 ³ - 4.16.5.4², 4.16.5

3:8 ² - 4.16.5, 4.16.5.4

3:9 ² - 4.16.5, 4.16.5.4

3:10 ² - 4.16.5, 4.16.5.4

3:11 ² - 4.16.5, 4.16.5.4

3:12 ³ - 3.11.4, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.4

3:13 ³ - 3.11.4, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.4

Ezra 4

4:1 - 4.17.2.2

4:2 ² - 4.17.2.2²

4:3 - 4.16.5.4

Ezra 5

5:1 - 4.16.5

5:2 - 4.16.5

5:3 - 4.16.5

5:4 - 4.16.5

5:5 - 4.16.5

5:6 - 4.16.5

5:7 - 4.16.5

5:8 - 4.16.5

5:9 - 4.16.5

5:10 - 4.16.5

5:11 - 4.16.5

5:12 - 4.16.5

5:13 ² - 4.16.5, 4.16.5.4

5:14 - 4.16.5

5:15 - 4.16.5

5:16 - 4.16.5

5:17 - 4.16.5

Ezra 6

6:1 - 4.16.5

6:2 - 4.16.5

6:3 ² - 4.16.5, 4.16.5.4

6:4 - 4.16.5

6:5 ² - 4.16.5, 4.16.5.4

6:6 - 4.16.5

6:7 - 4.16.5

6:8 - 4.16.5

6:9 - 4.16.5

6:10 - 4.16.5

6:11 - 4.16.5

6:12 ³ - 4.16, 4.16.2, 4.16.5

6:13 - 4.16.5

6:14 ² - 4.16.5, 4.16.5.4

6:15 - 4.16.5

6:16 - 4.16.5

6:17 - 4.16.5

6:18 - 4.16.5

Ezra 7

7:27 - 3.17.17

Ezra 9

9:6 - 3.18.5

9:11 - 3.17.4

5.6.16 - Nehemiah

Ne. 1

1:9 ² - 4.16, 4.16.2

Ne. 5

5:4 - 3.18.13

5:5 - 3.18.13

5:6 - 3.18.13

5:7 - 3.18.13

5:8 - 3.18.13

Ne. 6

6:14 - 3.2.20

Ne. 7

7:15 - 4.17.3.1

7:61 - 3.4.6

Ne. 8

8:2 - 4.17.2.2

8:3 - 4.17.2.2

8:4 - 4.17.2.2

8:10 - 3.11.10

8:11 - 3.11.10

8:12 - 3.11.10

Ne. 9

9:1 - 4.17.2.2

9:6 - 3.14.7

9:11 - 2.13.7

9:14 - 3.15.3

Ne. 11

11:1 - 3.11.2

11:18 - 3.11.2

Ne. 12

12:44 - 4.17.3.1

12:45 - 4.17.3.1

12:46 - 4.17.3.1

12:47 - 4.17.3.1

Ne. 13

13:28 - 4.17.2.2

13:29 - 4.17.2.2

5.6.17 - Esther

Est. 1

1:6 - 3.17.4

Est. 3

3:6 - 3.12.4

Est. 8

8:15 - 3.17.4

Est. 9

9:19 - 3.11.10

9:20 - 3.11.10

9:21 - 3.11.10

9:22 - 3.11.10

5.6.18 - Job

Job 1

1:6 ⁷ - 3.2.10, 3.8.2, 3.12.4, 3.12.9, 3.12.10, 3.19.10, 3.21.7

1:7 - 3.12.10

1:8 - 3.12.10

1:9 - 3.12.10

1:10 - 3.12.10

1:11 - 3.12.10

1:12 ³ - 3.2.10, 3.9.5, 3.12.10

1:19 - 3.13.13

Job 2

2:1 ³ - 3.12.4, 3.19.10, 3.21.7

2:6 ⁴ - 3.9.5², 3.2.10, 3.6.2

2:7 - 3.16.2

Job 3

3:20 - 3.9.6

3:21 - 3.9.6

3:22 - 3.9.6

Job 5

5:9 - 3.15.3

Job 7

7:15 - 3.9.6

7:16 - 3.9.6

Job 9

9:17 - 2.4.1

9:26 - 4.7.2

9:34 - 3.1.17

Job 10

10:10 - 3.16.1

10:11 - 3.13.15

Job 14

14:7 ² - 3.5.5, 3.7.4

14:8 - 3.5.5

14:9 - 3.5.5

Job 15

15:14 - 3.5.3

Job 18

18:15 - 3.9.17

Job 19

19:25 - 3.22.4

19:26 - 3.22.4

19:27 - 3.22.4

Job 20

20:5 - 3.11.10

20:6 - 3.11.10

20:7 - 3.11.10

20:8 - 3.11.10

20:9 - 3.11.10

Job 21

21:15 - 3.8.5

21:20 - 3.14.10

Job 22

22:25 - 3.1.15

Job 23

23:10 ² - 3.2.10, 3.21.18

23:12 ² - 3.10.9²

23:14 - 3.3.4

23:15 - 3.1.17

23:16 - 3.1.17

Job 24

24:1 - 3.6.16

Job 25

25:1 - 3.1.17

25:3 - 3.5.11

Job 26

26:6 - 3.9.11

26:12 - 3.13.1

26:13 ² - 3.4.11, 3.13.1

Job 27

27:3 - 4.2.7

Job 28

28:22 - 3.9.11

28:24 ² - 3.1.14, 3.6.16

28:28 - 3.1.17

Job 29

29:20 - 3.6.2

Job 30

30:11 - 3.6.2

Job 31

31:4 - 3.6.16

31:12 - 3.9.11

31:15 - 3.13.15

31:26 ³ - 3.6.12, 3.6.13, 3.16.8

31:27 ³ - 3.6.12, 3.6.13, 3.16.8

31:28 ³ - 3.6.12, 3.6.13, 3.16.8

Job 33

33:4 ⁴ - 3.4.11, 3.11.11, 3.22.1, 4.2.7

33:13 - 2.4.1

33:15 - 3.1.10

Job 34

34:14 - 3.1.4

34:15 - 3.1.4

34:19 - 3.13.16

34:22 ² - 3.1.14, 3.6.16

Job 37

37:5 - 3.15.3

37:17 - 3.9.2

Job 38

38:7 ⁷ - 3.12.4², 3.1.20, 3.9.1, 3.12.1, 3.19.10, 3.21.7

38:17 - 3.1.18

38:22 ⁴ - 3.16.21², 3.8.7, 3.12.16

38:23 - 3.12.16

Job 39

39:19 - 3.9.7

39:20 - 3.9.7

39:27 ² - 3.8.13, 3.19.17

39:28 ² - 3.8.13, 3.19.17

39:29 ² - 3.8.13, 3.19.17

39:30 ⁶ - 3.8.13², 3.14.17², 3.3.3, 3.19.17

Job 41

41:19 - 3.9.17

41:20 - 3.9.17

41:21 - 3.9.17

Job 42

42:2 - 3.19.6

5.6.19 - Psalms

Ps. 1

1:1 - 3.22.2

1:2 - 3.22.2

1:3 ³ - 3.2.7, 3.22.1, 3.22.2

Ps. 2

2:1 ³² - 4.5.1⁴, 3.1.5², 3.11.15², 3.17.14², 4.11.5², 2.4.3, 2.13.1, 2.13.7, 3.1.7, 3.2.17, 3.2.18, 3.2.26, 3.2.27, 3.5.1, 3.5.5, 3.6.1, 3.6.12, 3.11.18, 3.12.5, 3.14.1, 3.14.8, 3.19.19, 3.22.20, 4.14.3, 4.16.3

2:2 ¹⁵ - 4.5.1², 2.4.3, 2.13.1, 2.13.7, 3.5.1, 3.5.5, 3.6.1, 3.6.12, 3.11.15, 3.12.10, 3.17.14, 3.19.19, 3.22.20, 4.5.2

2:3 ¹¹ - 4.5.1², 2.13.1, 2.13.7, 3.5.1, 3.5.5, 3.6.1, 3.6.12, 3.17.14, 3.19.19, 3.22.20

2:4 ⁴ - 2.13.1, 3.14.1, 3.22.20, 4.5.1

2:5 ⁵ - 2.13.1, 3.11.18, 3.14.1, 3.22.20, 4.5.1

2:6 ⁸ - 3.14.1², 2.13.1, 3.5.1, 3.5.5, 3.22.20, 4.5.1, 4.11.4

2:7 ¹⁴ - 3.1.5², 3.5.1², 3.11.15², 2.13.1, 3.5.5, 3.22.20, 4.5.1, 4.7, 4.11.4, 4.11.5, 4.16.5.8

2:8 ¹⁹ - 3.5.1³, 3.11.15², 3.12.5², 2.13.1, 3.1.5, 3.2.18, 3.2.27, 3.5.5, 3.5.7, 3.10.2, 3.22.20, 4.5.1, 4.5.5.1, 4.11.4, 4.11.5

2:9 ¹³ - 3.2.18², 3.11.15², 3.19.15², 2.13.1, 3.2.27, 3.22.20, 4.5.1, 4.5.5.1, 4.11.4, 4.11.5

2:10 - 3.22.20

2:11 - 3.22.20

2:12 ⁷ - 3.6.15, 3.11.18, 3.14.10, 3.19.19, 3.22.20, 4.14.5, 4.16.5.8

Ps. 5

5:4 - 3.15.4

5:7 - 3.1.17

5:9 ² - 3.14.5, 4.16.1

Ps. 8

8:2 - 3.2.24

Ps. 9

9:7 - 3.20.12

9:8 - 3.20.12

9:13 - 3.1.18

Ps. 10

10:7 - 4.16.1

10:8 - 4.2.6

10:9 - 4.2.6

10:16 - 3.11.15

Ps. 11

11:4 ² - 3.2.10, 4.16.4

11:5 - 3.2.10

11:6 - 3.9.17

11:7 - 3.1.15

Ps. 14

14:1 ² - 3.9.20, 4.16.1

14:2 - 4.16.1

14:3 - 4.16.1

Ps. 15

15:1 - 3.14.5

15:2 - 3.14.5

15:3 - 3.14.5

Ps. 16

16:3 ² - 3.17.14, 3.19.14

16:10 ² - 3.1.7, 3.3.7

16:11 - 3.7.15

Ps. 17

17:3 - 3.14.5

17:15 ³ - 3.6.16, 3.22.4, 4.16.1

Ps. 18

18:8 - 3.11.5

18:10 ² - 3.4.6²

18:11 - 3.1.7

18:12 - 3.16.21

18:13 - 3.4.5

18:30 - 3.14.5

Ps. 19

19:1 ³ - 2.2.8, 2.7.5.4, 3.20.12

19:2 ³ - 2.2.8, 2.7.5.4, 3.20.12

19:3 ³ - 2.2.8, 2.7.5.4, 3.20.12

19:4 ³ - 2.2.8, 2.7.5.4, 3.20.12

19:5 ² - 2.2.8, 2.7.5.4

19:6 ² - 2.2.8, 2.7.5.4

19:7 ² - 2.2.8, 2.7.5.4

19:8 ² - 2.2.8, 2.7.5.4

19:9 ³ - 2.2.8, 2.7.5.4, 3.19.2

19:10 ⁴ - 2.2.8, 2.7.5.4, 3.10.10, 3.19.2

19:11 ² - 2.2.8, 2.7.5.4

19:12 ² - 2.2.8, 2.7.5.4

19:13 ² - 2.2.8, 2.7.5.4

19:14 ³ - 2.2.8, 2.7.5.4, 3.14.5

Ps. 20

20:6 - 3.5.1

Ps. 22

22:1 ⁴ - 3.1.7², 4.14.3, 4.16.3.1

22:3 - 3.4.8

22:9 - 3.13.15

22:10 - 3.13.15

22:16 ² - 3.22.15²

22:20 ² - 3.22.15²

22:23 - 3.19.5

22:27 ² - 3.11.15, 4.11.7

22:28 ² - 3.11.15, 4.11.7

22:29 - 4.11.7

22:30 - 2.2.8

Ps. 23

23:1 ² - 3.7.17, 5.2.63

23:2 - 3.7.17

23:6 - 4.16.2

Ps. 25

25:14 - 3.2.17

Ps. 27

27:1 - 3.17.16

27:2 - 3.17.16

27:3 - 3.17.16

27:4 - 3.22.3

Ps. 28

28:4 - 3.20.12

Ps. 29

29:1 - 3.12.4

29:3 - 3.10.4

29:4 - 3.10.4

29:5 - 3.10.4

29:6 - 3.10.4

29:7 - 3.10.4

29:8 - 3.10.4

29:9 - 3.10.4

29:10 - 3.10.4

Ps. 30

30:5 - 3.2.10

Ps. 31

31:5 ² - 3.7.10, 3.13.8.2

31:21 - 3.12.6.1

Ps. 33

33:2 ² - 3.5.8, 3.14.2

33:6 - 3.19.13

Ps. 34

34:7 - 3.10.1.1

34:9 ³ - 3.11.18, 3.17.14, 3.19.14

34:20 - 3.5.6

Ps. 35

35:5 - 3.10.1.1

35:6 - 3.10.1.1

35:18 - 3.9.16

Ps. 36

36:1 ² - 3.1.17, 4.16.1

36:6 - 3.21.6

36:8 ² - 3.4.6, 3.22.1

36:9 ² - 3.4.6, 3.22.1

Ps. 37

37:5 - 3.3.4

37:9 - 3.5.10

37:23 - 3.3.4

Ps. 39

39:1 - 3.14.5

39:12 - 3.3.10.1

Ps. 40

40:2 - 3.3.4

40:3 - 3.14.3

40:7 ⁴ - 2.2.13, 3.1.2, 3.19.10, 4.16.3.1

Ps. 42

42:1 - 3.22.17

42:2 ⁴ - 3.1.18, 3.7.2, 3.9.20, 3.22.17

Ps. 43

43:4 ² - 3.5.8, 3.14.2

Ps. 44

44:22 ² - 3.6.9, 3.13.10

Ps. 45

45:3 - 3.19.11

45:4 - 3.19.11

45:7 - 3.1.10

45:8 - 3.2.8

45:9 ² - 3.21.18, 4.10.2

45:10 - 4.10.2

45:11 - 4.10.2

45:12 - 4.10.2

45:13 - 4.10.2

45:14 - 4.10.2

Ps. 46

46:1 ⁴ - 3.2.28², 3.16.20²

46:2 ³ - 3.2.28, 3.7.1, 3.16.20

46:3 - 3.2.28

46:4 ⁴ - 3.2.28, 3.4.6, 3.17.18.1, 3.22.1

46:5 - 3.2.28

46:6 ² - 3.2.28, 3.16.20

46:7 - 3.2.28

46:8 - 3.2.28

46:9 - 3.2.28

46:10 ² - 3.2.28, 3.15.4

46:11 - 3.2.28

Ps. 47

47:8 - 3.5.1

Ps. 48

48:2 - 3.21.2

48:7 ² - 3.7.1, 3.7.2

Ps. 50

50:3 ² - 3.1.14, 4.16

50:4 ² - 2.7.5.3.1, 3.12.1

Ps. 51

51:4 - 3.1.5

51:11 ⁴ - 4.16.5.5², 3.1.13, 4.14.4.1

Ps. 52

52:8 - 3.11.4

Ps. 53

53:1 ² - 3.9.20, 4.16.1

53:2 - 4.16.1

53:3 - 4.16.1

Ps. 55

55:5 - 3.12.14

55:6 - 3.12.14

55:7 - 3.12.14

55:8 - 3.12.14

Ps. 57

57:8 - 3.14.2

57:9 - 3.14.2

Ps. 58

58:10 ² - 3.1.15, 3.14.18

58:11 - 3.14.18

Ps. 60

60:3 - 3.14.10

60:7 - 3.5.5

60:9 - 3.12.6.1

60:10 - 3.12.6.1

60:11 - 3.12.6.1

60:12 - 3.12.6.1

Ps. 62

62:12 - 3.20.12

Ps. 65

65:4 ³ - 3.17.14, 3.22.3, 4.16.2

65:7 - 3.12.15

65:10 - 3.1.15

Ps. 66

66:9 - 3.3.4

Ps. 67

67:4 - 4.11.7

67:5 - 4.11.7

67:6 ² - 4.11.4, 4.11.7

67:7 ² - 4.11.4, 4.11.7

Ps. 68

68:4 - 3.19.1

68:17 ² - 3.5.11, 3.19.14

68:23 - 3.1.15

Ps. 69

69:2 - 3.12.15

69:3 - 3.12.15

69:4 - 3.12.15

69:5 - 3.6.16

69:21 - 3.8.11

69:28 ¹¹ - 4.4.3.1³, 4.4.3², 4.4.3.5², 3.20.12, 3.20.15, 4.4.3.2, 4.4.3.4

Ps. 71

71:17 - 3.1.7

71:22 - 3.5.8

Ps. 72

72:1 - 4.11.7

72:2 - 4.11.7

72:3 ² - 4.11.4, 4.11.7

72:4 ² - 4.11.4, 4.11.7

72:5 ³ - 3.22.2, 4.11.4, 4.11.7

72:6 ² - 4.11.4, 4.11.7

72:7 ² - 4.11.4, 4.11.7

72:8 ³ - 3.11.15, 4.11.4, 4.11.7

72:9 ² - 3.11.15, 4.11.7

72:10 ² - 3.11.15, 4.11.7

72:11 ² - 3.11.15, 4.11.7

72:12 - 4.11.7

72:13 - 4.11.7

72:14 - 4.11.7

72:15 - 4.11.7

72:16 ² - 4.11.4, 4.11.7

72:17 ² - 3.1.7, 4.11.7

72:18 - 4.11.7

72:19 - 4.11.7

72:20 - 4.11.7

Ps. 73

73:3 - 3.18.7

Ps. 74

74:1 - 3.11.2

74:2 - 3.11.2

74:3 - 3.11.2

74:4 - 3.11.2

74:5 - 3.11.2

74:6 - 3.11.2

74:7 - 3.11.2

74:10 - 4.3.2.4

74:11 - 3.5.1

74:13 ³ - 3.13.1², 3.12.3

74:14 ² - 3.13.1, 3.18.2

Ps. 75

75:7 - 3.14.10

75:8 ² - 3.14.10²

Ps. 76

76:8 - 3.8.1

76:9 - 3.8.1

Ps. 78

78:2 - 3.13.8

78:12 - 3.15.3

78:13 - 3.15.3

78:18 - 3.12.6

78:19 - 3.12.6

78:20 - 3.12.6

78:21 - 3.12.6

78:22 - 3.12.6

78:23 ² - 3.2.17, 3.12.6

78:24 ² - 3.2.17, 3.12.6

78:25 ² - 3.2.17, 3.12.6

78:26 ² - 3.7.1, 3.7.2

78:44 ² - 3.8.8, 3.11.6

78:45 - 3.16.13

78:47 - 3.16.21

78:63 - 3.1.14

78:68 - 3.20.9

Ps. 79

79:1 ⁵ - 3.11.2, 3.16.1, 3.16.6, 3.16.12, 4.5.4

79:2 ⁴ - 3.11.9, 3.16.1, 3.16.6, 4.5.4

79:3 ⁴ - 3.11.8, 3.16.1, 3.16.6, 4.5.4

79:4 ³ - 3.16.1, 3.16.6, 4.5.4

79:5 ² - 3.16.1, 4.5.4

79:6 ² - 3.16.1, 4.5.4

79:7 ² - 3.16.1, 4.5.4

79:8 - 4.5.4

79:9 - 4.5.4

79:10 - 4.5.4

79:11 - 4.5.4

79:12 - 4.5.4

79:13 - 4.5.4

Ps. 80

80:1 ³ - 3.4.6², 4.16.2

80:17 - 3.5.1

Ps. 81

81:10 - 3.3.15

81:11 - 3.3.15

81:12 - 3.3.15

81:13 - 3.3.15

Ps. 82

82:8 - 3.5.7

Ps. 83

83:12 - 3.10.2

Ps. 84

84:2 ³ - 3.1.18, 3.7.2, 3.9.20

84:11 - 3.12.1

Ps. 85

85:9 - 3.11.18

85:10 - 3.15.3

85:11 - 3.15.3

85:12 - 3.15.3

85:13 - 3.15.3

Ps. 86

86:9 ² - 3.15.4²

86:10 - 3.15.4

Ps. 87

87:2 - 3.20.9

87:3 ² - 3.17.18.1, 3.21.2

87:4 - 3.13.1

Ps. 88

88:1 - 4.16.5.8

88:11 - 3.9.11

Ps. 89

89:3 - 3.5.5

89:4 ³ - 3.3.7, 3.3.21, 3.5.5

89:6 - 3.12.4

89:7 ² - 3.1.17, 3.15.4

89:8 ² - 3.13.4, 3.15.4

89:9 - 3.13.1

89:10 - 3.13.1

89:13 - 3.5.1

89:19 - 3.5.5

89:20 ² - 3.5.5, 4.11.4

89:21 ² - 3.5.5, 4.11.4

89:22 ² - 3.5.5, 4.11.4

89:23 ² - 3.5.5, 4.11.4

89:24 ² - 3.5.5, 4.11.4

89:25 ³ - 3.5.5, 3.10.2, 4.11.4

89:26 ² - 3.5.5, 4.11.4

89:27 ⁴ - 3.1.5², 3.5.5, 4.11.4

89:28 ³ - 3.3.7, 3.5.5, 4.11.4

89:29 ³ - 3.3.21, 3.5.5, 4.11.4

89:30 ² - 3.5.5, 4.11.4

89:31 ² - 3.5.5, 4.11.4

89:32 ² - 3.5.5, 4.11.4

89:33 ³ - 3.5.5², 4.11.4

89:34 ³ - 3.5.5², 4.11.4

89:35 ⁷ - 3.5.5², 3.12.1², 2.7.5.3.1, 3.21.23, 4.11.4

89:36 ⁷ - 3.5.5², 3.12.1², 2.7.5.3.1, 3.21.23, 4.11.4

89:37 ⁷ - 3.5.5², 3.12.1², 2.7.5.3.1, 3.21.23, 4.11.4

89:38 - 3.5.5

89:39 - 3.5.5

89:40 - 3.5.5

89:41 - 3.5.5

89:42 - 3.5.5

89:43 - 3.5.5

89:44 - 3.5.5

89:45 - 3.5.5

89:46 - 3.5.5

89:47 - 3.5.5

89:48 - 3.5.5

89:49 - 3.5.5

89:50 - 3.5.5

89:51 - 3.5.5

Ps. 90

90:2 ² - 3.1.11, 3.13.8.1

90:4 - 4.11.9

90:8 - 3.1.14

90:10 - 3.11.3

90:12 - 3.11.3

Ps. 92

92:3 - 3.5.8

92:12 - 3.3.12

92:13 - 3.3.12

92:14 - 3.3.12

Ps. 93

93:1 - 3.3.21

93:2 ² - 3.3.21, 3.19.6

Ps. 94

94:1 - 3.6.11

94:2 - 3.6.11

94:3 - 3.6.11

94:9 - 3.1.14

Ps. 95

95:7 - 5.2.33

Ps. 96

96:11 - 3.12.12

96:12 ² - 3.12.12, 3.20.12

96:13 ³ - 3.12.12, 3.19.11, 3.20.12

Ps. 97

97:2 ² - 3.1.7, 3.10.1.1

Ps. 98

98:1 ² - 3.5.1, 3.14.3

98:5 - 3.14.2

Ps. 99

99:1 ⁴ - 3.4.6², 3.19.6, 4.16.2

99:2 - 3.19.6

99:5 - 3.4.10

Ps. 101

101:3 - 2.2.8

Ps. 102

102:15 - 3.11.18

102:18 - 2.2.8

102:25 ² - 3.6.14, 3.21.1

102:26 - 3.21.1

Ps. 103

103:7 - 3.1.1

103:11 - 3.11.18

103:20 - 3.19.10

Ps. 104

104:1 - 3.19.1

104:2 - 3.21.3

104:4 - 3.9.7

104:7 - 3.4.5

104:30 - 3.4.11

104:35 - 3.19.1

Ps. 105

105:1 - 3.19.1

105:6 ³ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.19.21, 4.17.2.3

105:8 - 4.11.4

105:9 - 4.11.4

105:10 - 4.11.4

105:11 ² - 3.5.10, 4.11.4

105:19 - 3.2.10

105:25 - 3.17.17

105:29 ⁴ - 2.13.7, 3.8.8, 3.11.6, 3.16.3

105:30 ² - 2.13.7, 3.16.13

105:31 - 2.13.7

105:32 ⁴ - 2.13.7², 3.8.7, 3.16.21

105:33 ² - 2.13.7, 3.8.7

105:34 ² - 2.13.7²

105:35 - 2.13.7

105:36 - 2.13.7

Ps. 106

106:1 - 3.19.1

106:6 ³ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.19.21, 4.17.2.3

106:7 ³ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.19.21, 4.17.2.3

106:18 - 3.11.5

106:28 - 3.2.14

106:37 - 3.13.4

106:39 - 4.1.4.1

106:48 - 3.19.1

Ps. 107

107:9 - 3.7.16

107:18 - 3.1.18

107:41 - 5.2.63

Ps. 108

108:10 - 3.12.6.1

108:11 - 3.12.6.1

108:12 - 3.12.6.1

108:13 - 3.12.6.1

Ps. 110

110:1 ¹¹ - 3.3.21², 2.4.3, 3.1.7, 3.5.1, 3.11.15, 3.17.14, 3.19.10, 3.19.15, 4.16.5.8, 5.2.33

110:2 ² - 3.17.14, 3.19.15

110:3 - 3.17.14

110:4 ³ - 3.17.14, 3.19.12, 4.16.4

110:5 ² - 3.2.27, 3.17.14

110:6 ² - 3.2.27, 3.17.14

110:7 - 3.17.14

Ps. 111

111:1 - 3.19.1

111:10 ² - 3.1.17, 3.15.4

Ps. 112

112:1 - 3.19.1

Ps. 113

113:1 - 3.19.1

Ps. 114

114:4 - 3.5.6

114:6 - 3.5.6

Ps. 115

115:1 - 3.19.1

115:4 ² - 3.7.2, 3.9.20

115:5 - 3.13.15

115:7 - 3.9.20

115:13 ³ - 3.11.18², 3.1.17

115:14 - 3.11.18

Ps. 116

116:1 - 3.19.1

116:15 ³ - 3.2.13, 3.7.14, 3.14.13

Ps. 117

117:1 - 3.19.1

Ps. 118

118:26 - 3.1.7

Ps. 119

119:1 ² - 2.2.14, 3.14.5

119:4 - 3.1.3

119:9 - 4.14.4.2

119:11 - 4.14.4.2

119:19 - 3.3.10.1

119:30 - 3.2.25

119:31 - 3.2.25

119:32 - 3.2.25

119:33 - 3.2.25

119:34 - 3.2.25

119:35 - 3.2.25

119:38 - 3.1.17

119:73 - 3.13.15

119:84 - 3.11.3

119:89 ² - 3.17.17, 3.21.5

119:103 - 3.10.10

119:120 - 3.1.17

119:133 - 3.3.4

119:137 ² - 3.16.5, 3.19.2

Ps. 120

120:1 - 3.14.5

120:2 - 3.14.5

120:3 - 3.14.5

120:4 - 3.14.5

120:5 - 3.14.5

120:6 - 3.14.5

120:7 - 3.14.5

Ps. 122

122:4 - 4.11.6.1

122:5 - 4.11.6.1

Ps. 124

124:1 - 3.12.15

124:2 - 3.12.15

124:3 - 3.12.15

124:4 - 3.12.15

124:5 - 3.12.15

Ps. 128

128:4 - 3.1.17

Ps. 130

130:5 - 3.2.28

130:6 - 3.2.28

Ps. 132

132:10 - 3.5.5

132:11 - 3.5.5

132:12 ² - 3.3.21, 3.5.5

132:13 ⁴ - 3.3.12, 3.5.6, 3.14.1, 3.20.9

132:14 - 3.5.6

132:15 - 3.5.6

132:16 - 3.5.6

132:17 - 3.5.6

Ps. 134

134:1 - 3.19.5

134:2 - 3.19.5

134:3 - 3.19.5

Ps. 135

135:1 ² - 3.19.1, 3.19.5

135:2 - 3.19.5

135:3 - 3.19.5

135:4 ³ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.19.21, 4.17.2.3

135:15 ² - 3.7.2, 3.9.20

135:16 - 3.13.15

135:17 - 3.13.15

135:18 - 3.13.15

Ps. 136

136:3 - 3.19.16

Ps. 137

137:1 ² - 3.9.14, 4.1.3.5.2

137:2 - 3.9.14

137:3 - 3.9.14

137:4 - 3.9.14

137:8 - 3.18.6

Ps. 138

138:2 ³ - 3.19.13, 3.22.7, 4.1.3.5.1

Ps. 139

139:2 - 3.6.16

139:3 - 3.6.16

139:4 - 3.6.16

139:7 ² - 3.1.14, 3.14.10

139:8 - 3.14.10

139:9 - 3.14.10

139:10 - 3.14.10

139:11 - 3.14.10

139:12 - 3.14.10

139:13 - 3.13.15

139:14 - 3.15.3

139:15 - 3.15.3

139:23 - 3.1.14

Ps. 140

140:3 - 4.16.1

Ps. 141

141:1 - 3.5.8

141:2 ² - 3.5.8, 3.8.4

141:3 - 3.14.5

Ps. 144

144:7 - 3.13.1

144:9 - 3.14.3

Ps. 145

145:13 - 3.11.15

145:17 ² - 3.3.7, 3.16.5

145:19 - 3.1.17

Ps. 146

146:1 - 3.19.1

Ps. 147

147:5 - 3.6.16

147:7 - 3.14.2

147:11 - 3.11.18

147:17 - 3.16.21

Ps. 148

148:3 - 3.21.23

148:4 - 3.21.23

148:5 - 3.21.23

148:6 - 3.21.23

148:7 - 3.5.13

148:8 ² - 3.5.13, 3.16.21

148:9 - 3.5.13

148:10 - 3.5.13

Ps. 149

149:3 ² - 3.5.8, 3.14.2

149:5 - 3.2.27

149:6 ⁴ - 3.2.27, 3.7.5, 3.12.5, 4.11.6.1

149:7 ³ - 3.2.27, 3.12.5, 4.11.6.1

149:8 ³ - 3.2.27, 3.12.5, 4.11.6.1

149:9 ³ - 3.2.27, 3.12.5, 4.11.6.1

Ps. 150

150:3 ² - 3.5.8, 3.14.2

150:4 - 3.14.2

150:5 - 3.14.2

150:6 - 3.14.2

5.6.20 - Proverbs

Pr. 1

1:16 - 4.16.1

Pr. 2

2:5 - 3.1.17

Pr. 3

3:6 - 3.3.4

3:13 - 3.18.11

3:14 - 3.18.11

3:15 - 3.18.11

3:16 - 3.18.11

3:17 - 3.18.11

3:18 ³ - 3.2.7, 3.18.11, 3.22.2

Pr. 5

5:4 - 3.8.11

Pr. 7

7:5 - 3.3.10

Pr. 8

8:6 - 3.14.5

8:7 ² - 3.6.16, 3.14.5

8:8 - 3.14.5

8:13 ² - 3.1.17, 3.2.6

8:22 - 3.3.14

8:23 ² - 3.3.14, 3.13.8.1

8:24 - 3.3.14

8:25 - 3.3.14

8:26 - 3.3.14

8:27 - 3.3.14

8:28 - 3.3.14

8:29 ² - 3.3.14, 3.5.6

8:30 - 3.3.14

Pr. 9

9:10 - 3.1.17

Pr. 10

10:19 - 3.14.5

10:20 - 3.1.15

10:27 - 3.1.17

10:31 - 3.14.5

10:32 - 3.14.5

Pr. 11

11:5 - 3.14.5

11:30 ³ - 3.2.7, 3.22.2, 3.22.11

Pr. 13

13:7 - 3.2.9

13:12 ² - 3.2.7, 3.22.2

13:13 - 3.1.1

Pr. 14

14:26 - 3.1.17

Pr. 15

15:2 - 3.14.5

15:3 - 3.1.14

15:4 ³ - 3.2.7, 3.14.5, 3.22.2

15:11 - 3.9.11

15:16 - 3.1.17

15:28 - 3.14.5

15:33 - 3.1.17

Pr. 16

16:6 - 3.1.17

16:9 - 3.3.4

Pr. 18

18:21 - 3.14.5

Pr. 19

19:21 - 3.3.4

19:23 - 3.1.17

Pr. 20

20:6 - 3.3.18

20:9 - 3.5.3

20:24 - 3.3.4

Pr. 21

21:1 ² - 3.6.2, 3.17.17

21:2 - 3.3.18

21:23 - 3.14.5

Pr. 22

22:4 - 3.1.17

Pr. 23

23:17 - 3.1.17

Pr. 24

24:12 - 3.20.12

24:21 - 3.1.17

Pr. 25

25:2 ² - 3.10.4, 3.13.18

Pr. 27

27:2 - 3.2.20

27:20 - 3.9.11

27:22 ² - 3.9.20, 3.16.9

Pr. 30

30:2 - 3.19.12

30:3 - 3.19.12

30:4 ⁶ - 3.2.17, 3.3.12, 3.19.12, 4.5.5.1, 4.7, 4.16.5.8

30:6 ² - 3.22.18, 3.22.19

30:8 - 3.3.17

30:9 ³ - 3.2.3, 3.3.8, 3.3.17

30:17 - 4.7.2

30:27 - 3.9.11

Pr. 31

31:26 - 3.2.20

31:30 - 3.1.17

5.6.21 - Ecclesiastes

Ecc. 3

3:14 - 2.4.1

Ecc. 5

5:7 - 3.1.17

Ecc. 7

7:20 - 3.5.3

Ecc. 8

8:12 ² - 3.1.17, 3.11.18

Ecc. 11

11:5 - 3.13.15

Ecc. 12

12:11 - 3.9.8

12:13 ² - 3.1.17, 3.11.18

12:14 ² - 3.5.6, 3.20.12

5.6.22 - Song of Solomon

Sos. 1

1:1 ² - 3.19.10, 4.1.4.1

1:3 - 4.10.2

Sos. 2

2:1 - 3.9.14

2:7 - 4.10.2

Sos. 3

3:6 - 3.2.8

Sos. 4

4:15 - 3.4.6

Sos. 5

5:1 ² - 3.3.20, 4.10.2

5:2 - 3.3.20

5:3 - 3.3.20

5:4 - 3.3.20

5:5 - 3.3.20

5:6 - 3.3.20

5:8 - 4.10.2

Sos. 6

6:1 - 4.10.2

6:13 - 4.10.2

Sos. 8

8:13 ² - 3.22.20, 4.10.2

8:14 - 3.22.20

5.6.23 - Isaiah

Isa. 1

1:1 - 3.1.10

1:2 ² - 2.7.5.3.1, 3.12.1

1:9 ³ - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 4.17.3.2.3

1:10 - 3.11.8

1:12 ² - 3.11.2²

1:13 - 3.11.2

1:14 - 3.11.2

1:15 - 3.11.2

1:16 - 3.1.5

1:17 - 3.1.5

1:18 ⁴ - 3.1.5, 3.1.14, 3.7.14, 3.20.12

1:21 ² - 3.21.2²

1:27 - 3.14.1

Isa. 2

2:1 ³ - 2.4.3, 3.10.7, 4.1.3.1

2:2 ¹⁰ - 4.11.4², 2.4.3, 3.10.7, 3.16.20, 3.21.10, 4.1.3.1, 4.5.2, 4.11.7, 4.16.5.1

2:3 ¹⁶ - 3.14.1³, 4.11.4², 2.4.3, 3.1.5, 3.3.4, 3.10.7, 3.21.10, 4.1.3.1, 4.1.3.4, 4.5.1, 4.5.2, 4.11.7, 4.16.5.10.1

2:4 ⁹ - 4.5.1², 2.4.3, 3.2.28, 3.10.7, 3.14.1, 3.21.10, 4.1.3.1, 4.11.7

2:5 ³ - 4.1.3.1, 4.11.4, 4.11.7

2:8 - 3.9.20

2:10 ⁸ - 3.6.17⁴, 2.13.3³, 2.13.1

2:11 ¹¹ - 3.6.17⁵, 2.13.3⁴, 2.13.1, 3.1.7

2:12 ⁸ - 2.13.3⁴, 3.6.17³, 2.13.1

2:13 ⁷ - 2.13.3³, 3.6.17³, 2.13.1

2:14 ⁷ - 2.13.3³, 3.6.17³, 2.13.1

2:15 ⁷ - 2.13.3³, 3.6.17³, 2.13.1

2:16 ⁸ - 2.13.3³, 3.6.17³, 2.13.1, 3.8.9

2:17 ⁹ - 2.13.3⁴, 3.6.17³, 2.13.1, 3.1.7

2:18 ⁶ - 2.13.3³, 3.6.17³

2:19 ⁸ - 2.13.3⁴, 3.6.17⁴

2:20 ¹⁰ - 2.13.3⁶, 3.6.17⁴

2:21 ⁸ - 2.13.3⁴, 3.6.17⁴

2:22 ⁵ - 2.13.3³, 3.6.17²

Isa. 3

3:8 - 3.11.8

3:16 - 3.14.1

3:17 - 3.14.1

Isa. 4

4:1 - 3.14.1

4:2 ⁶ - 2.13.3, 3.5.5, 3.14.1, 4.2.6, 4.7, 4.7.1

4:3 - 3.14.1

4:4 ³ - 3.7.15, 3.7.16, 3.14.1

4:5 ⁶ - 2.4.2, 2.13.8, 3.7.15, 3.7.16, 3.14.1, 4.16.2

4:6 ³ - 3.7.15, 3.7.16, 3.14.1

Isa. 5

5:1 ² - 3.14.18, 5.2.63

5:2 - 3.14.18

5:3 - 3.14.18

5:4 - 3.14.18

5:5 ² - 3.10.7, 3.14.18

5:7 - 4.16.5.4

5:20 - 3.19.11

5:24 - 3.1.1

5:26 - 3.1.1

5:30 ² - 3.6.12, 3.8.12

Isa. 6

6:1 ⁹ - 3.4.2², 2.9.3.2, 3.1.10, 3.1.12, 3.5.1, 3.11.19, 3.15.8, 4.14.2

6:2 ⁸ - 3.4.8², 2.7.5.3.5, 3.4.6, 3.7.9, 3.9.7, 3.11.19, 3.15.8

6:3 ⁷ - 3.3.7², 2.7.5.3.2, 3.4.8, 3.11.19, 3.15.4, 3.15.8

6:4 ³ - 3.1.17, 3.11.19, 3.15.8

6:5 ⁷ - 4.16.1², 3.1.17, 3.4.2, 3.14.5, 3.20.11, 3.22.4

6:6 ⁴ - 3.4.6, 3.4.8, 3.7.9, 3.22.4

6:7 ³ - 3.1.17, 3.14.5, 3.22.4

6:8 - 5.2.33

6:9 ² - 2.2.6, 2.13.4

6:10 ² - 2.2.6, 2.13.4

6:11 - 2.13.4

6:12 - 2.13.4

6:13 ⁴ - 2.7.5.2, 2.13.4, 3.2.9, 4.17.3.2.3

Isa. 7

7:3 ³ - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 4.17.3.2.3

7:14 ⁶ - 3.12.1², 3.12.1.1, 3.12.2, 3.12.4, 3.22.6

Isa. 8

8:1 ² - 3.10.7, 3.13.18

8:3 - 3.2.20

8:7 - 3.12.15

8:13 - 3.1.17

8:19 ² - 3.9.21, 3.18.23

8:20 - 3.2.2

Isa. 9

9:1 ² - 3.1.1, 3.1.5

9:2 ² - 3.1.1, 3.1.5

9:5 - 3.2.28

9:6 ¹⁶ - 3.1.7², 3.3.7², 3.1.11, 3.5.5, 3.12.1, 3.12.2, 3.12.4, 3.19.12, 3.22.13, 4.2.6, 4.5.1, 4.10.1, 4.14.3, 4.17.4

9:7 ²³ - 3.3.7³, 3.5.5², 3.11.15², 3.12.1², 2.4.3, 3.1.7, 3.2.28, 3.12.4, 3.14.1, 3.16.7, 3.19.11, 3.22.16, 4.5.1, 4.10.1, 4.11.4, 4.11.5, 4.16.5.10.1, 4.17.4

Isa. 10

10:5 - 3.17.17

10:6 - 3.17.17

10:7 - 3.17.17

10:20 ⁴ - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 3.12.17, 4.17.3.2.3

10:21 ⁴ - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 3.12.17, 4.17.3.2.3

10:22 ⁴ - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 3.12.17, 4.17.3.2.3

10:23 - 3.12.17

Isa. 11

11:1 ⁶ - 3.5.5², 2.4.3, 3.1.6, 4.1.3.1, 4.11.7

11:2 ⁵ - 3.1.4², 2.4.3, 3.1.6, 4.11.7

11:3 ⁵ - 2.4.3, 3.1.6, 3.1.17, 3.3.14, 4.11.7

11:4 ⁹ - 2.4.3, 3.1.6, 3.1.16, 3.3.14, 3.5.2, 3.11.5, 3.19.15, 4.2.2, 4.11.7

11:5 ⁴ - 2.4.3, 3.1.6, 3.3.14, 4.11.7

11:6 ⁷ - 3.10.7², 4.11.4², 2.4.3, 3.1.6, 4.11.7

11:7 ⁷ - 3.10.7², 2.2.11, 2.4.3, 3.1.6, 4.11.4, 4.11.7

11:8 ⁶ - 3.10.7², 2.4.3, 3.1.6, 4.11.4, 4.11.7

11:9 ⁸ - 3.10.7², 2.4.3, 2.13.4, 3.1.5, 3.1.6, 4.11.4, 4.11.7

11:10 ⁶ - 2.4.3, 3.1.6, 3.5.5, 3.7.9, 3.22.16, 4.11.7

11:11 ⁵ - 2.4.3², 3.1.6, 3.10.7, 4.1.3.5.3

11:12 ³ - 2.4.3, 3.1.6, 3.16.12

11:13 ³ - 2.4.3, 3.1.6, 3.16.12

11:14 ⁴ - 2.4.3, 3.1.6, 3.16.12, 4.2.2

11:15 ⁶ - 2.4.3, 2.13.7, 3.1.6, 3.8.7, 3.12.16, 3.16.12

11:16 ⁵ - 2.4.3, 2.13.7, 3.1.6, 3.8.7, 3.16.12

Isa. 12

12:2 - 3.4.6

12:3 - 3.21.6

12:6 - 4.1.3.1

Isa. 13

13:1 ⁶ - 3.17.1, 3.22.6, 4.1.2.1, 4.1.2.3, 4.1.3.4, 4.5.4

13:6 ⁶ - 2.13.3², 3.6.1, 3.6.17, 4.1.2.3, 4.1.3.1

13:7 ³ - 3.6.1, 3.6.17, 4.1.2.3

13:8 ⁴ - 3.6.17², 3.6.1, 4.1.2.3

13:9 ¹³ - 2.13.3², 2.13.4², 3.6.17², 3.6.1, 3.6.12, 3.6.13, 3.8.12, 3.16.1, 4.1.2.3, 4.14.5

13:10 ⁷ - 3.6.12², 3.6.1, 3.6.13, 3.6.17, 3.8.12, 4.1.2.3

13:11 ³ - 3.6.13, 3.6.17, 4.1.2.3

13:12 ³ - 3.6.13, 3.6.17, 4.1.2.3

13:13 ⁵ - 3.6.13, 3.6.17, 3.13.4, 4.1.2.3, 4.14.5

13:14 - 3.13.4

13:17 - 4.5.4

13:19 ⁴ - 3.11.8, 3.18.2, 3.18.8, 4.1.2.2

13:20 ³ - 3.18.2, 3.18.8, 4.1.2.2

13:21 ¹¹ - 3.18.2⁹, 3.16.19, 4.1.2.1

13:22 ⁶ - 3.18.2⁴, 3.1.1, 3.16.19

Isa. 14

14:1 ⁵ - 4.1.3.4², 3.17.1, 4.1.2.1, 4.5.4

14:2 - 4.1.3.4

14:3 - 4.1.3.4

14:4 ⁵ - 3.13.2, 3.18.1, 3.18.16, 4.1.1, 4.1.3.4

14:7 - 3.2.28

14:12 ¹⁰ - 3.12.4², 3.2.28, 3.8.2, 3.8.10, 3.9.1, 3.13.2, 3.16.10, 3.18.1, 4.1.1

14:13 ⁷ - 2.4.2, 3.1.20, 3.9.1, 3.13.2, 3.13.12, 3.16.16, 4.1.1

14:14 ⁵ - 2.4.2, 3.13.2, 3.13.4, 3.13.12, 4.1.1

14:15 ³ - 3.13.2, 3.13.4, 4.1.1

14:16 ⁵ - 3.6.2, 3.13.2, 3.13.4, 3.19.1, 4.1.1

14:17 ² - 3.13.4, 3.19.1

14:19 - 4.2.6

14:20 ² - 3.11.8, 4.2.6

14:23 ³ - 3.18.2³

14:27 ² - 3.17.17, 3.22.6

Isa. 16

16:1 ³ - 3.12.6², 3.12.6.1

16:2 - 3.12.6

16:3 ² - 3.12.6, 3.12.6.1

16:4 ³ - 3.9.11, 3.12.6, 3.12.6.1

16:5 ⁴ - 3.3.7, 3.12.6, 3.12.6.1, 3.19.11

Isa. 17

17:8 - 3.9.20

17:12 - 3.1.15

17:13 - 3.1.15

Isa. 18

18:1 ² - 3.7.14, 4.16.5.10.1

Isa. 19

19:1 - 3.1.7

19:3 - 3.18.23

Isa. 20

20:2 - 3.11.3

Isa. 21

21:9 ⁵ - 3.14.8, 3.17.10, 3.18.2, 4.1.2.2, 4.3.2.5

21:10 ² - 3.14.8, 4.1.2.2

Isa. 22

22:20 - 3.3.7

22:21 - 3.3.7

22:22 ² - 3.1.18, 3.3.7

22:23 - 3.3.7

Isa. 23

23:1 - 3.22.6

23:8 - 3.18.3

23:14 - 3.18.17

23:16 ² - 4.1.3.5.2, 4.1.4.1

23:17 ⁴ - 3.14.8, 3.17.2, 4.1.3.5.2, 4.1.4.1

23:18 - 4.1.4.1

Isa. 24

24:1 ⁶ - 2.7.5.4.2, 2.13.4, 3.2.28, 3.16.9, 3.17.14, 3.18.22

24:2 ⁴ - 2.13.4, 3.16.9, 3.17.14, 3.18.22

24:3 ³ - 2.13.4, 3.16.9, 3.17.14

24:4 ³ - 2.13.4, 3.16.9, 3.17.14

24:5 ³ - 2.13.4, 3.16.9, 3.17.14

24:6 ³ - 2.13.4, 3.16.9, 3.17.14

24:7 ² - 3.16.9, 3.17.14

24:8 ² - 3.16.9, 3.17.14

24:9 ² - 3.16.9, 3.17.14

24:10 ² - 3.16.9, 3.17.14

24:11 ² - 3.16.9, 3.17.14

24:12 ² - 3.16.9, 3.17.14

24:13 ² - 3.16.9, 3.17.14

24:14 - 3.17.14

24:15 ² - 3.2.28, 3.17.14

24:16 - 3.17.14

24:17 - 3.17.14

24:18 - 3.17.14

24:19 ⁴ - 2.13.4², 3.17.14, 3.20.3

24:20 ⁵ - 2.13.4², 3.6.15, 3.17.14, 3.20.3

24:21 ⁶ - 2.13.4, 3.9.15, 3.11.18, 3.17.14, 3.18.2, 3.20.3

24:22 ⁶ - 2.13.4, 3.1.18, 3.9.15, 3.17.14, 3.18.2, 3.20.3

24:23 ¹¹ - 3.4.4³, 2.13.4, 3.6.12, 3.17.14, 3.18.2, 3.21.23, 4.11.4, 4.11.5, 4.16.5

Isa. 25

25:8 ⁴ - 3.7.17, 3.20.14, 3.21.1, 3.21.4

Isa. 26

26:9 ² - 3.9.13, 3.15.4

26:17 - 3.6.17

26:18 - 3.6.17

26:19 ⁹ - 4.10.5², 3.6.17, 3.19.9, 3.20.4, 3.20.5.1, 3.20.6.1, 3.21.2, 4.11.4

26:20 ⁸ - 2.13.3, 3.2.10, 3.3.10, 3.12.6, 3.12.6.1, 3.12.14, 3.15.1, 4.10.5

26:21 ⁷ - 3.3.10, 3.3.10.1, 3.12.6, 3.12.6.1, 3.12.14, 3.13.8, 4.10.5

Isa. 27

27:1 ⁶ - 3.13.1², 2.7.5.4.2, 3.12.3, 3.20.2, 3.21.1

27:8 ² - 3.7.1, 3.7.2

27:13 ³ - 3.8.6, 3.16.20, 4.16.5.1

Isa. 28

28:2 - 3.16.21

28:5 ³ - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 4.17.3.2.3

28:15 ² - 2.13.3, 3.12.17

28:16 - 3.12.17

28:17 ² - 3.12.17, 3.16.21

28:18 ³ - 2.13.3, 3.6.8, 3.12.17

28:21 ² - 2.13.3²

Isa. 29

29:9 ² - 2.2.6, 2.7.5.7

29:10 ² - 2.2.6, 2.7.5.7

29:11 ⁴ - 3.5.1², 2.2.6, 2.7.5.7

29:12 ³ - 2.2.6, 2.7.5.7, 3.5.1

29:13 ³ - 2.2.6, 2.7.5.7, 3.5.1

29:14 ³ - 2.2.6, 2.7.5.7, 3.5.1

29:15 - 3.5.6

29:16 - 3.2.27

Isa. 30

30:8 - 3.10.7

30:21 - 3.3.4

30:26 - 3.6.12

30:29 ² - 3.16.20, 4.16.5.1

30:30 - 3.16.21

30:33 ³ - 3.9.17, 3.19.20, 3.20.14

Isa. 31

31:4 - 3.10.3

Isa. 32

32:1 ³ - 4.11.4, 4.11.6, 4.11.6.1

32:19 - 3.16.21

Isa. 33

33:4 - 3.9.3

33:5 - 3.1.17

33:14 ⁴ - 3.1.14, 3.12.6, 4.16, 4.16.1

33:15 ² - 2.2.8, 3.12.6

33:16 ² - 3.12.6, 3.12.6.1

Isa. 34

34:1 ⁷ - 2.13.3², 3.6.14, 3.19.21, 4.5.3.5, 4.5.4, 4.5.5

34:2 ⁷ - 2.13.3, 3.6.14, 3.14.19, 3.19.21, 4.5.2, 4.5.4, 4.5.5

34:3 ⁶ - 2.13.3, 3.6.14, 3.14.19, 3.19.21, 4.5.4, 4.5.5

34:4 ⁶ - 2.13.3, 3.6.14, 3.6.17, 3.14.19, 4.5.4, 4.5.5

34:5 ⁴ - 2.13.3, 3.14.19, 4.5.4, 4.5.5

34:6 ⁶ - 2.13.3, 3.14.19, 3.14.20, 3.19.18, 4.5.4, 4.5.5

34:7 ⁶ - 2.13.3, 3.14.19, 3.14.20, 3.19.18, 4.5.4, 4.5.5

34:8 ¹⁰ - 2.13.3³, 3.6.17, 3.14.19, 3.14.20, 3.18.2, 3.20.10, 4.5.5, 4.11.4

34:9 ⁶ - 3.9.17, 3.18.2, 3.19.3, 3.20.10, 4.5.5, 4.11.4

34:10 ⁷ - 3.14.11, 3.18.2, 3.18.9, 3.19.3, 3.20.10, 4.5.5, 4.11.4

34:11 ⁴ - 3.18.2², 3.20.10, 4.11.4

34:12 ³ - 3.18.2, 3.20.10, 4.11.4

34:13 ⁴ - 3.18.2², 3.20.10, 4.11.4

34:14 ⁶ - 3.18.2⁴, 3.20.10, 4.11.4

34:15 ⁴ - 3.18.2², 3.20.10, 4.11.4

34:16 ³ - 3.18.2, 3.20.10, 4.11.4

34:17 ³ - 3.18.2, 3.20.10, 4.11.4

Isa. 35

35:1 ² - 3.10.7, 4.11.4

35:2 ³ - 2.4.2, 2.13.8, 4.16.2

35:4 - 2.13.3

35:8 - 3.21.27

35:9 - 3.21.27

35:10 ⁵ - 3.14.3², 3.7.17, 3.21.4, 3.21.27

Isa. 36

36:1 - 4.5.3.5

Isa. 37

37:1 - 4.17.3.1

37:4 ⁶ - 2.7.5.2, 3.1.18, 3.2.9, 3.7.2, 3.9.20, 4.17.3.2.3

37:6 - 4.3.2.4

37:7 - 3.9.5

37:16 ³ - 3.4.6², 4.16.2

37:17 ³ - 3.1.18, 3.7.2, 3.9.20

37:19 ² - 3.7.2, 3.9.20

37:31 ³ - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 4.17.3.2.3

37:32 ³ - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 4.17.3.2.3

37:35 - 3.5.5

37:36 - 3.10.1.1

Isa. 38

38:10 - 3.1.18

38:17 - 3.14.5

Isa. 40

40:1 - 2.13.4

40:2 - 2.13.4

40:3 - 3.16.20

40:4 - 3.16.20

40:5 ⁴ - 2.4.2, 2.13.8, 3.16.20, 4.16.2

40:10 - 3.22.12

40:11 ³ - 3.7.17, 3.22.12, 5.2.63

40:12 - 3.19.6

40:13 - 3.19.6

40:14 - 3.19.6

40:15 - 3.19.6

40:21 ² - 3.4.11, 3.13.8.1

40:22 - 3.4.11

40:23 - 3.4.11

40:24 - 3.4.11

40:25 ² - 3.3.7, 3.4.11

40:26 - 3.4.11

40:27 ² - 3.4.11, 3.5.6

40:28 ² - 3.4.11, 3.6.16

40:31 ² - 3.2.2, 3.12.14

Isa. 41

41:4 ² - 3.1.11, 3.22.13

41:7 - 3.9.8

41:8 ³ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.19.21, 4.17.2.3

41:21 - 3.6.16

41:22 ² - 3.1.11, 3.6.16

41:23 - 3.6.16

41:24 - 3.6.16

41:25 ³ - 3.2.27, 3.6.16, 3.7.2

41:26 - 3.6.16

Isa. 42

42:5 - 3.4.11

42:8 - 3.5.12

42:9 - 3.6.16

42:11 ² - 3.12.6, 3.12.6.1

42:12 - 3.12.6.1

42:13 - 3.12.6.1

42:18 - 3.3.17

42:19 - 3.3.17

42:20 - 3.3.17

Isa. 43

43:1 ⁴ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.4.11, 3.19.21, 4.17.2.3

43:2 - 3.3.10

43:7 - 3.4.11

43:9 - 3.6.16

43:10 ⁶ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.1.8, 3.1.11, 3.19.21, 3.22.13, 4.17.2.3

43:11 - 3.7.10

43:13 - 3.16.21

43:15 - 3.3.7

43:16 - 3.21.5

43:17 - 3.21.5

43:18 - 3.21.5

43:19 - 3.21.5

Isa. 44

44:1 ³ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.19.21, 4.17.2.3

44:2 - 3.13.15

44:3 ² - 3.4.6, 3.21.6

44:5 - 3.7.2

44:6 ³ - 3.1.8, 3.1.11, 3.22.13

44:7 - 3.6.16

44:9 - 3.7.2

44:10 - 3.9.20

44:11 - 3.9.20

44:12 - 3.9.20

44:13 - 3.9.20

44:14 - 3.9.20

44:15 - 3.9.20

44:16 - 3.9.20

44:17 - 3.9.20

44:18 - 3.9.20

44:19 - 3.9.20

44:20 - 3.9.20

44:21 - 3.10.3

44:23 - 3.12.12

44:24 ² - 3.13.15, 4.16.5.4

44:25 - 3.18.23

44:26 - 3.17.17

Isa. 45

45:1 - 3.6.2

45:2 - 3.6.2

45:3 - 3.6.2

45:4 ⁵ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.6.2, 3.17.17, 3.19.21, 4.17.2.3

45:9 - 3.2.27

45:12 - 3.4.11

45:14 - 3.3.9

45:15 - 3.3.9

45:18 - 3.4.11

45:19 ² - 3.1.1, 3.6.16

45:20 - 3.7.2

45:21 ³ - 3.1.11, 3.5.6, 3.6.16

45:22 - 4.14.9

Isa. 46

46:3 ³ - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 4.17.3.2.3

46:5 - 3.9.20

46:6 - 3.9.20

46:7 ² - 3.7.2, 3.9.20

46:9 ³ - 2.3.1, 3.17.17, 3.22.6

46:10 ⁶ - 2.3.1, 2.4.1, 3.6.16, 3.17.17, 3.22.6, 4.8

46:11 ⁵ - 3.17.17², 2.4.1, 3.16.12, 3.22.6

Isa. 47

47:1 ⁵ - 3.16.15, 3.17.1, 3.18.7, 4.1.2.1, 4.1.3.4

47:2 ² - 3.16.15, 3.18.7

47:3 ² - 3.16.15, 3.18.7

47:4 - 3.18.7

47:5 - 3.18.7

47:7 ² - 3.18.7, 4.1.3.5.2

47:8 ³ - 3.18.7², 4.1.3.5.2

47:9 ⁶ - 3.9.21², 3.18.7, 3.18.8, 3.18.23, 4.1.3.5.2

47:10 ³ - 3.18.5, 3.18.6, 3.18.7

47:11 ³ - 3.18.6, 3.18.8, 4.1.2.2

47:12 ⁴ - 3.9.21², 3.18.6, 3.18.23

47:13 ⁴ - 3.6.12, 3.6.13, 3.16.8, 3.18.23

47:14 - 3.18.8

47:15 - 3.18.15

Isa. 48

48:2 - 3.11.2

48:3 - 3.6.16

48:4 - 3.6.16

48:5 ² - 3.1.1, 3.6.16

48:6 - 3.1.1

48:7 - 3.1.1

48:8 - 3.1.1

48:10 - 3.2.10

48:11 ³ - 3.1.6, 3.2.3, 3.5.12

48:12 ³ - 3.1.11, 3.22.13, 4.1.3.4

48:13 ² - 3.4.11, 4.1.3.4

48:14 - 4.1.3.4

48:16 ² - 3.1.7, 3.13.8.1

48:17 - 3.3.4

48:20 - 3.18.4

Isa. 49

49:1 - 3.1.7

49:2 ⁴ - 3.1.7, 3.1.16, 3.11.5, 3.19.15

49:3 - 3.1.7

49:4 - 3.1.7

49:5 ⁴ - 2.4.3, 3.1.7, 3.13.15, 4.17.3.2.1

49:6 ⁴ - 3.1.1, 3.1.7, 4.11.7, 4.17.3.2.1

49:7 ³ - 3.1.7, 4.11.5, 4.11.7

49:8 ² - 3.1.7, 3.7.16

49:9 ² - 3.1.7, 3.7.16

49:10 ² - 3.1.7, 3.7.16

49:11 - 3.1.7

49:12 - 3.1.7

49:13 - 3.1.7

49:14 ³ - 3.1.7, 3.3.12, 3.14.1

49:15 ³ - 3.1.7, 3.3.12, 3.14.1

49:16 ³ - 3.1.7, 3.3.12, 3.14.1

49:17 - 3.1.7

49:18 - 3.1.7

49:19 - 3.1.7

49:20 - 3.1.7

49:21 - 3.1.7

49:22 ² - 3.1.7, 3.3.9

49:23 ³ - 3.3.9², 3.1.7

49:24 - 3.1.7

49:25 - 3.1.7

49:26 ² - 3.1.7, 3.16.6

Isa. 50

50:3 - 3.6.12

50:10 ² - 3.1.1, 3.1.17

Isa. 51

51:3 ² - 3.2.7, 3.10.7

51:6 ² - 3.14.6, 3.21.1

51:9 ⁴ - 3.1.7, 3.12.3, 3.13.1, 3.20.2

51:10 - 3.13.1

51:11 ³ - 3.14.3², 3.7.17

51:13 - 3.4.11

51:17 - 3.14.10

51:22 - 3.14.10

51:23 - 3.14.10

Isa. 52

52:1 ⁴ - 3.21.2², 3.11.2, 3.21.27

52:2 - 3.11.2

52:4 - 4.3.2.5

52:5 ² - 3.2.3, 4.3.2.4

52:11 - 4.18.3

52:13 - 3.1.1

52:14 - 3.5.6

52:15 ³ - 3.1.5², 3.5.9

Isa. 53

53:1 ¹² - 3.1.7³, 2.2.14, 2.12.5, 3.5.1, 3.12.6, 3.13.8, 4.10.1, 4.14.3, 4.16.3.1, 4.16.5.8

53:2 - 3.12.6

53:3 ² - 3.12.6, 4.2.6

53:4 ³ - 3.1.7, 3.3.7, 3.12.6

53:5 ⁴ - 3.1.7², 3.3.7, 3.12.6

53:6 ⁴ - 3.3.7, 3.5.5, 3.12.6, 4.14.9

53:7 ¹³ - 4.2.6³, 3.3.7, 3.5.6, 3.6.16, 3.12.6, 3.13.8, 3.22.6, 4.16.3.1, 4.16.5.4, 4.16.5.5, 4.16.5.10.2

53:8 ³ - 3.3.7, 3.12.6, 3.22.6

53:9 ⁶ - 3.3.7², 3.1.13, 3.12.6, 3.14.5, 3.22.6

53:10 ⁶ - 3.1.5, 3.1.7, 3.3.7, 3.12.6, 3.22.6, 4.14.9

53:11 ² - 3.1.1, 3.3.7

53:12 - 3.8.3

Isa. 54

54:1 ⁴ - 3.10.7, 3.12.2, 4.10.3, 4.10.4

54:4 - 3.12.2

54:5 ³ - 3.12.2, 4.10.3, 4.10.4

54:6 ² - 4.10.4, 4.10.5

54:7 - 4.10.4

54:9 ³ - 3.10.1², 3.4.3

54:10 - 3.4.3

54:11 ² - 3.21.19, 4.10.4

54:12 ² - 3.21.19, 4.10.4

54:15 - 4.10.4

Isa. 55

55:1 ³ - 3.4.6, 3.21.6, 3.22.17

55:3 ³ - 2.4.3, 3.5.5, 3.10.7

55:10 - 3.17.17

55:11 - 3.17.17

55:13 - 4.11.4

Isa. 56

56:5 ³ - 3.2.17³

56:6 ⁴ - 3.2.17, 4.11.4, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.10.1

56:7 ⁹ - 4.11.4², 3.2.17, 3.15.4, 3.16.20, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.1, 4.16.5.10.1, 4.16.5.10.2

56:8 - 3.2.17

56:10 ² - 3.22.15²

56:11 - 3.22.15

Isa. 57

57:1 - 3.14.13

57:3 ³ - 4.1.4.1², 3.17.5

57:4 ² - 4.1.4.1²

57:5 ² - 4.1.4.1²

57:6 - 4.1.4.1

57:7 - 4.1.4.1

57:8 - 4.1.4.1

57:11 - 3.1.17

57:15 ³ - 3.1.11, 3.3.7, 3.15.4

57:20 ² - 3.7.1, 3.21.1

Isa. 58

58:2 - 3.6.16

58:8 ² - 2.13.8, 4.16.2

Isa. 59

59:3 - 3.14.5

59:7 - 4.16.1

59:8 - 4.16.1

59:16 ² - 2.13.4, 4.5.5.1

59:17 ² - 2.13.4, 4.5.5.1

59:18 - 2.13.4

59:19 ³ - 2.13.4, 3.1.17, 3.12.15

59:20 ² - 2.13.4²

59:21 ⁵ - 2.7.5.2, 2.13.4, 3.2.9, 3.22.2, 4.17.3.2.3

Isa. 60

60:1 ⁶ - 2.4.3, 3.2.28, 3.3.12, 3.18.1, 3.21.23, 4.11.7

60:2 ⁵ - 2.4.3, 3.2.28, 3.18.1, 3.21.23, 4.11.7

60:3 ¹⁰ - 4.16.2², 2.4.3, 2.13.8, 3.2.28, 3.16.19, 3.18.1, 3.21.23, 3.21.24, 4.11.7

60:4 ³ - 2.4.3, 3.21.24, 4.11.7

60:5 ³ - 2.4.3, 3.21.24, 4.11.7

60:6 ³ - 2.4.3, 3.21.24, 4.11.7

60:7 ³ - 2.4.3, 3.21.24, 4.11.7

60:8 ³ - 2.4.3, 3.21.24, 4.11.7

60:9 ³ - 2.4.3, 3.21.24, 4.11.7

60:10 ³ - 2.4.3, 3.21.24, 4.11.7

60:11 ⁴ - 2.4.3, 3.21.24, 3.21.25, 4.11.7

60:12 ⁴ - 2.4.3², 3.21.24, 4.11.7

60:13 ² - 4.11.7, 4.16.5.10.1

60:14 ⁴ - 3.3.9², 3.17.18.1, 4.11.7

60:15 ³ - 3.2.28, 3.3.9, 4.11.7

60:16 ² - 3.3.9, 4.11.7

60:17 ² - 3.21.18, 4.11.7

60:18 ² - 3.21.12, 4.11.7

60:19 ⁴ - 3.21.23², 3.6.12, 4.11.7

60:20 ⁴ - 4.11.7², 3.6.12, 3.21.23

60:21 ⁴ - 3.5.10, 3.10.7, 4.11.4, 4.11.7

60:22 - 4.11.7

Isa. 61

61:1 ³ - 2.13.3, 3.1.7, 3.12.6

61:2 ⁴ - 2.13.3², 3.10.7, 3.12.6

61:5 - 3.1.6

61:6 - 3.1.6

61:7 - 3.18.6

61:10 ² - 3.12.1, 3.19.8

Isa. 62

62:1 ¹⁰ - 3.2.28, 3.14.1, 3.16.17, 3.16.19, 3.17.18, 3.21.2, 4.1.3.5.2, 4.10.4, 4.10.6, 4.11.4

62:2 ³ - 3.2.17², 3.3.12

62:3 - 4.10.4

62:4 - 4.10.4

62:5 ³ - 4.10.3, 4.10.4, 4.10.5

62:6 ² - 3.14.1, 3.21.2

62:7 - 3.11.2

62:11 - 3.22.12

Isa. 63

63:1 ¹³ - 3.12.6.1³, 3.14.20², 4.5.5.1², 2.13.5.4, 3.11.15, 3.14.10, 3.14.19, 3.19.15, 4.5.4

63:2 ¹² - 3.12.6.1³, 3.14.20², 2.13.5.4, 3.11.15, 3.14.10, 3.14.19, 3.19.15, 4.5.4, 4.5.5.1

63:3 ¹⁹ - 3.12.6.1³, 3.14.20², 3.19.15², 2.13.5.4, 3.1.15, 3.6.10, 3.10.1, 3.11.15, 3.14.10, 3.14.19, 3.19.13, 4.5.4, 4.5.5.1, 4.5.6, 4.14.5

63:4 ¹⁷ - 3.12.6.1³, 3.14.20², 3.19.15², 2.13.5.4, 3.6.10, 3.10.1, 3.10.7, 3.11.15, 3.14.10, 3.14.19, 4.5.4, 4.5.5.1, 4.5.6

63:5 ¹⁴ - 3.12.6.1², 3.14.20², 3.19.15², 2.13.5.4, 3.10.1, 3.11.15, 3.14.10, 3.14.19, 4.5.4, 4.5.5.1, 4.5.6

63:6 ¹³ - 3.12.6.1², 3.14.20², 2.13.5.4, 3.10.1, 3.11.15, 3.14.10, 3.14.19, 3.19.15, 4.5.4, 4.5.5.1, 4.5.6

63:9 - 3.10.1.1

63:18 ² - 3.11.2²

Isa. 64

64:1 - 4.5.4

64:2 - 4.5.4

64:3 - 4.5.4

64:4 - 4.5.4

64:5 - 4.5.4

64:6 ⁴ - 3.2.23, 3.3.4, 3.5.3, 4.5.4

64:7 - 4.5.4

64:8 ² - 3.2.27, 4.5.4

64:9 - 4.5.4

64:10 - 4.5.4

64:11 - 4.5.4

64:12 - 4.5.4

Isa. 65

65:1 ³ - 3.3.9, 3.6.16, 3.16.20

65:2 - 3.3.9

65:8 ³ - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 4.17.3.2.3

65:15 ² - 3.2.17²

65:17 ¹⁴ - 3.21.1⁷, 2.13.3², 2.4.3, 3.16.20, 4.11.3, 4.11.4, 4.11.7

65:18 ⁹ - 3.21.1⁴, 2.4.3, 3.21.4, 4.11.3, 4.11.4, 4.11.7

65:19 ¹⁰ - 3.21.1⁴, 2.4.3, 3.7.17, 3.21.4, 4.11.3, 4.11.4, 4.11.7

65:20 ²⁹ - 3.21.1⁵, 2.4.3³, 3.20.5.1², 3.21.4², 3.21.9², 3.22.2², 4.11.4², 4.16.5.10.2², 3.10.7, 3.14.4, 3.16.20, 3.19.1, 3.21.23, 3.22.3, 4.11.3, 4.11.7, 4.11.8

65:21 ⁴ - 2.4.3, 3.19.1, 3.21.1, 4.11.7

65:22 ⁵ - 2.4.3, 3.19.1, 3.21.1, 4.11.4, 4.11.7

65:23 ⁸ - 2.4.3², 3.14.4, 3.16.20, 3.19.1, 3.21.1, 4.11.4, 4.11.7

65:24 ⁴ - 2.4.3, 3.19.1, 3.21.1, 4.11.7

65:25 ⁷ - 2.2.11, 2.4.3, 3.19.1, 3.21.1, 3.22.3, 4.11.4, 4.11.7

Isa. 66

66:1 ³ - 3.12.2, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.9

66:2 ² - 4.16.5, 4.16.5.9

66:3 ² - 4.16.5, 4.16.5.9

66:4 ³ - 3.17.17, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.9

66:5 ² - 4.16.5, 4.16.5.9

66:6 ³ - 3.16.17, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.9

66:7 ³ - 3.6.17, 3.12.2, 3.16.17

66:8 ² - 3.6.17, 3.16.17

66:9 ² - 3.6.17, 3.16.17

66:10 - 3.16.17

66:11 - 3.16.17

66:12 - 3.21.24

66:19 ⁴ - 3.7.4, 3.20.6, 3.21.11, 4.11.7

66:20 ⁶ - 3.7.4, 3.20.6, 3.21.11, 4.11.4, 4.11.7, 4.16.5.10.2

66:21 ⁵ - 3.20.6², 4.11.4, 4.11.7, 4.16.5.10.2

66:22 ⁸ - 3.21.1⁴, 2.13.3, 4.11.4, 4.11.7, 4.16.5.10.2

66:23 ⁵ - 3.19.20, 3.21.1, 4.11.4, 4.11.7, 4.16.5.10.2

66:24 ⁶ - 3.14.10, 3.14.11, 3.19.20, 3.20.10, 3.21.1, 4.11.7

5.6.24 - Jeremiah

Jer. 1

1:1 ³ - 4.1.3.5.1², 2.9.3.2

1:5 - 3.13.15

1:9 - 3.10.7

1:12 - 3.17.17

1:13 - 3.18.4

1:14 - 3.18.4

1:16 - 3.9.20

Jer. 2

2:1 - 3.2.4

2:2 - 3.2.4

2:3 ² - 3.2.4, 3.14.4

2:4 - 3.2.4

2:5 - 3.2.4

2:6 - 3.2.4

2:7 - 3.2.4

2:8 - 3.2.4

2:9 - 3.2.4

2:13 ² - 3.4.6, 3.21.6

2:19 - 3.1.17

2:20 ² - 3.17.2, 4.1.4.1

2:28 - 3.7.2

2:30 - 3.16.6

Jer. 3

3:1 ³ - 3.17.2, 4.1.4.1, 4.10.3

3:2 ³ - 3.9.21, 3.17.2, 4.1.4.1

3:3 ⁶ - 3.13.16, 3.17.2, 3.17.4, 3.17.5, 3.18.3, 4.1.4.1

3:4 ² - 3.17.2, 4.1.4.1

3:5 ² - 3.17.2, 4.1.4.1

3:6 ³ - 3.17.2², 4.1.4.1

3:7 ² - 3.17.2, 4.1.4.1

3:8 ³ - 3.17.2, 4.1.4.1, 4.10.3

3:9 ³ - 3.9.21, 3.17.2, 4.1.4.1

3:10 - 4.1.4.1

3:11 ² - 4.1.4.1, 4.5.4

3:12 ² - 4.1.4.1, 4.5.4

3:13 ² - 4.1.4.1, 4.5.4

3:14 ³ - 4.10.3², 4.5.4

3:15 ² - 4.5.4, 4.10.3

3:16 ⁴ - 3.11.19², 4.5.4, 4.10.3

3:17 ⁴ - 3.3.12, 4.1.3.5.2, 4.5.4, 4.10.3

3:18 ³ - 4.5.4, 4.10.3, 4.11.4

3:19 ² - 4.10.3, 4.16.5.8

3:20 ² - 4.10.3, 5.2.63

Jer. 4

4:7 - 3.9.11

4:8 - 3.11.3

4:13 - 4.7.2

4:23 ³ - 3.6.12, 3.8.12, 3.16.20

4:24 ³ - 3.6.12, 3.8.12, 3.16.20

4:25 ³ - 3.6.12, 3.8.12, 3.16.20

4:26 ³ - 3.6.12, 3.8.12, 3.16.20

4:27 ³ - 3.6.12, 3.8.12, 3.16.20

4:28 ³ - 3.6.12, 3.8.12, 3.16.20

4:30 - 3.17.16

Jer. 5

5:3 - 3.9.20

5:4 - 3.9.20

5:10 ³ - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 4.17.3.2.3

5:14 - 3.11.5

5:18 ³ - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 4.17.3.2.3

5:22 - 3.1.17

5:23 - 3.1.17

5:24 ² - 3.1.17²

Jer. 6

6:16 - 3.3.4

6:19 - 3.12.1

6:24 - 3.9.11

6:26 - 3.11.3

Jer. 7

7:7 - 4.11.4

7:23 - 3.21.3

7:24 - 3.21.3

7:31 ² - 3.20.14, 4.5.3.2

7:32 - 3.20.14

7:33 ⁵ - 3.3.3, 3.8.13, 3.11.8, 3.11.9, 3.14.17

Jer. 8

8:1 - 3.11.8

8:2 ⁴ - 3.6.12, 3.6.13, 3.11.8, 3.16.8

8:14 - 3.8.11

8:16 - 3.7.4

Jer. 9

9:14 - 3.8.11

9:15 - 3.8.11

9:16 - 3.8.11

9:23 - 3.3.17

9:24 - 3.3.17

Jer. 10

10:2 ³ - 3.6.12, 3.6.13, 3.16.8

10:3 - 3.9.20

10:4 - 3.9.20

10:5 ³ - 3.7.2, 3.9.20, 3.13.15

10:7 ² - 3.15.3, 3.15.4

10:8 - 3.7.2

10:10 ⁵ - 3.1.18, 3.7.2, 3.9.20, 3.15.3, 4.14.5

10:14 - 3.13.15

10:15 - 3.7.2

10:16 ³ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.19.21, 4.17.2.3

10:23 - 3.3.4

10:25 - 3.16.1

Jer. 11

11:4 - 3.21.3

11:5 - 3.5.10

11:16 - 3.11.4

11:19 - 3.5.6

Jer. 12

12:3 ² - 3.2.10, 3.6.16

12:7 - 3.20.9

12:9 ³ - 3.3.3, 3.8.13, 3.14.17

Jer. 13

13:2 - 3.1.13

13:13 - 3.3.21

13:15 - 3.13.9

13:16 - 3.13.9

13:27 - 4.1.4.1

Jer. 14

14:16 - 3.11.8

Jer. 15

15:1 ² - 3.3.16, 3.15.8

15:2 ³ - 3.3.16, 3.13.10, 3.15.8

15:3 ⁴ - 3.3.3, 3.3.16, 3.8.13, 3.14.17

15:4 - 3.3.16

15:16 - 3.10.9

Jer. 16

16:4 ⁴ - 3.3.3, 3.8.13, 3.11.8, 3.14.17

16:6 - 3.11.8

16:15 - 3.5.10

16:16 - 2.13.4

16:17 - 2.13.4

16:18 ² - 2.13.4, 3.18.6

16:20 - 3.7.2

Jer. 17

17:7 - 3.22.12

17:8 - 3.22.12

17:9 ³ - 3.2.23, 3.9.7, 3.22.12

17:10 ³ - 3.2.23, 3.20.12, 3.22.12

17:11 - 3.22.12

17:13 - 3.4.6

17:18 - 3.18.6

17:25 - 3.3.21

Jer. 18

18:1 - 3.2.27

18:2 - 3.2.27

18:3 - 3.2.27

18:4 - 3.2.27

18:5 - 3.2.27

18:6 - 3.2.27

18:7 - 3.2.27

18:8 - 3.2.27

18:9 - 3.2.27

18:10 - 3.2.27

18:11 - 3.2.27

18:17 ² - 3.7.1, 3.7.2

Jer. 19

19:2 - 3.20.14

19:3 - 3.20.14

19:4 - 3.20.14

19:5 ² - 3.20.14, 4.5.3.2

19:6 ² - 3.20.14²

19:7 ³ - 3.3.3, 3.8.13, 3.14.17

19:13 ³ - 3.6.12, 3.6.13, 3.16.8

Jer. 20

20:5 - 4.16.5.3

20:12 - 3.2.10

Jer. 21

21:12 - 4.16

Jer. 22

22:2 - 3.3.21

22:4 - 3.3.21

22:19 - 3.11.8

22:29 ² - 2.7.5.3.2²

22:30 ⁴ - 3.5.5², 2.7.2, 3.3.21

Jer. 23

23:3 ⁴ - 2.4.3, 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 4.17.3.2.3

23:4 - 2.4.3

23:5 ¹² - 3.5.5³, 4.7², 2.4.3, 3.1.7, 3.3.7, 3.12.1, 3.19.11, 4.7.1, 4.11.5

23:6 ¹¹ - 3.5.5³, 4.7², 2.4.3, 3.1.7, 3.2.23, 3.19.11, 4.7.1, 4.11.5

23:7 ² - 2.4.3, 3.1.7

23:8 ² - 2.4.3, 3.1.7

23:14 - 3.11.8

23:15 - 3.8.11

23:24 - 3.1.14

23:29 - 3.11.5

23:36 ³ - 3.1.18, 3.7.2, 3.9.20

Jer. 24

24:6 - 3.21.3

24:7 - 3.21.3

Jer. 25

25:6 - 3.9.20

25:11 ² - 3.10.3, 4.16.5.4

25:12 - 3.10.3

25:15 ² - 3.6.4, 3.14.10

25:16 ³ - 3.14.10², 3.6.4

25:17 ³ - 3.6.4, 3.10.3, 3.14.10

25:18 - 3.10.3

25:19 - 3.10.3

25:20 - 3.10.3

25:21 - 3.10.3

25:22 - 3.10.3

25:23 - 3.10.3

25:24 - 3.10.3

25:25 - 3.10.3

25:26 - 3.10.3

25:27 - 3.14.10

25:28 - 3.14.10

25:29 - 3.10.3

25:30 - 3.10.3

25:31 - 3.10.3

25:32 - 3.10.3

25:33 - 3.10.3

25:34 - 3.10.3

25:35 - 3.10.3

25:36 - 3.10.3

25:37 - 3.10.3

25:38 - 3.10.3

Jer. 26

26:2 ³ - 3.1.3, 3.22.18, 3.22.19

26:23 - 3.16.6

Jer. 29

29:10 - 4.16.5.4

29:13 ² - 2.7.5.7, 3.6.16

Jer. 30

30:2 - 3.10.7

30:3 ² - 2.13.4, 4.11.4

30:4 ² - 2.13.4, 3.6.17

30:5 ⁷ - 2.13.4², 3.6.17, 3.12.6, 3.12.6.1, 3.14.8, 3.16.20

30:6 ¹⁰ - 2.13.4³, 3.6.17², 3.11.2, 3.12.6, 3.12.6.1, 3.14.8, 3.16.20

30:7 ²⁰ - 2.13.4⁵, 3.6.17², 3.12.6², 2.12.2.2, 2.13.1, 2.13.3, 3.6.1, 3.7.14, 3.11.2, 3.11.7, 3.12.6.1, 3.12.17, 3.14.8, 3.16.20

30:8 ³ - 3.6.17, 3.11.2, 3.12.6

30:9 ⁵ - 3.5.5, 3.11.2, 3.12.1, 3.12.6, 4.11.4

30:10 ² - 3.11.2, 3.12.6

30:11 ² - 3.11.2, 3.13.10

30:16 - 3.13.10

30:18 - 3.21.3

30:19 - 3.21.3

30:20 - 3.21.3

30:21 - 3.21.3

30:22 - 3.21.3

30:24 - 3.12.6

Jer. 31

31:1 - 5.2.63

31:2 - 3.12.6

31:6 - 3.14.3

31:7 - 3.14.3

31:8 ² - 3.14.3, 4.11.4

31:9 ² - 3.14.3, 4.11.4

31:10 ² - 3.7.17, 3.14.3

31:11 ² - 3.14.3²

31:12 ² - 3.14.3²

31:13 ² - 3.14.3, 3.21.4

31:17 - 3.7.4

31:31 ⁸ - 2.4.3, 2.13.4, 3.5.1, 3.7.4, 3.11.19, 3.14.3, 4.10.3, 4.17.3.2.2

31:32 ⁷ - 2.4.3, 2.13.4, 3.5.1, 3.11.19, 4.5.1, 4.10.3, 4.10.5

31:33 ⁹ - 2.4.3, 2.13.4, 3.5.1, 3.11.13, 3.11.19, 3.14.5, 3.21.3, 4.10.3, 5.2.33

31:34 ¹⁰ - 3.12.17², 2.4.3, 2.13.4, 3.5.1, 3.11.13, 3.11.19, 3.12.1, 3.14.5, 3.21.3

31:35 ¹⁰ - 3.12.1³, 2.4.3, 2.7.5.3.1, 3.5.1, 3.10.3, 3.12.17, 3.21.23, 4.17.3.2.1

31:36 ¹¹ - 3.12.1⁴, 2.4.3, 2.7.5.3.1, 3.5.1, 3.10.3, 3.12.17, 3.21.23, 4.17.3.2.1

31:37 ⁸ - 3.12.1³, 2.4.3, 3.5.1, 3.10.3, 3.12.17, 3.21.23

31:38 - 2.4.3

31:39 - 2.4.3

31:40 - 2.4.3

Jer. 32

32:2 - 3.5.1

32:3 - 3.5.1

32:8 - 3.5.1

32:9 - 3.5.1

32:10 ² - 3.5.1²

32:11 - 3.5.1

32:12 ² - 3.5.1²

32:13 ² - 3.5.1²

32:14 ³ - 3.5.1³

32:15 ³ - 3.5.1³

32:17 - 3.19.6

32:19 - 3.20.12

32:21 - 3.5.1

32:22 - 3.5.1

32:23 - 3.5.1

32:24 - 3.5.1

32:28 - 3.5.1

32:29 - 3.5.1

32:30 - 3.5.1

32:31 - 3.5.1

32:32 - 3.5.1

32:33 - 3.5.1

32:34 - 3.5.1

32:35 - 3.5.1

32:36 - 3.5.1

32:37 - 3.5.1

32:38 - 3.21.3

32:41 - 3.5.1

32:42 - 3.5.1

32:43 ² - 3.5.1²

32:44 ² - 3.5.1²

Jer. 33

33:14 - 3.5.5

33:15 ³ - 3.3.7, 3.5.5, 4.11.4

33:16 ² - 3.5.5, 4.11.4

33:17 ² - 3.5.5, 4.11.4

33:18 ² - 4.11.4, 4.16.5.10.2

33:19 - 3.5.5

33:20 ⁵ - 3.12.1², 2.7.5.3.1, 3.5.5, 3.10.3

33:21 ⁶ - 3.12.1², 2.7.5.3.1, 3.3.21, 3.5.5, 3.10.3

33:22 ⁵ - 3.12.1², 2.7.5.3.1, 3.5.5, 3.10.3

33:23 ³ - 3.12.1², 3.5.5

33:24 ² - 3.5.5, 3.12.1

33:25 ² - 3.5.5, 3.12.1

33:26 ² - 3.5.5, 3.12.1

Jer. 34

34:16 - 3.2.3

Jer. 36

36:2 - 3.10.7

36:28 - 3.10.7

36:30 ³ - 3.5.5², 2.7.2

36:32 - 3.10.7

Jer. 38

38:4 - 3.11.10

Jer. 42

42:5 - 3.3.14

Jer. 44

44:4 ³ - 3.2.6², 3.14.9

44:5 - 3.14.9

44:6 - 3.14.9

44:17 - 3.18.7

44:18 - 3.18.7

Jer. 46

46:1 - 2.13.3

46:2 ³ - 2.13.3², 3.6.17

46:3 - 2.13.3

46:4 - 2.13.3

46:5 - 2.13.3

46:6 - 2.13.3

46:7 ² - 2.13.3, 3.12.15

46:8 ² - 2.13.3, 3.12.15

46:9 - 2.13.3

46:10 ⁴ - 2.13.3³, 3.6.17

46:28 - 3.12.1

Jer. 48

48:36 - 3.7.1

48:37 - 3.11.3

48:40 - 4.7.2

Jer. 49

49:3 - 3.11.3

49:13 ² - 3.14.20, 4.5.4

49:14 ² - 3.14.20, 4.5.4

49:20 - 3.14.20

49:21 - 3.14.20

49:22 ² - 3.14.20, 4.7.2

Jer. 50

50:1 ¹¹ - 4.1.3.5.2⁴, 4.1.2.1², 3.17.1, 3.22.6, 4.1.3.4, 4.3.2.5, 4.5.4

50:3 - 4.5.4

50:7 - 4.5.2

50:8 - 3.18.4

50:9 - 4.5.4

50:11 ² - 4.1.3.4, 4.5.2

50:13 - 4.1.2.2

50:15 ² - 3.17.10, 3.18.6

50:17 - 4.1.3.4

50:18 - 4.1.3.4

50:19 - 4.1.3.4

50:20 ⁵ - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 4.1.2.3, 4.1.3.4, 4.17.3.2.3

50:21 - 3.18.6

50:26 - 4.1.2.2

50:29 ² - 3.18.2, 3.18.6

50:31 - 3.18.7

50:33 - 3.18.8

50:34 - 3.18.8

50:38 - 3.16.12

50:39 ⁷ - 3.18.2⁵, 4.1.2.2, 4.1.3.5.2

50:40 ³ - 3.18.2, 3.18.8, 4.1.2.2

50:43 ² - 3.17.16, 4.5.3.4

50:45 - 3.5.6

Jer. 51

51:1 ¹⁰ - 4.1.3.5.2³, 4.1.3.4², 3.17.1, 3.22.6, 4.1.2.1, 4.3.2.5, 4.5.4

51:2 - 4.1.3.4

51:3 - 4.1.3.4

51:4 ² - 3.1.7, 4.1.3.4

51:5 ² - 4.1.3.4, 4.5.2

51:6 ³ - 3.18.4, 4.1.3.4, 4.1.3.5.2

51:7 ⁵ - 4.1.3.5.2², 3.14.8, 3.17.2, 3.17.4

51:8 ³ - 3.14.8, 3.17.10, 4.1.3.5.2

51:9 ³ - 3.18.4², 3.18.5

51:11 - 4.5.4

51:13 ³ - 4.1.3.5.2², 3.17.1

51:17 - 3.13.15

51:18 - 3.13.15

51:19 - 3.13.15

51:24 - 4.1.3.4

51:25 ⁵ - 3.8.8, 3.16.16, 3.17.9, 4.1.3.3, 4.3.2.4

51:26 - 4.1.2.2

51:27 ² - 3.9.8, 4.5.4

51:28 ² - 4.5.4²

51:29 - 4.1.2.2

51:30 - 4.1.3.5.2

51:31 ² - 3.17.16, 4.5.3.4

51:32 ³ - 3.17.16, 3.18.9, 4.5.3.4

51:33 ² - 3.14.15²

51:35 ³ - 3.17.16², 4.1.3.4

51:37 ³ - 3.18.2³

51:39 - 3.14.10

51:40 - 3.14.10

51:43 - 4.1.2.2

51:45 ² - 3.18.4, 4.1.3.5.2

51:48 ³ - 3.18.20, 4.1.3.5.2, 4.5.4

51:49 ² - 3.18.6, 4.1.3.4

51:50 - 3.18.4

51:57 - 3.14.10

51:58 ³ - 3.17.16, 3.18.8, 4.1.2.2

51:59 - 4.1.3.5.2

51:60 ² - 3.18.21, 4.1.3.5.2

51:61 ³ - 3.18.21, 4.1.2.2, 4.1.3.5.2

51:62 ³ - 3.18.21, 4.1.2.2, 4.1.3.5.2

51:63 ⁴ - 4.1.3.5.2³, 3.18.21

51:64 ⁴ - 4.1.3.5.2³, 3.18.21

Jer. 52

52:17 - 3.11.19

52:18 - 3.11.19

52:19 - 3.11.19

52:20 - 3.11.19

52:21 - 3.11.19

52:22 - 3.11.19

5.6.25 - Lamentations

Lam. 1

1:12 - 2.13.3

Lam. 2

2:1 - 2.13.3

2:10 - 3.18.19

2:21 - 2.13.3

2:22 - 2.13.3

Lam. 3

3:15 - 3.8.11

3:19 - 3.8.11

3:44 - 3.15.8

Lam. 4

4:5 - 3.17.4

4:9 - 3.1.7

4:13 - 3.16.6

4:19 - 4.7.2

Lam. 5

5:2 - 3.5.1

5:19 - 3.3.21

5.6.26 - Ezekiel

Eze. 1

1:1 ⁴ - 3.1.12, 3.4.1, 3.5.1, 4.7.2

1:3 ³ - 3.1.10², 3.4.2

1:5 ⁴ - 3.4.6³, 2.7.5.3.3

1:6 ² - 2.7.5.3.3, 3.4.6

1:7 - 3.4.6

1:8 - 3.4.6

1:9 - 3.4.6

1:10 ¹⁰ - 4.7.3³, 4.7², 4.7.2², 2.7.5.3.3, 3.4.6, 3.9.7

1:11 ² - 3.4.6, 3.4.8

1:12 ⁴ - 2.7.5.3.3, 3.3.1, 3.4.6, 3.4.8

1:13 ² - 3.4.5, 3.4.6

1:14 - 3.4.6

1:15 - 3.4.6

1:16 - 3.4.6

1:17 - 3.4.6

1:18 ³ - 3.4.6, 3.4.8, 4.2.4

1:19 - 3.4.6

1:20 ² - 3.3.1, 3.4.6

1:21 - 3.4.6

1:22 ⁴ - 3.4.6², 3.15.2, 3.21.11

1:23 - 3.4.6

1:24 ⁴ - 3.1.15, 3.4.6, 3.14.2, 3.19.6

1:25 - 3.4.6

1:26 ⁵ - 3.4.2², 3.1.13, 3.4.3, 3.4.6

1:27 ³ - 3.1.13, 3.4.2, 3.4.3

1:28 ⁹ - 3.1.17², 3.4.2², 3.4.3², 2.4.2, 2.13.8, 4.16.2

Eze. 2

2:1 - 3.1.17

2:2 ⁵ - 4.16.5.5³, 3.1.17, 3.4.2

2:3 - 3.2.10

2:4 - 3.2.10

2:5 - 3.2.10

2:6 - 3.2.10

2:7 - 3.2.10

2:9 ³ - 3.5.1², 3.10.2

2:10 ² - 3.5.1, 3.10.9

Eze. 3

3:1 ² - 3.1.7, 3.10.2

3:2 - 3.10.2

3:4 - 3.10.2

3:5 - 3.5.1

3:6 ² - 3.1.7, 3.10.11

3:12 - 3.4.2

3:13 ² - 3.4.2, 3.4.6

3:14 ² - 3.4.2²

3:17 - 3.17.14

3:23 ⁵ - 2.4.2, 2.13.8, 3.1.17, 3.4.2, 4.16.2

3:24 ³ - 4.16.5.5³

3:27 - 3.22.11

Eze. 5

5:1 - 3.16.19

5:2 - 3.16.19

5:3 ⁴ - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 3.16.19, 4.17.3.2.3

5:4 - 3.16.19

5:5 ² - 3.16.19²

5:6 - 3.16.19

5:7 - 3.16.19

5:8 - 3.16.19

5:9 - 3.16.19

5:10 - 3.16.19

5:11 - 3.16.19

5:12 ² - 3.6.8, 3.16.19

5:13 ² - 3.6.8, 4.19.3

5:14 - 3.6.8

5:15 ² - 3.6.8²

5:16 ² - 3.6.8²

5:17 ² - 3.6.8²

Eze. 6

6:8 ³ - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 4.17.3.2.3

6:9 ⁴ - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 4.1.4.1, 4.17.3.2.3

6:10 ³ - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 4.17.3.2.3

6:11 - 3.6.8

6:12 - 3.6.8

Eze. 7

7:2 ³ - 2.7.5.3.3, 3.7.1, 3.20.8

7:19 - 2.13.3

Eze. 8

8:1 - 4.16.5.10.1

8:3 ³ - 3.1.10², 3.4.2

8:4 - 4.16.2

8:5 - 4.16.2

8:6 ³ - 3.1.13, 4.16.2, 4.16.5.3

Eze. 9

9:3 ⁷ - 4.16.2², 2.4.2, 2.13.8, 3.1.13, 3.4.6, 4.16.5.3

9:4 ² - 3.7.3, 3.13.16

9:5 - 3.7.3

9:6 - 3.7.3

9:8 ³ - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 4.17.3.2.3

9:11 ³ - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 4.17.3.2.3

Eze. 10

10:1 ² - 3.4.6²

10:2 ³ - 3.4.6², 3.8.5

10:3 ² - 3.4.6²

10:4 ⁵ - 3.4.6², 3.1.13, 4.16.2, 4.16.5.3

10:5 ² - 3.4.6²

10:6 ² - 3.4.6²

10:7 ² - 3.4.6²

10:8 ² - 3.4.6²

10:9 ² - 3.4.6²

10:10 - 3.4.6

10:11 - 3.4.6

10:12 ³ - 3.4.6, 3.4.8, 4.2.4

10:13 - 3.4.6

10:14 ⁸ - 4.7³, 3.4.6², 2.7.5.3.3, 3.9.7, 4.7.2

10:15 ² - 3.4.6²

10:16 ³ - 3.4.6², 2.7.5.3.3

10:17 ³ - 3.4.6², 2.7.5.3.3

10:18 ¹⁰ - 4.16.2³, 3.4.6², 2.4.2, 2.13.8, 3.1.13, 3.7.2, 4.16.5.3

10:19 ⁶ - 3.4.6³, 3.1.13, 4.16.2, 4.16.5.3

10:20 ⁴ - 3.4.6⁴

Eze. 11

11:1 - 4.16.5.10.1

11:13 ³ - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 4.17.3.2.3

11:22 ⁷ - 3.4.6², 4.16.2², 3.1.13, 3.7.2, 4.16.5.3

11:23 ⁵ - 4.16.2², 3.1.13, 3.7.2, 4.16.5.3

11:24 ³ - 3.1.10², 3.4.2

Eze. 13

13:1 - 4.5.6

13:5 ³ - 2.13.3², 3.6.17

13:9 ² - 2.13.3, 3.6.17

13:11 ² - 3.8.7, 3.16.21

13:14 ² - 2.13.3, 3.6.17

13:17 - 3.2.20

13:18 - 3.2.20

13:19 - 3.2.20

13:20 - 3.2.20

13:21 ³ - 2.13.3, 3.2.20, 3.6.17

13:22 - 3.2.20

13:23 ³ - 2.13.3, 3.2.20, 3.6.17

Eze. 14

14:21 ² - 2.7.5.3.3, 3.6.8

Eze. 16

16:1 ² - 3.21.2, 4.10.4

16:2 - 3.21.2

16:3 ⁴ - 3.12.1, 3.17.5, 3.21.2, 4.1.3.4

16:4 ² - 3.12.1, 3.21.2

16:5 ² - 3.12.1, 3.21.2

16:6 ² - 3.12.1, 3.21.2

16:7 ³ - 3.12.1, 3.21.2, 4.10.5

16:8 ⁴ - 3.12.1, 3.21.2, 4.10.4, 4.10.5

16:9 ³ - 3.12.1, 3.21.2, 4.10.5

16:10 ³ - 3.12.1, 3.21.2, 4.10.5

16:11 ² - 3.21.2, 4.10.5

16:12 ² - 3.21.2, 4.10.5

16:13 ² - 3.21.2, 4.10.5

16:14 ² - 3.21.2, 4.10.5

16:15 ⁴ - 4.1.4.1², 3.17.2, 3.21.2

16:16 ⁴ - 4.1.4.1², 3.17.2, 3.21.2

16:17 ³ - 4.1.4.1², 3.17.2

16:18 ³ - 4.1.4.1², 3.17.2

16:19 ³ - 4.1.4.1², 3.17.2

16:20 ³ - 4.1.4.1², 3.17.2

16:21 ³ - 4.1.4.1², 3.17.2

16:22 ³ - 4.1.4.1², 3.17.2

16:23 ³ - 4.1.4.1², 3.17.2

16:24 ³ - 4.1.4.1², 3.17.2

16:25 ³ - 4.1.4.1², 3.17.2

16:26 ³ - 4.1.4.1², 3.17.2

16:27 ² - 3.17.2, 4.1.4.1

16:28 ² - 3.17.2, 4.1.4.1

16:29 ² - 3.17.2, 4.1.4.1

16:30 ² - 3.17.2, 4.1.4.1

16:31 ² - 3.17.2, 4.1.4.1

16:32 ² - 3.17.2, 4.1.4.1

16:33 ² - 3.17.2, 4.1.4.1

16:34 ² - 3.17.2, 4.1.4.1

16:35 ² - 3.17.2, 4.1.4.1

16:36 ² - 3.17.2, 4.1.4.1

16:37 ⁴ - 3.2.22, 3.17.2, 3.17.16, 4.1.4.1

16:38 ⁴ - 3.2.22, 3.17.2, 3.17.16, 4.1.4.1

16:39 ⁴ - 3.2.22, 3.17.2, 3.17.16, 4.1.4.1

16:40 ³ - 3.2.22, 3.17.2, 4.1.4.1

16:41 ³ - 3.2.22, 3.17.2, 4.1.4.1

16:44 ² - 3.17.5, 4.1.3.4

16:45 ² - 3.17.5, 4.1.3.4

16:63 - 4.16.5.10.2

Eze. 17

17:3 - 4.7.2

17:24 ² - 3.16.20, 4.16.5.1

Eze. 18

18:30 - 3.2.21

18:31 - 3.2.21

18:32 - 3.2.21

Eze. 19

19:12 ² - 3.7.1, 3.7.2

Eze. 20

20:5 - 3.10.5

20:7 - 3.17.4

20:8 - 3.17.4

20:9 - 3.2.3

20:14 - 3.2.3

20:15 - 3.10.5

20:22 - 3.2.3

20:30 - 3.2.3

20:33 ⁵ - 2.13.4², 3.12.17², 3.12.6

20:34 ⁷ - 2.13.4³, 3.12.17², 3.12.6, 3.19.15

20:35 ⁷ - 2.13.4³, 3.12.17², 3.12.6, 3.19.15

20:36 ⁷ - 2.13.4³, 3.12.17², 3.12.6, 3.19.15

20:37 ⁸ - 2.13.4⁴, 3.12.17², 3.12.6, 3.19.15

20:38 ⁷ - 2.13.4³, 3.12.17², 3.12.6, 3.19.15

20:39 - 3.3.15

20:40 ³ - 3.16.20, 4.11.4, 4.16.5.1

Eze. 21

21:21 - 3.4.6

21:25 ⁴ - 3.5.5², 3.2.26, 4.2.6

21:26 ³ - 3.5.5², 3.2.26

21:27 ⁶ - 2.7.5.3.2², 3.2.26², 3.5.5²

Eze. 23

23:2 ³ - 3.11.8, 4.1.3.4, 4.3.2.5

23:3 ³ - 3.11.8, 4.1.3.4, 4.3.2.5

23:4 ³ - 3.11.8, 4.1.3.4, 4.3.2.5

23:5 ² - 3.17.2, 4.1.4.1

23:6 - 3.17.2

23:7 - 3.17.2

23:8 ³ - 4.1.3.4², 3.17.2

23:9 ² - 3.17.2, 4.1.3.4

23:10 - 3.17.2

23:11 - 3.17.2

23:12 - 3.17.2

23:13 - 3.17.2

23:14 ² - 3.17.2, 4.1.3.4

23:15 ² - 3.17.2, 4.1.3.4

23:16 - 3.17.2

23:17 - 3.17.2

23:18 - 3.17.2

23:19 ⁵ - 3.17.2², 3.11.8, 4.1.3.4, 4.1.4.1

23:20 - 3.17.2

23:21 - 3.17.2

23:22 - 3.17.2

23:23 - 3.17.2

23:24 - 3.17.2

23:25 - 3.17.2

23:26 - 3.17.2

23:27 ³ - 3.11.8, 3.17.2, 4.1.3.4

23:28 - 3.17.2

23:29 ² - 3.17.2, 3.17.16

23:30 ² - 3.17.2, 4.1.4.1

23:31 - 3.17.2

23:32 - 3.17.2

23:33 - 3.17.2

23:34 - 3.17.2

23:35 - 3.17.2

23:36 - 3.17.2

23:37 - 3.17.2

23:38 - 3.17.2

23:39 - 3.17.2

23:40 - 3.17.2

23:41 ² - 3.2.22, 3.17.2

23:42 - 3.17.2

23:43 - 3.17.2

23:44 - 3.17.2

Eze. 24

24:13 - 4.19.3

Eze. 26

26:1 - 3.18.1

26:13 - 3.18.22

26:18 - 3.18.21

Eze. 27

27:13 - 3.18.13

27:27 ² - 3.18.11, 3.18.17

27:28 - 3.18.17

27:29 - 3.18.17

27:30 ² - 3.18.17, 3.18.19

27:31 - 3.18.17

27:32 ² - 3.18.3, 3.18.17

27:33 ² - 3.18.3, 3.18.17

27:34 ² - 3.18.3, 3.18.17

27:35 - 3.18.17

27:36 - 3.18.17

Eze. 28

28:1 ² - 3.4.3, 3.18.1

28:2 - 3.18.1

28:3 - 4.2.4

28:12 ³ - 3.4.8, 3.9.7, 4.1.1

28:13 ¹² - 3.4.3³, 3.15.6², 3.2.7, 3.4.8, 3.9.7, 3.14.1, 3.18.1, 3.21.18, 3.21.19.1

28:14 ⁸ - 3.4.6², 3.4.3, 3.4.8, 3.9.7, 3.12.4, 3.14.1, 3.18.1

28:15 ³ - 3.4.8, 3.12.4, 3.14.1

28:16 - 3.4.6

28:17 - 3.13.12

28:25 - 3.2.27

28:26 - 3.2.27

Eze. 29

29:1 - 4.3.2.5

29:3 - 3.12.3

29:5 ³ - 3.6.8, 3.11.8, 3.17.10

29:6 - 3.11.1

Eze. 30

30:1 - 4.3.2.5

30:3 ⁴ - 2.13.3², 3.6.17²

30:4 ² - 2.13.3, 3.6.17

30:5 ² - 2.13.3, 3.6.17

30:6 ³ - 2.13.3, 3.6.17, 3.17.10

30:8 ² - 2.13.3, 3.6.17

30:19 ² - 2.13.3, 3.6.17

30:25 ² - 2.13.3, 3.6.17

30:26 ² - 2.13.3, 3.6.17

Eze. 31

31:3 - 3.7.1

31:4 - 3.7.1

31:5 ² - 3.2.7, 3.7.1

31:6 - 3.7.1

31:7 - 3.7.1

31:8 - 3.7.1

31:9 - 3.7.1

31:14 - 3.7.1

31:15 - 3.7.1

31:16 - 3.7.1

31:17 - 3.7.1

31:18 - 3.7.1

Eze. 32

32:4 - 3.14.17

32:6 - 3.8.12

32:7 ² - 3.6.12, 3.6.17

32:8 - 3.6.17

32:26 - 3.1.7

Eze. 33

33:1 - 2.11.3.1

33:11 - 3.2.21

33:12 - 3.2.21

33:13 - 3.2.21

33:14 - 3.2.21

33:15 - 3.2.21

33:27 - 3.6.8

Eze. 34

34:3 - 2.2.14

34:11 - 3.7.17

34:12 - 3.7.17

34:13 - 3.7.17

34:14 - 3.7.17

34:15 ² - 2.2.14, 3.7.17

34:16 - 3.7.17

34:17 - 3.7.17

34:18 - 3.7.17

34:19 - 3.7.17

34:20 - 3.7.17

34:21 - 3.7.17

34:22 - 3.7.17

34:23 ³ - 3.6.2, 3.7.17, 4.11.4

34:24 ³ - 3.6.2, 3.7.17, 4.11.4

34:25 ² - 3.6.2, 3.7.17

34:26 ² - 3.6.2, 3.7.17

34:27 ² - 3.6.2, 3.7.17

34:28 ² - 3.6.2, 3.7.17

34:29 ² - 3.6.2, 3.7.17

34:30 ² - 3.6.2, 3.7.17

34:31 - 3.7.17

Eze. 36

36:7 - 3.10.5

36:21 - 3.2.3

36:22 - 3.2.3

36:23 - 3.2.3

36:24 - 2.13.4

36:25 ³ - 2.13.4, 3.1.5, 3.12.15

36:26 ² - 2.13.4, 3.12.15

36:27 ² - 2.13.4, 3.12.15

36:34 - 3.10.7

36:35 - 3.10.7

Eze. 37

37:1 ¹¹ - 2.13.4, 3.1.10, 3.4.2, 3.11.3, 3.11.13, 3.12.1, 3.12.17, 3.13.2, 3.14.4, 3.19.21, 4.1.2.3

37:2 ² - 2.13.4, 3.13.2

37:3 ² - 2.13.4, 3.13.2

37:4 ² - 2.13.4, 3.13.2

37:5 ³ - 2.13.4, 3.11.11, 3.13.2

37:6 ² - 2.13.4, 3.13.2

37:7 ² - 2.13.4, 3.13.2

37:8 ² - 2.13.4, 3.13.2

37:9 ⁶ - 2.7.5.3.3, 2.13.4, 3.7.1, 3.13.2, 3.22.1, 4.2.7

37:10 ³ - 2.13.4, 3.11.11, 3.13.2

37:11 ⁵ - 2.13.4, 3.13.2, 3.20.5.1, 4.17.3.2.2, 4.17.4

37:12 ² - 2.13.4, 3.13.2

37:13 ³ - 2.13.4, 3.13.2, 3.20.5.1

37:14 ⁵ - 2.13.4, 3.5.10, 3.13.2, 3.20.5.1, 4.2.7

37:15 ² - 2.4.3, 3.13.2

37:16 ³ - 2.4.3, 3.13.2, 4.17.3.2.2

37:17 ³ - 2.4.3, 3.13.2, 4.17.3.2.2

37:18 ³ - 2.4.3, 3.13.2, 4.17.3.2.2

37:19 ³ - 2.4.3, 3.13.2, 4.17.3.2.2

37:20 ³ - 2.4.3, 3.13.2, 4.17.3.2.2

37:21 ⁵ - 2.4.3, 2.13.4, 3.13.2, 4.11.7, 4.17.3.2.2

37:22 ⁴ - 2.4.3, 3.13.2, 4.11.7, 4.17.3.2.2

37:23 ⁵ - 2.4.3, 2.13.4, 3.13.2, 4.11.7, 4.17.3.2.2

37:24 ⁷ - 2.4.3, 3.5.5, 3.13.2, 3.21.3, 4.11.4, 4.11.7, 4.17.3.2.2

37:25 ⁹ - 4.11.4², 2.4.3, 3.5.5, 3.5.10, 3.13.2, 3.22.2, 4.11.7, 4.17.3.2.2

37:26 ⁵ - 2.4.3, 3.13.2, 4.11.4, 4.11.7, 4.17.3.2.2

37:27 ⁴ - 2.4.3, 3.13.2, 4.11.7, 4.17.3.2.2

37:28 ⁴ - 2.4.3, 3.13.2, 4.11.7, 4.17.3.2.2

Eze. 38

38:1 ¹³ - 3.20.8⁴, 4.5.2³, 4.5.6³, 2.7.5.4.2, 3.16.18, 4.5.4

38:2 ⁴ - 3.20.8³, 3.9.11

38:3 ² - 3.9.11, 3.20.8

38:4 ² - 3.16.14, 3.20.8

38:5 - 3.20.8

38:6 ² - 3.20.8, 4.5.6

38:7 ² - 3.20.8, 4.5.6

38:8 ² - 3.16.16, 3.20.8

38:9 ² - 3.16.16, 3.20.8

38:10 ² - 3.16.14, 3.16.16

38:11 ² - 3.16.16, 4.5.6

38:12 ² - 3.16.16, 4.5.6

38:13 - 3.16.16

38:14 ² - 3.9.11, 3.16.16

38:15 ³ - 3.16.16, 3.20.8, 4.5.6

38:16 ⁴ - 3.9.11, 3.16.14, 3.16.16, 4.5.2

38:17 - 3.16.16

38:18 ² - 3.9.11, 3.16.16

38:19 ² - 3.16.16, 3.16.18

38:20 - 3.16.16

38:21 ⁴ - 3.6.4, 3.9.11, 3.16.16, 4.5.6

38:22 ⁷ - 3.16.21², 3.9.17, 3.12.16, 3.14.10, 3.20.9, 4.5.6

Eze. 39

39:1 ⁹ - 4.5.2³, 2.7.5.4.2, 3.9.11, 3.16.18, 3.20.8, 4.5.4, 4.5.6

39:2 ⁴ - 3.16.16, 3.16.18, 4.5.2, 4.5.6

39:3 ² - 3.6.2, 3.20.8

39:4 ⁴ - 3.3.3, 3.8.13, 3.14.17, 3.16.16

39:5 - 4.5.6

39:6 - 3.20.9

39:7 - 3.2.3

39:9 - 3.20.8

39:11 ² - 3.9.11, 4.5.3.2

39:17 ⁶ - 3.3.3, 3.6.8, 3.8.13, 3.14.17, 3.16.16, 3.19.18

39:18 ⁵ - 3.3.3, 3.6.8, 3.8.13, 3.14.17, 3.19.18

39:19 ⁵ - 3.3.3, 3.6.8, 3.8.13, 3.14.17, 3.19.18

39:20 ⁵ - 3.3.3, 3.6.8, 3.8.13, 3.14.17, 3.19.18

39:25 - 4.11.4

39:26 - 4.11.4

39:27 - 4.11.4

39:28 - 4.11.4

39:29 - 4.11.4

Eze. 40

40:1 ¹⁰ - 4.16.5.10.1³, 4.16.5.10.2², 2.11.3.1, 3.11.1, 3.11.4, 4.16.5.4, 4.16.5.9

40:2 ⁵ - 3.11.1, 3.16.20, 3.21.10, 4.11.4, 4.16.5.1

40:3 ² - 3.21.2, 3.21.15

40:4 ² - 3.11.1, 3.21.15

40:5 ³ - 3.11.1, 3.21.15, 4.16.5

Eze. 41

41:18 ³ - 3.4.6², 4.16.2

41:20 - 3.4.6

41:25 - 3.4.6

Eze. 42

42:15 - 3.11.1

42:16 - 3.11.1

42:17 - 3.11.1

42:18 - 3.11.1

42:19 - 3.11.1

42:20 - 3.11.1

Eze. 43

43:1 - 4.16.5.4

43:2 ¹⁰ - 4.16.2³, 2.13.8, 3.1.15, 3.7.2, 3.14.2, 3.16.19, 3.19.6, 4.16.5.4

43:3 ⁸ - 4.16.2³, 2.13.8, 3.1.17, 3.7.2, 3.16.19, 4.16.5.4

43:4 ⁷ - 4.16.2³, 2.13.8, 3.7.2, 3.16.19, 4.16.5.4

43:5 - 4.16.5.4

43:6 - 4.16.5.4

43:7 - 4.16.5.4

43:20 ³ - 4.16.5.10.2², 4.11.4

43:26 ³ - 4.16.5.10.2², 4.11.4

43:27 - 4.16.5

Eze. 44

44:1 ⁴ - 2.4.3, 3.7.2, 4.1.4.1, 4.16.2

44:2 ² - 3.7.2, 4.16.2

44:4 - 3.1.17

Eze. 45

45:6 - 3.21.16

45:15 ³ - 4.16.5.10.2², 4.11.4

45:17 ³ - 4.16.5.10.2², 4.11.4

45:20 ³ - 4.16.5.10.2², 4.11.4

45:22 - 4.11.4

Eze. 47

47:1 ¹⁰ - 3.4.6², 4.16.5.10.1², 3.11.1, 3.11.4, 3.21.6, 3.22.1, 4.11.7, 4.16.5.1

47:2 ³ - 3.4.6, 3.22.1, 4.11.7

47:3 ² - 3.4.6, 4.11.7

47:4 ² - 3.4.6, 4.11.7

47:5 ² - 3.4.6, 4.11.7

47:6 ² - 3.4.6, 4.11.7

47:7 ² - 3.4.6, 4.11.7

47:8 ⁵ - 3.4.6², 3.21.6, 4.11.4, 4.11.7

47:9 ⁵ - 3.4.6², 3.21.6, 4.11.4, 4.11.7

47:10 ² - 4.11.4, 4.11.7

47:11 ³ - 3.22.1, 4.11.4, 4.11.7

47:12 ⁷ - 3.22.2³, 3.7.17, 3.21.9, 4.11.4, 4.11.7

47:14 - 3.10.5

Eze. 48

48:1 ¹¹ - 3.7.4³, 4.16.5.10.2², 2.4.3, 2.11.3.1, 4.16.5.4, 4.16.5.9, 4.16.5.10.1, 4.17.3.2.3

48:2 ³ - 3.7.4², 4.17.3.2.3

48:3 ² - 3.7.4, 4.17.3.2.3

48:4 ³ - 3.7.4², 4.17.3.2.3

48:5 ² - 3.7.4, 4.17.3.2.3

48:6 ² - 3.7.4, 4.17.3.2.3

48:7 - 4.17.3.2.3

48:8 - 4.17.3.2.3

48:9 - 4.17.3.2.3

48:10 - 4.17.3.2.3

48:11 - 4.17.3.2.3

48:12 - 4.17.3.2.3

48:13 - 4.17.3.2.3

48:14 - 4.17.3.2.3

48:15 ² - 4.11.4, 4.17.3.2.3

48:16 ³ - 3.21.16, 4.11.4, 4.17.3.2.3

48:17 ² - 4.11.4, 4.17.3.2.3

48:18 ² - 4.11.4, 4.17.3.2.3

48:19 ² - 4.11.4, 4.17.3.2.3

48:20 - 4.17.3.2.3

48:21 - 4.17.3.2.3

48:22 - 4.17.3.2.3

48:23 - 4.17.3.2.3

48:24 - 4.17.3.2.3

48:25 - 4.17.3.2.3

48:26 - 4.17.3.2.3

48:27 - 4.17.3.2.3

48:28 - 4.17.3.2.3

48:29 - 4.17.3.2.3

48:30 ² - 3.21.13, 3.21.16

48:31 ² - 3.21.13, 3.21.16

48:32 ³ - 3.7.4, 3.21.13, 3.21.16

48:33 ² - 3.21.13, 3.21.16

48:34 ² - 3.21.13, 3.21.16

48:35 ⁵ - 3.3.12², 3.21.13, 3.21.16, 3.22.3

5.6.27 - Daniel

Dan. 1

1:1 ² - 4.3.1, 4.17.3.1

1:2 ³ - 3.17.1, 4.1.3.5.3, 4.3.1

1:3 - 4.3.1

1:4 - 4.3.1

1:5 - 4.3.1

1:6 - 4.3.1

1:8 - 3.2.14

Dan. 2

2:1 ⁵ - 2.7.4, 2.12.2.2, 3.8.7, 3.13.1, 3.13.2

2:10 - 3.6.16

2:19 - 3.1.10

2:21 - 3.6.2

2:22 - 4.3.2.22

2:23 - 4.3.2.22

2:24 - 4.3.2.22

2:25 - 4.3.2.22

2:26 - 4.3.2.22

2:27 ² - 3.6.16, 4.3.2.22

2:28 - 4.3.2.22

2:29 ² - 3.1.1, 4.3.2.22

2:30 - 4.3.2.22

2:31 ⁴ - 4.3.1³, 4.3.2.22

2:32 ¹⁴ - 4.3.1⁷, 2.7.5.3.3, 4.2.3, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.9, 4.3.2.10, 4.3.2.11, 4.3.2.22

2:33 ¹⁰ - 4.3.1⁵, 2.7.5.3.3, 4.2.3, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.12, 4.3.2.22

2:34 ¹³ - 4.3.1³, 4.3.2.8², 4.3.2.22², 2.4.3, 2.13.1, 3.1.5, 3.5.6, 4.2.3, 4.3.2.12

2:35 ²⁰ - 4.3.1³, 3.17.9², 4.3.2.8², 2.4.3, 2.13.1, 3.1.5, 3.2.27, 3.13.1, 3.13.2, 3.14.15, 4.1.3.3, 4.2.3, 4.3.2.4, 4.3.2.12, 4.3.2.13, 4.3.2.14

2:36 ⁴ - 4.3.1², 4.2.3, 4.3.2.8

2:37 ⁷ - 4.3.1³, 3.6.2, 3.17.17, 4.2.3, 4.3.2.8

2:38 ⁷ - 4.3.1³, 3.18.16, 4.2.3, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.9

2:39 ⁸ - 4.3.1⁴, 4.2.3, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.10, 4.3.2.11

2:40 ⁸ - 4.3.1³, 3.17.12, 4.2.3, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.12, 4.3.2.13

2:41 ¹⁴ - 4.3.1⁴, 4.3.2.12², 4.3.2.22², 3.13.2, 3.17.10, 3.17.12, 4.2.3, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.13

2:42 ¹³ - 4.3.1³, 4.3.2.12², 4.3.2.22², 3.13.2, 3.17.10, 3.17.12, 4.2.3, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.13

2:43 ¹¹ - 4.3.1³, 4.3.2.12², 3.2.27, 3.13.2, 3.17.12, 4.2.3, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.13

2:44 ²¹ - 3.11.15², 4.3.1², 4.3.2.8², 4.3.2.12², 4.3.2.13², 2.4.3, 2.13.1, 3.1.5, 3.2.27, 3.5.6, 3.13.2, 3.17.10, 3.19.15, 4.2.3, 4.3.2.14, 4.11.4

2:45 ¹⁷ - 3.5.6², 4.3.1², 4.3.2.8², 2.4.3, 2.13.1, 3.1.1, 3.1.5, 3.13.1, 3.13.2, 3.19.15, 4.2.3, 4.3.2.12, 4.3.2.13, 4.3.2.14

2:46 ² - 3.3.9, 3.5.6

2:47 - 3.3.9

Dan. 3

3:1 ² - 2.7.5.3.5, 3.13.18

3:5 - 3.13.15

3:14 - 4.3.2.19

3:15 - 4.3.2.19

3:25 - 4.16.5.8

Dan. 4

4:3 - 3.11.15

4:10 - 3.7.1

4:13 - 3.10.11

4:17 - 3.10.11

4:22 - 3.7.1

4:25 - 3.6.2

4:30 ⁴ - 3.14.8, 3.16.19, 3.18.2, 4.3.2.4

4:31 ² - 3.6.2, 3.14.8

4:32 ² - 3.6.2, 3.14.8

4:33 - 3.14.8

4:34 - 4.11.4

Dan. 5

5:1 - 3.18.7

5:2 ² - 3.18.7, 4.16.5.3

5:3 ² - 3.18.7, 4.16.5.3

5:4 ² - 3.9.20, 3.18.7

5:5 - 3.18.7

5:6 - 3.18.7

5:7 - 3.18.7

5:8 - 3.18.7

5:9 - 3.18.7

5:10 - 3.18.7

5:11 - 3.18.7

5:12 - 3.18.7

5:13 - 3.18.7

5:14 - 3.18.7

5:15 - 3.18.7

5:16 - 3.18.7

5:17 - 3.18.7

5:18 - 3.18.7

5:19 - 3.18.7

5:20 - 3.18.7

5:21 ² - 3.6.2, 3.18.7

5:22 - 3.18.7

5:23 ⁵ - 3.7.2, 3.9.20, 3.18.7, 4.3.2.4, 4.16.5.3

5:24 - 3.18.7

5:25 - 3.18.7

5:26 - 3.18.7

5:27 - 3.18.7

5:28 - 3.18.7

5:29 ² - 3.18.7, 4.5.3.4

5:30 ⁵ - 4.1.2.1², 3.17.1, 3.18.7, 4.5.3.4

5:31 ⁵ - 4.1.2.1², 3.17.1, 4.5.3.4, 4.5.4

Dan. 6

6:17 - 3.20.3

6:20 ³ - 3.1.18, 3.7.2, 3.9.20

6:22 - 3.12.7

6:26 ⁴ - 3.1.18, 3.7.2, 3.9.20, 3.11.15

Dan. 7

7:1 ²¹ - 3.13.1⁵, 3.13.2⁴, 4.3.1³, 2.12.2.2², 3.17.10², 2.7.5.4.2, 2.7.5.5, 4.3, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.12

7:2 ¹⁴ - 3.13.1³, 3.7.1², 4.3.1², 4.3.2.8², 3.1.10, 3.11.7, 4.2.3, 4.3, 4.3.2.16

7:3 ¹⁸ - 3.11.7³, 3.13.1³, 4.3.1², 2.7.5.3.3, 3.7.1, 3.13.11, 3.21.1, 4.2.3, 4.3, 4.3.2.1, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.12, 4.3.2.16

7:4 ¹¹ - 4.3.1³, 3.11.7, 3.13.2, 4.2.1, 4.3, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.9, 4.3.2.12, 4.3.2.16

7:5 ¹³ - 4.3.1³, 3.11.7², 3.13.2, 3.17.16, 4.2.1, 4.3, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.10, 4.3.2.12, 4.3.2.16

7:6 ¹⁷ - 4.3.1³, 3.11.7², 3.13.2², 4.3², 3.13.1, 3.17.10, 4.1.2.1, 4.2.1, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.11, 4.3.2.12, 4.3.2.16

7:7 ²⁷ - 4.3.2.12⁵, 4.3.1³, 4.3.2.16³, 3.11.7², 3.13.1², 3.17.12², 2.13.5.1, 3.5.6, 3.12.3, 3.16.10, 3.17.3, 3.17.10, 4.2.1, 4.3, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.13

7:8 ³⁸ - 4.3.2.16⁵, 4.2.1³, 4.3.1³, 4.3.2.22³, 4.3.2.25³, 2.12.5, 3.1.7, 3.4.8, 3.5.6, 3.9.11, 3.11.7, 3.12.3, 3.13.5, 3.16.10, 3.16.13, 3.17.12, 4.1.3.3, 4.2.4, 4.2.8, 4.3, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.12, 4.3.2.23, 4.3.2.24, 4.3.2.26, 5.2.37

7:9 ¹³ - 3.20.11², 4.3.1², 3.1.14, 3.4.2, 3.4.4, 3.5.1, 3.11.7, 4.2.1, 4.3, 4.3.2.8, 4.12.2.4

7:10 ¹⁴ - 3.20.11², 4.3.1², 3.4.2, 3.4.4, 3.5.1, 3.5.11, 3.11.7, 3.19.10, 4.2.1, 4.3, 4.3.2.8, 4.12.2.4

7:11 ³⁷ - 4.3.2.16⁷, 3.11.7³, 3.17.8³, 4.3.1³, 4.3.2.12³, 3.11.15², 2.4.3, 3.1.5, 3.3.21, 3.4.2, 3.4.4, 3.5.6, 3.13.2, 3.13.5, 3.16.13, 3.19.20, 3.20.11, 4.2.1, 4.2.8, 4.3, 4.3.2.8, 4.12.2.4

7:12 ²³ - 3.4.4², 3.11.7², 3.11.15², 3.13.2², 4.3.1², 2.4.3, 2.13.5.1, 3.1.5, 3.3.21, 3.4.2, 3.20.11, 4.3, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.9, 4.3.2.10, 4.3.2.11, 4.3.2.16, 4.12.2.4

7:13 ³¹ - 3.1.7³, 4.3.1³, 3.1.13², 3.3.21², 3.11.15², 4.3², 2.4.3, 3.1.5, 3.4.2, 3.4.4, 3.5.1, 3.10.1.1, 3.10.7, 3.11.7, 3.12.5, 3.13.2, 3.14.14, 3.19.15, 4.3.2.8, 4.7, 4.11.4, 4.12.2.4, 4.16.5.8

7:14 ³³ - 3.11.15⁴, 3.5.6³, 4.3³, 4.3.1³, 3.3.21², 4.11.4², 2.4.3, 3.1.5, 3.1.7, 3.1.13, 3.4.2, 3.4.4, 3.5.1, 3.5.7, 3.10.7, 3.11.7, 3.12.5, 3.13.2, 3.19.15, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.14, 4.12.2.4

7:15 ⁷ - 4.3.1², 3.4.4, 3.11.7, 4.3, 4.3.2.8, 4.12.2.4

7:16 ⁸ - 4.3.1², 3.1.1, 3.4.4, 3.11.7, 4.3, 4.3.2.8, 4.12.2.4

7:17 ¹⁷ - 3.11.7², 4.3.1², 4.3.2.8², 3.1.1, 3.4.4, 3.13.11, 4.3, 4.3.2.1, 4.3.2.4, 4.3.2.4.1, 4.3.2.16, 4.11.4, 4.11.6, 4.12.2.4

7:18 ¹⁷ - 4.3.1³, 3.1.1, 3.1.6, 3.4.4, 3.11.7, 3.11.15, 3.11.18, 3.22.2, 3.22.5, 4.3, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.12, 4.11.4, 4.11.6, 4.12.2.4

7:19 ¹⁶ - 4.3.1³, 3.11.7², 4.3.2.12², 3.1.1, 3.4.4, 3.17.12, 4.2.1, 4.3, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.13, 4.3.2.16, 4.12.2.4

7:20 ³⁶ - 3.17.12³, 4.3.1³, 4.3.2.12³, 4.3.2.16³, 4.2.4², 4.2.8², 3.1.1, 3.1.7, 3.4.8, 3.5.6, 3.6.4, 3.11.7, 3.13.1, 3.13.5, 3.16.13, 3.17.3, 3.17.10, 3.17.13, 4.1.3.3, 4.2.1, 4.3, 4.3.2.4.1, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.13, 4.3.2.25, 4.12.2.4

7:21 ²⁹ - 3.11.7², 3.13.7², 4.2.8², 4.3.1², 4.3.2.16², 2.4.3, 2.13.1, 2.13.5.4, 3.1.1, 3.1.7, 3.3.10, 3.3.21, 3.5.6, 3.6.4, 3.11.15, 3.12.5, 3.13.10, 3.16.6, 4.3, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.20, 4.11.4, 4.11.6, 4.12.2.4

7:22 ²² - 4.3.1³, 4.2.8², 4.3.2.16², 2.4.3, 2.13.1, 3.1.1, 3.2.27, 3.3.21, 3.4.4, 3.11.7, 3.11.15, 3.12.5, 4.3, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.14, 4.11.4, 4.11.6, 4.12.2.4

7:23 ²³ - 4.3.1³, 4.3.2.12³, 3.11.7², 3.17.11², 4.2.8², 4.3.2.16², 2.13.1, 3.1.1, 3.2.27, 3.13.2, 3.13.7, 4.3, 4.3.2.1, 4.3.2.8, 4.12.2.4

7:24 ³² - 4.3.1³, 4.3.2.22³, 3.17.12², 4.2.8², 4.3², 4.3.2.16², 4.3.2.25², 2.13.1, 3.1.1, 3.1.5, 3.2.27, 3.5.6, 3.11.7, 3.12.3, 3.13.1, 3.17.3, 3.17.10, 3.17.11, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.23, 4.3.2.24, 4.12.2.4, 4.16.5.4

7:25 ⁵¹ - 4.3.2.16⁶, 2.13.5.4³, 4.3.1³, 4.3.2.12³, 2.13.5.2², 3.11.7², 3.13.5², 3.13.7², 4.2.8², 2.4.3, 2.7.5.2, 2.13.1, 2.13.4, 2.13.5.1, 3.1.1, 3.1.5, 3.1.6, 3.2.27, 3.3.10, 3.3.21, 3.4.4, 3.6.2, 3.11.2, 3.11.15, 3.12.6, 3.13.10, 3.16.6, 3.16.13, 3.16.15, 3.17.11, 4.3, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.20, 4.12.2.4, 4.16.5.4

7:26 ²⁵ - 4.3.1³, 4.3.2.16³, 4.3², 4.3.2.12², 2.4.3, 2.13.1, 3.1.1, 3.1.5, 3.1.6, 3.2.27, 3.3.21, 3.4.4, 3.11.15, 3.12.5, 4.2.8, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.14, 4.12.2.4, 4.16.5.4

7:27 ²⁶ - 3.11.15², 4.3², 4.3.1², 4.3.2.16², 4.11.4², 2.4.3, 2.13.1, 3.1.1, 3.1.5, 3.1.6, 3.2.27, 3.3.21, 3.5.7, 3.5.10, 3.12.5, 3.19.15, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.12, 4.3.2.14, 4.11.6, 4.12.2.4

7:28 ⁷ - 4.3.1², 3.1.9, 3.17.6, 4.3, 4.3.2.8, 4.12.2.4

Dan. 8

8:1 - 3.1.10

8:2 - 3.1.10

8:3 - 3.5.6

8:4 - 3.5.6

8:5 - 3.5.6

8:6 - 3.5.6

8:7 - 3.5.6

8:8 ⁶ - 4.3.2.4.1², 3.5.6, 3.7.1, 3.17.10, 4.3

8:9 ² - 3.5.6, 3.13.1

8:10 - 3.5.6

8:11 - 3.5.6

8:12 - 3.5.6

8:13 ³ - 3.11.2, 3.17.14, 3.19.14

8:14 ³ - 2.12.4², 3.11.2

8:16 ³ - 3.1.1, 3.1.10, 3.8.2

8:17 ² - 3.1.1, 3.1.17

8:18 - 3.1.1

8:19 - 3.1.1

8:20 ³ - 3.1.1, 3.5.6, 4.3.1

8:21 ³ - 3.1.1, 3.5.6, 4.3.1

8:22 ³ - 3.1.1, 3.5.6, 4.3.1

8:23 ⁹ - 3.6.2², 4.2.1², 3.1.1, 3.9.11, 4.2.4, 4.2.8, 4.16.5.4

8:24 ¹⁴ - 3.6.2⁵, 2.13.5.4, 3.1.1, 3.3.10, 3.11.7, 4.2.4, 4.2.5, 4.2.7, 4.2.8, 4.16.5.4

8:25 ¹³ - 3.6.2⁶, 4.2.8², 3.1.1, 3.17.14, 4.3.2.16, 4.16.5.4, 4.19.2

8:26 ⁶ - 3.5.1², 3.1.1, 3.6.2, 3.10.4, 3.22.10

8:27 - 3.17.6

Dan. 9

9:1 ⁴ - 2.13.3, 2.13.5.1, 3.5.1, 4.14

9:2 ⁴ - 2.13.3, 2.13.5.1, 3.1.9, 4.16.5.4

9:3 - 2.13.3

9:4 - 2.13.3

9:5 - 2.13.3

9:6 ² - 2.13.3, 3.10.7

9:7 - 2.13.3

9:8 - 2.13.3

9:9 - 2.13.3

9:10 - 2.13.3

9:11 ² - 2.13.3, 3.15.3

9:12 - 2.13.3

9:13 - 2.13.3

9:14 - 2.13.3

9:15 - 2.13.3

9:16 - 2.13.3

9:17 - 2.13.3

9:18 - 2.13.3

9:19 ³ - 2.13.3, 3.11.8, 4.16.5.8

9:20 ² - 2.13.3, 3.1.1

9:21 ⁵ - 2.13.3, 3.1.1, 3.1.10, 3.8.2, 3.9.21

9:22 ² - 2.13.3, 3.1.1

9:23 ⁴ - 2.9.4, 2.13.3, 3.1.1, 3.2.17

9:24 ²⁴ - 2.11.3.1³, 3.11.2³, 2.7.5.2², 2.13.5², 4.14.8², 4.16.5.10.1², 2.13.3, 2.13.4, 2.13.5.1, 2.13.5.2, 2.13.5.3, 3.1.1, 3.12.1, 3.17.10, 4.11.4, 4.16.5.4

9:25 ¹⁷ - 2.7.5.2², 2.11.3.1², 4.14.8², 2.13.3, 2.13.5, 2.13.5.3, 3.1.1, 3.1.7, 3.9.21, 3.11.2, 3.12.1, 3.17.10, 4.5.4, 4.16.5.4

9:26 ³² - 2.13.5.3⁴, 2.7.5.2², 2.11.3.1², 3.17.10², 4.2.1², 4.14.8², 2.2.14, 2.13.3, 2.13.5, 3.1.1, 3.11.2, 3.12.1, 3.12.6, 3.12.15, 3.13.2, 3.17.8, 4.1.3.3, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.2.3, 4.2.8, 4.3.1, 4.5.4, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.4

9:27 ⁷⁴ - 2.13.5.4⁶, 2.11.3.1⁴, 2.13.4⁴, 3.6.2⁴, 3.13.15⁴, 4.2.3⁴, 2.7.5.2³, 3.11.2³, 4.14.8³, 2.13.3², 2.13.5.1², 2.13.5.3², 3.12.6², 3.12.15², 3.16.1², 3.17.8², 3.17.10², 4.2.1², 4.16.5.9², 2.4.3, 2.13.5, 3.1.1, 3.4.4, 3.11.1, 3.11.3, 3.11.7, 3.11.13, 3.12.1, 3.13.5, 3.14.8, 3.16.15, 3.19.11, 4.2.8, 4.3.2.16, 4.5.4, 4.8.2, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.4

Dan. 10

10:1 ⁹ - 3.10.1.1⁴, 3.1.13², 3.1.1, 3.1.10, 3.12.7

10:2 ⁴ - 2.13.5.1², 3.1.9, 3.1.13

10:3 ³ - 2.13.5.1², 3.1.13

10:4 ² - 3.1.13, 3.10.1.1

10:5 ⁵ - 3.1.13², 3.10.1.1², 3.1.12

10:6 ⁹ - 3.1.13³, 3.10.1², 3.1.12, 3.1.15, 3.10.1.1, 3.14.2

10:7 ² - 3.1.13, 3.10.1.1

10:8 ⁵ - 3.1.17², 3.1.13, 3.4.2, 3.10.1.1

10:9 ² - 3.1.13, 3.10.1.1

10:10 ² - 3.1.13, 3.1.17

10:11 ³ - 2.9.4, 3.1.13, 3.2.17

10:12 ³ - 3.1.13, 3.10.1.1, 3.12.10

10:13 ¹³ - 3.1.13⁴, 3.8.2², 3.10.1.1², 3.12.7², 3.1.4, 3.12.10, 4.3.2.5

10:14 - 3.1.13

10:15 - 3.1.13

10:16 ² - 3.1.13, 3.1.17

10:17 ² - 3.1.13, 3.1.17

10:18 - 3.1.13

10:19 ³ - 2.9.4, 3.1.13, 3.2.17

10:20 ⁵ - 3.10.1.1², 3.1.13, 3.12.7, 4.3.1

10:21 ⁷ - 3.12.7³, 3.1.13², 3.10.1.1²

Dan. 11

11:1 ³ - 3.11.2, 4.5.2, 4.19.3

11:2 ³ - 3.4.4, 4.3.1, 4.3.2.5

11:3 ⁴ - 3.4.4², 4.3.1, 4.3.2.5

11:4 ² - 4.3.1, 4.3.2.5

11:21 ⁴ - 3.6.2, 3.12.15, 4.2.1, 4.16.5.4

11:22 ³ - 3.6.2, 3.12.15, 4.16.5.4

11:23 ² - 3.6.2, 4.16.5.4

11:24 - 4.16.5.4

11:25 ² - 4.3.2.16, 4.16.5.4

11:26 - 4.16.5.4

11:27 - 4.16.5.4

11:28 - 4.16.5.4

11:29 - 4.16.5.4

11:30 - 4.16.5.4

11:31 ¹¹ - 3.13.15⁵, 2.13.5.4², 3.11.2², 4.16.5.4, 5.2.72

11:32 - 4.16.5.4

11:33 - 4.16.5.4

11:34 - 4.16.5.4

11:35 ³ - 3.3.10, 3.11.7, 4.16.5.4

11:36 ¹⁸ - 3.13.1², 3.13.4², 4.2.1², 4.2.8², 2.13.3, 3.11.7, 3.13.5, 3.13.12, 3.16.13, 4.2.2, 4.2.6, 4.3.2.16, 4.5.2, 4.16.5.4

11:37 ¹⁴ - 4.2.3², 4.2.6², 4.2.8², 3.9.11, 3.11.7, 3.11.8, 3.13.1, 3.13.4, 4.3.2.16, 4.5.2, 4.16.5.4

11:38 ⁷ - 4.2.8², 3.11.7, 3.13.1, 3.17.4, 4.5.2, 4.16.5.4

11:39 ⁶ - 4.2.8², 3.11.7, 3.13.1, 4.5.2, 4.16.5.4

11:40 ⁹ - 4.5.4², 3.11.7, 3.12.15, 3.13.1, 4.2.8, 4.5.2, 4.5.6, 4.16.5.4

11:41 ¹⁰ - 3.12.15³, 3.12.6.1², 3.11.7, 3.13.1, 4.2.8, 4.5.4, 4.16.5.4

11:42 ⁵ - 3.11.7, 3.13.1, 4.2.8, 4.5.4, 4.16.5.4

11:43 ⁵ - 3.11.7, 3.13.1, 4.2.8, 4.5.4, 4.16.5.4

11:44 ⁷ - 4.5.4², 3.11.7, 3.13.1, 3.16.12, 4.2.8, 4.16.5.4

11:45 ¹⁰ - 4.5.4³, 3.17.8², 3.11.7, 3.13.1, 3.17.16, 4.2.8, 4.16.5.4

Dan. 12

12:1 ²⁸ - 2.13.1³, 4.10.5³, 2.13.4², 3.12.7², 3.20.5.1², 2.7.5.4.2, 2.12.2.2, 2.13.3, 3.1.20, 3.3.10, 3.4.4, 3.6.1, 3.7.14, 3.8.2, 3.10.6, 3.11.7, 3.11.18, 3.12.17, 3.20.5, 4.4.3.4, 4.16.5.9

12:2 ²⁴ - 4.10.5⁴, 3.20.5³, 3.20.5.1³, 3.4.4, 3.11.18, 3.12.6, 3.12.7, 3.14.11, 3.17.14, 3.19.9, 3.19.14, 3.19.20, 3.20.4, 3.20.6.1, 3.20.10, 3.21.2, 4.11.4

12:3 ⁶ - 3.1.20, 3.3.5, 3.11.18, 3.20.5, 3.21.23, 4.10.5

12:4 ⁸ - 3.5.1², 3.22.10², 2.3.2.2, 3.10.4, 3.10.7, 3.20.3

12:5 ⁴ - 2.13.4², 3.5.1²

12:6 ⁵ - 2.13.4², 3.5.1², 3.15.1

12:7 ¹⁸ - 2.13.4³, 3.5.1², 2.7.5.2, 2.13.5.2, 3.4.4, 3.6.2, 3.7.14, 3.10.1.1, 3.10.5, 3.10.6, 3.11.2, 3.12.6, 3.13.5, 3.16.15, 3.16.17

12:8 ³ - 3.5.1², 3.22.10

12:9 ¹⁰ - 3.5.1³, 2.3.2.2, 2.7.5.5, 3.10.4, 3.13.18, 3.16.9, 3.22.10, 3.22.11

12:10 ⁴ - 3.3.10, 3.13.18, 3.16.9, 3.22.11

12:11 ¹¹ - 3.13.15⁴, 3.11.2², 2.11.3.1, 4.8.2, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.9, 5.2.72

12:12 - 3.11.2

12:13 ² - 3.1.1, 3.14.13

5.6.28 - Hosea

Hos. 1

1:1 - 3.17.2

1:2 - 5.2.63

1:10 ⁵ - 3.1.18, 3.7.2, 3.9.20, 3.21.3, 4.10.6

Hos. 2

2:1 - 3.17.2

2:2 - 4.10.3

2:5 - 4.1.4.1

2:7 - 4.10.3

2:14 ⁴ - 3.12.6², 3.12.17²

2:15 ³ - 3.12.17², 3.12.6

2:16 ⁵ - 3.12.17², 3.12.6, 4.10.3, 4.10.5

2:17 ³ - 3.12.17², 3.12.6

2:18 ³ - 3.12.6², 3.2.28

2:19 ³ - 3.12.6, 4.10.3, 4.10.5

2:20 ² - 3.12.6, 4.10.3

2:23 ² - 3.12.6, 4.10.6

Hos. 3

3:3 - 4.1.4.1

3:4 ³ - 3.4.6, 3.5.5, 4.11.7

3:5 ³ - 3.5.5, 4.11.4, 4.11.7

Hos. 4

4:12 - 4.1.4.1

4:14 - 4.1.4.1

4:17 - 3.7.4

Hos. 5

5:14 ² - 3.1.13, 3.12.6

5:15 ² - 2.13.5.4, 4.5.4

Hos. 6

6:1 - 4.5.4

6:2 ² - 3.12.6, 4.5.4

6:3 ² - 2.13.5.4, 4.5.4

6:5 ³ - 3.11.5², 3.1.16

6:10 - 3.9.21

Hos. 7

7:8 - 3.3.17

7:9 - 3.3.17

Hos. 8

8:1 - 4.7.2

Hos. 9

9:1 ² - 3.17.2, 4.1.4.1

Hos. 10

10:8 ² - 3.6.16, 3.6.17

Hos. 11

11:1 - 3.12.6

Hos. 12

12:4 - 3.10.1.1

12:8 - 3.3.17

12:9 - 3.3.17

Hos. 13

13:6 - 3.13.2

13:7 - 3.13.2

13:8 - 3.13.2

13:9 - 3.13.2

13:10 - 3.13.2

13:11 - 3.13.2

13:14 ⁵ - 3.1.18, 3.6.8, 3.20.14, 3.21.1, 3.21.4

13:15 ² - 3.7.1, 3.7.2

5.6.29 - Joel

Joel 1

1:1 - 3.9.11

1:2 ² - 3.9.1, 3.9.11

1:3 ² - 3.9.1, 3.9.11

1:4 ² - 3.9.1, 3.9.11

1:5 ² - 3.9.1, 3.9.11

1:6 ⁴ - 3.9.1, 3.9.8, 3.9.11, 3.10.2

1:7 ³ - 3.9.1, 3.9.8, 3.9.11

1:10 - 3.6.6

1:15 ³ - 2.13.3, 3.8.7, 3.9.3

1:16 - 3.8.7

1:17 - 3.8.7

1:18 - 3.8.7

1:19 - 3.8.7

1:20 - 3.8.7

Joel 2

2:1 ⁷ - 2.13.3², 2.13.4, 3.1.10, 3.8.6, 3.9.1, 3.11.15

2:2 ¹⁰ - 2.13.3⁵, 2.13.4, 3.9.1, 3.9.16, 3.11.15, 4.5.2

2:3 ³ - 2.13.3, 3.9.1, 3.9.17

2:4 ⁴ - 2.13.3, 3.9.1, 3.9.7, 3.9.17

2:5 ⁵ - 2.13.3, 3.9.1, 3.9.7, 3.9.9, 3.9.17

2:6 ⁴ - 3.9.6², 2.13.3, 3.9.1

2:7 ³ - 2.13.3, 3.9.1, 3.9.11

2:8 ³ - 2.13.3, 3.9.1, 3.9.11

2:9 ² - 2.13.3, 3.9.1

2:10 ⁸ - 3.6.12³, 3.9.1², 2.13.3, 3.8.12, 3.9.3

2:11 ¹⁰ - 3.9.3³, 3.6.17², 3.9.1², 2.13.3, 3.6.12, 3.8.12

2:12 ² - 3.6.12, 3.9.20

2:13 - 3.9.20

2:18 - 3.9.1

2:24 - 4.11.4

2:25 ² - 3.9.3, 4.11.4

2:26 - 4.11.4

2:28 ³ - 3.1.10, 4.5.2, 4.11.4

2:29 ² - 4.5.2, 4.11.4

2:30 ⁸ - 2.13.3, 2.13.3.1, 3.6.12, 3.6.17, 3.8.7, 3.9.2, 4.5.2, 4.11.4

2:31 ¹⁰ - 2.13.3², 3.6.12², 4.5.2², 2.13.3.1, 3.9.1, 3.14.1, 4.11.4

2:32 ⁷ - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 3.9.1, 3.14.1, 4.5.2, 4.11.4, 4.17.3.2.3

Joel 3

3:1 ⁶ - 3.6.12³, 2.13.3², 3.9.3

3:2 ¹⁰ - 4.5.3.2³, 2.13.3², 3.9.3, 3.10.2, 4.1.3.4, 4.5.2, 4.5.6

3:3 ³ - 2.13.3², 3.9.3

3:4 ³ - 2.13.3², 3.9.3

3:5 ³ - 2.13.3², 3.9.3

3:6 ³ - 2.13.3², 3.9.3

3:7 ³ - 2.13.3², 3.9.3

3:8 ³ - 2.13.3², 3.9.3

3:9 ¹² - 2.13.3³, 4.5.4², 2.13.5.4, 3.2.27, 3.6.12, 3.9.3, 3.17.14, 3.19.19, 4.5.2

3:10 ¹¹ - 2.13.3³, 4.5.4², 2.13.5.4, 3.2.27, 3.6.12, 3.9.3, 3.17.14, 4.5.2

3:11 ¹³ - 2.13.3³, 3.17.14², 4.5.4², 2.13.5.4, 3.2.27, 3.6.12, 3.9.3, 3.19.14, 4.5.2

3:12 ¹⁷ - 2.13.3³, 4.5.3.2², 4.5.4², 2.13.5.4, 3.2.27, 3.6.12, 3.9.3, 3.10.3, 3.14.18, 3.14.19, 3.14.20, 3.17.14, 4.5.2

3:13 ¹⁸ - 2.13.3³, 3.14.20², 4.5.4², 2.13.5.4, 3.2.27, 3.6.12, 3.9.3, 3.10.3, 3.14.18, 3.14.19, 3.17.14, 3.19.15, 4.5.2, 4.5.3.2

3:14 ¹⁷ - 2.13.3⁵, 3.6.12², 2.13.5.4, 3.2.27, 3.9.3, 3.10.3, 3.14.18, 3.14.19, 3.14.20, 3.17.14, 4.5.2, 4.5.3.2

3:15 ¹² - 2.13.3³, 3.6.12³, 2.13.5.4, 3.2.27, 3.8.12, 3.9.3, 3.10.3, 4.5.2

3:16 ¹¹ - 2.13.3³, 3.10.3², 2.13.5.4, 3.2.27, 3.6.12, 3.9.3, 3.14.1, 4.5.2

3:17 ⁵ - 2.13.3, 3.2.27, 3.9.3, 3.21.2, 3.21.27

3:18 ⁹ - 2.13.3³, 4.11.4², 3.4.6, 3.9.3, 3.21.6, 4.16.5.10.1

3:19 ² - 2.13.3, 3.9.3

3:20 ² - 2.13.3, 3.9.3

3:21 ² - 2.13.3, 3.9.3

5.6.30 - Amos

Amos 3

3:2 ³ - 3.1.7², 2.13.4

3:7 ³ - 2.7.5.5, 3.10.4, 3.10.7

Amos 4

4:6 - 3.9.20

4:7 - 3.9.20

4:8 - 3.9.20

4:9 ² - 3.9.11, 3.9.20

4:10 - 3.9.20

4:11 - 3.9.20

4:12 - 3.9.20

4:13 - 3.9.20

Amos 5

5:4 - 3.6.16

5:7 - 3.8.11

5:18 ⁷ - 2.13.3⁵, 3.6.8, 3.10.10

5:19 ⁴ - 2.13.3², 3.6.8, 3.10.10

5:20 ⁷ - 2.13.3⁵, 3.6.8, 3.10.10

5:21 - 3.2.6

5:25 - 4.1.4.1

5:26 - 4.1.4.1

Amos 6

6:6 - 3.15.7

6:12 - 3.8.11

Amos 7

7:1 - 3.9.11

Amos 8

8:9 - 3.6.12

8:10 - 3.11.3

Amos 9

9:2 - 3.1.14

9:8 - 3.12.1

9:11 ⁴ - 3.3.7, 3.5.5, 3.12.1, 4.11.4

9:12 ² - 3.5.5, 4.11.4

9:13 ³ - 4.11.4², 3.5.10

9:14 ³ - 4.11.4², 3.5.10

9:15 ³ - 3.5.10², 4.11.4

5.6.31 - Obadiah

Ob. 1

1:12 - 2.13.3

1:13 - 2.13.3

1:14 - 2.13.3

1:15 ² - 2.13.3²

5.6.32 - Jonah

Jonah 1

1:2 - 3.18.5

Jonah 3

3:5 - 2.3.1

3:6 - 2.3.1

3:7 - 2.3.1

3:8 - 2.3.1

3:9 - 2.3.1

3:10 - 2.3.1

Jonah 4

4:8 ³ - 3.7.1, 3.7.2, 3.9.6

5.6.33 - Micah

Mic. 1

1:7 - 4.1.4.1

Mic. 2

2:12 ⁶ - 4.5.4², 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 3.12.6.1, 4.17.3.2.3

2:13 ² - 3.12.6.1, 4.5.4

Mic. 3

3:1 - 3.17.16

3:2 - 3.17.16

3:3 - 3.17.16

3:8 ² - 3.19.10, 5.2.33

Mic. 4

4:1 ⁶ - 4.11.4², 2.4.3, 3.16.20, 4.11.7, 4.16.5.1

4:2 ⁴ - 2.4.3, 3.1.5, 4.11.4, 4.11.7

4:3 ⁴ - 2.4.3, 3.14.1, 4.11.4, 4.11.7

4:4 ² - 2.4.3, 4.11.7

4:5 ² - 2.4.3, 4.11.7

4:6 ² - 2.4.3, 4.11.7

4:7 ⁴ - 2.4.3, 3.11.15, 4.11.5, 4.11.7

4:8 ³ - 2.4.3, 3.14.1, 4.11.7

4:9 ³ - 2.13.4, 3.6.17, 4.11.7

4:10 ² - 3.6.17, 4.11.7

4:11 ³ - 4.5.4, 4.5.5, 4.11.7

4:12 ³ - 3.14.15, 4.5.5, 4.11.7

4:13 ² - 4.5.5, 4.11.7

Mic. 5

5:1 ³ - 2.13.4, 3.12.2, 4.5.4

5:2 ⁹ - 2.3.1, 2.13.3, 2.13.4, 3.1.7, 3.5.5, 3.12.1, 3.13.8.1, 3.22.6, 3.22.13

5:3 ³ - 2.13.3, 2.13.4, 3.12.2

5:4 ⁵ - 2.13.3, 2.13.4, 3.2.27, 3.7.17, 3.12.2

5:5 ³ - 3.2.27, 3.12.2, 4.1.1

5:6 ² - 3.2.27, 4.1.1

5:7 - 3.2.27

5:8 - 3.2.27

5:9 - 3.2.27

5:10 - 3.2.27

5:11 - 3.2.27

5:12 - 3.2.27

5:13 - 3.2.27

5:14 - 3.2.27

5:15 - 3.2.27

Mic. 6

6:9 - 3.11.18

Mic. 7

7:18 ³ - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 4.17.3.2.3

5.6.34 - Nahum

Nah. 3

3:1 - 4.3.2.5

3:2 - 4.3.2.5

3:3 ² - 3.18.23, 4.3.2.5

3:4 ⁴ - 4.1.4.1², 4.1.3.5.2, 4.3.2.5

3:5 ² - 3.16.15, 4.3.2.5

3:6 - 4.3.2.5

3:7 - 4.3.2.5

3:8 - 4.3.2.5

3:9 - 4.3.2.5

3:10 - 4.3.2.5

3:11 - 4.3.2.5

3:12 - 4.3.2.5

3:13 - 4.3.2.5

3:14 - 4.3.2.5

3:15 - 4.3.2.5

3:16 - 4.3.2.5

3:17 - 4.3.2.5

3:18 - 4.3.2.5

3:19 - 4.3.2.5

5.6.35 - Habbakuk

5.6.36 - Zephaniah

Zep. 1

1:5 ² - 3.3.15, 3.6.12

1:7 ⁶ - 2.13.3.1³, 3.8.1², 2.13.3

1:8 - 2.13.3.1

1:14 ⁸ - 2.13.3², 3.6.17², 2.13.1, 3.3.10.1, 3.8.2, 3.8.12

1:15 ¹⁵ - 2.13.3⁹, 2.13.1², 3.3.10.1, 3.6.17, 3.8.2, 3.8.12

1:16 ⁷ - 2.13.3², 2.13.1, 3.3.10.1, 3.6.17, 3.8.2, 3.8.6

1:17 ⁴ - 2.13.1, 3.3.10.1, 3.6.17, 3.8.2

1:18 ² - 3.3.10.1, 3.8.2

Zep. 2

2:1 - 3.12.14

2:2 ² - 2.13.3, 3.12.14

2:3 ² - 2.13.3, 3.12.14

2:15 - 3.18.7

Zep. 3

3:8 ⁸ - 3.14.19, 3.16.1, 3.19.19, 4.5.2, 4.5.3.2, 4.5.6, 4.11.4, 4.11.7

3:9 ⁴ - 3.16.1, 4.5.2, 4.11.4, 4.11.7

3:10 ³ - 4.5.2, 4.11.4, 4.11.7

3:11 ³ - 4.5.2, 4.11.4, 4.11.7

3:12 ⁴ - 3.14.5, 4.5.2, 4.11.4, 4.11.7

3:13 - 3.14.5

5.6.37 - Haggai

Hag. 2

2:6 ² - 3.6.12, 3.16.18

2:7 ⁷ - 4.16.2², 2.13.8, 3.6.12, 3.16.18, 4.11.4, 4.16.5.10.1

2:8 ⁵ - 4.16.2², 2.13.8, 4.11.4, 4.16.5.10.1

2:9 ⁵ - 4.16.2², 2.13.8, 4.11.4, 4.16.5.10.1

2:17 ² - 3.8.7, 3.16.21

2:22 - 3.6.12

2:23 - 3.6.12

5.6.38 - Zechariah

Zec. 1

1:3 - 3.2.5

1:6 - 3.10.7

1:7 - 4.19.1

1:8 ² - 3.6.2, 4.19.1

1:9 ² - 3.1.1, 4.19.1

1:10 - 4.19.1

1:11 ³ - 3.10.1.1, 4.19.1, 4.19.2

1:12 - 3.10.1.1

1:15 ³ - 4.19.2², 4.19.3

1:16 ² - 2.11.3.1, 3.14.1

1:17 - 3.14.1

1:18 - 2.7.5.3.3

Zec. 2

2:1 ² - 3.11.1, 3.21.15

2:2 - 3.21.15

2:3 ² - 3.1.1, 3.21.15

2:4 ² - 3.11.1, 3.21.15

2:5 ⁴ - 2.13.8, 3.11.1, 3.21.15, 4.16.2

2:6 - 3.18.4

2:7 - 3.18.4

2:8 - 3.1.7

2:9 - 3.1.7

2:10 ² - 3.1.7, 3.21.3

2:11 ³ - 3.1.7, 3.18.4, 3.21.3

2:12 - 3.18.4

2:13 - 3.8.1

Zec. 3

3:1 ⁵ - 3.2.10, 3.10.1.1, 3.11.4, 3.12.10, 3.19.8

3:2 ⁴ - 3.2.10, 3.10.1.1, 3.12.10, 3.19.8

3:3 ⁴ - 3.3.4, 3.10.1.1, 3.12.10, 3.19.8

3:4 ⁴ - 3.3.4, 3.10.1.1, 3.12.10, 3.19.8

3:5 ⁴ - 3.3.4, 3.10.1.1, 3.12.10, 3.19.12

3:6 - 3.10.1.1

3:8 ⁶ - 3.11.4², 4.7², 3.5.5, 4.7.1

3:9 ⁵ - 3.11.4³, 2.7.5.3.6, 3.5.6

3:10 ² - 3.11.4²

Zec. 4

4:1 ³ - 3.11.4², 3.1.1

4:2 ³ - 3.1.12, 3.5.6, 3.11.4

4:3 ³ - 3.11.4², 3.5.6

4:4 ² - 3.5.6, 3.11.4

4:5 ³ - 3.1.1, 3.5.6, 3.11.4

4:6 ⁶ - 3.11.4³, 3.1.4², 3.5.6

4:7 ⁵ - 3.1.4, 3.5.6, 3.11.4, 3.17.9, 4.1.3.3

4:8 ³ - 3.1.4, 3.5.6, 3.11.4

4:9 ⁴ - 3.11.4², 3.1.4, 3.5.6

4:10 ⁴ - 3.11.4², 3.1.4, 3.5.6

4:11 - 3.11.4

4:12 ² - 3.11.4²

4:13 - 3.11.4

4:14 ³ - 3.11.4³

Zec. 5

5:1 ² - 3.9.14, 4.1.3.5.2

5:5 ⁸ - 4.1.3.5.3⁴, 3.1.1, 3.16.10, 3.18.3, 4.5.4

5:6 ⁷ - 4.1.3.5.3⁴, 3.16.10, 3.18.3, 4.5.4

5:7 ⁷ - 4.1.3.5.3³, 3.16.10, 3.18.3, 4.5.4, 4.9.3

5:8 ⁸ - 4.1.3.5.3⁴, 3.16.10, 3.18.3, 4.5.4, 4.19.4

5:9 ⁶ - 4.1.3.5.3², 3.16.10, 3.18.2, 3.18.3, 4.5.4

5:10 ⁵ - 4.1.3.5.3², 3.16.10, 3.18.3, 4.5.4

5:11 ⁸ - 4.1.3.5.3³, 3.11.4, 3.17.1, 3.17.18, 3.18.3, 4.5.4

Zec. 6

6:1 ³ - 4.16.5.5.1, 4.19.1, 4.19.3

6:2 ⁷ - 4.19.3³, 4.19.2², 3.6.2, 4.19.1

6:3 ⁶ - 4.19.2², 4.19.3², 3.6.2, 4.19.1

6:4 ³ - 3.1.1, 3.6.2, 4.19.1

6:5 ⁴ - 3.1.1, 3.6.2, 3.7.1, 4.19.1

6:6 ⁶ - 4.19.3⁴, 3.6.2, 4.19.1

6:7 ⁵ - 4.19.3⁴, 4.19.1

6:8 ² - 4.19.1, 4.19.4

6:11 ⁴ - 3.11.4, 3.19.12, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.16.5.10.1

6:12 ¹⁶ - 4.16.5.10.1³, 4.2.3², 4.7², 3.1.7, 3.5.5, 3.11.4, 3.12.1, 3.19.12, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.7.1, 4.11.4, 4.16.5

6:13 ¹⁴ - 4.16.5.10.1⁴, 3.11.4², 3.1.7, 3.3.7, 3.12.1, 3.19.12, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.11.4, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.10.2

6:14 ⁴ - 3.1.7, 4.11.4, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.10.1

6:15 ⁴ - 3.1.7, 4.11.4, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.10.1

Zec. 7

7:12 - 5.2.33

Zec. 8

8:1 - 2.4.3

8:2 - 2.4.3

8:3 ⁴ - 2.4.3, 3.14.1, 3.21.10, 4.11.7

8:4 ⁵ - 2.4.3, 3.14.1, 3.21.10, 4.11.4, 4.11.7

8:5 ³ - 2.4.3, 3.14.1, 4.11.7

8:6 ² - 2.4.3, 3.14.1

8:7 ³ - 2.4.3, 2.13.4, 3.14.1

8:8 ³ - 2.4.3, 2.13.4, 3.14.1

8:9 - 2.4.3

8:10 - 2.4.3

8:11 - 2.4.3

8:12 - 2.4.3

8:13 - 2.4.3

8:14 - 2.4.3

8:15 - 2.4.3

8:16 - 2.4.3

8:17 ² - 2.4.3, 3.2.6

8:20 ⁶ - 4.11.4², 3.3.9, 3.15.4, 4.5.2, 4.16.5.10.1

8:21 ⁶ - 4.11.4², 3.3.9, 3.15.4, 4.5.2, 4.16.5.10.1

8:22 ⁶ - 4.11.4², 3.3.9, 3.15.4, 4.5.2, 4.16.5.10.1

8:23 ⁶ - 4.11.4², 3.3.9, 3.15.4, 4.5.2, 4.16.5.10.1

Zec. 9

9:1 ² - 2.7.5.4.2, 3.7.4

9:9 ⁵ - 2.3.1, 2.13.3, 3.7.10, 3.12.6, 3.19.7

9:10 ⁶ - 2.13.3, 3.2.28, 3.10.1.1, 3.10.2, 3.12.6, 4.11.4

9:11 ² - 3.1.5, 3.5.9

9:14 - 3.8.6

Zec. 10

10:2 - 3.4.6

10:8 - 3.16.12

10:9 - 3.16.12

10:10 ² - 2.13.7, 3.16.12

10:11 ² - 2.13.7, 3.16.12

10:12 ² - 2.13.7, 3.16.12

Zec. 11

11:5 - 3.12.6

11:9 - 3.3.16

11:10 ³ - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 4.17.3.2.3

11:12 - 3.13.3

11:13 - 3.13.3

11:14 - 3.13.3

11:15 ² - 3.7.17, 3.13.3

11:16 ⁴ - 3.6.2, 3.7.17, 3.13.3, 4.2.1

11:17 ⁸ - 4.2.6², 3.7.17, 3.13.3, 3.17.8, 4.2.1, 4.2.7.1, 4.3.2.13

Zec. 12

12:1 ¹⁰ - 3.1.7⁴, 2.13.5.4, 3.2.28, 3.11.15, 4.5.4, 4.5.5, 4.16.5.9

12:2 ⁹ - 2.13.5.4, 3.6.12, 3.11.15, 3.14.10, 4.5.2, 4.5.3.6, 4.5.4, 4.5.5, 4.16.3

12:3 ¹¹ - 2.13.5.4, 3.1.7, 3.6.12, 3.11.15, 3.14.10, 4.5.2, 4.5.3.6, 4.5.4, 4.5.5, 4.5.6, 4.16.3

12:4 ⁶ - 2.13.5.4, 3.6.12, 3.11.15, 3.14.10, 4.5.3.6, 4.5.5

12:5 ⁵ - 2.13.5.4, 3.6.12, 3.11.15, 4.5.3.6, 4.5.5

12:6 ⁵ - 2.13.5.4, 3.6.12, 3.11.15, 4.5.3.6, 4.5.5

12:7 ⁷ - 4.5.4², 2.13.5.4, 3.6.12, 3.11.15, 4.5.3.6, 4.5.5

12:8 ⁷ - 2.13.5.4, 3.1.7, 3.6.12, 3.10.1.1, 3.11.15, 4.5.3.6, 4.5.5

12:9 ⁷ - 2.13.4, 2.13.5.4, 3.1.7, 3.6.12, 3.11.15, 4.5.3.6, 4.5.5

12:10 ¹³ - 3.1.7⁶, 2.9.3.4, 3.5.6, 3.12.2, 3.12.6, 4.5.3.6, 4.5.4, 4.5.5

12:11 ⁵ - 4.5.3.1², 3.16.16, 4.5.3.6, 4.5.5

12:12 ² - 3.1.7, 4.5.5

12:13 - 3.7.4

Zec. 13

13:1 ⁵ - 3.4.6, 3.12.2, 3.12.6, 3.21.6, 4.5.4

13:2 ² - 2.13.4²

13:7 ⁶ - 3.3.10², 3.12.6, 3.12.6.1, 3.12.17, 4.5.4

13:8 ¹³ - 3.3.10², 3.12.17², 2.7.5.2, 2.13.4, 3.2.9, 3.12.6, 3.12.6.1, 3.19.21, 3.21.3, 4.5.4, 4.17.3.2.3

13:9 ¹⁵ - 3.3.10², 3.12.17², 2.7.5.2, 2.13.4, 2.13.5.4, 3.2.9, 3.12.6, 3.12.6.1, 3.19.21, 3.21.3, 3.21.18, 4.5.4, 4.17.3.2.3

Zec. 14

14:1 ¹² - 2.13.3⁴, 2.7.5.4.2, 2.13.5.4, 3.6.12, 3.11.15, 3.14.20, 4.5.4, 4.5.5, 4.16.5.9

14:2 ¹³ - 2.13.3³, 4.5.4², 2.13.5.4, 3.6.12, 3.11.15, 3.14.20, 4.5.2, 4.5.3.6, 4.5.5, 4.5.6

14:3 ¹¹ - 2.13.3³, 2.13.5.4, 3.6.12, 3.11.15, 3.14.20, 4.5.2, 4.5.4, 4.5.5, 4.5.6

14:4 ¹⁸ - 4.5.4², 4.5.6², 2.13.3, 2.13.5.4, 3.6.12, 3.11.8, 3.11.15, 3.14.1.2, 3.14.20, 3.16.18, 3.16.19, 3.17.14, 4.5.5, 4.11.4, 4.14.3.1, 4.16.2

14:5 ⁸ - 4.5.4², 2.13.3, 2.13.5.4, 3.6.12, 3.11.15, 3.17.14, 4.5.5

14:6 ⁴ - 2.13.3, 3.6.12, 3.11.15, 4.5.4

14:7 ³ - 2.13.3, 3.11.15, 4.5.4

14:8 ¹² - 2.4.3, 2.13.3, 3.1.5, 3.4.6, 3.7.17, 3.11.15, 3.21.6, 3.22.1, 4.5.4, 4.11.4, 4.11.5, 4.11.7

14:9 ¹¹ - 2.4.3, 2.13.3, 2.13.4, 3.1.5, 3.11.15, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.5.2, 4.5.4, 4.11.4, 4.11.5, 4.11.7

14:10 ⁶ - 2.4.3, 3.1.5, 3.11.15, 3.16.20, 4.11.4, 4.11.7

14:11 ⁶ - 2.4.3, 3.1.5, 3.10.7, 3.11.15, 4.11.4, 4.11.7

14:12 ⁶ - 2.13.3², 4.5.4², 3.6.12, 3.16.1

14:13 ⁴ - 4.5.4², 2.13.3, 3.6.12

14:14 ⁴ - 4.5.4², 2.13.3, 3.6.12

14:15 ³ - 4.5.4², 2.13.3

14:16 ⁹ - 3.7.9², 4.1.3.4, 4.1.3.5.2, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.11.4, 4.11.7, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.10.2

14:17 ⁹ - 3.1.7⁴, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.11.4, 4.11.7, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.10.2

14:18 ⁶ - 3.1.7, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.11.4, 4.11.7, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.10.2

14:19 ⁵ - 4.1.4.2.3, 4.11.4, 4.11.7, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.10.2

14:20 ⁶ - 3.1.6, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.11.4, 4.11.7, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.10.2

14:21 ⁶ - 3.1.6, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.11.4, 4.11.7, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.10.2

5.6.39 - Malachi

Mal. 1

1:1 - 3.1.20

1:11 ⁴ - 3.5.8, 3.8.3, 3.15.4, 4.11.7

Mal. 2

2:2 - 3.15.4

2:7 - 3.1.20

Mal. 3

3:1 ² - 3.1.20, 3.12.6

3:2 ² - 3.12.6, 3.19.12

3:3 ² - 4.11.4, 4.16.5.10.2

3:4 ² - 4.11.4, 4.16.5.10.2

3:5 - 3.9.21

3:6 - 3.7.4

3:14 - 3.10.1

Mal. 4

4:1 ⁴ - 3.2.28, 3.4.5, 3.6.17, 3.16.9

4:2 ⁵ - 3.2.28, 3.6.17, 3.10.1, 3.22.16, 4.14.3.1

4:5 ⁵ - 3.11.3.1², 2.13.3, 3.6.17, 3.12.6

4:6 ² - 3.11.3.1, 3.12.6

5.6.40 - Matthew

Mat. 1

1:1 ¹⁰ - 4.7², 2.7.2, 3.1.13, 3.3.7, 3.5.5, 3.12.1, 3.12.2, 3.22.16, 4.17.3.2.3

1:2 ² - 3.5.5, 4.17.3.2.3

1:3 ² - 3.5.5, 4.17.3.2.3

1:6 ³ - 3.1.13, 3.3.7, 3.5.5

1:11 - 4.1.3.5.1

1:12 - 4.1.3.5.1

1:17 ² - 3.5.5, 4.1.3.5.1

1:20 ³ - 3.1.1, 3.5.5, 3.12.4

1:21 - 3.1.1

1:25 ² - 3.12.1, 3.12.1.1

Mat. 2

2:1 ² - 3.16.12²

2:2 ⁵ - 3.13.8.2², 3.5.12, 3.6.13, 3.7.10

2:5 ² - 2.3.1, 3.22.18

2:6 ⁴ - 3.7.17², 2.3.1, 3.12.5

2:11 - 3.2.8

2:15 - 3.12.6

2:16 ² - 3.12.4²

2:20 - 3.6.9

Mat. 3

3:1 - 3.14.6

3:2 ² - 2.4.3, 3.14.6

3:3 - 3.14.6

3:4 - 3.15.6

3:9 - 3.2.9

3:11 ³ - 3.4.5, 3.8.5, 3.14.18

3:12 ⁷ - 3.14.18², 3.8.5, 3.8.7, 3.14.11, 3.19.20, 3.20.10

3:16 - 3.4.1

3:17 - 3.6.17

Mat. 4

4:1 ⁶ - 3.2.10, 3.3.1, 3.9.5, 3.9.20, 3.11.15, 3.12.6

4:2 - 3.9.20

4:3 ⁵ - 3.12.6², 3.2.14, 3.7.17, 3.9.20

4:4 ² - 3.9.20, 3.22.18

4:5 ² - 3.9.20, 3.11.2

4:6 ³ - 3.9.20, 3.22.18, 4.2.5

4:7 ² - 3.9.20, 3.22.18

4:8 ⁷ - 3.4.11, 3.9.20, 3.11.15, 3.12.12, 3.13.2, 3.17.15, 3.21.10

4:9 ⁷ - 2.4.2, 3.9.20, 3.11.15, 3.12.6, 3.12.12, 3.13.4, 3.19.10

4:10 ⁶ - 3.19.10², 3.9.20, 3.12.6, 3.12.12, 3.22.18

4:11 ³ - 3.9.20, 3.12.6, 3.15.2

4:12 - 3.15.2

4:15 - 3.16.19

4:17 ³ - 3.14.6², 3.1.6

4:19 - 2.7.5.3.7

4:23 - 3.14.6

Mat. 5

5:4 - 3.21.4

5:5 - 3.5.10

5:6 ² - 3.7.16, 3.22.17

5:8 ² - 3.21.3, 3.22.4

5:9 - 3.3.12

5:11 - 3.2.3

5:12 - 3.11.18

5:14 ³ - 3.1.12, 3.11.4, 3.21.11

5:15 - 3.1.12

5:16 - 3.1.12

5:17 ² - 2.7.5.3.1, 3.11.3

5:18 ⁴ - 3.1.3², 3.21.1, 3.22.7

5:20 - 3.3.18

5:22 - 3.20.14

5:29 - 3.20.14

5:30 - 3.20.14

5:31 - 3.3.21

5:32 - 3.3.21

5:44 - 3.2.10

Mat. 6

6:2 ² - 2.4.3, 3.11.15

6:8 - 3.6.16

6:9 - 3.19.6

6:10 ¹² - 3.11.15², 2.4.3, 2.13.1, 3.3.21, 3.5.10, 3.12.10, 3.15.7, 3.19.6, 3.20.1, 3.20.4, 4.11

6:20 - 3.2.9

6:24 ² - 3.3.15, 3.7.14

6:25 ² - 3.6.9²

6:26 - 3.12.14

6:32 - 3.16.19

Mat. 7

7:1 - 3.2.20

7:6 - 3.22.15

7:7 - 3.3.20

7:12 ² - 2.7.5.3.1, 3.11.3

7:13 ² - 3.17.8, 4.3.2.16

7:15 ² - 3.13.11, 3.22.15

7:16 ² - 3.2.2, 3.13.11

7:21 ³ - 2.4.3, 3.11.15, 3.22.14

7:22 ⁶ - 2.4.3, 3.2.4, 3.11.15, 3.13.13, 3.20.15, 3.22.14

7:23 ⁴ - 3.2.4, 3.13.13, 3.20.15, 3.22.14

7:25 - 3.12.15

Mat. 8

8:2 ³ - 3.13.8.2², 3.7.10

8:3 - 3.1.18

8:6 - 3.11.10

8:10 - 3.19.9

8:11 ² - 3.3.20, 3.19.9

8:12 ⁴ - 3.14.10, 3.19.9, 3.21.4, 3.21.12

8:16 - 3.16.14

8:19 - 3.14.4

8:20 - 3.14.4

8:21 - 3.14.4

8:22 ² - 3.3.1, 3.14.4

8:24 - 3.6.12

8:26 - 3.21.8

8:29 ³ - 3.9.1, 3.9.4, 3.11.10

8:30 - 3.18.2

8:31 - 3.18.2

8:32 - 3.18.2

Mat. 9

9:2 - 3.2.22

9:9 - 2.7.5.3.7

9:10 - 4.11.3

9:12 - 3.3.17

9:15 ³ - 4.10.5², 4.10.2

9:17 - 3.2.17

9:18 ² - 3.7.10, 3.13.8.2

9:23 - 3.1.5

9:24 - 3.1.5

9:25 - 3.1.5

9:27 - 3.5.5

9:28 - 4.2.7

9:35 - 3.14.6

9:36 - 3.12.5

Mat. 10

10:1 - 3.16.14

10:2 ² - 2.7.5.1, 3.7.4

10:3 ² - 2.7.5.1, 3.7.4

10:4 ² - 2.7.5.1, 3.7.4

10:5 ⁴ - 2.4.3, 2.7.5.1, 3.16.19, 4.17.2.2

10:6 ² - 2.4.3, 4.17.2.2

10:7 ³ - 3.14.6², 2.4.3

10:8 - 3.1.3

10:10 - 3.3.4

10:11 - 3.3.4

10:14 - 3.11.8

10:15 ² - 3.10.2, 3.11.8

10:16 - 3.2.10

10:17 - 3.2.10

10:18 - 3.2.10

10:19 - 3.2.10

10:20 - 3.2.10

10:21 - 3.2.10

10:22 ² - 3.2.3, 3.2.10

10:23 ² - 3.2.5, 3.2.10

10:24 ² - 3.2.10, 3.7.14

10:25 - 3.2.10

10:26 ² - 3.2.10, 3.5.6

10:27 - 3.2.10

10:28 ⁸ - 3.2.8, 3.2.10, 3.6.9, 3.7.9, 3.12.11, 3.19.20, 3.20.14, 3.21.8

10:29 ² - 2.4.1, 3.2.10

10:30 - 3.2.10

10:31 - 3.2.10

10:32 ² - 3.3.5, 3.3.8

10:33 - 3.3.8

10:34 - 4.5.5.1

10:35 - 4.5.5.1

10:36 - 4.5.5.1

10:39 ³ - 3.6.9², 3.20.4

10:41 - 3.11.18

Mat. 11

11:1 - 3.13.13

11:2 - 3.13.13

11:3 ³ - 3.1.7, 3.11.17, 3.13.13

11:4 - 3.13.13

11:5 - 3.13.13

11:6 - 3.13.13

11:10 ² - 3.1.20, 3.22.18

11:12 ² - 3.12.5, 4.14.2

11:13 ³ - 2.7.5.3.1, 3.11.3, 3.11.3.1

11:14 ³ - 3.11.3.1³

11:15 ² - 3.2.7, 3.13.9

11:20 - 3.20.12

11:21 - 3.20.12

11:22 - 3.20.12

11:23 ² - 3.20.12²

11:24 ² - 3.20.12²

11:25 ⁵ - 2.2.6², 2.7.5.6, 3.1.1, 3.2.24

11:26 ² - 2.2.6²

11:27 ³ - 3.2.17, 3.2.27, 3.19.12

11:29 - 3.6.9

Mat. 12

12:1 - 3.11.15

12:6 ² - 4.16.2, 4.16.5.4

12:18 ³ - 3.1.1, 3.6.9, 3.16.19

12:23 - 3.5.5

12:24 ³ - 2.2.6, 2.4.3, 3.11.15

12:25 ³ - 2.2.6, 2.4.3, 3.17.16

12:26 ³ - 2.2.6, 2.4.3, 3.9.11

12:27 ² - 2.2.6, 2.4.3

12:28 ² - 2.2.6, 2.4.3

12:29 ³ - 2.2.6, 2.4.3, 4.14.2

12:30 ² - 2.2.6, 2.4.3

12:31 ² - 2.2.6, 2.4.3

12:34 ² - 3.14.5²

12:35 - 3.14.5

12:39 - 4.1.4.1

12:43 - 3.16.14

12:44 - 3.21.2

Mat. 13

13:1 ⁵ - 2.2.6², 2.4.3, 3.5.9, 3.14.1

13:2 - 2.2.6

13:3 - 2.2.6

13:4 ² - 3.10.10, 3.18.2

13:6 - 3.16.8

13:9 - 3.2.7

13:11 ⁵ - 2.2.6⁴, 3.10.7

13:12 ⁴ - 2.2.6⁴

13:13 ⁴ - 2.2.6⁴

13:14 ⁴ - 2.2.6⁴

13:15 ³ - 2.2.6³

13:16 ² - 2.2.6²

13:17 - 2.2.6

13:18 - 2.2.6

13:19 ⁴ - 3.12.5, 3.12.10, 3.18.2, 4.14.2

13:21 ² - 2.13.1, 4.14.5

13:24 ² - 3.14.15, 4.2.5

13:25 - 4.2.5

13:26 ² - 3.8.7, 3.14.15

13:27 ² - 3.7.14, 3.14.15

13:28 - 3.14.15

13:29 - 3.14.15

13:30 ² - 3.14.15, 3.14.16

13:31 - 3.14.15

13:33 ⁴ - 4.9.3², 2.7.5.3.2, 3.14.15

13:34 - 2.2.6

13:35 ³ - 3.5.6, 3.13.8, 3.13.8.1

13:37 ² - 3.12.10, 3.14.14

13:38 ² - 3.12.10, 4.2.5

13:39 ³ - 3.12.10, 3.14.17, 3.15.4

13:40 ² - 3.14.17, 3.15.4

13:41 ³ - 3.14.17², 3.8.7

13:42 ³ - 3.14.17², 3.8.7

13:43 ³ - 3.2.7, 3.3.5, 3.14.17

13:44 - 3.14.15

13:45 ⁴ - 3.13.1², 3.14.15, 3.21.21

13:46 ³ - 3.13.1², 3.21.21

13:47 ³ - 3.14.15², 3.21.21

13:48 ² - 3.14.15, 3.21.21

13:49 ³ - 3.14.15, 3.14.17, 3.21.21

13:50 ² - 3.14.15, 3.21.21

13:51 - 3.21.21

13:52 ³ - 2.4.3, 3.14.15, 3.21.21

13:53 - 3.21.21

13:54 - 3.21.21

13:55 - 3.21.21

13:56 - 3.21.21

Mat. 14

14:8 - 3.20.4

14:33 ⁵ - 3.13.8.2², 3.5.12, 3.7.10, 3.9.20

Mat. 15

15:1 - 4.10.2

15:2 - 4.10.2

15:3 - 4.10.2

15:4 - 4.10.2

15:5 - 4.10.2

15:6 - 4.10.2

15:7 - 4.10.2

15:8 ² - 3.14.5, 4.10.2

15:9 - 4.10.2

15:10 - 4.10.2

15:11 - 4.10.2

15:12 - 4.10.2

15:13 - 4.10.2

15:18 ² - 3.14.5²

15:22 - 3.5.5

15:24 - 2.4.3

15:25 ³ - 3.5.12, 3.7.10, 3.13.8.2

15:26 - 3.22.15

Mat. 16

16:1 - 3.13.13

16:16 ⁶ - 3.7.2², 3.1.18, 3.9.20, 4.2.6, 4.7

16:17 - 3.1.1

16:18 ⁵ - 3.1.18, 3.12.1, 3.19.7, 3.21.12, 4.10.5

16:19 ³ - 3.3.7², 3.1.18

16:21 ⁴ - 2.7.5.3.2³, 4.16.3.1

16:25 ² - 3.6.9²

16:26 ² - 3.6.9²

16:27 ⁷ - 2.13.8, 3.11.18, 3.17.14, 3.19.14, 3.20.12, 3.22.12, 4.16.2

16:28 ³ - 3.11.3.1², 3.1.16

Mat. 17

17:1 - 3.1.12

17:2 ⁴ - 4.16.2², 2.13.8, 3.1.16

17:3 ³ - 2.7.5.3.1, 3.10.1.1, 3.11.3.1

17:4 - 3.21.3

17:5 - 3.1.7

17:6 ³ - 3.1.17², 3.4.2

17:7 - 3.1.17

17:9 - 3.11.3.1

17:11 ² - 3.11.3.1²

17:12 ³ - 3.11.3.1³

17:13 - 3.11.3.1

17:23 ² - 2.7.5.3.2²

Mat. 18

18:6 - 3.18.21

18:7 - 3.2.14

18:8 - 3.13.16

18:9 - 3.20.14

18:10 ⁴ - 3.1.20², 3.4.4, 3.8.2

18:11 - 3.1.20

18:16 ³ - 3.11.3², 2.7.5.3.1

18:17 - 3.2.2

18:18 - 3.3.7

18:20 ² - 3.1.13²

Mat. 19

19:12 - 3.14.4

19:21 - 3.2.9

19:26 - 3.19.6

19:27 - 3.10.7

19:28 ³⁸ - 4.11.4⁵, 3.3.21⁴, 3.4.4⁴, 2.4.3², 3.1.7², 3.7.4², 3.21.12², 4.11.3², 4.11.6.1², 4.17.3.2.3², 2.7.5.3.7, 3.3.7, 3.6.14, 3.10.7, 3.11.15, 3.12.5, 3.16.20, 3.21.1, 4.11.5, 4.11.7, 4.17.4

19:29 - 3.10.7

19:30 - 3.10.7

Mat. 20

20:12 ² - 3.17.7, 4.16.2

20:16 - 3.17.14

20:19 ³ - 2.7.5.3.2², 3.16.19

20:20 ³ - 3.7.10, 3.13.8.2, 4.11.6

20:21 - 3.10.2

20:22 ² - 3.1.9²

20:28 ⁴ - 3.1.5, 3.5.9, 3.6.9, 4.7

20:30 - 3.5.5

20:31 - 3.5.5

Mat. 21

21:1 - 3.7.10

21:2 ² - 2.3.1, 3.7.10

21:3 ² - 2.3.1, 3.7.10

21:4 ² - 2.3.1, 3.7.10

21:5 ³ - 2.3.1, 3.7.10, 3.14.1

21:6 - 3.7.10

21:7 - 3.7.10

21:8 - 3.7.10

21:9 ⁵ - 3.7.10², 3.5.5, 3.11.17, 3.12.6

21:10 - 3.7.10

21:11 - 3.7.10

21:12 - 4.16.2

21:13 ⁴ - 3.22.18, 4.16, 4.16.2, 4.16.5.4

21:15 - 3.5.5

21:19 - 3.22.2

21:23 - 4.16.5.4

21:35 - 3.16.6

21:36 - 3.16.6

21:43 - 3.2.5

Mat. 22

22:1 ⁴ - 3.3.20, 3.11.15, 4.10.1, 4.10.2

22:2 ⁶ - 3.3.20, 3.19.8, 3.19.9, 4.10.1, 4.10.2, 4.10.5

22:3 ⁶ - 3.3.20, 3.19.8, 3.19.9, 4.10.1, 4.10.2, 4.10.5

22:4 ⁶ - 3.3.20, 3.19.8, 3.19.9, 4.10.1, 4.10.2, 4.10.5

22:5 ⁶ - 3.3.20, 3.19.8, 3.19.9, 4.10.1, 4.10.2, 4.10.5

22:6 ⁶ - 3.3.20, 3.19.8, 3.19.9, 4.10.1, 4.10.2, 4.10.5

22:7 ⁶ - 3.3.20, 3.19.8, 3.19.9, 4.10.1, 4.10.2, 4.10.5

22:8 ⁸ - 3.3.4², 3.3.20, 3.19.8, 3.19.9, 4.10.1, 4.10.2, 4.10.5

22:9 ⁶ - 3.3.20, 3.19.8, 3.19.9, 4.10.1, 4.10.2, 4.10.5

22:10 ⁶ - 3.3.20, 3.19.8, 3.19.9, 4.10.1, 4.10.2, 4.10.5

22:11 ⁷ - 3.3.4, 3.3.20, 3.19.8, 3.19.9, 4.10.1, 4.10.2, 4.10.5

22:12 ⁶ - 3.3.20, 3.19.8, 3.19.9, 4.10.1, 4.10.2, 4.10.5

22:13 ⁸ - 3.3.20, 3.14.10, 3.19.8, 3.19.9, 3.21.12, 4.10.1, 4.10.2, 4.10.5

22:14 ⁸ - 3.19.9², 3.3.20, 3.17.14, 3.19.8, 4.10.1, 4.10.2, 4.10.5

22:31 - 3.1.3

22:32 ³ - 3.1.18, 3.7.2, 3.9.20

22:37 - 3.6.9

22:40 ² - 2.7.5.3.1, 3.11.3

22:41 ² - 3.10.7, 3.22.16

22:42 ⁵ - 3.5.5², 3.1.3, 3.10.7, 3.22.16

22:43 ⁵ - 3.1.3, 3.5.5, 3.10.7, 3.19.10, 3.22.16

22:44 ⁵ - 3.1.3, 3.3.21, 3.5.5, 3.10.7, 3.22.16

22:45 ⁴ - 3.1.3, 3.5.5, 3.10.7, 3.22.16

22:46 ² - 3.10.7, 3.22.16

Mat. 23

23:5 - 3.3.2

23:13 - 3.3.7

23:14 - 3.10.10

23:15 - 3.20.14

23:24 - 3.17.6

23:25 - 3.17.4

23:26 - 3.17.4

23:28 - 3.3.2

23:33 - 3.20.14

23:34 - 3.2.9

23:35 ² - 3.16.6, 3.17.4

23:37 ⁴ - 3.1.15, 3.11.10, 3.12.6, 4.16.5

23:38 ¹¹ - 4.16.5.4³, 4.16.2², 3.1.15, 3.7.2, 3.12.6, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.3, 4.16.5.10.1

23:39 ⁹ - 3.12.6², 2.13.5.4, 3.1.15, 3.11.17, 4.5.4, 4.16.5.3, 4.16.5.4, 4.16.5.10.1

Mat. 24

24:1 ¹³ - 2.13.6², 3.6.1², 3.12.6², 2.2.7, 2.13.4, 3.6.2, 3.7.2, 3.10.7, 3.19.21, 4.16.2

24:2 ⁶ - 4.16.2², 2.2.14, 3.7.2, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.4

24:3 ⁵ - 2.13.6, 3.7.2, 4.16.2, 4.16.5.3, 4.16.5.4

24:4 ⁵ - 2.13.6², 2.14.1, 3.6.1, 3.6.2

24:5 ⁹ - 2.13.6⁴, 3.6.1³, 2.14.1, 3.6.2

24:6 ¹² - 2.13.6⁴, 3.6.1⁴, 2.14.1, 3.1.1, 3.6.2, 3.6.4

24:7 ¹⁶ - 2.13.6⁷, 3.6.1⁵, 2.14.1, 3.6.2, 3.6.4, 3.6.12

24:8 ¹⁴ - 2.13.6², 3.6.9², 2.13.4, 2.14.1, 3.6.1, 3.6.2, 3.6.4, 3.6.6, 3.6.12, 3.6.17, 3.12.2, 3.16.18

24:9 ⁸ - 3.6.9³, 2.13.4, 2.13.6, 2.14.1, 3.6.1, 3.6.2

24:10 ⁶ - 3.6.9², 2.13.1, 2.13.4, 2.14.1, 3.6.2

24:11 ⁸ - 2.13.1, 2.13.4, 2.13.6, 2.14.1, 3.6.1, 3.6.9, 3.13.11, 3.14.6

24:12 ⁷ - 2.13.1, 2.13.4, 2.14.1, 3.2.26, 3.6.9, 3.13.11, 3.14.6

24:13 ⁷ - 2.13.4, 2.14.1, 3.2.26, 3.6.9, 3.12.6, 3.13.11, 3.14.6

24:14 ¹⁶ - 2.13.4², 3.3.10², 3.14.6², 2.14.1, 3.6.9, 3.7.4, 3.7.9, 3.9.20, 3.12.9, 3.13.11, 3.16.14, 4.14.3.1, 5.2.72

24:15 ⁴³ - 2.13.4⁵, 2.13.5.4³, 3.6.9³, 3.13.14³, 2.13.6², 3.11.2², 3.12.6², 2.2.7, 2.5.1, 2.14.1, 3.1.1, 3.11.1, 3.11.3, 3.11.7, 3.11.13, 3.12.15, 3.13.4, 3.13.15, 3.16.1, 3.17.16, 4.2.6, 4.3.1, 4.3.2.12, 4.3.2.19, 4.5.4, 4.8.2, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.4, 4.16.5.9, 5.2.72

24:16 ¹⁵ - 2.13.4³, 3.6.9², 2.2.7, 2.11.3.1, 2.13.5.4, 2.13.6, 2.14.1, 3.7.14, 3.11.2, 3.11.13, 3.12.6, 3.13.14

24:17 ¹⁴ - 2.13.4³, 3.6.9², 2.7.5.3.4, 2.11.3.1, 2.13.5.4, 2.13.6, 2.14.1, 3.7.14, 3.11.2, 3.11.13, 3.12.6

24:18 ¹³ - 2.13.4³, 3.6.9², 2.11.3.1, 2.13.5.4, 2.13.6, 2.14.1, 3.7.14, 3.11.2, 3.11.13, 3.12.6

24:19 ¹³ - 2.13.4³, 3.6.9², 2.11.3.1, 2.13.5.4, 2.13.6, 2.14.1, 3.7.14, 3.11.2, 3.11.13, 3.12.6

24:20 ¹⁴ - 2.13.4³, 3.6.9², 2.2.7, 2.11.3.1, 2.13.5.4, 2.13.6, 2.14.1, 3.7.14, 3.11.2, 3.11.13, 3.12.6

24:21 ²³ - 2.13.4⁶, 2.13.1², 3.6.9², 3.12.6², 2.12.2.2, 2.13.3, 2.13.6, 2.14.1, 3.2.22, 3.3.10, 3.6.1, 3.7.14, 3.9.15, 3.11.13, 4.14.5

24:22 ¹² - 2.13.4², 3.6.9², 2.7.5.3.7, 2.14.1, 3.2.10, 3.3.10, 3.7.14, 3.9.15, 3.19.21, 4.17.2.3

24:23 ³ - 2.13.4, 2.14.1, 3.6.9

24:24 ⁸ - 2.13.4, 2.14.1, 3.2.2, 3.6.9, 3.12.9, 3.13.14, 3.16.14, 3.17.14

24:25 ⁴ - 2.13.4, 2.14.1, 3.6.9, 3.13.14

24:26 ⁴ - 2.13.4, 2.14.1, 3.6.2, 3.6.9

24:27 ⁵ - 2.14.1, 3.6.9, 3.19.11, 3.19.17, 3.20.12

24:28 ¹⁰ - 3.8.13², 3.14.17², 2.14.1, 3.3.3, 3.6.9, 3.19.11, 3.19.17, 4.7.2

24:29 ¹⁹ - 2.13.1², 3.6.12², 3.6.13², 2.3.2.2, 2.12.2.3, 2.12.5, 2.13.3, 2.13.3.1, 2.13.4, 2.13.5.3, 2.13.6, 3.6.1, 3.8.12, 3.19.11, 4.5.4, 4.14.5

24:30 ¹⁸ - 3.1.7³, 2.3.2.2, 2.12.2.3, 2.12.5, 2.13.4, 2.13.5.3, 2.13.8, 3.1.13, 3.6.13, 3.10.1.1, 3.11.15, 3.14.14, 3.16.15, 3.19.11, 4.5.4, 4.16.2

24:31 ¹⁴ - 2.3.2.2, 2.7.5.3.3, 2.12.2.3, 2.12.5, 2.13.4, 3.1.10, 3.8.6, 3.11.15, 3.13.2, 3.14.16, 3.16.15, 3.17.14, 3.19.11, 4.2.5

24:32 - 2.2.7

24:34 - 2.2.7

24:35 ³ - 3.3.7, 3.20.11, 3.21.1

24:36 ² - 4.8.2, 4.10.1

24:37 ⁵ - 3.3.3, 3.10.1, 4.14.3.1, 4.19.2, 4.19.4

24:38 ⁸ - 3.3.3, 3.10.1, 3.11.19, 3.14.17, 3.18.23, 4.14.3.1, 4.19.2, 4.19.4

24:39 ⁶ - 3.3.3, 3.14.17, 4.8.2, 4.14.3.1, 4.19.2, 4.19.4

24:40 ³ - 3.3.3, 3.16.15, 4.14.3.1

24:41 ⁴ - 3.3.3, 3.14.11, 3.16.15, 4.14.3.1

24:42 ⁹ - 3.16.15⁴, 3.3.3², 2.2.13, 3.1.3, 4.8

24:43 ⁸ - 3.16.15², 4.8², 3.1.3, 3.3.3, 3.5.7, 3.22.20

24:44 ⁵ - 3.16.15², 3.1.3, 3.3.3, 4.8

24:45 ² - 3.22.2, 4.8

24:46 - 4.8

24:47 - 4.8

24:48 - 4.8

24:51 - 3.16.15

Mat. 25

25:1 ⁸ - 4.10.2³, 3.3.20, 3.10.7, 3.19.21, 4.10.1, 4.10.5

25:2 ⁶ - 4.10.2³, 3.3.20, 4.10.1, 4.10.5

25:3 ⁶ - 4.10.2³, 3.3.20, 4.10.1, 4.10.5

25:4 ⁶ - 4.10.2³, 3.3.20, 4.10.1, 4.10.5

25:5 ⁶ - 4.10.2³, 3.3.20, 4.10.1, 4.10.5

25:6 ⁶ - 4.10.2³, 3.3.20, 4.10.1, 4.10.5

25:7 ⁷ - 4.10.2³, 3.3.20, 3.21.2, 4.10.1, 4.10.5

25:8 ⁶ - 4.10.2³, 3.3.20, 4.10.1, 4.10.5

25:9 ⁶ - 4.10.2³, 3.3.20, 4.10.1, 4.10.5

25:10 ⁸ - 4.10.2⁴, 3.3.7, 3.3.20, 4.10.1, 4.10.5

25:11 ⁶ - 4.10.2³, 3.3.20, 4.10.1, 4.10.5

25:12 ⁶ - 4.10.2³, 3.3.20, 4.10.1, 4.10.5

25:13 ¹⁰ - 4.10.2³, 2.2.13, 3.1.3, 3.3.3, 3.3.20, 3.16.15, 4.10.1, 4.10.5

25:21 - 3.2.27

25:22 - 3.2.27

25:23 - 3.2.27

25:25 - 3.21.8

25:30 ³ - 3.14.10, 3.20.12, 3.21.12

25:31 ⁴² - 4.11.8³, 4.14.3.1³, 3.3.21², 3.17.14², 3.20.12², 4.11.4², 2.4.3, 2.13.4, 3.1.7, 3.1.16, 3.3.7, 3.3.10, 3.4.4, 3.7.2, 3.7.16, 3.11.15, 3.12.5, 3.13.17, 3.14.1, 3.14.11, 3.14.15, 3.14.16, 3.19.15, 3.19.21, 3.22.1, 4.4.3.4, 4.5.5, 4.11.2, 4.11.5, 4.11.6, 4.14.8, 4.16.5.10.2, 4.17.2.3, 4.17.4

25:32 ¹⁷ - 4.11.8², 2.13.4, 3.1.16, 3.7.2, 3.7.16, 3.12.5, 3.12.6, 3.13.17, 3.14.15, 3.14.16, 3.19.21, 3.20.12, 4.5.5, 4.11.5, 4.14.3.1, 4.16.5.10.2

25:33 ¹² - 4.11.8², 2.13.4, 3.7.2, 3.7.16, 3.14.15, 3.14.16, 3.19.21, 3.20.12, 4.5.5, 4.14.3.1, 4.16.5.10.2

25:34 ²¹ - 4.14.3.1³, 3.19.21², 4.11.8², 2.13.4, 3.5.6, 3.7.2, 3.7.16, 3.11.18, 3.13.8.1, 3.14.15, 3.14.16, 3.20.5.1, 3.20.12, 3.21.7, 3.22.2, 4.5.5, 4.16.5.10.2

25:35 ⁹ - 4.11.8², 2.13.4, 3.7.2, 3.7.16, 3.19.21, 3.20.12, 4.5.5, 4.14.3.1

25:36 ⁹ - 4.11.8², 2.13.4, 3.7.2, 3.7.16, 3.19.21, 3.20.12, 4.5.5, 4.14.3.1

25:37 ⁹ - 4.11.8², 2.13.4, 3.7.2, 3.7.16, 3.19.21, 3.20.12, 4.5.5, 4.14.3.1

25:38 ⁹ - 4.11.8², 2.13.4, 3.7.2, 3.7.16, 3.19.21, 3.20.12, 4.5.5, 4.14.3.1

25:39 ⁹ - 4.11.8², 2.13.4, 3.7.2, 3.7.16, 3.19.21, 3.20.12, 4.5.5, 4.14.3.1

25:40 ¹⁰ - 4.11.8², 2.13.4, 3.7.2, 3.7.16, 3.12.17, 3.19.21, 3.20.12, 4.5.5, 4.14.3.1

25:41 ¹⁸ - 3.19.20³, 3.14.11², 3.20.10², 4.11.8², 2.13.4, 3.7.16, 3.12.7, 3.19.21, 3.20.12, 4.2.5, 4.4.3.4, 4.5.5, 4.14.3.1

25:42 ⁹ - 4.11.8², 2.13.4, 3.7.16, 3.19.21, 3.20.10, 3.20.12, 4.5.5, 4.14.3.1

25:43 ⁹ - 4.11.8², 2.13.4, 3.7.16, 3.19.21, 3.20.10, 3.20.12, 4.5.5, 4.14.3.1

25:44 ⁹ - 4.11.8², 2.13.4, 3.7.16, 3.19.21, 3.20.10, 3.20.12, 4.5.5, 4.14.3.1

25:45 ⁹ - 4.11.8², 2.13.4, 3.7.16, 3.19.21, 3.20.10, 3.20.12, 4.5.5, 4.14.3.1

25:46 ¹¹ - 4.11.8², 2.13.4, 3.7.16, 3.12.6.1, 3.19.20, 3.19.21, 3.20.10, 3.20.12, 4.5.5, 4.14.3.1

Mat. 26

26:1 ² - 3.11.1, 3.21.22

26:12 - 3.2.8

26:15 - 3.13.3

26:24 - 3.22.18

26:28 ² - 3.1.5, 3.5.9

26:29 ⁵ - 3.3.20², 2.4.3, 3.3.21, 3.11.15

26:31 ³ - 3.7.17, 3.12.5, 3.22.18

26:35 - 3.15.4

26:38 - 3.6.9

26:41 - 3.3.2

26:51 - 3.19.2

26:52 ² - 3.13.10, 3.19.2

26:53 ² - 3.5.11, 3.19.2

26:54 - 3.1.1

26:63 ³ - 3.1.18, 3.7.2, 3.9.20

26:64 ⁵ - 3.1.7², 3.1.13, 3.3.21, 3.14.14

26:65 - 3.1.7

26:67 - 3.1.18

26:68 - 3.1.18

26:70 - 3.3.8

26:71 - 3.3.8

26:72 - 3.3.8

Mat. 27

27:1 ² - 3.11.1, 3.21.22

27:3 - 3.13.3

27:4 ² - 3.1.5, 3.5.9

27:5 - 3.9.11

27:11 - 4.6.1

27:25 ² - 3.1.7²

27:28 - 3.17.4

27:29 ⁹ - 4.6.1⁵, 3.6.2, 3.11.1, 3.19.12, 4.16.3.1

27:30 - 3.11.1

27:34 - 3.8.11

27:37 - 4.6.1

27:39 - 3.21.22

27:46 ⁴ - 3.1.5, 3.3.12, 3.15.8, 4.16.3.1

27:50 - 3.20.5.1

27:51 ³ - 3.20.4, 3.20.5.1, 4.16.5.5

27:52 ² - 3.20.4, 3.20.5.1

27:53 ⁴ - 3.20.5.1², 3.11.2, 3.20.4

27:54 ² - 3.6.12, 3.11.11

27:62 - 2.7.5.3.2

27:63 ² - 2.7.5.3.2²

27:64 ² - 2.7.5.3.2²

27:66 ² - 3.1.13, 3.20.3

Mat. 28

28:1 ⁵ - 2.7.5.3.2², 3.1.10², 3.20.5.1

28:2 ² - 3.7.9, 3.20.5.1

28:3 ² - 3.7.9, 3.20.5.1

28:4 - 3.20.5.1

28:5 - 3.20.5.1

28:6 - 3.20.5.1

28:7 ² - 3.1.1, 3.20.5.1

28:8 ² - 3.1.1²

28:9 ⁴ - 3.5.12, 3.7.10, 3.9.20, 3.13.8.2

28:17 ³ - 3.5.12, 3.7.10, 3.13.8.2

28:18 ³ - 3.7.9, 3.10.1.1, 3.10.2

28:19 ³ - 3.7.9, 3.14.6, 4.16.1

28:20 ⁴ - 3.2.1², 3.7.9, 4.16.1

5.6.41 - Mark

Mark 1

1:2 ² - 3.1.20, 3.22.18

1:8 - 4.7

1:14 - 2.4.3

1:15 - 3.1.3

1:17 - 2.7.5.3.7

1:20 - 2.7.5.3.7

1:23 ² - 3.16.14²

1:24 ⁴ - 3.3.7, 3.9.4, 3.16.14, 4.2.6

1:25 - 3.16.14

1:26 ² - 3.16.14²

1:27 ² - 3.16.14²

1:34 - 3.9.4

1:41 - 3.1.18

Mark 2

2:14 - 2.7.5.3.7

2:19 ³ - 4.10.5², 4.10.2

2:20 - 4.10.5

Mark 3

3:4 - 3.6.9

3:11 - 3.9.4

3:22 ² - 2.4.3, 3.11.15

3:28 - 2.4.3

3:29 - 2.4.3

3:30 ² - 2.4.3, 3.16.14

Mark 4

4:6 - 3.14.15

4:9 - 3.2.7

4:11 - 3.1.20

4:17 ² - 2.13.1, 4.14.5

4:21 ² - 3.2.22²

4:22 - 3.5.6

4:23 - 3.2.7

4:24 - 3.2.7

4:25 - 3.2.7

4:26 - 3.14.15

4:28 - 3.8.7

4:40 - 3.21.8

Mark 5

5:2 ² - 3.16.14²

5:3 ² - 3.16.14, 3.20.2

5:4 - 3.16.14

5:5 - 3.16.14

5:6 ⁴ - 3.5.12, 3.7.10, 3.13.8.2, 3.16.14

5:7 - 3.16.14

5:8 ² - 3.16.14²

5:9 - 3.16.14

5:10 - 3.16.14

5:11 - 3.16.14

5:12 ² - 3.13.15, 3.16.14

5:13 ² - 3.16.14²

5:29 - 3.8.10

5:35 - 3.11.3.1

5:36 - 3.11.3.1

5:37 - 3.11.3.1

5:38 - 3.11.3.1

5:39 - 3.11.3.1

5:40 - 3.11.3.1

5:41 ² - 3.1.18, 3.11.3.1

5:42 ² - 3.1.18, 3.11.3.1

Mark 6

6:7 ² - 3.16.14²

6:12 - 3.16.14

6:17 - 3.20.2

6:25 - 3.3.20

6:34 ² - 3.7.17, 3.12.5

6:38 - 2.7.5.3.4

6:39 - 3.6.8

Mark 7

7:4 - 3.2.22

7:6 - 3.22.18

7:25 - 3.16.14

7:27 ² - 2.4.3, 3.22.15

7:30 ² - 3.2.22²

Mark 8

8:19 - 2.7.5.3.4

8:27 - 4.7

8:31 ³ - 2.7.5.3.2³

8:35 - 3.6.9

8:36 - 3.6.9

8:37 - 3.6.9

Mark 9

9:1 ² - 3.11.3.1²

9:2 ² - 3.1.12, 4.16.2

9:3 ² - 2.13.8, 4.16.2

9:4 ³ - 2.7.5.3.1, 3.10.1.1, 3.11.3.1

9:5 - 3.21.3

9:6 - 3.4.2

9:13 - 3.22.18

9:20 - 3.9.6

9:21 - 3.9.6

9:22 - 3.9.6

9:25 - 3.16.14

9:31 ² - 2.7.5.3.2²

9:42 - 3.18.21

9:43 ⁴ - 3.14.11, 3.19.20, 3.20.10, 3.20.14

9:44 ⁴ - 3.14.11², 3.19.20, 3.20.10

9:45 ⁴ - 3.14.11, 3.19.20, 3.20.10, 3.20.14

9:46 ³ - 3.14.11, 3.19.20, 3.20.10

9:47 - 3.20.14

Mark 10

10:34 ² - 2.7.5.3.2²

10:37 - 4.11.6

10:39 - 2.11.3.2

10:45 ² - 3.6.9, 4.7

Mark 11

11:13 - 3.22.2

11:17 ³ - 3.15.4, 4.16, 4.16.2

Mark 12

12:9 - 3.2.5

12:25 - 4.11.8

12:30 - 3.6.9

12:33 - 3.6.9

12:36 - 5.2.33

Mark 13

13:1 ² - 2.13.6, 3.6.1

13:2 - 4.16.5

13:5 - 2.13.6

13:6 ³ - 2.13.6², 3.6.1

13:7 ⁴ - 2.13.6², 3.1.1, 3.6.1

13:8 ⁶ - 2.13.6⁴, 3.6.1²

13:9 ³ - 2.13.6, 3.2.9, 3.6.1

13:10 ³ - 2.13.6, 3.6.1, 3.14.6

13:11 ² - 2.13.6, 3.6.1

13:12 ² - 2.13.6, 3.6.1

13:13 ³ - 2.13.6, 3.3.10, 3.6.1

13:14 ⁸ - 2.13.5.4², 3.12.6², 2.5.1, 3.11.7, 4.3.1, 5.2.72

13:15 - 2.13.5.4

13:16 - 2.13.5.4

13:17 - 2.13.5.4

13:18 - 2.13.5.4

13:19 ⁵ - 2.12.2.2, 3.3.10, 3.6.1, 3.15.2, 4.14.5

13:20 ² - 3.3.10, 3.17.14

13:22 ³ - 3.2.2, 3.13.14, 3.16.14

13:24 ⁷ - 3.6.12², 2.13.4, 2.13.6, 3.6.1, 3.6.13, 3.8.12

13:25 ⁶ - 3.6.13², 2.13.4, 2.13.6, 3.6.1, 3.6.12

13:26 ³ - 2.13.4, 3.1.13, 3.16.15

13:27 ² - 2.13.4, 3.16.15

13:30 - 3.21.1

13:31 - 3.15.4

13:32 ⁴ - 2.13.3, 3.1.1, 3.9.15, 3.14.15

13:33 ⁶ - 3.3.3², 3.16.15², 2.2.13, 4.8

13:34 ³ - 3.3.3, 3.16.15, 4.8

13:35 ⁶ - 3.3.3², 3.16.15², 2.2.13, 4.8

13:36 ³ - 3.3.3, 3.16.15, 4.8

13:37 ⁶ - 3.3.3², 3.16.15², 2.2.13, 4.8

Mark 14

14:8 - 3.2.8

14:21 ² - 3.6.2, 3.22.18

14:25 ⁴ - 2.4.3, 3.3.20, 3.3.21, 3.11.15

14:27 ³ - 3.7.17, 3.12.5, 3.22.18

14:34 - 3.6.9

14:36 - 3.3.10

14:62 - 3.1.13

Mark 15

15:2 - 4.6.1

15:9 - 4.6.1

15:12 - 4.6.1

15:13 - 3.1.7

15:17 ⁵ - 4.6.1³, 3.6.2, 3.19.12

15:18 - 4.6.1

15:19 - 3.11.1

15:23 - 3.2.8

15:26 - 4.6.1

15:34 ⁴ - 3.1.5, 3.15.8, 4.7, 4.16.3.1

15:38 ³ - 4.16.3, 4.16.3.1, 4.16.5.5

15:42 - 2.7.5.3.2

15:43 - 3.3.20

Mark 16

16:1 ² - 2.7.5.3.2, 3.20.5.1

16:2 ⁵ - 3.1.10², 2.7.5.3.2, 3.20.5.1, 4.16.3.1

16:3 ² - 3.20.5.1, 4.16.3.1

16:4 ² - 3.20.5.1, 4.16.3.1

16:5 ² - 3.7.9, 3.20.5.1

16:6 - 3.20.5.1

16:7 - 3.20.5.1

16:8 - 3.20.5.1

16:9 ³ - 3.1.10², 3.20.5.1

16:10 - 3.20.5.1

16:11 - 3.20.5.1

16:15 ⁴ - 3.5.9, 3.7.9, 3.14.6, 4.16.1

16:16 ³ - 3.7.9, 3.20.15, 4.16.1

16:17 - 4.16.1

16:19 ³ - 3.3.21, 3.5.1, 4.14.2

5.6.42 - Luke

Luke 1

1:5 - 4.17.3.2.3

1:10 - 3.5.8

1:11 ² - 3.1.1, 3.8.3

1:12 - 3.1.1

1:13 - 3.1.1

1:14 - 3.1.1

1:15 - 3.1.1

1:16 - 3.1.1

1:17 ² - 3.1.1, 3.11.3.1

1:18 - 3.1.1

1:19 ⁶ - 3.8.2⁴, 3.1.1, 3.19.10

1:20 - 3.1.1

1:24 - 3.21.23

1:26 - 3.1.1

1:27 ² - 3.1.1, 3.5.5

1:28 ² - 3.1.1, 3.3.20

1:29 - 3.1.1

1:30 ² - 3.1.1, 4.11.4

1:31 ⁴ - 3.1.1, 3.1.7, 4.11.4, 4.17.3.2.3

1:32 ¹⁶ - 3.1.7², 3.3.7², 3.5.5², 3.1.1, 3.3.21, 3.11.15, 3.12.1, 3.14.1, 3.22.2, 4.11.4, 4.11.5, 4.17.3.2.3, 4.17.4

1:33 ¹⁶ - 3.1.7², 3.3.21², 3.5.5², 3.11.15², 3.1.1, 3.12.1, 3.14.1, 3.22.2, 4.11.4, 4.11.5, 4.17.3.2.3, 4.17.4

1:34 ⁵ - 3.1.1, 3.12.1, 3.12.1.1, 3.12.2, 3.12.4

1:35 ⁴ - 3.1.1, 3.12.1.1, 3.19.10, 3.21.7

1:36 - 3.1.1

1:37 - 3.1.1

1:38 - 3.1.1

1:46 - 3.6.9

1:50 - 3.11.18

1:67 ² - 3.5.6, 4.14.4.1

1:68 - 3.5.6

1:69 ³ - 3.5.5, 3.5.6, 3.7.10

1:70 ³ - 3.5.5, 3.5.6, 3.7.10

1:71 - 3.5.6

1:72 - 3.5.6

1:73 - 3.5.6

1:76 - 3.22.16

1:77 - 3.22.16

1:78 - 3.22.16

1:79 - 3.22.16

Luke 2

2:1 ² - 3.3.10, 5.2.72

2:8 ³ - 2.13.8, 3.12.5, 4.16.2

2:9 ³ - 2.13.8, 3.18.1, 4.16.2

2:13 - 3.5.11

2:14 - 3.5.11

2:15 - 3.12.5

2:16 - 3.12.5

2:17 - 3.12.5

2:18 - 3.12.5

2:19 - 3.12.5

2:20 - 3.12.5

2:23 - 3.22.18

2:25 - 4.14.9

2:26 - 4.14.9

2:27 ² - 3.3.1, 4.14.9

2:28 - 4.14.9

2:29 - 4.14.9

2:30 - 4.14.9

2:31 - 4.14.9

2:32 ³ - 3.7.9, 3.21.23, 4.14.9

2:33 - 4.14.9

2:34 - 4.14.9

2:35 ³ - 3.1.16, 3.6.9, 4.14.9

2:36 ⁴ - 3.1.7, 3.2.20, 4.14.9, 4.17.3.2.3

2:37 - 4.14.9

2:38 - 4.14.9

2:40 - 3.1.1

2:49 ² - 4.16.5.4²

2:52 - 3.1.1

Luke 3

3:1 ² - 2.7.2, 3.3.17

3:4 - 3.22.18

3:16 - 3.14.18

3:17 - 3.14.18

3:21 - 3.4.1

3:23 ⁴ - 3.12.1, 3.12.2, 4.7, 4.17.3.2.3

3:24 - 4.17.3.2.3

3:25 - 4.17.3.2.3

3:26 - 4.17.3.2.3

3:31 ⁴ - 3.1.13, 3.3.7, 3.5.5, 3.22.16

3:33 - 3.5.5

3:34 - 3.1.13

3:38 ⁴ - 3.1.13², 3.19.10, 3.21.7

Luke 4

4:1 - 3.2.10

4:4 - 3.22.18

4:5 ⁹ - 3.2.27, 3.3.10, 3.5.2, 3.12.3, 3.19.16, 4.1.3.3, 4.1.4.1, 4.3.2.4.1, 5.2.72

4:6 ¹² - 3.5.2², 3.2.27, 3.4.11, 3.12.3, 3.13.2, 3.17.13, 3.17.15, 3.19.16, 4.1.3.3, 4.1.4.1, 4.3.2.4.1

4:7 ⁶ - 2.4.2, 3.2.27, 3.12.3, 3.13.4, 3.19.16, 4.3.2.4.1

4:8 ³ - 3.2.27, 3.19.16, 3.22.18

4:10 - 3.22.18

4:14 - 4.2.6

4:16 ² - 3.12.14, 4.2.6

4:17 - 3.12.6

4:18 ² - 2.13.3, 3.12.6

4:19 ² - 2.13.3, 3.12.6

4:20 - 2.13.3

4:21 - 2.13.3

4:25 ² - 3.11.6²

4:26 - 3.12.6

4:27 - 3.12.6

4:28 - 3.12.6

4:29 - 3.12.6

4:33 ² - 3.9.4, 3.16.14

4:34 - 3.9.4

4:36 - 3.16.14

4:41 - 3.9.4

Luke 5

5:13 - 3.1.18

5:18 - 3.2.22

5:27 - 2.7.5.3.7

5:34 ³ - 4.10.5², 4.10.2

5:35 - 4.10.5

Luke 6

6:9 - 3.6.9

6:13 - 2.7.5.3.7

6:18 - 3.16.14

6:42 - 3.3.17

6:46 ³ - 3.14.12, 3.22.7, 3.22.14

6:48 - 3.12.15

Luke 7

7:11 - 3.1.5

7:12 - 3.1.5

7:13 - 3.1.5

7:14 ² - 3.1.5, 3.1.18

7:15 ³ - 3.1.5, 3.1.18, 3.20.4

7:19 ³ - 3.1.7, 3.11.17, 3.13.12

7:24 - 3.1.20

7:25 - 3.17.4

7:27 - 3.22.18

7:36 - 3.14.3

7:37 - 3.14.3

7:38 - 3.14.3

7:39 ² - 3.6.16, 3.14.3

7:40 - 3.14.3

7:41 - 3.14.3

7:42 ² - 3.7.10, 3.14.3

7:43 - 3.14.3

7:44 ² - 3.14.3, 4.16.5.10.2

7:45 - 3.14.3

7:46 - 3.14.3

7:47 - 3.14.3

7:48 - 3.14.3

7:50 - 3.7.10

Luke 8

8:8 - 3.2.7

8:11 - 3.2.26

8:12 - 3.2.26

8:13 - 3.2.26

8:14 - 3.2.26

8:15 ² - 3.1.9, 3.2.26

8:16 ² - 3.2.22²

8:17 - 3.5.6

8:18 - 3.2.7

8:27 ² - 3.9.2, 3.9.6

8:28 ³ - 3.9.2, 3.9.4, 3.9.6

8:29 ³ - 3.9.2, 3.9.6, 3.16.14

8:30 ² - 3.9.1, 3.9.2

8:31 ⁵ - 3.5.13, 3.9.1, 3.9.2, 4.2.7, 4.2.7.1

8:49 - 3.11.3.1

8:50 - 3.11.3.1

8:51 - 3.11.3.1

8:52 - 3.11.3.1

8:53 - 3.11.3.1

8:54 ⁴ - 3.1.18, 3.11.3.1, 3.11.11, 3.20.4

8:55 ² - 3.1.18, 3.11.3.1

8:56 - 3.11.3.1

Luke 9

9:13 - 2.7.5.3.4

9:22 ⁴ - 2.7.5.3.2³, 4.16.3.1

9:23 - 3.2.10

9:24 ³ - 3.6.9², 3.2.10

9:25 - 3.18.7

9:27 ² - 3.11.3.1²

9:29 ⁴ - 4.16.2², 2.13.8, 3.1.12

9:30 ⁴ - 3.11.3.1², 2.7.5.3.1, 3.10.1.1

9:31 - 3.11.3.1

9:33 - 3.21.3

9:42 - 3.16.14

9:52 - 3.1.20

9:54 - 3.1.14

9:56 - 3.6.9

9:57 - 3.14.4

9:58 - 3.14.4

9:59 - 3.14.4

9:60 ² - 3.3.1, 3.14.4

9:61 - 3.14.4

9:62 - 3.14.4

Luke 10

10:9 ² - 3.1.6, 3.14.6

10:10 - 3.1.6

10:11 - 3.1.6

10:12 - 3.11.8

10:18 ⁵ - 3.5.3, 3.8.10, 3.9.1, 3.10.7, 3.12.9

10:19 - 3.9.3

10:20 ³ - 4.4.1, 4.4.2, 4.4.3.5

10:21 ³ - 2.7.5.6, 3.1.1, 3.2.24

10:22 ² - 3.1.1, 3.19.12

10:26 - 3.1.1

10:27 - 3.6.9

10:29 ² - 3.2.23, 3.3.18

10:33 - 4.17.2.2

10:38 ² - 3.1.2, 3.22.2

10:39 ³ - 3.1.2, 3.2.4, 3.22.2

10:40 ² - 3.1.2, 3.22.2

10:41 ³ - 3.1.2, 3.2.4, 3.22.2

10:42 ³ - 3.1.2, 3.2.4, 3.22.2

Luke 11

11:2 ³ - 2.4.3, 3.3.21, 3.11.15

11:9 - 3.3.20

11:15 - 2.4.3

11:22 - 3.2.7

11:24 - 3.16.14

11:25 - 3.21.2

11:26 - 3.9.21

11:27 - 3.1.3

11:28 ² - 3.1.3, 3.22.7

11:43 - 3.12.11

11:47 - 3.18.24

11:48 - 3.18.24

11:49 ² - 3.16.6, 3.18.24

11:50 ⁴ - 3.5.6, 3.13.8.1, 3.16.6, 3.18.24

11:51 ² - 3.16.6, 3.18.24

11:52 - 3.16.6

11:53 - 3.16.6

Luke 12

12:2 - 3.5.6

12:4 ² - 3.2.8, 3.20.15

12:5 ⁴ - 3.1.17, 3.1.18, 3.20.14, 3.20.15

12:6 - 3.6.16

12:8 ³ - 3.3.5, 3.3.8, 3.21.8

12:9 ² - 3.3.8, 3.21.8

12:16 - 3.3.17

12:17 - 3.3.17

12:18 - 3.3.17

12:19 ⁴ - 3.6.9², 3.3.17, 3.11.10

12:20 ² - 3.3.17, 3.6.9

12:21 ² - 3.2.9, 3.3.17

12:22 - 3.6.9

12:23 - 3.6.9

12:24 - 3.12.14

12:32 - 5.2.63

12:35 ⁵ - 3.1.13, 3.3.3, 3.3.20, 3.16.15, 4.8

12:36 ⁹ - 3.3.3², 3.16.15², 2.2.13, 3.3.20, 3.7.14, 4.8, 4.10.1

12:37 ⁷ - 3.3.3², 3.16.15², 4.8², 2.2.13

12:38 ⁷ - 3.3.3², 3.16.15², 4.8², 2.2.13

12:39 ⁹ - 3.3.3², 3.16.15², 4.8², 2.2.13, 3.5.7, 3.22.20

12:40 ⁶ - 3.3.3², 3.16.15², 2.2.13, 4.8

12:42 ² - 3.22.2²

12:45 - 3.3.3

12:46 - 3.3.3

12:47 ³ - 3.3.3, 3.10.2, 3.20.12

12:48 ⁴ - 2.13.4, 3.3.3, 3.10.2, 3.20.12

12:49 ² - 3.3.3, 3.8.5

12:52 - 3.10.11

12:53 - 3.10.11

Luke 13

13:10 - 3.12.10

13:11 - 3.12.10

13:12 - 3.12.10

13:13 - 3.12.10

13:14 - 3.12.10

13:15 - 3.12.10

13:16 ² - 3.12.10, 3.20.2

13:21 - 2.7.5.3.2

13:25 - 3.3.7

13:28 - 3.14.10

13:33 ² - 3.11.8, 3.11.10

13:34 - 3.11.10

13:35 ⁵ - 2.13.5.4, 3.11.17, 4.16.2, 4.16.5.3, 4.16.5.4

Luke 14

14:1 - 3.20.5.1

14:2 - 3.20.5.1

14:3 - 3.20.5.1

14:4 - 3.20.5.1

14:5 ² - 3.9.1, 3.20.5.1

14:6 - 3.20.5.1

14:7 - 3.20.5.1

14:8 - 3.20.5.1

14:9 - 3.20.5.1

14:10 - 3.20.5.1

14:11 - 3.20.5.1

14:12 ² - 3.20.5.1, 3.22.12

14:13 ² - 3.20.5.1, 3.22.12

14:14 ⁴ - 3.11.18, 3.20.5, 3.20.5.1, 3.22.12

14:15 ⁴ - 3.2.7, 3.19.9, 3.20.6, 4.10.5

14:16 - 4.10.5

14:17 - 4.10.5

14:18 - 4.10.5

14:19 - 4.10.5

14:20 - 4.10.5

14:21 ² - 3.7.14, 4.10.5

14:22 - 4.10.5

14:23 - 4.10.5

14:24 - 4.10.5

14:26 - 3.6.9

14:33 ² - 3.3.18²

Luke 15

15:21 - 4.4.3.5

15:22 - 3.1.13

15:24 ³ - 3.3.1, 3.20.6.1, 4.15.1.2

15:32 ³ - 3.3.1, 3.20.6.1, 4.15.1.2

Luke 16

16:1 ² - 2.7.5.3.1, 3.7.9

16:3 - 3.7.14

16:16 ² - 2.7.5.3.1, 3.11.3

16:17 ² - 3.1.3, 3.21.1

16:19 - 3.17.4

16:20 - 3.21.12

16:22 ⁷ - 3.1.18, 3.2.7, 3.7.9, 3.17.14, 3.19.20, 3.19.21, 4.16.5.5

16:23 ⁷ - 3.7.9², 3.1.18, 3.2.7, 3.14.10, 3.19.20, 3.19.21

16:24 ³ - 3.1.18, 3.7.9, 3.9.2

16:25 - 3.1.18

16:26 ² - 3.1.18, 3.9.1

16:27 ² - 3.1.18, 3.9.20

16:28 ² - 3.1.18, 3.9.20

16:29 ³ - 2.7.5.3.1, 3.9.20, 3.11.3

16:30 ² - 2.7.5.3.1, 3.9.20

16:31 ² - 2.7.5.3.1, 3.9.20

Luke 17

17:2 - 3.18.21

17:7 - 3.12.5

17:21 - 3.1.6

17:26 ³ - 3.10.1, 4.19.2, 4.19.4

17:27 ³ - 3.20.13, 4.19.2, 4.19.4

17:28 ² - 4.19.2, 4.19.4

17:29 ³ - 3.9.17, 4.19.2, 4.19.4

17:30 ³ - 3.14.17, 4.19.2, 4.19.4

17:31 - 3.14.17

17:32 - 3.14.17

17:33 ² - 3.6.9, 3.14.17

17:34 ⁶ - 3.2.22², 3.3.3, 3.14.17, 3.16.15, 3.19.17

17:35 ⁴ - 3.3.3, 3.14.17, 3.16.15, 3.19.17

17:36 ⁴ - 3.3.3, 3.14.17, 3.16.15, 3.19.17

17:37 ⁹ - 3.3.3², 3.8.13², 3.14.17², 3.16.15, 3.19.17, 4.7.2

Luke 18

18:3 - 3.13.10

18:7 ⁶ - 3.17.14², 3.5.8, 3.15.7, 3.18.20, 3.20.10

18:8 ⁵ - 3.1.1², 3.1.3, 3.15.7, 3.18.20

18:9 ² - 3.2.23, 3.3.18

18:19 - 3.15.4

18:31 ³ - 2.2.13, 3.1.2, 4.16.3.1

18:33 ² - 2.7.5.3.2²

Luke 19

19:5 - 3.3.20

19:6 - 3.3.20

19:7 - 3.3.20

19:10 - 4.7

19:11 ⁶ - 2.4.3², 3.2.27, 3.3.21, 3.11.15, 3.20.2

19:12 ³ - 3.2.27, 3.3.21, 3.20.2

19:13 ² - 3.2.27, 3.3.21

19:14 ² - 3.2.27, 3.3.21

19:15 ⁶ - 3.2.27², 2.4.3, 3.3.21, 3.11.15, 3.20.2

19:16 - 3.2.27

19:17 ³ - 3.2.27², 4.11.6

19:18 ³ - 3.2.27², 4.11.6

19:19 ³ - 3.2.27², 4.11.6

19:21 - 3.21.8

19:27 - 3.19.13

19:46 ³ - 3.22.18, 4.16, 4.16.2

Luke 20

20:16 - 3.2.5

20:34 ² - 3.3.4, 3.20.4

20:35 ⁴ - 3.3.4², 3.20.4, 3.22.2

20:36 ⁵ - 3.3.4, 3.3.12, 3.19.10, 3.20.4, 3.22.2

Luke 21

21:1 ² - 2.13.6, 3.6.1

21:6 ² - 4.16.2, 4.16.5

21:7 - 3.11.2

21:8 ³ - 2.13.6², 3.6.1

21:9 ⁴ - 2.13.6², 3.1.1, 3.6.1

21:10 ³ - 2.13.6², 3.6.1

21:11 ¹⁰ - 2.13.6⁵, 3.6.1³, 3.6.12, 4.14.3.1

21:12 ⁴ - 2.13.6², 3.2.9, 3.6.1

21:13 ³ - 2.13.6², 3.6.1

21:14 ³ - 2.13.6², 3.6.1

21:15 ⁴ - 2.13.6², 3.6.1, 4.14.3.1

21:16 ⁵ - 2.13.6², 3.1.9, 3.3.10, 3.6.1

21:17 ⁵ - 2.13.6², 3.1.9, 3.3.10, 3.6.1

21:18 ⁴ - 2.13.6, 3.1.9, 3.3.10, 3.13.10

21:19 ⁴ - 2.13.6, 3.1.9, 3.3.10, 3.6.9

21:20 - 4.16.5

21:21 - 4.16.5

21:22 ² - 2.11.1, 4.16.5

21:23 - 4.16.5

21:24 ⁷ - 3.11.2³, 3.16.1, 4.1.3.1, 4.11.4, 4.16.5

21:25 ⁴ - 3.6.12, 3.6.17, 3.8.12, 3.16.8

21:26 ⁴ - 3.3.10, 3.6.17, 3.14.17, 5.2.72

21:27 ³ - 3.1.13, 3.14.14, 3.14.17

21:31 ³ - 2.4.3, 3.3.21, 3.11.15

21:32 - 3.2.28

21:33 ³ - 3.2.28, 3.3.5, 3.21.1

21:34 ⁸ - 3.16.15², 2.4.4, 2.13.3, 3.2.28, 3.3.2, 4.19.2, 4.19.4

21:35 ¹⁰ - 3.16.15², 2.4.4, 3.2.28, 3.3.2, 3.3.10, 3.3.10.1, 3.13.8, 4.19.2, 4.19.4

21:36 ¹⁴ - 3.16.15⁴, 3.3.3², 2.2.13, 2.4.4, 3.2.28, 3.3.2, 3.3.4, 3.3.10, 3.6.17, 4.14.5

Luke 22

22:3 ³ - 3.13.4, 3.13.12, 3.17.8

22:15 - 3.19.9

22:16 ⁵ - 2.4.3, 3.3.20, 3.3.21, 3.11.15, 3.19.9

22:17 ⁵ - 2.4.3, 3.3.21, 3.11.15, 3.15.8, 3.19.9

22:18 ⁶ - 2.4.3, 3.3.20, 3.3.21, 3.11.15, 3.15.8, 3.19.9

22:19 - 3.15.8

22:20 ³ - 3.1.5, 3.5.9, 3.15.8

22:21 - 3.17.17

22:22 ² - 3.6.2, 3.17.17

22:28 ² - 4.11.6.1, 4.11.7

22:29 ⁸ - 3.2.27², 3.3.21², 2.4.3, 3.11.15, 4.11.6.1, 4.11.7

22:30 ¹⁹ - 3.1.7², 3.3.21², 3.7.4², 4.17.3.2.3², 2.4.3, 2.7.5.3.7, 3.4.4, 3.11.15, 3.21.12, 4.11.3, 4.11.4, 4.11.6, 4.11.6.1, 4.11.7, 4.17.4

22:31 ⁷ - 3.2.10⁴, 3.9.5, 3.12.10, 3.13.5

22:32 - 3.2.10

22:42 ² - 3.1.5, 3.3.10

22:43 - 3.1.5

22:44 - 3.1.5

22:64 - 3.1.18

Luke 23

23:3 - 4.6.1

23:12 - 3.11.10

23:21 - 3.1.7

23:30 ² - 3.6.16, 3.9.6

23:37 - 4.6.1

23:38 - 4.6.1

23:39 - 3.14.15

23:42 - 3.14.15

23:43 ⁵ - 3.1.18, 3.2.7, 3.14.13, 3.17.14, 4.16.5.5

23:44 - 3.6.13

23:45 ⁴ - 3.6.12, 3.6.13, 3.12.1, 4.16.5.5

23:51 ² - 2.4.3, 3.11.15

23:54 - 2.7.5.3.2

23:56 ² - 2.7.5.3.2²

Luke 24

24:1 ⁴ - 3.1.10², 2.7.5.3.2, 3.20.5.1

24:2 - 3.20.5.1

24:3 - 3.20.5.1

24:4 ³ - 3.15.6, 3.19.8, 3.20.5.1

24:5 ² - 3.7.2, 3.20.5.1

24:6 - 3.20.5.1

24:7 ² - 2.7.5.3.2, 3.20.5.1

24:8 - 3.20.5.1

24:9 - 3.20.5.1

24:10 - 3.20.5.1

24:11 - 3.20.5.1

24:12 - 3.20.5.1

24:13 - 2.7.5.3.2

24:21 ² - 2.7.5.3.2²

24:25 ⁴ - 3.19.10², 2.7.5.6, 3.1.1

24:27 ⁵ - 2.2.13, 3.1.2, 3.12.2, 4.16.3.1, 4.16.4

24:30 - 3.5.6

24:31 - 3.5.6

24:36 - 3.7.9

24:37 - 3.7.9

24:38 - 3.7.9

24:39 ³ - 3.4.2, 3.7.9, 3.22.2

24:40 - 3.7.9

24:41 - 3.7.9

24:42 - 3.7.9

24:43 - 3.7.9

24:44 ⁹ - 2.2.13, 2.7.5.3.1, 3.1.1, 3.1.2, 3.11.3, 3.12.2, 3.19.10, 4.16.3.1, 4.16.4

24:45 ² - 3.1.1, 3.3.8

24:46 ² - 2.7.5.3.2, 3.22.18

24:47 ³ - 3.7.9, 3.14.6, 4.16.1

24:48 - 3.11.3

24:50 - 4.16.2

24:51 ³ - 4.2.6, 4.16.2, 4.16.5.5.1

24:52 ⁴ - 3.5.12, 3.7.10, 3.13.8.2, 4.16.5.5.1

24:53 - 4.16.5.5.1

5.6.43 - John

John 1

1:1 ¹⁶ - 3.19.13², 5.2.16², 2.9.3.4, 3.1.2, 3.1.5, 3.1.8, 3.3.14, 3.5.6, 3.13.8.1, 3.21.7, 3.21.22, 3.22.13, 4.5.5.1, 4.7

1:2 ⁴ - 3.1.8, 3.3.14, 3.19.13, 5.2.16

1:3 ⁶ - 3.1.8, 3.3.14, 3.4.11, 3.19.13, 3.22.16, 5.2.16

1:4 ⁴ - 3.1.12, 3.1.18, 3.21.23, 3.22.1

1:5 ² - 3.1.12, 3.21.23

1:7 ³ - 3.1.2, 3.1.12, 3.11.4

1:8 ² - 3.1.12, 3.11.4

1:9 ³ - 3.1.12, 3.11.4, 3.22.16

1:10 - 3.22.16

1:11 - 2.4.3

1:12 ⁶ - 3.3.12², 3.14.1, 3.19.10, 3.21.7, 4.16.1

1:13 ⁴ - 3.1.1, 3.17.14, 3.21.7, 4.16.1

1:14 ¹⁶ - 4.16.2⁴, 3.7.15², 4.16.5.4², 2.13.8, 3.1.1, 3.1.5, 3.1.8, 3.1.12, 3.12.12, 3.21.3, 4.16.5.10.2

1:17 ² - 3.15.3²

1:18 ⁶ - 3.1.1, 3.1.5, 3.1.8, 3.21.3, 3.22.4, 4.16.1

1:21 ⁴ - 3.11.3.1², 3.1.7, 3.13.12

1:29 ¹⁰ - 4.4.3.3², 2.9.3.4, 3.5.6, 3.13.8, 3.20.11, 4.16.3.1, 4.16.5.4, 4.16.5.5, 4.16.5.10.2

1:34 - 4.2.6

1:36 ⁴ - 2.9.3.4, 3.5.6, 4.16.3.1, 4.16.5.10.2

1:43 - 2.7.5.3.7

1:45 ³ - 2.7.5.3.1, 3.1.7, 3.11.3

1:51 - 3.10.7

John 2

2:1 - 3.7.17

2:2 - 3.7.17

2:3 - 3.7.17

2:4 - 3.7.17

2:5 - 3.7.17

2:6 - 3.7.17

2:7 - 3.7.17

2:8 - 3.7.17

2:9 - 3.7.17

2:10 - 3.7.17

2:11 - 3.7.17

2:12 - 3.7.17

2:13 - 3.7.17

2:14 ³ - 2.11.3.1, 3.7.17, 4.2.6

2:15 ³ - 2.11.3.1, 3.7.17, 4.16.2

2:16 ⁶ - 4.16.5.4², 2.11.3.1, 3.3.12, 3.7.17, 4.2.6

2:17 ³ - 2.11.3.1, 3.7.17, 3.10.10

2:18 ² - 2.11.3.1, 3.7.17

2:19 ⁵ - 3.1.18², 2.11.3.1, 3.7.17, 3.21.22

2:20 - 3.7.17

2:21 - 3.7.17

2:22 - 3.7.17

2:23 ² - 3.2.23, 3.7.17

2:24 ² - 3.2.23, 3.7.17

2:25 ² - 3.2.23, 3.7.17

John 3

3:3 ⁵ - 3.20.6.1², 2.2.6, 3.1.6, 4.15.1.2

3:4 ² - 3.1.6, 3.20.6.1

3:5 ⁵ - 3.1.6, 3.3.1, 3.20.6.1, 4.14.4.1, 4.14.4.3

3:6 ⁴ - 3.3.1, 3.20.6.1, 4.14.4.1, 4.14.4.3

3:7 ⁵ - 3.20.6.1², 3.3.1, 4.14.4.1, 4.15.1.2

3:8 ³ - 3.3.1, 3.19.10, 4.14.4.1

3:13 ² - 3.11.7, 4.2.6

3:14 ⁵ - 3.1.5, 3.2.7, 3.3.9, 3.4.1, 4.14.9

3:15 ⁶ - 3.1.5, 3.2.7, 3.3.9, 3.4.1, 4.14.6, 4.14.9

3:16 ¹³ - 4.4.3.3², 4.14.9², 2.2.1, 3.1.5, 3.2.7, 3.2.20, 3.3.9, 3.3.20, 3.4.1, 3.13.8, 4.16.3.1

3:17 ² - 2.2.1, 3.3.9

3:18 ⁴ - 2.2.1, 2.2.9, 3.20.15, 4.14.6

3:19 ⁴ - 2.2.9, 3.11.4, 3.12.11, 4.14.6

3:29 ³ - 4.10.5², 4.10.2

3:31 - 3.11.7

3:33 ² - 3.1.13, 3.20.3

3:35 - 3.5.5

3:36 ⁷ - 2.2.9, 3.5.5, 3.15.8, 3.20.15, 3.21.8, 4.4.3.5, 4.14.6

John 4

4:3 - 5.2.16

4:6 - 3.8.10

4:9 - 4.17.2.2

4:10 ⁵ - 3.4.6, 3.7.17, 3.8.11, 3.21.6, 3.22.1

4:11 ³ - 3.7.17, 3.9.1, 3.21.6

4:12 - 3.21.6

4:13 - 3.21.6

4:14 ³ - 3.7.16, 3.15.4, 3.21.6

4:20 ² - 4.17.2.2²

4:21 - 3.9.20

4:23 ² - 3.22.7, 4.2.5

4:24 - 3.22.7

4:34 ³ - 3.14.4, 3.15.2, 3.19.16

4:42 - 4.4.3.3

John 5

5:3 - 2.7.5.3.3

5:4 - 3.16.5

5:7 - 3.7.14

5:9 - 3.19.10

5:10 - 3.19.10

5:18 ² - 3.7.10, 3.13.8.2

5:19 - 3.1.1

5:20 - 3.1.1

5:21 - 3.20.4

5:22 ⁴ - 3.20.11², 3.1.16, 3.5.5

5:23 ⁷ - 3.7.10², 3.13.8.2², 3.5.5, 3.5.12, 3.20.11

5:24 ⁵ - 3.5.5, 3.11.18, 3.20.5.1, 3.20.12, 4.4.3.5

5:25 - 3.5.5

5:26 - 3.5.5

5:27 ² - 3.1.13, 3.5.5

5:28 ⁵ - 3.20.5.1³, 3.12.6, 3.20.5

5:29 ⁶ - 3.20.5.1³, 3.12.6, 3.20.5, 3.20.13

5:30 - 4.2.6

5:32 - 3.1.12

5:33 - 3.1.12

5:34 - 3.1.12

5:35 ² - 3.1.12, 3.11.4

5:39 ⁹ - 2.2.13², 4.16.3.1², 3.1.2, 3.12.2, 3.19.10, 3.20.15, 4.16.4

5:40 - 2.2.13

5:43 ¹¹ - 3.6.2², 3.12.17², 4.2.6², 3.3.8, 3.12.6, 3.13.14, 4.2.3, 4.2.8

5:46 ⁵ - 2.2.13, 3.1.2, 3.1.3, 3.12.2, 4.16.3.1

John 6

6:1 ² - 3.2.17, 3.9.11

6:2 - 3.2.17

6:3 - 3.2.17

6:4 - 3.2.17

6:5 - 3.2.17

6:6 - 3.2.17

6:7 - 3.2.17

6:8 - 3.2.17

6:9 ² - 2.7.5.3.4, 3.2.17

6:10 - 3.2.17

6:11 - 3.2.17

6:12 - 3.2.17

6:13 - 3.2.17

6:14 ² - 3.1.7, 3.2.17

6:15 - 4.14.2

6:27 ⁴ - 3.1.13², 3.10.9, 3.20.3

6:28 - 3.10.9

6:29 - 3.10.9

6:30 - 3.10.9

6:31 ⁴ - 3.2.17², 3.10.9, 3.22.18

6:32 ³ - 3.2.17², 3.10.9

6:33 ⁴ - 3.2.17², 3.10.9, 3.11.7

6:34 ² - 3.2.17, 3.10.9

6:35 ⁴ - 3.2.17, 3.7.16, 3.10.9, 3.15.4

6:37 ² - 3.3.5, 3.17.14

6:38 ² - 3.11.7, 4.2.6

6:39 - 4.4.3.5

6:41 - 3.11.7

6:42 - 3.11.7

6:44 ³ - 3.17.14, 3.19.7, 4.16.1

6:45 - 3.22.18

6:46 - 3.21.3

6:47 - 4.4.3.5

6:48 ³ - 3.2.17², 3.10.9

6:49 ² - 3.2.17²

6:50 ² - 3.2.17²

6:51 ⁵ - 3.2.17², 3.11.7, 3.13.8, 4.4.3.3

6:57 - 3.2.17

6:58 - 3.2.17

6:62 - 4.10.1

6:63 ² - 3.1.1, 4.2.7

6:65 - 3.17.14

6:68 ² - 3.1.1, 4.16.5.1

6:69 ³ - 3.1.18, 3.7.2, 3.9.20

6:70 ² - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.21.14

John 7

7:7 - 3.11.10

7:20 - 2.4.3

7:24 - 3.5.2

7:25 - 3.11.10

7:37 ⁷ - 4.16.5.5², 3.3.1, 3.4.6, 3.21.6, 3.22.1, 3.22.17

7:38 ¹⁵ - 4.16.5.5³, 3.12.15², 3.17.14², 3.3.1, 3.4.6, 3.7.17, 3.8.11, 3.21.6, 3.22.1, 3.22.17, 4.16.5.10.2

7:39 ¹⁴ - 4.16.5.5³, 3.17.14², 3.22.17², 3.3.1, 3.7.17, 3.8.11, 3.12.15, 4.14.4.1, 4.14.4.3, 4.16.5.10.2

7:40 - 3.1.7

John 8

8:12 - 3.21.23

8:14 ⁴ - 3.1.5, 3.3.14, 3.15.3, 3.19.11

8:15 - 3.3.14

8:16 - 3.3.14

8:17 - 3.3.14

8:18 - 3.3.14

8:23 - 3.13.11

8:24 - 3.1.8

8:31 ⁴ - 2.2.8, 2.7.5.4, 3.2.26, 3.22.18

8:32 ² - 3.2.26, 3.22.18

8:39 - 3.2.9

8:40 ² - 3.2.9, 3.13.11

8:41 - 3.2.9

8:44 ⁷ - 3.2.9, 3.12.4, 3.12.9, 3.16.13, 3.21.8, 4.2.5, 4.2.6

8:46 ³ - 3.1.13, 3.3.7, 3.14.5

8:48 - 4.17.2.2

8:51 - 3.3.5

8:54 - 3.1.8

8:58 ² - 3.1.8, 3.22.13

John 9

9:38 ³ - 3.5.12, 3.7.10, 3.13.8.2

9:39 - 3.3.17

9:40 - 3.3.17

9:41 ² - 3.2.23, 3.3.17

John 10

10:1 - 3.12.6.1

10:2 ³ - 3.7.17, 3.12.5, 3.12.6.1

10:3 ⁴ - 3.1.1, 3.7.17, 3.12.6.1, 4.2.6

10:4 ² - 3.7.17, 3.12.6.1

10:5 ² - 3.7.17, 3.12.6.1

10:6 - 3.7.17

10:7 ² - 3.3.20, 3.7.17

10:8 - 3.7.17

10:9 ² - 3.3.20, 3.7.17

10:10 ² - 3.7.17, 3.22.20

10:11 ⁴ - 3.6.9, 3.7.17, 3.12.5, 4.2.6

10:12 ² - 3.7.17, 3.12.5

10:13 ² - 3.7.17, 3.12.5

10:14 ² - 3.7.17, 3.12.5

10:15 ³ - 3.6.9, 3.7.17, 3.12.5

10:16 ³ - 3.1.1, 3.7.17, 3.12.5

10:17 ³ - 3.1.18², 3.6.9

10:22 - 4.16.5.4

10:24 - 3.6.9

10:27 ³ - 3.1.1, 3.2.1, 3.14.4

10:28 ³ - 3.1.16, 3.2.1, 4.4.3.5

10:29 ³ - 3.1.16, 3.2.1, 4.4.3.5

10:30 ⁴ - 3.2.1, 3.3.7, 3.21.6, 3.21.22

10:35 ⁵ - 3.1.1, 3.1.3, 3.1.16, 3.4.1, 3.17.17

John 11

11:14 - 3.11.3.1

11:15 - 3.11.3.1

11:16 - 3.11.3.1

11:17 - 3.11.3.1

11:18 - 3.11.3.1

11:19 - 3.11.3.1

11:20 - 3.11.3.1

11:21 - 3.11.3.1

11:22 - 3.11.3.1

11:23 ² - 3.11.3.1, 3.20.4

11:24 ² - 3.11.3.1, 3.20.4

11:25 ⁴ - 3.1.18, 3.11.3.1, 3.20.4, 3.20.6.1

11:26 ² - 3.1.18, 3.11.3.1

11:27 - 3.11.3.1

11:28 - 3.11.3.1

11:29 - 3.11.3.1

11:30 ² - 3.1.5, 3.11.3.1

11:31 ² - 3.1.5, 3.11.3.1

11:32 ² - 3.1.5, 3.11.3.1

11:33 ² - 3.1.5, 3.11.3.1

11:34 ² - 3.1.5, 3.11.3.1

11:35 ² - 3.1.5, 3.11.3.1

11:36 ² - 3.1.5, 3.11.3.1

11:37 ² - 3.1.5, 3.11.3.1

11:38 ² - 3.1.5, 3.11.3.1

11:39 ² - 3.1.5, 3.11.3.1

11:40 ² - 3.1.5, 3.11.3.1

11:41 ² - 3.1.5, 3.11.3.1

11:42 ² - 3.1.5, 3.11.3.1

11:43 ⁴ - 3.1.5, 3.1.18, 3.11.3.1, 3.20.4

11:44 ⁵ - 3.1.5, 3.1.18, 3.2.8, 3.11.3.1, 3.20.4

11:51 - 4.2.6

John 12

12:2 - 3.2.8

12:3 - 3.2.8

12:4 - 3.2.8

12:5 - 3.2.8

12:6 ² - 3.2.8, 3.5.7

12:7 ² - 3.2.8²

12:8 - 3.2.8

12:9 - 3.2.8

12:10 - 3.2.8

12:11 - 3.2.8

12:13 ² - 3.7.9²

12:14 - 3.22.18

12:15 - 3.14.1

12:25 - 3.6.9

12:26 ² - 3.14.4, 3.22.3

12:27 ² - 3.3.10, 3.6.9

12:31 ⁹ - 3.4.11, 3.5.2, 3.9.1, 3.11.15, 3.12.9, 3.12.12, 3.17.15, 3.20.2, 4.1.3.3

12:33 ² - 2.7.4, 3.1.1

12:37 - 2.13.4

12:38 - 2.13.4

12:39 - 2.13.4

12:40 - 2.13.4

12:41 - 2.13.4

12:43 ² - 3.12.11, 3.21.8

12:45 ² - 3.1.1, 3.1.5

John 13

13:1 - 3.3.20

13:8 - 3.3.5

13:15 - 3.22.14

13:18 - 3.17.14

13:23 ² - 3.2.17, 4.16.5.1

13:27 ² - 3.17.8, 3.20.8

13:31 - 3.6.17

13:34 - 3.2.17

13:36 - 3.14.4

13:37 ² - 3.6.9, 3.14.4

13:38 ² - 3.6.9, 3.14.4

John 14

14:1 ¹⁰ - 4.10.1³, 2.12.2.4, 3.4.1, 3.16.15, 3.17.14, 4.14, 4.14.3.1, 4.16.5.10.2

14:2 ¹⁶ - 4.10.1³, 3.21.2², 2.4.3, 2.12.2.4, 3.3.12, 3.4.1, 3.12.6, 3.16.15, 3.17.14, 3.22.2, 4.14, 4.14.3.1, 4.16.5.10.2

14:3 ²³ - 4.10.1⁴, 3.21.2³, 4.14.3.1², 2.12.2.4, 3.1.7, 3.2.26, 3.3.12, 3.4.1, 3.16.15, 3.17.14, 3.20.4, 3.20.5.1, 3.22.2, 3.22.4, 3.22.17, 4.14, 4.16.5.10.2

14:5 - 2.2.1

14:6 ⁷ - 3.1.18², 2.2.1, 3.1.5, 3.19.11, 3.22.1, 4.2.6

14:8 ² - 3.1.1, 3.1.5

14:9 ² - 3.1.1, 3.1.5

14:15 ² - 3.22.7, 3.22.14

14:16 ⁵ - 3.1.13, 3.20.3, 4.14.3, 4.14.4.1, 4.16.5.5

14:17 ³ - 3.2.7, 4.14.3, 4.16.5.5

14:18 ⁴ - 3.2.7, 3.19.10, 4.14.3, 4.16.5.5

14:19 ² - 3.1.18, 3.20.4

14:21 ³ - 3.3.8, 3.3.20, 3.22.14

14:22 ³ - 3.3.8, 3.3.20, 3.22.14

14:23 ³ - 3.3.8, 3.3.20, 3.22.14

14:24 - 3.3.8

14:26 ⁵ - 2.2.3, 2.2.6, 2.5.1, 4.14.4.2, 5.2.33

14:30 ⁷ - 3.1.13, 3.2.14, 3.3.7, 3.4.11, 3.5.2, 3.12.12, 3.17.15

John 15

15:4 - 3.22.2

15:5 ⁵ - 2.7.5.3.5, 3.1.13, 3.3.2, 3.22.2, 5.2.63

15:10 - 3.22.7

15:13 - 3.6.9

15:15 - 3.7.14

15:16 ³ - 3.17.14², 2.7.5.3.7

15:19 ⁶ - 3.3.10.1², 3.13.8, 3.17.14, 4.18, 4.18.3

15:26 ⁵ - 3.2.7, 3.3.1, 3.13.11, 3.19.10, 4.14.4.2

John 16

16:1 - 3.2.10

16:2 - 3.2.10

16:3 - 3.2.10

16:4 - 3.2.10

16:5 - 3.9.1

16:6 - 3.9.1

16:7 ⁴ - 3.3.1, 3.9.1, 4.16.5.5, 4.16.5.10.2

16:8 ² - 3.1.4, 3.9.1

16:9 - 3.9.1

16:10 - 3.9.1

16:11 ⁶ - 3.4.11, 3.5.2, 3.5.5, 3.9.1, 3.12.9, 3.12.12

16:12 - 3.2.9

16:13 ⁷ - 2.2.3, 2.2.6, 2.5.1, 3.2.7, 3.13.11, 3.19.10, 4.14.4.2

16:14 ⁷ - 3.1.1², 2.2.3, 2.2.6, 2.5.1, 3.13.11, 4.14.4.2

16:18 - 4.14.4.2

16:21 - 2.13.4

16:32 - 2.9.3.4

16:33 ⁸ - 2.13.1, 3.3.12, 3.5.5, 3.6.2, 3.17.14, 3.21.7, 4.14.5, 4.15.1.3

John 17

17:2 ² - 3.1.18, 3.17.14

17:3 - 3.17.14

17:4 ⁴ - 3.1.5, 3.11.7, 3.17.14, 4.2.6

17:5 ⁸ - 3.1.1, 3.1.5, 3.1.14, 3.5.12, 3.13.8.1, 3.17.14, 3.21.7, 3.22.13

17:6 ³ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.1.5, 3.17.14

17:7 - 3.17.14

17:8 ² - 3.1.3, 3.17.14

17:9 - 3.17.14

17:10 - 3.17.14

17:11 - 3.17.14

17:12 - 4.4.3.5

17:14 ² - 3.3.10.1, 3.13.8

17:15 ⁴ - 3.3.10, 3.8.3, 3.11.15, 3.13.8

17:16 ³ - 3.3.10.1, 3.8.3, 3.13.8

17:17 - 3.8.3

17:18 ² - 3.7.9, 3.8.3

17:19 - 3.8.3

17:20 ² - 2.2.8, 3.8.3

17:21 - 3.8.3

17:22 - 3.8.3

17:23 - 3.8.3

17:24 ⁷ - 3.13.8.1², 3.5.6, 3.5.13, 3.8.3, 3.17.14, 3.22.4

17:25 - 3.1.5

John 18

18:6 - 3.1.8

18:15 - 2.11.3.1

18:16 - 2.11.3.1

18:32 - 2.7.4

18:33 - 4.6.1

18:37 ² - 3.3.14, 3.15.3

18:38 ² - 3.3.14, 3.15.3

18:39 - 4.6.1

John 19

19:2 ⁵ - 4.6.1³, 3.6.2, 3.19.12

19:3 - 4.6.1

19:5 ⁵ - 4.6.1³, 3.6.2, 3.19.12

19:6 - 3.1.7

19:11 ² - 3.9.5, 3.20.12

19:12 ² - 3.1.7, 4.6.1

19:13 - 3.9.11

19:14 ³ - 3.1.7, 4.6.1, 4.16.5.10.2

19:15 - 3.1.7

19:16 - 3.1.7

19:17 ² - 3.9.11, 4.16.3.1

19:19 - 4.6.1

19:20 ² - 3.9.11, 3.11.8

19:21 - 4.6.1

19:23 - 3.1.7

19:25 - 2.9.4

19:26 ² - 2.9.4²

19:27 ² - 2.9.4, 3.2.1

19:28 ³ - 3.7.17², 3.4.6

19:30 ⁶ - 3.21.6², 3.1.5, 3.5.5, 3.5.9, 3.16.17

19:31 - 2.7.5.3.2

19:33 - 3.5.6

19:34 ² - 3.1.7, 3.5.6

19:35 - 3.5.6

19:36 - 3.5.6

19:37 ³ - 3.1.7², 2.9.3.4

19:39 ² - 3.2.8²

19:42 - 2.7.5.3.2

John 20

20:1 ⁴ - 3.1.10², 2.7.5.3.2, 3.20.5.1

20:2 ³ - 2.9.4, 3.2.17, 3.20.5.1

20:3 - 3.20.5.1

20:4 - 3.20.5.1

20:5 - 3.20.5.1

20:6 - 3.20.5.1

20:7 - 3.20.5.1

20:8 - 3.20.5.1

20:9 - 3.20.5.1

20:10 - 3.20.5.1

20:11 - 3.20.5.1

20:12 - 3.20.5.1

20:13 - 3.20.5.1

20:14 - 3.20.5.1

20:15 - 3.20.5.1

20:16 ² - 3.9.11, 3.20.5.1

20:17 ² - 3.3.12, 3.20.5.1

20:18 - 3.20.5.1

20:19 ² - 3.1.10²

20:20 - 3.5.6

20:23 - 3.3.7

20:27 ³ - 3.3.14, 3.5.6, 3.21.14

20:28 ⁴ - 3.13.8.2², 3.5.12, 3.7.10

20:29 ² - 2.2.8, 2.4.3

20:30 - 3.10.4

20:31 - 4.7

John 21

21:7 ² - 2.9.4, 3.2.17

21:12 - 3.22.2

21:15 ² - 2.9.3.4, 3.5.6

21:16 - 3.12.5

21:17 - 2.2.14

21:18 - 3.11.7

21:19 ² - 2.7.4, 3.11.7

21:20 ³ - 2.9.4, 3.2.17, 3.11.7

21:21 - 3.11.7

21:22 - 3.11.7

21:23 - 3.11.7

21:24 - 3.22.8

21:25 - 3.10.4

5.6.44 - Acts

Acts 1

1:1 - 4.16.2

1:2 - 2.7.5.3.7

1:3 - 3.10.7

1:4 ³ - 2.4.3, 4.14.4.1, 4.16.5.5

1:5 ³ - 3.21.12, 4.14.4.1, 4.16.5.5

1:6 ¹⁰ - 2.4.3², 3.3.21, 3.10.7, 3.11.15, 3.12.1, 3.19.12, 4.14.4.1, 4.16.5.5, 4.17.3.2.3

1:7 ¹¹ - 2.4.3², 3.1.3, 3.3.21, 3.9.15, 3.11.15, 3.12.6.1, 3.20.2, 4.14.4.1, 4.16.5.5, 4.17.3.2.3

1:8 ¹⁰ - 3.11.3², 2.4.3, 3.3.7, 3.7.9, 3.14.6, 4.14.4.1, 4.16.1, 4.16.5.5, 4.17.2.2

1:9 ⁹ - 3.1.7², 2.12.2.1, 3.11.12, 3.12.5, 4.5.4, 4.10.1, 4.14.2, 4.16.2

1:10 ¹⁰ - 3.1.7², 2.12.2.1, 3.7.9, 3.12.5, 3.19.8, 4.5.4, 4.10.1, 4.14.2, 4.16.2

1:11 ¹¹ - 3.1.7², 4.5.4², 4.14.2², 2.12.2.1, 3.12.5, 4.10.1, 4.14.3.1, 4.16.2

1:16 ² - 3.19.10, 5.2.33

1:20 - 3.22.18

1:21 - 3.2.2

1:22 - 3.2.2

1:25 - 4.2.7

1:26 - 3.21.14

Acts 2

2:1 ⁷ - 3.17.14², 4.5.2, 4.10.5, 4.11.4, 4.14.4.1, 4.16.5.5.1

2:2 ³ - 4.5.2, 4.11.4, 4.14.4.1

2:3 ⁷ - 2.13.8, 3.4.5, 3.13.11, 4.5.2, 4.11.4, 4.14.4.1, 4.16.2

2:4 ⁵ - 3.5.9, 4.5.2, 4.11.4, 4.14.4.1, 4.16.5.5

2:5 ² - 4.5.2, 4.11.4

2:6 ³ - 3.5.9, 4.5.2, 4.11.4

2:7 ² - 4.5.2, 4.11.4

2:8 ³ - 3.5.9, 4.5.2, 4.11.4

2:9 ³ - 3.2.1, 4.5.2, 4.11.4

2:10 ² - 4.5.2, 4.11.4

2:11 ³ - 3.5.9, 4.5.2, 4.11.4

2:17 ² - 3.1.10, 4.14.4.1

2:20 ⁴ - 2.13.3², 3.6.12, 3.8.12

2:22 ³ - 3.4.2, 3.6.2, 4.5.1

2:23 ⁴ - 3.4.2, 3.6.2, 3.17.17, 4.5.1

2:24 - 3.17.17

2:26 - 3.11.10

2:27 - 3.6.9

2:29 - 3.5.5

2:30 ³ - 3.3.7, 3.3.21, 3.5.5

2:31 ² - 3.5.5, 3.6.9

2:32 ³ - 3.1.7, 3.5.5, 3.11.3

2:33 ² - 3.1.7, 3.3.1

2:34 ² - 3.1.7, 3.3.21

2:35 ² - 3.1.7, 3.3.21

2:41 - 3.6.9

2:42 - 2.2.14

2:43 - 3.6.9

Acts 3

3:1 - 4.16.5.5.1

3:12 - 3.1.7

3:13 ² - 3.1.7, 3.3.8

3:14 ³ - 3.1.7, 3.3.7, 3.3.8

3:15 ⁵ - 3.1.5, 3.1.7, 3.3.8, 3.11.3, 3.22.1

3:19 ³ - 3.2.5, 3.10.7, 3.12.5

3:20 ³ - 3.1.3, 3.10.7, 3.12.5

3:21 ⁶ - 3.10.7², 3.12.5, 4.11.3, 4.11.4, 4.16.5.4

3:22 - 3.1.7

3:23 - 3.6.9

3:25 - 3.1.7

Acts 4

4:1 - 4.16.5.5.1

4:10 - 3.1.18

4:12 ² - 3.7.10, 3.13.11

4:27 ² - 3.1.7, 3.3.7

4:28 ² - 3.1.7, 3.17.17

4:32 - 3.6.9

Acts 5

5:1 ² - 3.12.10, 4.16.5.5.1

5:2 - 3.12.10

5:3 ² - 3.12.10, 3.20.2

5:4 - 3.12.10

5:5 ² - 3.11.11, 3.12.10

5:6 - 3.12.10

5:7 - 3.12.10

5:8 - 3.12.10

5:9 - 3.12.10

5:10 - 3.12.10

5:11 ³ - 3.2.23, 3.11.11, 3.12.10

5:15 - 3.2.22

5:16 - 3.16.14

5:30 ² - 3.22.2, 4.14.9

5:31 - 3.5.1

5:33 - 3.11.10

Acts 6

6:1 - 4.16.5.5.1

6:2 - 2.2.14

6:3 ² - 2.2.14, 3.3.1

6:4 ² - 2.2.14, 3.3.1

6:5 ⁴ - 4.13³, 3.3.1

Acts 7

7:1 ² - 4.5.1, 4.16.5.5.1

7:5 - 3.5.10

7:14 - 3.6.9

7:19 - 3.12.4

7:30 - 3.10.1.1

7:31 - 3.10.1.1

7:35 - 3.10.1.1

7:37 ² - 3.1.7, 3.10.1.1

7:38 ³ - 3.10.1.1, 4.15.1.2, 4.16.5.1

7:41 - 3.9.20

7:42 ⁴ - 3.6.12, 3.6.13, 3.16.8, 3.22.18

7:43 ² - 4.1.3.5.1, 4.1.4.1

7:44 - 3.21.3

7:52 - 3.18.24

7:53 - 3.1.1

7:54 - 3.11.10

7:55 ³ - 3.3.21, 3.5.1, 3.11.10

7:56 ⁶ - 3.1.13, 3.1.14, 3.3.21, 3.4.1, 3.6.14, 3.11.10

7:57 - 3.11.10

7:59 ³ - 3.6.9, 3.7.10, 3.13.8.2

Acts 8

8:1 ² - 4.14.2, 4.15.1.2

8:3 - 4.15.1.2

8:4 - 3.2.5

8:7 - 3.16.14

8:9 - 3.13.13

8:10 - 3.13.13

8:11 - 3.13.13

8:14 ² - 4.16.5.5, 4.17.2.2

8:15 - 4.17.2.2

8:16 - 4.17.2.2

8:17 - 4.17.2.2

8:29 - 3.3.1

8:32 ² - 3.5.6, 4.16.5.10.2

8:33 - 3.5.6

8:34 - 3.5.6

8:35 ⁴ - 2.2.13, 3.1.2, 3.5.6, 4.16.3.1

8:39 ² - 3.12.5, 4.14.2

Acts 9

9:1 ² - 3.3.7, 4.16.2

9:2 - 3.3.7

9:3 ⁸ - 4.16.2², 2.4.2, 2.13.8, 3.1.12, 3.1.14, 3.3.7, 3.21.14

9:4 ⁵ - 3.1.14, 3.1.17, 3.3.7, 3.4.2, 3.21.14

9:5 ⁴ - 3.1.14, 3.3.7, 3.9.10, 3.21.14

9:6 ³ - 3.1.14, 3.3.7, 3.21.14

9:7 - 3.3.7

9:8 - 3.3.7

9:9 - 3.3.7

9:10 ² - 3.1.10, 3.3.7

9:11 ² - 3.1.10, 3.3.7

9:12 ² - 3.1.10, 3.3.7

9:13 ³ - 3.3.7, 3.17.14, 3.19.14

9:14 - 3.3.7

9:15 ² - 3.3.7, 3.21.14

9:16 ³ - 3.2.10, 3.3.7, 3.21.14

9:17 - 3.3.7

9:18 - 3.3.7

9:19 - 3.3.7

9:20 ² - 3.2.9, 3.3.7

9:21 ² - 3.2.9, 3.3.7

9:22 ² - 3.2.9, 3.3.7

9:23 ² - 3.2.9, 3.3.7

9:24 - 3.3.7

9:25 - 3.3.7

9:26 - 3.3.7

9:27 ² - 3.3.7, 3.20.10

9:28 - 3.3.7

9:29 - 3.3.7

9:30 - 3.3.7

9:31 ² - 3.1.17, 3.3.7

9:32 - 3.3.7

9:33 - 3.3.7

9:34 - 3.3.7

9:35 - 3.3.7

9:36 ² - 3.3.7, 3.11.3.1

9:37 ² - 3.3.7, 3.11.3.1

9:38 ² - 3.3.7, 3.11.3.1

9:39 ² - 3.3.7, 3.11.3.1

9:40 ³ - 3.3.7, 3.11.3.1, 3.13.3

9:41 ² - 3.3.7, 3.11.3.1

9:42 - 3.3.7

9:43 - 3.3.7

Acts 10

10:1 - 3.3.7

10:2 ³ - 3.1.17, 3.3.7, 3.19.5

10:3 ³ - 3.1.10, 3.3.7, 3.3.20

10:4 ³ - 3.3.7, 3.5.8, 3.8.4

10:5 - 3.3.7

10:6 - 3.3.7

10:7 - 3.3.7

10:8 - 3.3.7

10:9 - 3.3.7

10:10 ² - 3.1.10, 3.3.7

10:11 ⁴ - 2.7.5.3.3, 3.1.10, 3.3.7, 3.4.1

10:12 - 3.3.7

10:13 ³ - 3.3.7, 3.21.21, 3.21.27

10:14 - 3.3.7

10:15 ² - 3.3.7, 4.17.2.2

10:16 - 3.3.7

10:17 - 3.3.7

10:18 - 3.3.7

10:19 ² - 3.3.1, 3.3.7

10:20 - 3.3.7

10:21 - 3.3.7

10:22 - 3.3.7

10:23 - 3.3.7

10:24 - 3.3.7

10:25 ² - 3.3.7, 3.19.10

10:26 ² - 3.3.7, 3.19.10

10:27 - 3.3.7

10:28 - 3.3.7

10:29 - 3.3.7

10:30 ² - 3.3.7, 3.15.6

10:31 - 3.3.7

10:32 - 3.3.7

10:33 - 3.3.7

10:34 - 3.3.7

10:35 ² - 3.1.17, 3.3.7

10:36 ² - 2.4.3, 3.3.7

10:37 - 3.3.7

10:38 ² - 3.3.7, 3.12.10

10:39 ² - 3.3.7, 4.14.9

10:40 ² - 2.7.5.3.2, 3.3.7

10:41 ³ - 3.1.18, 3.3.7, 3.22.2

10:42 ⁴ - 3.1.16, 3.3.7, 3.7.9, 3.20.12

10:43 ⁶ - 2.2.13, 3.1.2, 3.3.7, 3.19.10, 4.16.3.1, 4.16.4

10:44 ² - 3.3.7, 4.17.2.2

10:45 ⁴ - 3.3.7, 3.7.4, 4.16.5.5, 4.17.2.2

10:46 - 3.3.7

10:47 - 3.3.7

10:48 - 3.3.7

Acts 11

11:3 - 3.3.20

11:5 ² - 2.7.5.3.3, 3.1.10

11:15 - 4.14.4.1

11:16 - 4.16.5.5

11:17 - 3.7.4

11:18 - 3.19.7

11:22 - 4.15.1.2

11:24 - 3.3.1

11:25 - 2.2.14

11:26 ² - 2.2.14, 4.15.1.2

11:28 ⁵ - 2.7.4, 3.1.1, 3.3.10, 3.19.10, 5.2.72

11:30 - 3.1.20

Acts 12

12:1 - 4.15.1.2

12:2 - 2.11.3.2

12:7 ² - 3.1.1, 3.18.1

12:15 ² - 3.1.20²

Acts 13

13:2 - 3.3.1

13:10 - 3.12.10

13:15 ² - 2.7.5.3.1, 3.11.3

13:21 - 3.1.7

13:22 - 3.5.5

13:23 ² - 3.5.5, 3.22.16

13:31 - 3.11.3

13:32 - 3.5.5

13:33 ⁴ - 3.1.5³, 3.5.5

13:34 ² - 3.5.5, 3.10.7

13:35 - 3.5.5

13:36 - 3.5.5

13:37 - 3.5.5

13:39 - 3.7.10

13:45 - 3.2.9

13:46 - 3.2.9

13:47 - 3.2.9

13:48 ³ - 3.2.9, 3.17.14, 4.14.6

13:49 - 3.2.9

13:50 ² - 3.2.9²

Acts 14

14:1 - 3.3.14

14:2 ³ - 3.2.9², 3.6.9

14:5 - 3.2.9

14:10 - 3.19.10

14:11 - 3.19.10

14:12 - 3.19.10

14:13 - 3.19.10

14:14 ³ - 3.2.2, 3.14.7, 3.19.10

14:15 ⁵ - 3.1.18, 3.4.11, 3.7.2, 3.9.20, 3.19.10

14:19 - 3.2.9

14:22 ² - 2.4.3, 3.1.9

14:23 - 3.1.20

14:27 - 3.3.8

Acts 15

15:2 - 3.1.20

15:3 - 3.1.20

15:4 - 3.1.20

15:6 - 3.7.4

15:7 - 3.7.4

15:8 ² - 3.7.4, 4.16.5.5

15:9 - 3.7.4

15:10 - 3.7.4

15:11 - 3.7.4

15:12 - 3.7.4

15:13 - 3.7.4

15:14 ³ - 3.3.21, 3.7.4, 3.10.7

15:15 ⁴ - 3.3.21, 3.7.4, 3.10.7, 3.22.18

15:16 ⁵ - 3.3.21, 3.5.5, 3.7.4, 3.10.7, 3.21.3

15:17 ⁴ - 3.2.3, 3.5.5, 3.7.4, 3.10.7

15:18 ² - 3.7.4, 3.10.7

15:19 ² - 3.7.4, 4.13

15:20 ⁵ - 4.13², 3.2.14, 3.7.4, 4.18.3

15:21 - 3.7.4

15:22 - 3.7.4

15:23 - 3.7.4

15:24 ² - 3.6.9, 3.7.4

15:25 - 3.7.4

15:26 ² - 3.6.9, 3.7.4

15:27 ³ - 3.7.4, 4.13, 4.18.3

15:28 ² - 3.6.16, 3.7.4

15:29 ³ - 3.2.14, 3.2.20, 3.7.4

15:39 - 3.6.14

Acts 16

16:4 - 4.18.3

16:9 ² - 3.1.10, 3.3.1

16:10 ² - 3.1.10, 3.3.1

16:14 ⁵ - 3.2.18³, 3.1.1, 3.3.8

16:16 - 3.18.23

16:40 - 3.3.20

Acts 17

17:2 - 3.3.20

17:5 ³ - 3.2.9², 3.11.10

17:6 ⁴ - 3.2.9, 3.3.10, 3.11.10, 5.2.72

17:7 ² - 3.2.9, 3.11.10

17:8 - 3.2.9

17:9 - 3.2.9

17:10 - 3.2.9

17:24 - 3.4.11

17:25 - 3.22.2

17:26 - 3.5.3

17:29 - 3.13.16

17:30 - 3.20.11

17:31 ⁴ - 3.1.16, 3.3.10, 3.20.11, 5.2.72

Acts 18

18:5 - 3.3.1

18:6 - 3.2.9

18:9 - 3.1.10

18:18 - 4.16.5.5.1

18:19 - 3.2.1

18:20 - 3.2.1

18:21 - 3.2.1

18:22 - 3.2.1

18:23 - 3.2.1

18:24 ³ - 3.2.1³

18:25 ² - 3.2.1²

18:26 ³ - 3.2.1², 3.2.20

18:27 - 3.2.1

18:28 ² - 3.2.1, 3.2.9

Acts 19

19:1 ³ - 3.2.1², 4.15

19:6 - 4.16.5.5

19:9 ³ - 3.2.1, 3.2.9, 4.15

19:10 ² - 3.1.11, 4.15

19:14 - 3.9.4

19:15 - 3.9.4

19:16 - 3.9.4

19:19 ² - 3.2.1²

19:24 - 3.2.1

19:25 - 3.2.1

19:26 ⁴ - 3.1.11, 3.2.1, 3.7.2, 3.9.20

19:27 ³ - 3.2.1, 3.3.10, 5.2.72

19:28 - 3.2.1

19:29 - 3.2.1

19:30 - 3.2.1

19:31 - 3.2.1

19:32 - 3.2.1

19:33 - 3.2.1

19:34 - 3.2.1

19:35 - 3.2.1

19:36 - 3.2.1

19:37 - 3.2.1

19:38 - 3.2.1

19:39 ² - 3.2.1, 4.15.1.2

19:40 - 3.2.1

19:41 - 3.2.1

Acts 20

20:5 ² - 4.15.1²

20:6 ³ - 4.15.1², 4.16.5.5.1

20:7 ⁴ - 3.1.10², 4.15.1²

20:8 ² - 4.15.1²

20:9 ³ - 4.15.1², 3.11.3.1

20:10 ⁵ - 4.15.1², 3.6.9, 3.11.3.1, 3.13.3

20:11 ³ - 4.15.1², 3.11.3.1

20:12 ³ - 4.15.1², 3.11.3.1

20:17 ² - 3.1.20, 3.2.1

20:22 - 3.20.2

20:24 ² - 3.6.9, 3.11.7

20:27 ² - 2.2.14, 3.22.7

20:28 ¹⁰ - 3.5.9², 2.2.8, 3.1.5, 3.1.20, 3.3.2, 3.12.5, 3.14.4, 4.10.1, 5.2.63

20:29 ⁴ - 3.2.2², 2.2.8, 3.3.2

20:30 ³ - 3.2.2², 3.3.2

20:31 ⁷ - 3.2.1², 3.2.2², 2.11.4.1.1, 3.3.2, 4.15

20:32 - 3.11.18

Acts 21

21:9 - 3.2.20

21:11 - 3.19.10

21:18 - 3.1.20

21:22 - 4.16.5.5.1

21:23 - 4.16.5.5.1

21:24 - 4.16.5.5.1

21:25 - 4.16.5.5.1

21:26 ² - 4.16.5.5.1²

21:27 - 3.11.2

21:28 ² - 3.11.2²

21:39 - 3.7.4

Acts 22

22:1 - 5.2.36

22:3 - 3.7.4

22:6 ³ - 2.13.8, 3.1.12, 4.16.2

22:11 - 4.16.2

22:14 - 3.1.1

22:16 - 3.1.5

22:17 ² - 3.1.10, 4.16.5.5.1

22:18 ² - 3.1.1, 3.1.10

22:22 - 3.2.9

Acts 23

23:5 ² - 3.22.18, 4.16.5.5.1

23:11 - 3.1.10

Acts 24

24:11 - 4.16.5.5.1

24:14 ⁵ - 3.20.5², 2.7.5.3.1, 3.1.3, 3.11.3

24:15 ² - 3.20.5²

24:16 - 4.16.5.5.1

24:17 ² - 4.16.5.5.1²

24:18 - 4.16.5.5.1

Acts 25

25:4 - 3.1.1

25:27 - 2.7.4

Acts 26

26:6 - 3.7.4

26:7 ² - 3.1.7, 4.17.3.2.3

26:10 ² - 3.2.17²

26:13 ³ - 4.16.2², 2.13.8

26:14 - 3.9.10

26:18 - 3.11.18

26:19 - 3.1.10

26:22 - 3.11.3

Acts 27

27:10 - 3.6.9

27:15 - 3.19.10

27:22 - 3.6.9

27:37 - 3.6.9

Acts 28

28:8 - 3.3.20

28:17 - 4.16.5.5.1

28:23 ² - 2.7.5.3.1, 3.11.3

28:25 - 5.2.33

28:31 - 3.10.7

5.6.45 - Romans

Rom. 1

1:1 - 2.7.5.3.7

1:3 ² - 3.5.5, 3.22.16

1:4 ⁵ - 3.1.5³, 3.13.8.2, 3.22.16

1:6 ² - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.17.14

1:7 ² - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.17.14

1:16 - 3.9.11

1:17 ² - 3.7.10, 3.22.18

1:18 ⁴ - 3.14.8, 3.17.2, 3.20.12, 3.21.8

1:19 ² - 3.14.8, 3.17.2

1:20 ⁴ - 3.3.16, 3.14.8, 3.17.2, 3.20.12

1:21 ⁶ - 2.2.8, 3.3.16, 3.9.20, 3.14.8, 3.17.2, 3.20.12

1:22 ⁶ - 3.9.20², 2.2.8, 3.3.16, 3.14.8, 3.20.12

1:23 ³ - 3.3.16, 3.9.20, 3.14.8

1:24 ³ - 3.3.16, 3.14.4, 3.14.8

1:25 ⁸ - 3.3.16, 3.6.12, 3.6.13, 3.7.1, 3.8.7, 3.9.20, 3.16.8, 3.19.10

1:26 ³ - 3.3.16, 3.14.4, 3.16.9

1:27 - 3.3.16

1:28 ⁴ - 3.3.16, 3.14.4, 3.16.9, 3.20.12

1:29 - 3.20.12

1:30 - 3.20.12

1:31 - 3.20.12

1:32 - 3.20.12

Rom. 2

2:4 - 3.2.22

2:5 ⁴ - 3.2.10, 3.2.21, 3.20.12, 3.22.12

2:6 ³ - 3.2.10, 3.20.12, 3.22.12

2:7 ⁵ - 3.2.3, 3.2.10, 3.11.18, 3.20.12, 3.22.12

2:8 ³ - 3.2.10, 3.20.12, 3.22.12

2:9 ⁵ - 3.6.9, 3.9.11, 3.10.2, 3.20.12, 3.22.12

2:10 - 3.22.12

2:12 ³ - 3.11.19, 3.15.5, 3.20.12

2:13 - 3.20.12

2:14 - 3.20.12

2:15 - 3.20.12

2:16 ³ - 3.1.16, 3.5.6, 3.20.12

2:24 - 3.22.18

2:28 ² - 3.2.9²

2:29 ² - 3.2.9²

Rom. 3

3:2 ² - 3.1.3, 3.2.17

3:4 ⁷ - 3.1.5, 3.2.7, 3.3.7, 3.15.3, 3.19.11, 3.22.18, 4.1.3.5.1

3:5 ³ - 3.2.23, 3.3.5, 3.6.11

3:9 - 3.5.3

3:10 ³ - 3.9.20, 3.22.18, 4.16.1

3:11 ² - 3.9.20, 4.16.1

3:12 ² - 3.9.20, 4.16.1

3:13 ² - 3.9.20, 4.16.1

3:14 ² - 3.9.20, 4.16.1

3:15 ² - 3.9.20, 4.16.1

3:16 ² - 3.9.20, 4.16.1

3:17 ² - 3.9.20, 4.16.1

3:18 ³ - 3.1.17, 3.9.20, 4.16.1

3:19 ⁴ - 2.9.4, 3.5.3, 3.11.19, 3.15.5

3:20 ⁴ - 3.5.3, 3.7.10, 3.11.19, 3.15.5

3:21 ⁹ - 2.7.5.3.1², 3.1.5, 3.2.23, 3.3.5, 3.5.3, 3.6.11, 3.11.3, 3.19.8

3:22 ⁷ - 3.1.5, 3.2.23, 3.3.5, 3.5.3, 3.6.11, 3.19.8, 4.4

3:23 ⁷ - 3.1.5², 3.2.23, 3.3.5, 3.5.3, 3.6.11, 3.19.8

3:24 ⁵ - 3.1.5, 3.2.23, 3.3.5, 3.6.11, 3.19.8

3:25 ⁵ - 3.1.5, 3.2.23, 3.3.5, 3.6.11, 3.19.8

3:26 ⁵ - 3.1.5, 3.2.23, 3.3.5, 3.6.11, 3.19.8

3:28 - 3.7.10

3:29 - 3.7.9

3:30 - 3.7.9

Rom. 4

4:2 - 3.7.10

4:3 ² - 3.7.10, 4.4

4:4 - 3.7.10

4:5 - 3.7.10

4:6 ² - 3.7.10, 4.4

4:9 - 4.4

4:11 ² - 3.10.3, 4.4

4:12 ² - 3.7.4, 3.10.3

4:13 ³ - 3.7.4, 3.10.3, 3.10.7

4:14 ² - 3.7.4, 3.10.3

4:15 ⁴ - 3.7.4, 3.10.3, 3.11.19, 3.15.5

4:16 ² - 3.7.4, 3.10.3

4:17 ³ - 3.7.4, 3.10.3, 3.22.18

4:18 ² - 3.7.4, 3.10.3

4:24 - 3.1.18

4:25 - 3.1.7

Rom. 5

5:1 - 3.7.10

5:3 ³ - 2.13.1, 3.2.3, 4.14.5

5:6 - 3.1.5

5:7 - 3.1.5

5:8 - 3.1.5

5:9 ⁶ - 3.1.5², 3.5.9, 3.6.17, 4.14.5, 4.14.6

5:10 ² - 3.1.5, 4.14.6

5:12 ³ - 3.1.18, 3.5.3, 3.22.2

5:13 - 3.22.2

5:14 - 3.22.2

5:15 - 3.22.2

5:16 - 3.7.10

5:17 - 3.7.10

5:18 ³ - 3.7.10, 3.13.8, 4.4.3.3

5:21 - 3.22.2

Rom. 6

6:1 ² - 3.4.4, 4.18.2

6:2 - 4.18.2

6:4 - 3.1.18

6:8 ² - 3.1.18, 3.2.14

6:9 ³ - 3.1.5², 3.1.18

6:10 - 3.2.14

6:16 - 3.22.2

6:23 - 3.22.2

Rom. 7

7:1 - 3.4.4

7:4 - 4.10.5

7:5 - 3.22.2

7:6 ² - 3.11.19, 3.15.5

7:11 - 3.22.2

7:12 - 3.22.2

7:13 - 3.22.2

Rom. 8

8:1 ³ - 3.3.4, 3.16.21, 3.21.8

8:2 ² - 3.21.8, 3.22.2

8:3 ³ - 3.1.13, 3.5.5, 3.21.8

8:4 ² - 3.3.4, 3.21.8

8:5 ² - 3.3.4, 3.21.8

8:6 - 3.3.4

8:9 ⁴ - 3.3.1, 3.19.10, 4.14.3, 4.16.5.5

8:11 - 3.1.18

8:14 ³ - 3.3.12, 3.19.10, 3.21.7

8:15 ² - 3.21.7²

8:16 - 3.21.7

8:17 ⁵ - 3.22.2², 3.10.7, 3.11.18, 3.21.7

8:18 - 3.4.11

8:19 ⁶ - 3.3.5, 3.3.12, 3.4.11, 3.19.10, 3.21.5, 3.22.3

8:20 ² - 3.4.11, 3.21.5

8:21 ² - 3.4.11, 3.21.5

8:22 ³ - 3.4.11, 3.5.7, 3.21.5

8:23 ³ - 3.3.5, 3.10.7, 3.21.5

8:24 ² - 2.12.5, 3.7.4

8:25 - 2.12.5

8:26 - 3.22.17

8:27 - 3.22.17

8:28 ⁶ - 3.17.14², 3.2.10, 3.6.2, 3.13.10, 3.14.3

8:29 ⁵ - 3.17.14², 3.1.5, 3.2.17, 4.4.3.5

8:30 ³ - 3.17.14², 4.4.3.5

8:31 ² - 3.1.17, 3.17.14

8:33 ² - 3.12.11, 3.17.14

8:34 ³ - 3.3.21, 3.5.1, 3.8.3

8:35 ³ - 3.7.14, 3.13.10, 4.14.5

8:36 ⁴ - 3.6.9, 3.7.14, 3.13.10, 3.22.18

8:37 ² - 3.7.14, 3.13.10

8:38 ³ - 3.7.14, 3.9.7, 3.12.7

8:39 ² - 3.7.14, 3.12.7

Rom. 9

9:1 ⁵ - 3.7.4, 3.12.2, 3.12.6, 3.14.4, 4.17.3.2.3

9:2 - 4.17.3.2.3

9:3 ⁴ - 3.12.17, 4.4.3.1, 4.10, 4.17.3.2.3

9:4 ⁹ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.1.7, 3.2.17, 3.5.5, 3.12.17, 3.19.21, 4.10, 4.17.2.3, 4.17.3.2.3

9:5 ⁵ - 3.1.7, 3.12.1, 3.12.17, 4.10, 4.17.3.2.3

9:6 ⁶ - 3.2.9³, 2.7.5.2, 4.17.3.2.3, 5.2.63

9:7 - 3.2.9

9:8 - 3.2.9

9:13 - 3.22.18

9:14 - 3.16.7

9:15 ² - 3.16.7, 3.17.14

9:16 ² - 3.16.7, 3.17.14

9:17 ² - 2.13.7, 3.16.7

9:18 ² - 2.13.7, 3.16.7

9:19 ³ - 2.13.7, 3.16.7, 3.17.17

9:20 ³ - 2.13.7, 3.16.7, 3.17.17

9:21 ³ - 2.13.7, 3.16.7, 3.17.17

9:22 ³ - 2.13.7, 3.16.7, 3.17.17

9:23 ² - 3.16.7, 3.17.14

9:24 ² - 3.7.9, 3.16.7

9:25 - 4.10.6

9:26 ⁵ - 3.1.18, 3.7.2, 3.9.20, 3.21.3, 4.10.6

9:27 ⁴ - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 3.3.9, 4.17.3.2.3

9:33 - 3.22.18

Rom. 10

10:1 ⁴ - 3.7.4, 3.11.3, 3.14.4, 4.17.3.2.3

10:2 ² - 3.20.12, 3.22.7

10:3 ⁷ - 3.2.23², 3.1.5, 3.3.5, 3.3.18, 3.6.11, 3.20.12

10:7 ² - 3.9.1, 3.13.1

10:10 - 3.14.5

10:14 - 3.11.3

10:15 ³ - 3.11.3², 3.22.18

10:18 ² - 3.3.10, 5.2.72

10:19 ² - 3.3.9, 3.11.3

10:20 ² - 3.3.9, 3.17.14

10:21 - 3.3.9

Rom. 11

11:1 ⁸ - 2.12.5, 3.1.7, 3.7.4, 3.10.3, 3.12.1, 3.12.6, 3.14.4, 4.17.3.2.3

11:3 - 3.6.9

11:4 - 3.7.4

11:5 ⁸ - 2.7.5.2, 2.7.5.3.7, 3.2.9, 3.12.6, 3.17.14, 3.19.21, 4.17.2.3, 4.17.3.2.3

11:7 ² - 2.13.4, 3.17.14

11:8 ² - 2.13.4, 3.22.18

11:9 - 2.13.4

11:10 - 2.13.4

11:11 ³ - 2.12.2.2, 3.3.9, 3.11.3

11:12 - 2.12.2.2

11:14 - 3.3.9

11:15 ³ - 3.7.4, 3.11.3, 4.5.1

11:17 ³ - 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 4.17.3.2.3

11:23 - 3.11.3

11:25 ²⁵ - 3.1.20², 3.7.4², 3.12.17², 3.14.4², 2.7.5.2, 2.13.4, 3.2.9, 3.9.4, 3.10.3, 3.10.7, 3.11.3, 3.11.11, 3.11.13, 3.12.1, 3.12.6, 3.14.1, 3.19.21, 4.2.3, 4.14.8, 4.17.3.2.1, 4.17.3.2.3

11:26 ²⁶ - 3.12.17⁴, 3.7.4², 3.11.3², 3.12.6², 3.4.4, 3.5.1, 3.9.4, 3.10.3, 3.11.11, 3.11.13, 3.12.1, 3.12.2, 3.13.2, 3.14.1, 3.14.4, 3.19.21, 3.22.18, 4.1.2.3, 4.10.6, 4.14.8

11:27 ⁸ - 3.5.1, 3.7.4, 3.9.4, 3.10.3, 3.11.13, 3.12.1, 3.19.21, 4.1.2.3

11:28 ⁴ - 3.7.4, 3.9.4, 3.10.3, 4.17.3.2.3

11:29 ⁴ - 3.7.4², 3.9.4, 3.10.3

11:30 ² - 3.9.4, 4.5.1

11:31 - 3.9.4

11:32 - 3.9.4

11:33 ² - 3.6.16, 3.15.8

11:36 - 3.4.11

Rom. 12

12:2 - 4.18

12:3 - 3.19.7

12:12 - 2.13.1

12:19 - 3.22.18

12:21 ² - 2.9.3.4, 3.2.7

Rom. 13

13:1 - 3.6.9

13:11 - 3.2.28

13:12 - 4.8

Rom. 14

14:2 - 2.2.11

14:10 ² - 3.1.16, 3.19.7

14:11 ² - 3.19.7, 3.22.18

14:12 - 3.19.7

Rom. 15

15:3 - 3.22.18

15:4 ² - 2.2.8, 3.2.3

15:8 ² - 2.4.3, 3.7.4

15:9 - 3.22.18

15:21 - 3.22.18

Rom. 16

16:1 - 3.14.4

16:4 - 3.6.9

16:7 - 3.2.2

16:16 - 4.15.1.2

16:20 ³ - 3.1.1², 3.20.1

16:22 - 2.8

16:25 ⁴ - 3.1.1, 3.1.20, 3.10.7, 3.12.6

16:26 - 3.1.3

5.6.46 - 1 Corinthians

1Cor. 1

1:2 - 3.17.14

1:7 ⁷ - 3.1.1², 2.2.13, 2.4.3, 3.3.3, 3.16.15, 4.4.3.5

1:8 - 4.4.3.5

1:18 - 3.22.11

1:19 ² - 2.2.8, 3.22.18

1:21 - 3.17.14

1:26 - 3.17.14

1:30 - 3.17.14

1:31 - 3.22.18

1Cor. 2

2:1 ² - 3.4.4, 3.22.17

2:7 - 3.1.20

2:9 ³ - 3.11.18, 3.21.5, 3.22.18

2:10 ⁵ - 2.2.3, 2.2.6, 2.5.1, 3.2.24, 4.2.5

2:11 ³ - 2.2.3, 2.2.6, 2.5.1

2:12 ³ - 2.2.3, 2.2.6, 2.5.1

2:13 ⁴ - 2.2.3, 2.2.6, 2.5.1, 3.10.7

2:14 ³ - 2.2.6, 3.1.1, 3.2.7

2:15 - 3.2.17

2:16 - 3.2.17

1Cor. 3

3:1 ² - 2.2.12, 3.22.17

3:2 - 2.2.12

3:3 - 2.2.12

3:9 - 3.19.8

3:10 - 3.19.8

3:11 ² - 3.19.7, 3.19.8

3:12 ⁴ - 3.3.18, 3.19.7, 3.19.8, 4.10.1

3:13 ⁷ - 3.2.23, 3.3.18, 3.11.18, 3.19.7, 3.19.8, 3.22.12, 4.10.1

3:14 ⁶ - 3.2.23, 3.11.18, 3.19.7, 3.19.8, 3.22.12, 4.10.1

3:15 ⁷ - 3.1.14, 3.2.23, 3.11.18, 3.19.7, 3.19.8, 3.22.12, 4.10.1

3:16 ² - 3.19.7, 3.22.11

3:17 - 3.22.11

3:19 - 3.22.18

3:21 - 3.21.7

3:23 - 3.3.12

1Cor. 4

4:1 - 3.19.7

4:2 - 3.19.7

4:3 - 3.19.7

4:4 - 3.19.7

4:5 ³ - 2.4.3, 3.5.6, 3.19.7

4:6 ² - 2.2.8, 2.7.5.4

4:9 ² - 3.1.20, 3.18.20

4:10 - 3.18.20

4:11 - 3.18.20

4:12 - 3.18.20

4:13 - 3.18.20

4:18 - 3.6.17

1Cor. 5

5:5 ⁴ - 3.1.10, 3.2.2, 3.2.10, 3.9.5

5:7 ³ - 4.16.5.10.2², 3.5.6

5:9 ³ - 3.18.4², 3.21.8

5:10 ² - 3.18.4²

5:11 ³ - 3.18.4², 3.2.15

1Cor. 6

6:2 ⁴ - 3.3.21, 3.4.4, 3.7.15, 4.11.6.1

6:3 ⁵ - 3.4.4², 3.7.15, 3.20.12, 4.11.6.1

6:9 - 3.21.8

6:10 - 3.21.8

6:11 - 3.21.8

6:19 ⁵ - 4.16.5.5², 3.21.3, 4.10.1, 4.14.4.2

6:20 ⁴ - 3.5.9², 3.14.4, 4.10.1

1Cor. 7

7:2 - 3.2.14

7:5 - 3.14.4

7:6 - 3.14.4

7:7 - 3.14.4

7:17 - 3.14.4

7:23 - 3.5.9

7:29 ³ - 3.21.1, 3.21.4, 4.8

7:30 - 3.21.1

7:31 - 3.21.1

7:32 - 3.14.4

1Cor. 8

8:5 - 3.17.5

8:6 - 3.3.14

8:7 - 3.2.14

8:9 ² - 3.2.14, 4.18.2

8:10 ² - 4.18.2, 4.18.3

8:11 - 4.18.2

8:12 - 4.18.2

8:13 - 4.18.2

1Cor. 9

9:1 - 3.2.2

9:7 - 3.12.5

9:9 - 3.22.18

9:24 ² - 3.19.7, 4.6

9:25 ⁶ - 4.6², 4.6.3², 3.4.4, 3.19.7

9:26 - 3.19.7

9:27 - 3.19.7

1Cor. 10

10:1 - 3.15.2

10:2 - 3.15.2

10:4 ³ - 3.4.6, 3.7.17, 3.21.6

10:7 - 3.22.18

10:13 - 4.4.3.5

10:16 ² - 3.1.5, 3.5.9

10:18 - 3.2.14

10:19 ³ - 3.2.14, 3.21.8, 4.18.2

10:20 ⁴ - 3.2.14, 3.18.2, 3.21.8, 4.18.2

10:21 ² - 3.2.14, 4.18.2

10:22 ² - 3.2.14, 4.18.2

10:23 ² - 3.2.14, 4.18.2

10:24 - 3.2.14

10:25 ² - 3.2.14, 4.18.3

10:26 ² - 3.2.14, 3.10.6

10:27 - 3.2.14

10:28 ² - 3.2.14, 4.18.3

10:29 ² - 3.2.14, 4.18.3

10:30 - 3.2.14

10:31 - 3.2.14

10:32 ² - 3.2.14, 3.7.4

10:33 - 3.2.14

1Cor. 11

11:3 - 3.1.1

11:10 - 3.1.20

11:20 - 3.1.10

11:25 - 4.10.1

1Cor. 12

12:5 - 4.14.4.1

12:10 - 3.2.2

12:12 ² - 3.3.1, 4.14.4.1

12:13 ¹⁵ - 3.17.14², 3.1.13, 3.3.1, 3.4.1, 3.4.4, 3.8.7, 3.19.7, 3.22.17, 4.10.6, 4.14.3, 4.14.4.1, 4.14.4.3, 4.15.1.2, 4.16.5.5

1Cor. 13

13:2 ³ - 3.1.20², 4.16.1

13:12 ³ - 3.10.7, 3.21.3, 3.22.4

1Cor. 14

14:21 - 3.22.18

14:23 - 3.22.17

14:24 - 3.22.17

14:25 - 3.9.20

14:33 - 2.2.6

14:34 - 3.2.20

14:37 ² - 3.1.3, 3.10.7

1Cor. 15

15:4 - 2.7.5.3.2

15:7 - 3.2.2

15:9 - 4.15.1.2

15:12 - 3.1.18

15:13 - 3.1.18

15:14 - 3.1.18

15:15 - 3.1.18

15:16 - 3.1.18

15:17 - 3.1.18

15:20 ⁶ - 3.20.5.1², 3.1.5, 3.1.18, 3.20.5, 3.20.6.1

15:21 ² - 3.6.8, 3.20.5.1

15:22 ⁴ - 3.1.13, 3.6.8, 3.11.3.1, 3.20.5.1

15:23 ⁶ - 3.1.5, 3.6.8, 3.11.3.1, 3.11.12, 3.20.5.1, 3.20.6.1

15:24 ¹³ - 4.11.6³, 3.20.10², 2.4.3, 3.1.1, 3.2.27, 3.3.21, 3.6.8, 3.11.15, 3.20.14, 3.22.1

15:25 ⁹ - 4.11.6², 3.1.1, 3.2.27, 3.3.21, 3.6.8, 3.20.10, 3.20.14, 3.22.1

15:26 ⁹ - 4.11.6², 3.1.1, 3.2.27, 3.6.8, 3.20.10, 3.20.14, 3.21.4, 3.22.1

15:27 ⁵ - 4.11.6², 3.1.1, 3.2.27, 3.20.10

15:28 ⁷ - 4.11.6³, 3.1.1², 3.2.27, 3.20.10

15:35 - 3.1.5

15:36 - 3.1.5

15:37 - 3.1.5

15:38 - 3.1.5

15:39 - 3.1.5

15:40 - 3.1.5

15:41 ² - 3.1.5, 3.6.13

15:42 ² - 3.1.5, 3.1.10

15:43 - 3.1.5

15:44 - 3.1.5

15:45 ³ - 3.1.13, 3.6.9, 3.22.18

15:49 - 3.2.17

15:50 ⁷ - 3.11.3.1², 3.22.2², 3.10.7, 3.20.4, 3.20.5.1

15:51 ¹⁵ - 3.11.3.1³, 3.10.7², 3.20.4², 2.4.3, 2.12.2.1, 2.12.2.4, 3.1.20, 3.7.14, 3.20.5.1, 4.10.1, 4.14.2

15:52 ¹⁸ - 3.11.15³, 3.11.3.1², 3.22.2², 2.4.3, 2.12.2.1, 2.12.2.4, 3.4.1, 3.7.14, 3.8.6, 3.10.7, 3.20.4, 3.20.5.1, 4.10.1, 4.14.2

15:53 ⁸ - 3.11.3.1², 2.12.2.1, 2.12.2.4, 3.8.6, 3.20.4, 3.20.5.1, 3.22.17

15:54 ⁵ - 3.11.3.1², 3.6.8, 3.20.14, 3.22.17

15:55 ⁶ - 3.11.3.1², 3.1.18, 3.6.8, 3.9.10, 3.20.14

15:56 ² - 3.11.3.1²

15:57 ² - 3.11.3.1²

15:58 - 3.11.3.1

1Cor. 16

16:1 - 3.1.10

16:2 ² - 3.1.10²

16:9 - 3.3.8

16:13 ³ - 2.2.13, 3.3.3, 3.16.15

16:19 - 4.15.1.2

16:22 - 2.4.3

5.6.47 - 2 Corinthians

2Cor. 1

1:4 ² - 2.13.1, 4.14.5

1:21 - 4.4.3.5

1:22 ⁶ - 3.1.13, 3.7.4, 3.20.3, 4.4.3.5, 4.14.4.1, 4.16.5.5

1:23 - 3.6.9

2Cor. 2

2:2 - 3.2.17

2:11 ² - 2.2.4, 3.12.10

2:12 - 3.3.8

2:14 - 3.10.9

2:15 ³ - 3.6.16, 3.10.9, 3.22.11

2:16 ³ - 3.6.16, 3.10.9, 3.22.11

2Cor. 3

3:3 ³ - 3.1.18, 3.7.2, 3.9.20

3:6 ³ - 3.1.6, 3.5.10, 4.13

3:14 - 3.1.1

3:18 - 3.2.17

2Cor. 4

4:3 - 3.20.2

4:4 ⁸ - 3.11.15², 3.4.11, 3.5.2, 3.5.3, 3.12.12, 3.17.15, 3.20.2

4:17 ³ - 3.2.10, 3.21.4, 3.21.18

4:18 - 3.21.18

2Cor. 5

5:3 - 3.6.9

5:4 - 3.6.9

5:6 ³ - 3.17.14², 4.16.5.5

5:8 ³ - 3.2.26, 3.6.9, 3.14.13

5:10 ⁷ - 3.19.7², 3.1.14, 3.1.16, 3.11.18, 3.20.12, 3.22.12

5:11 ² - 3.19.7, 3.20.12

5:13 - 3.1.17

5:14 - 3.13.8

5:15 - 3.13.8

5:16 - 3.13.8

5:17 ³ - 3.2.17, 3.13.8, 3.21.5

5:18 - 3.13.8

5:19 - 3.13.8

5:21 ¹¹ - 3.1.5, 3.1.13, 3.2.23, 3.3.5, 3.3.7, 3.5.2, 3.5.5, 3.6.11, 3.16.21, 4.4, 4.14.9

2Cor. 6

6:2 ³ - 3.1.7, 3.15.8, 3.22.22

6:4 ² - 3.1.6, 4.13

6:5 - 3.1.6

6:6 - 3.1.6

6:7 - 3.1.6

6:8 - 3.1.6

6:9 - 3.1.6

6:10 - 3.1.6

6:14 ² - 3.18.4, 4.18.4

6:15 ³ - 3.11.15, 3.18.4, 4.18.4

6:16 ⁸ - 4.16.5.5², 3.1.18, 3.7.2, 3.9.20, 3.18.4, 3.21.3, 4.18.4

6:17 ² - 4.18.3, 4.18.4

2Cor. 7

7:4 - 4.14.5

2Cor. 8

8:15 - 3.22.18

2Cor. 9

9:9 - 3.22.18

2Cor. 10

10:5 - 2.2.8

10:18 - 3.2.20

2Cor. 11

11:2 ⁴ - 4.10.5², 3.14.4, 4.1.4.2.3

11:3 ³ - 3.2.24, 3.12.9, 3.20.3

11:12 - 3.2.2

11:13 ⁴ - 3.2.2, 3.13.11, 3.20.3, 4.2.5

11:14 ⁵ - 3.2.2, 3.13.11, 3.20.2, 3.20.3, 4.2.5

11:15 ³ - 3.2.2, 3.13.11, 3.20.3

11:26 - 3.12.15

11:27 - 3.2.2

2Cor. 12

12:1 ² - 3.4.2, 4.14.2

12:2 ⁶ - 4.14.2², 3.1.10, 3.4.2, 3.6.9, 3.12.5

12:3 - 4.14.2

12:4 ³ - 3.2.7, 3.10.4, 4.14.2

12:7 ⁴ - 3.2.10, 3.9.5, 3.20.1, 3.20.2

12:8 - 3.20.1

12:9 ² - 3.3.8, 3.20.1

12:15 - 3.6.9

2Cor. 13

13:1 ² - 2.7.5.3.1, 3.11.3

5.6.48 - Galatians

Gal. 1

1:2 - 4.15.1.2

1:6 ² - 3.13.11, 4.2.5

1:7 ² - 3.13.11, 4.2.5

1:12 ³ - 3.1.1², 3.1.10

1:13 ² - 3.1.10, 4.15.1.2

1:14 - 3.1.10

1:15 ³ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.1.9, 3.1.10

1:16 ³ - 3.1.9, 3.1.10, 3.4.2

1:17 - 3.1.9

1:18 - 3.2.2

Gal. 2

2:2 ³ - 3.1.10, 3.4.2, 4.6

2:14 - 3.7.4

2:15 - 3.7.4

2:16 ² - 3.7.4, 3.7.10

2:21 - 3.7.10

Gal. 3

3:7 ² - 3.7.4, 3.10.3

3:8 ³ - 3.10.3², 3.7.4

3:10 - 3.22.18

3:11 - 3.7.10

3:13 ⁵ - 3.1.5, 3.22.2, 3.22.3, 3.22.18, 4.14.9

3:16 - 3.1.3

3:19 - 3.1.1

3:22 - 3.5.3

3:24 - 3.7.10

3:26 ² - 3.3.12, 3.19.10

3:29 ² - 3.7.4, 3.10.3

Gal. 4

4:4 ² - 3.1.3, 3.12.2

4:5 ² - 3.1.5, 3.12.2

4:6 - 3.21.7

4:7 ² - 3.5.1, 3.21.7

4:10 - 3.21.23

4:22 - 3.22.18

4:24 ² - 3.3.12, 3.21.2

4:25 ⁴ - 3.3.12, 3.21.2, 3.22.2, 4.11.4

4:26 ⁵ - 3.3.12, 3.17.18.1, 3.21.2, 3.22.2, 4.11.4

4:27 - 3.22.18

4:29 - 4.14.4.1

Gal. 5

5:4 - 3.7.10

5:12 ² - 3.2.9, 3.3.5

5:16 ² - 3.3.4, 3.21.8

5:19 - 3.21.8

5:20 ³ - 3.9.21, 3.18.23, 3.21.8

5:21 - 3.21.8

5:22 - 3.2.19

Gal. 6

6:9 - 3.2.2

6:15 ³ - 3.7.10, 3.20.6.1, 4.15.1.2

6:16 ⁹ - 3.12.17², 5.2.63², 2.7.5.2, 3.2.9, 3.7.4, 4.17.3.2.3, 5.2.12

6:17 ² - 3.13.16, 3.13.18

5.6.49 - Ephesians

Eph. 1

1:3 - 3.21.7

1:4 ⁶ - 3.5.6, 3.13.8.1, 3.17.14, 3.21.7, 4.4.2, 4.4.3

1:5 - 3.21.7

1:7 ² - 3.1.5, 3.5.9

1:9 ² - 3.1.20, 3.10.7

1:10 - 3.10.7

1:11 ⁶ - 3.10.7², 2.4.1, 3.9.15, 3.11.18, 3.21.7

1:12 ² - 3.11.18, 3.21.7

1:13 ⁸ - 4.16.5.5², 3.1.13, 3.7.4, 3.11.18, 3.20.3, 4.4.3.5, 4.14.4.1

1:14 ³ - 3.11.18, 3.14.4, 4.4.3.5

1:15 - 3.2.4

1:17 - 3.3.12

1:20 ² - 3.3.21, 3.5.1

1:21 - 3.9.7

1:22 ² - 3.10.1.1, 3.10.2

Eph. 2

2:1 - 5.2.63

2:2 ⁷ - 3.20.2², 3.9.11, 3.9.20, 3.11.15, 3.16.17, 4.2.5

2:6 - 3.4.4

2:8 ² - 3.7.10, 3.19.7

2:9 - 3.7.10

2:10 ² - 3.3.2, 3.7.10

2:13 ² - 3.1.5, 3.5.9

2:14 ² - 3.7.4, 3.11.2

2:15 - 3.7.4

2:16 - 3.7.4

2:17 - 3.7.4

2:18 - 3.7.4

2:19 ⁴ - 3.7.4, 3.21.3, 3.21.14, 4.16.5.5

2:20 ⁴ - 3.7.4, 3.21.3, 3.21.14, 4.16.5.5

2:21 ⁴ - 3.7.4, 3.21.3, 3.21.14, 4.16.5.5

2:22 ⁵ - 3.7.4, 3.18.2, 3.21.3, 3.21.14, 4.16.5.5

Eph. 3

3:1 ² - 3.7.4, 3.10.7

3:2 - 3.7.4

3:3 ⁴ - 3.1.10, 3.1.20, 3.4.2, 3.7.4

3:4 ² - 3.1.20, 3.7.4

3:5 ⁵ - 2.2.3, 2.2.6, 2.5.1, 3.7.4, 3.21.14

3:6 ² - 3.1.3, 3.7.4

3:7 - 3.7.4

3:9 ⁵ - 3.1.20, 3.3.14, 3.4.11, 3.19.13, 3.22.16

3:10 ⁴ - 3.1.20, 3.5.5, 3.9.7, 4.16.5.5

3:11 - 4.16.5.5

3:12 - 4.16.5.5

Eph. 4

4:1 ³ - 2.2.14, 3.12.5, 3.17.14

4:4 - 3.7.4

4:11 ² - 2.2.14, 3.21.14

4:18 - 3.3.17

4:24 - 3.2.17

4:27 ² - 3.12.10, 3.20.2

4:30 ¹⁰ - 4.16.5.5³, 3.1.13², 3.7.4, 3.10.7, 3.20.3, 4.4.3.5, 4.14.4.1

Eph. 5

5:2 - 3.1.5

5:5 ³ - 3.11.18, 3.21.8, 4.1.4.1

5:6 - 3.21.8

5:7 - 3.21.8

5:11 ³ - 3.1.12, 3.2.6, 3.18.4

5:12 - 3.1.12

5:13 ² - 3.1.12, 3.2.28

5:14 - 3.3.1

5:22 - 3.1.1

5:23 ² - 3.1.1, 4.10.5

5:24 ² - 3.1.1, 4.10.5

5:25 ⁷ - 3.1.1, 3.3.4, 3.19.8, 3.21.11, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.10.1, 4.10.5

5:26 ⁶ - 3.1.5, 3.3.4, 3.19.8, 3.21.11, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.10.1

5:27 ⁶ - 3.3.4, 3.14.5, 3.19.8, 3.21.11, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.10.1

5:30 ² - 4.10.5²

5:31 ² - 4.10.5²

5:32 ⁵ - 4.10.5³, 3.1.20, 3.10.7

Eph. 6

6:6 - 3.6.9

6:11 - 3.12.7

6:12 ⁷ - 3.2.10, 3.9.7, 3.9.11, 3.9.20, 3.12.7, 3.16.17, 3.20.2

6:14 - 3.1.13

6:17 ⁴ - 3.1.16, 3.2.16, 3.19.15, 4.14.4.2

6:19 ³ - 3.1.20², 3.10.7

6:21 - 3.2.1

5.6.50 - Philippians

Php. 1

1:1 - 3.1.20

1:6 - 4.4.3.5

1:9 - 3.2.4

1:19 - 4.16.5.5

1:21 - 4.16.5.5

1:22 - 4.16.5.5

1:23 ⁴ - 3.17.14², 3.14.13, 4.16.5.5

1:27 - 3.6.9

1:28 - 4.3.2.16

1:29 - 3.19.7

Php. 2

2:7 ³ - 3.1.1², 3.1.13

2:8 - 4.2.6

2:9 ⁶ - 3.5.6, 3.5.13, 3.7.10, 3.13.8.2, 3.15.4, 3.19.13

2:10 ⁴ - 3.5.13², 3.3.9, 3.5.6

2:11 ² - 3.5.6, 3.5.13

2:13 - 4.2.5

2:15 - 3.1.12

2:30 - 3.6.9

Php. 3

3:2 ⁴ - 3.2.9², 3.22.15²

3:3 ³ - 3.2.9², 3.22.15

3:4 - 3.2.9

3:5 ² - 3.1.7, 4.17.3.2.3

3:7 - 3.3.18

3:8 - 3.3.18

3:9 ⁴ - 3.1.5, 3.2.23, 3.3.5, 3.6.11

3:10 ² - 3.20.5, 3.20.5.1

3:11 ² - 3.20.5, 3.20.5.1

3:12 - 3.20.5.1

3:13 - 3.20.5.1

3:14 ² - 3.20.5.1, 4.6

3:20 ¹⁰ - 2.2.13, 2.4.3, 3.3.3, 3.3.10.1, 3.3.12, 3.13.8, 3.13.18, 3.16.15, 3.22.20, 4.8

3:21 ⁵ - 3.2.17, 3.3.5, 3.22.20, 4.8, 4.17.4

Php. 4

4:1 - 4.6.1

4:3 ³ - 3.13.8, 4.4.2, 4.4.3.4

4:5 ² - 2.4.3, 4.8

4:8 ² - 2.2.8, 3.2.24

4:13 - 3.3.8

4:14 - 3.18.4

5.6.51 - Colossians

Col. 1

1:2 - 4.15.1

1:5 - 3.7.4

1:12 - 3.11.18

1:13 ² - 3.1.6, 3.1.9

1:14 ³ - 3.5.9², 3.1.5

1:15 ⁸ - 3.1.5², 3.3.14², 3.5.13², 3.1.1, 3.21.3

1:16 ¹⁰ - 3.3.14², 3.1.5, 3.4.11, 3.5.13, 3.8.2, 3.9.7, 3.12.8, 3.19.13, 3.22.16

1:17 ⁶ - 3.3.14², 3.1.8, 3.4.11, 3.5.13, 3.22.13

1:18 ² - 3.1.5, 3.3.14

1:19 - 3.21.22

1:20 ² - 3.1.5, 3.5.9

1:22 - 3.14.5

1:24 ² - 3.10.7, 4.10.5

1:25 ² - 3.10.7, 4.10.5

1:26 ⁴ - 3.1.20, 3.7.4, 3.10.7, 4.10.5

1:27 ⁴ - 3.7.4, 3.10.7, 3.19.7, 4.10.5

1:28 ³ - 3.7.4, 3.10.7, 3.19.7

1:29 ³ - 3.7.4, 3.10.7, 3.19.7

Col. 2

2:1 - 3.3.14

2:2 ³ - 2.11.4.1.1, 3.1.20, 3.10.7

2:3 - 2.2.8

2:8 ⁴ - 2.2.8², 3.2.24, 3.12.9

2:9 ⁷ - 3.1.1, 3.1.5, 3.1.13, 3.2.24, 3.10.7, 3.12.9, 3.21.22

2:10 ³ - 3.2.24, 3.9.7, 3.9.11

2:13 - 3.5.5

2:14 ⁶ - 3.1.5, 3.3.18, 3.5.5, 3.5.9, 3.11.19, 3.15.5

2:15 ⁴ - 3.1.5, 3.5.5, 3.5.9, 3.12.9

2:17 - 4.7.2

2:18 ² - 2.2.8, 3.19.10

Col. 3

3:1 ⁴ - 3.21.12², 3.3.21, 3.5.1

3:4 ² - 3.10.7, 3.17.14

3:5 - 4.1.4.1

3:10 - 3.2.17

3:11 - 3.7.4

3:14 - 3.5.13

3:18 - 3.1.1

3:19 - 3.1.1

3:22 - 3.22.12

3:23 ² - 3.6.9, 3.22.12

3:24 ² - 3.11.18, 3.22.12

3:25 - 3.22.12

Col. 4

4:1 - 3.3.14

4:3 ² - 3.1.20, 3.3.8

4:13 ⁴ - 2.11.4.1.1², 3.3.14, 4.15.1

4:14 - 3.3.14

4:15 - 3.3.14

4:16 ² - 2.11.4.1.1, 3.3.14

4:17 ² - 3.3.14²

5.6.52 - 1 Thessalonians

1Th. 1

1:4 - 3.17.14

1:5 - 4.14.4.2

1:9 - 3.7.2

1:10 ¹² - 4.14.6², 2.2.13, 2.4.3, 2.13.3, 3.3.3, 3.7.2, 3.16.15, 3.16.21, 4.8, 4.14.3.1, 4.14.5

1Th. 2

2:6 - 3.2.2

2:8 - 3.6.9

2:15 - 3.18.24

2:18 - 3.20.2

2:19 ² - 3.4.4, 4.6.1

1Th. 3

3:5 - 3.11.15

3:13 - 4.14.3.1

1Th. 4

4:1 - 4.14.2

4:2 - 3.10.7

4:3 - 4.14.4.2

4:4 - 4.14.4.2

4:6 ² - 3.1.10, 4.14.4.2

4:7 - 4.14.4.2

4:8 ² - 4.14.4.2²

4:9 - 4.14.4.2

4:10 - 4.14.4.2

4:13 ⁸ - 4.14.3.1², 2.12.2.4, 3.1.7, 3.17.14, 3.20.4, 3.20.5.1, 4.10.1

4:14 ⁸ - 4.14.3.1², 2.12.2.4, 3.1.7, 3.17.14, 3.20.4, 3.20.5.1, 4.10.1

4:15 ¹⁵ - 4.14.3.1³, 2.12.2.4, 3.1.7, 3.2.26, 3.7.4, 3.10.7, 3.11.3.1, 3.17.14, 3.20.4, 3.20.5, 3.20.5.1, 4.8, 4.10.1

4:16 ³⁰ - 3.20.5.1⁴, 4.14.3.1⁴, 3.4.1², 3.11.3.1², 4.10.1², 2.12.2.1, 2.12.2.4, 3.1.7, 3.2.28, 3.4.4, 3.7.4, 3.8.2, 3.8.6, 3.10.3, 3.10.7, 3.17.14, 3.20.4, 3.20.5, 3.20.6.1, 4.8, 4.14.9

4:17 ³¹ - 4.14.3.1⁶, 4.14.2⁴, 3.11.3.1², 2.12.2.1, 2.12.2.4, 3.1.7, 3.2.28, 3.4.1, 3.7.4, 3.10.7, 3.11.12, 3.12.5, 3.17.14, 3.20.4, 3.20.5, 3.20.5.1, 3.22.17, 4.8, 4.8.2, 4.10.1, 4.10.5, 4.14.1

4:18 ⁸ - 4.14.3.1², 2.12.2.4, 3.10.7, 3.17.14, 3.20.4, 3.20.5.1, 4.10.1

1Th. 5

5:1 ⁵ - 2.13.3², 3.1.3, 3.16.15, 4.14.3.1

5:2 ¹⁴ - 2.13.3⁴, 3.3.3², 2.13.3.1, 3.1.10, 3.2.2, 3.5.7, 3.6.12, 3.16.15, 3.22.7, 4.14.3.1

5:3 ¹² - 3.3.3³, 2.13.3², 2.13.3.1, 3.6.1, 3.6.17, 3.16.15, 4.14.3.1, 4.19.2, 4.19.4

5:4 ⁷ - 2.13.3², 3.3.3², 3.5.7, 3.16.15, 4.14

5:5 ⁵ - 2.13.3², 3.3.3², 3.16.15

5:6 ⁹ - 3.3.3³, 2.13.3², 3.16.15², 2.2.13, 4.14.8

5:7 ⁴ - 2.13.3², 3.3.3, 3.16.15

5:8 ⁴ - 2.13.3², 3.3.3, 3.16.15

5:9 ⁹ - 2.13.3³, 3.3.3, 3.6.17, 3.16.15, 4.14.3.1, 4.14.5, 4.14.6

5:10 ³ - 2.13.3², 3.3.3

5:11 ² - 2.13.3²

5:12 - 3.1.20

5:19 - 4.16.5.5

5:23 ² - 3.6.9, 4.4.3.5

5:27 - 3.3.14

5:28 - 4.14.3.1

5.6.53 - 2 Thessalonians

2Th. 1

1:4 - 2.13.1

1:5 ² - 3.3.4, 3.10.7

1:6 ³ - 3.16.7, 3.17.14, 4.14.3.1

1:7 ⁶ - 3.1.1², 3.8.6, 3.17.14, 3.19.14, 4.14.3.1

1:8 ⁴ - 3.14.10, 3.17.14, 3.19.14, 4.14.3.1

1:9 ⁷ - 3.14.10, 3.14.11, 3.19.14, 3.19.20, 3.20.10, 3.20.15, 4.14.3.1

1:10 ² - 3.10.7, 3.19.14

1:11 - 3.3.4

2Th. 2

2:1 ⁶ - 4.14.3.1², 3.13.7, 3.13.18, 4.14.4.2, 4.14.8

2:2 ⁶ - 3.1.10, 3.13.7, 3.13.18, 4.14.3.1, 4.14.4.2, 4.14.8

2:3 ²⁹ - 4.2.1³, 3.17.8², 4.2.5², 4.2.6², 4.3.2.16², 4.14.3.1², 2.12.5, 2.13.1, 3.3.17, 3.9.11, 3.11.7, 3.13.4, 3.13.7, 3.13.18, 3.14.6, 3.22.10, 4.2.8, 4.3.2.19, 4.12, 4.14.4.2, 4.14.8, 4.16.5.5.1

2:4 ⁴⁸ - 3.13.4⁴, 2.13.5.4³, 3.13.15³, 4.3.2.16³, 3.11.3², 3.13.14², 3.17.16², 4.3.2.19², 2.13.4, 3.3.17, 3.6.9, 3.11.1, 3.11.7, 3.12.6, 3.13.1, 3.13.2, 3.13.7, 3.13.8.2, 3.13.12, 3.13.18, 3.16.1, 3.17.7, 3.17.13, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.2.6, 4.2.8, 4.4.3.4, 4.12, 4.12.2.4, 4.14.3.1, 4.14.4.2, 4.14.8, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.5.1, 4.16.5.9

2:5 ⁶ - 3.11.7, 3.13.7, 3.13.18, 4.2.8, 4.3.2.16, 4.14.3.1

2:6 ¹⁵ - 3.6.2³, 3.13.7², 4.14.4.2², 3.1.4, 3.11.7, 3.13.18, 3.14.4, 3.17.17, 4.2.8, 4.3.2.16, 4.14.3.1

2:7 ²² - 3.6.2³, 3.13.7², 3.13.18², 4.14.4.2², 3.1.4, 3.1.20, 3.10.7, 3.11.7, 3.11.18, 3.13.1, 3.14.4, 3.17.5, 3.17.17, 4.2.5, 4.2.8, 4.3.2.16, 4.14.3.1

2:8 ²³ - 3.6.2², 3.13.7², 3.19.20², 4.2.1², 4.2.8², 3.1.16, 3.10.7, 3.11.5, 3.11.7, 3.13.18, 3.17.17, 3.19.15, 4.1.3.5.3, 4.2.2, 4.2.6, 4.3.2.16, 4.5.4, 4.14.3.1

2:9 ²² - 3.11.7², 4.2.5², 4.2.7², 3.2.2, 3.9.1, 3.9.11, 3.9.20, 3.11.5, 3.12.9, 3.13.2, 3.13.3, 3.13.13, 3.19.20, 3.20.2, 3.21.8, 4.2.4, 4.2.8, 4.3.2.18, 4.14.3.1

2:10 ¹⁰ - 3.11.7², 3.2.2, 3.9.20, 3.11.5, 3.12.9, 3.13.13, 3.16.14, 4.3.2.18, 4.14.3.1

2:11 ¹⁶ - 3.9.20², 3.2.2, 3.3.10.1, 3.11.7, 3.12.9, 3.13.3, 3.13.13, 3.14.5, 3.16.14, 3.17.8, 3.19.20, 3.21.8, 4.3.2.18, 4.4.3.4, 4.14.3.1

2:12 ¹¹ - 3.21.8², 3.10.7, 3.11.7, 3.12.9, 3.13.3, 3.13.13, 3.17.8, 3.19.20, 4.3.2.18, 4.14.3.1

2:13 ² - 3.17.14, 4.14.4.2

2Th. 3

3:3 - 3.3.10

3:10 - 2.4.3

3:11 - 2.4.3

3:12 - 2.4.3

3:13 - 3.2.2

5.6.54 - 1 Timothy

1Ti. 1

1:1 - 3.21.3

1:2 - 3.2.23

1:3 ³ - 3.2.1, 3.2.2, 4.15

1:4 - 3.2.2

1:8 - 3.21.8

1:9 - 3.21.8

1:10 ² - 3.18.13, 3.21.8

1:12 - 4.4.3.5

1:17 ² - 3.11.15, 3.15.3

1:20 ³ - 3.2.10, 3.9.5, 3.20.2

1Ti. 2

2:3 - 2.2.1

2:4 ² - 2.2.1, 3.13.8

2:5 ⁶ - 3.8.3², 2.2.1, 3.1.13, 3.13.8, 4.16

2:6 ⁵ - 2.2.1, 3.1.5, 3.13.8, 3.20.11, 4.4.3.3

2:12 ³ - 3.2.20², 4.9.3

2:13 ² - 3.2.20, 4.9.3

2:14 ⁴ - 3.2.20, 3.20.3, 4.5.1, 4.9.3

1Ti. 3

3:2 - 2.2.14

3:9 ² - 3.1.20, 3.10.7

3:14 - 3.1.1

3:15 ³ - 3.1.18, 3.7.2, 3.9.20

3:16 ⁵ - 3.1.20², 3.10.7², 4.2.5

1Ti. 4

4:1 ⁵ - 3.2.2², 2.13.1, 3.9.20, 3.16.14

4:2 ³ - 2.13.1, 3.16.14, 3.21.8

4:3 ² - 2.2.11, 2.13.1

4:6 - 2.2.14

4:10 ⁴ - 3.1.18, 3.7.2, 3.9.20, 4.4.3.3

4:11 - 2.2.14

4:13 - 2.2.14

4:16 - 2.2.14

1Ti. 5

5:6 - 3.3.1

5:8 - 3.3.8

5:15 - 3.11.15

5:17 - 2.2.14

5:18 - 2.2.14

5:19 - 3.11.3

5:21 ² - 3.1.20, 3.12.4

1Ti. 6

6:3 - 3.2.2

6:4 - 3.2.2

6:5 - 3.2.2

6:6 - 3.3.17

6:7 - 3.3.17

6:8 - 3.3.17

6:9 - 3.3.17

6:10 - 3.3.17

6:12 - 3.17.14

6:13 ² - 3.1.16, 3.5.13

6:14 ² - 3.1.16, 3.5.13

6:15 ⁴ - 3.1.16, 3.5.13, 3.10.6, 3.17.14

6:16 ⁶ - 3.1.16, 3.1.18, 3.5.13, 3.17.14, 3.21.3, 4.16.2

6:17 ³ - 3.1.18, 3.7.2, 3.9.20

6:20 ³ - 2.2.8, 4.13, 5.2.23

5.6.55 - 2 Timothy

2Ti. 1

1:5 - 3.2.20

1:7 - 3.21.8

1:9 ³ - 3.7.10, 3.13.8.1, 3.17.14

1:10 ² - 3.6.8, 3.21.4

1:12 - 2.13.3

1:18 - 2.13.3

2Ti. 2

2:5 - 4.6

2:8 - 3.5.5

2:9 - 3.17.14

2:10 - 3.17.14

2:11 - 3.20.4

2:12 - 4.11.6

2:14 - 3.12.9

2:15 - 2.2.14

2:17 - 4.13

2:19 ² - 3.2.2, 3.9.4

2:22 - 3.3.14

2:24 ² - 2.2.14²

2Ti. 3

3:1 ² - 2.13.1, 3.18.14

3:2 ³ - 2.13.1, 3.8.11, 3.18.14

3:3 ³ - 2.13.1, 3.8.11, 3.18.14

3:4 ³ - 2.13.1, 3.8.11, 3.18.14

3:5 - 2.13.1

3:6 - 2.13.1

3:7 - 2.13.1

3:8 ² - 2.13.1, 3.13.13

3:9 - 2.13.1

3:12 - 3.22.11

3:13 ⁵ - 2.5, 3.2.2, 3.9.20, 3.12.9, 3.22.11

3:14 - 3.22.11

3:15 ³ - 2.2.8, 2.7.5.4, 3.2.20

3:16 ⁶ - 5.2.33², 2.2.8, 2.7.5.4, 3.1.1, 4.14.4.2

3:17 ⁵ - 2.2.7, 2.2.8, 2.7.5.4, 4.14.4.2, 5.2.33

2Ti. 4

4:1 ⁷ - 2.4.3, 3.1.16, 3.3.21, 3.5.10, 3.11.15, 3.20.12, 4.11.5

4:3 ² - 2.2.5, 3.3.14

4:4 ² - 2.2.5, 3.3.14

4:7 ² - 3.11.7, 3.14.13

4:8 ¹⁰ - 2.2.13, 2.13.3, 3.3.3, 3.4.4, 3.11.18, 3.14.13, 3.16.15, 3.19.7, 3.22.20, 4.6.3

4:18 - 3.1.6

5.6.56 - Titus

Tit. 1

1:1 ³ - 3.13.8, 3.14.6, 3.17.14

1:2 ⁸ - 3.1.5, 3.3.7, 3.13.8, 3.13.8.1, 3.14.6, 3.15.3, 3.19.11, 4.1.3.5.1

1:3 ² - 3.13.8, 3.14.6

1:5 - 3.1.20

1:9 - 2.2.14

1:15 - 3.21.8

1:16 - 3.21.8

Tit. 2

2:1 - 2.2.14

2:3 - 3.2.20

2:4 - 3.2.20

2:9 - 3.6.10

2:11 - 3.22.20

2:12 - 3.22.20

2:13 ⁹ - 4.14.8², 2.2.13, 2.4.3, 3.3.3, 3.10.7, 3.16.15, 3.22.20, 4.8

2:14 ² - 3.1.5, 3.22.20

Tit. 3

3:5 ² - 3.1.5, 3.7.10

3:8 ² - 3.2.3, 3.2.19

3:14 ² - 3.2.3, 3.2.19

5.6.57 - Philemon

Phm. 1

1:2 - 3.3.14

5.6.58 - Hebrews

Heb. 1

1:2 ⁵ - 3.1.1, 3.1.5, 3.3.14, 3.19.13, 3.22.16

1:3 ⁷ - 3.4.11², 2.13.8, 3.1.5, 3.3.21, 3.5.1, 4.16.2

1:4 - 3.8.3

1:5 ² - 3.1.5²

1:6 ⁵ - 3.3.10, 3.7.10, 3.9.20, 3.13.8.2, 5.2.72

1:7 - 3.9.7

1:8 - 3.3.12

1:9 - 3.3.12

1:14 ⁵ - 3.1.20, 3.4.4, 3.8.6, 3.9.7, 3.19.10

Heb. 2

2:1 - 3.3.3

2:2 - 3.1.1

2:4 - 3.2.17

2:5 ³ - 3.2.17, 3.3.10, 5.2.72

2:6 - 3.2.17

2:7 ⁴ - 3.2.17, 3.19.12, 3.20.4, 4.6.1

2:8 ³ - 2.4.3, 3.11.15, 3.19.12

2:9 ⁹ - 4.6.1², 3.1.18, 3.6.2, 3.13.8, 3.19.12, 3.20.4, 3.20.11, 4.4.3.3

2:12 - 4.15.1.2

2:14 ⁴ - 3.1.13, 3.5.5, 3.12.9, 3.21.4

2:15 ³ - 3.1.18, 3.5.5, 3.21.4

2:17 - 3.1.13

Heb. 3

3:5 - 3.15.3

3:6 - 3.3.7

3:7 ² - 3.1.1, 5.2.33

3:8 - 3.8.13

3:9 - 3.8.13

3:10 - 3.8.13

3:11 ² - 3.8.13, 4.11.9

3:12 ⁴ - 3.1.18, 3.7.2, 3.8.13, 3.9.20

3:13 - 3.8.13

3:15 ³ - 3.1.1, 3.15.8, 3.22.22

Heb. 4

4:1 - 4.11.9

4:3 ² - 3.5.6, 4.11.9

4:5 - 4.11.9

4:7 ² - 3.1.1, 3.16.21

4:8 - 4.11.9

4:9 ² - 3.11.18, 4.11.9

4:11 - 4.11.9

4:12 ⁷ - 2.2.8, 2.2.14, 2.7.5.4, 3.1.16, 3.6.9, 3.11.5, 3.19.15

4:13 ⁴ - 3.1.14², 2.2.8, 2.7.5.4

4:14 ³ - 3.1.6, 3.5.2, 4.16.4

4:15 ² - 3.1.13, 3.3.7

4:16 ³ - 3.1.6, 4.16.5.5, 4.16.5.10.2

Heb. 5

5:8 - 3.1.1

5:10 - 3.19.12

Heb. 6

6:1 - 2.2.12

6:2 - 2.2.12

6:3 - 2.2.12

6:10 ² - 3.2.4, 3.14.13

6:11 - 3.2.4

6:12 ² - 3.2.4, 3.13.10

6:13 ² - 3.10.1.1²

6:14 - 3.10.1.1

6:17 - 3.12.1

6:18 ⁵ - 3.1.5, 3.3.7, 3.15.3, 3.19.11, 4.1.3.5.1

6:19 - 3.6.9

Heb. 7

7:1 - 3.15.4

7:13 - 3.1.7

7:14 ⁴ - 3.1.13, 3.5.5, 3.12.2, 4.17.3.2.3

7:17 - 4.16.4

7:19 - 3.7.4

7:25 ³ - 3.1.13, 3.8.3, 4.4.3.5

7:26 ² - 3.1.13, 3.3.7

7:27 ² - 3.3.7, 3.3.18

Heb. 8

8:1 ² - 3.3.21²

8:2 - 4.16.4

8:4 ² - 3.11.19, 4.16.4

8:5 ⁴ - 3.11.19, 4.7.2, 4.16.4, 4.16.5.3

Heb. 9

9:1 ⁵ - 4.16.4², 3.5.1, 3.11.19, 4.16.5.10.2

9:2 ⁵ - 4.16.4², 3.1.12, 3.11.19, 4.16.5.10.2

9:3 ⁴ - 3.11.19, 3.19.16, 4.16.4, 4.16.5.10.2

9:4 ⁸ - 3.2.17³, 3.11.19³, 4.16.4, 4.16.5.10.2

9:5 ⁴ - 3.4.6, 3.11.19, 4.16.4, 4.16.5.10.2

9:6 ⁴ - 4.16.4², 3.11.19, 4.16.5.10.2

9:7 ⁴ - 4.16.4², 3.11.19, 4.16.5.10.2

9:8 ⁵ - 3.11.19, 4.7.2, 4.16.4, 4.16.5.10.2, 5.2.33

9:9 ³ - 3.11.19, 4.16.4, 4.16.5.10.2

9:10 ⁴ - 4.16.5.10.2², 3.11.19, 4.16.4

9:11 ⁵ - 4.16.4², 3.8.3, 3.11.19, 4.16.5.10.2

9:12 ⁶ - 3.1.5², 3.3.18, 3.5.9, 4.16.4, 4.16.5.10.2

9:13 - 4.16.5.10.2

9:14 ⁹ - 3.1.5², 3.1.13, 3.1.18, 3.3.7, 3.5.9, 3.7.2, 3.9.20, 4.16.5.10.2

9:15 ³ - 3.5.1, 3.11.18, 3.17.14

9:16 - 3.5.1

9:17 - 3.5.1

9:22 ³ - 3.1.5², 3.5.9

9:23 - 4.7.2

9:24 ³ - 3.4.6, 3.8.3, 4.16.4

9:26 ³ - 3.5.6², 4.16.3.1

9:27 ⁹ - 3.11.3.1⁶, 3.11.18, 3.20.12, 4.16.3.1

9:28 ¹⁰ - 2.2.13, 3.3.3, 3.3.18, 3.10.7, 3.16.15, 3.20.12, 3.22.20, 4.8, 4.14.9, 4.16.3.1

Heb. 10

10:1 - 4.7.2

10:4 ² - 4.16.5.10.2²

10:7 ⁵ - 2.2.13, 3.1.2, 3.19.10, 3.22.18, 4.16.3.1

10:11 - 3.1.7

10:12 ³ - 3.1.7, 3.3.21, 3.5.1

10:13 - 3.1.7

10:14 ² - 3.3.7, 4.4.3.5

10:15 - 5.2.33

10:19 ⁴ - 3.1.5, 3.3.20, 3.5.9, 4.16.5.5

10:20 ³ - 3.3.20, 4.16.5.5, 4.16.5.10.2

10:21 - 4.16.5.5

10:22 - 4.16.5.5

10:23 - 3.6.17

10:27 - 3.17.16

10:28 - 3.11.3

10:29 ³ - 3.1.5, 3.5.9, 3.11.2

10:31 ³ - 3.1.18, 3.7.2, 3.9.20

10:32 - 3.2.5

10:33 - 3.2.5

10:34 ² - 3.2.5, 3.2.9

10:35 - 3.2.5

10:36 ² - 3.3.2, 3.13.10

10:37 - 3.3.2

10:38 ³ - 3.3.2, 3.6.9, 3.7.10

10:39 ² - 3.6.9, 4.3.2.16

Heb. 11

11:3 - 3.19.13

11:5 ⁴ - 3.11.3.1³, 4.14.2

11:6 - 3.20.12

11:8 ² - 3.21.2, 3.21.14

11:9 ³ - 3.21.2, 3.21.3, 3.21.14

11:10 ⁶ - 3.21.2², 3.11.18, 3.17.18.1, 3.21.14, 3.22.2

11:11 - 3.12.4

11:13 ³ - 3.3.10.1², 3.13.8

11:14 - 3.3.10.1

11:15 - 3.3.10.1

11:16 ² - 3.3.10.1, 3.22.2

11:28 ² - 3.1.5, 3.5.9

11:31 - 4.1.4.1

11:35 ² - 3.20.5²

11:38 ² - 3.6.15, 3.12.11

Heb. 12

12:2 ² - 3.3.21²

12:3 ² - 3.2.2, 3.6.9

12:5 - 3.3.19

12:6 - 3.3.19

12:7 - 3.3.19

12:8 - 3.3.19

12:18 - 3.4.5

12:19 - 3.4.5

12:20 - 3.4.5

12:21 - 3.4.5

12:22 ¹⁶ - 3.3.12², 3.7.2², 3.14.1², 3.21.2², 3.1.18, 3.1.20, 3.5.11, 3.9.20, 3.13.6, 3.17.18.1, 3.22.2, 4.11.4

12:23 ⁵ - 3.14.1², 3.3.12, 3.21.2, 4.4.1

12:24 ⁵ - 3.14.1², 3.1.5, 3.5.9, 3.21.2

12:25 - 3.6.13

12:26 ² - 3.6.13, 3.21.1

12:27 ² - 3.6.13, 3.21.1

12:28 ³ - 3.6.13, 3.17.12, 3.21.1

12:29 ⁵ - 3.1.14, 3.11.5, 3.22.4, 4.16, 4.16.1

Heb. 13

13:1 - 4.16.5.10.2

13:2 - 3.1.20

13:4 ² - 3.2.14, 3.14.4

13:5 - 3.2.1

13:8 - 3.22.13

13:11 ³ - 3.14.20, 3.20.9, 4.16.3

13:12 ⁵ - 3.1.5, 3.5.9, 3.11.8, 3.14.20, 4.16.3

13:13 ² - 3.14.20, 4.16.3

13:14 ⁵ - 3.17.18.1², 3.3.12, 3.21.2, 3.22.2

13:17 ² - 3.1.20, 3.6.9

13:20 ⁴ - 3.1.5, 3.5.9, 3.12.5, 3.14.6

5.6.59 - James

Jas. 1

1:1 ⁴ - 3.1.7², 3.7.4, 4.17.3.2.3

1:4 - 3.13.10

1:5 - 3.3.15

1:6 - 3.3.15

1:7 - 3.3.15

1:8 - 3.3.15

1:12 ⁴ - 3.2.10², 3.4.4, 4.6.3

1:13 - 3.17.17

1:14 - 3.17.17

1:15 ³ - 3.1.5, 3.17.17, 3.22.2

1:16 - 3.17.17

1:17 - 3.17.17

1:18 - 3.14.4

1:20 ³ - 3.2.23, 3.3.5, 3.6.11

1:21 ² - 3.6.9, 3.22.14

1:22 ² - 3.1.3, 3.22.14

1:23 - 3.22.14

1:24 - 3.22.14

1:26 ² - 3.14.5, 3.17.2

1:27 ³ - 3.3.4, 3.3.10, 3.17.2

Jas. 2

2:2 - 3.2.9

2:5 - 3.2.9

2:7 - 3.2.3

2:14 - 3.2.23

2:15 - 3.2.23

2:16 - 3.2.23

2:17 ³ - 3.2.3, 3.2.23, 3.19.7

2:18 ⁵ - 3.2.3, 3.2.23, 3.14.12, 3.19.7, 3.22.11

2:19 ³ - 3.2.3, 3.2.23, 3.22.11

2:20 ⁴ - 3.2.3, 3.2.23, 3.19.8, 3.22.11

2:21 ⁴ - 3.2.3, 3.2.23, 3.19.8, 3.22.11

2:22 ⁵ - 3.2.3, 3.2.19, 3.2.23, 3.19.8, 3.22.11

2:23 ⁴ - 3.2.3, 3.2.23, 3.19.8, 3.22.11

2:24 ⁴ - 3.2.3, 3.2.23, 3.19.8, 3.22.11

2:25 ⁵ - 3.1.20², 3.2.3, 3.2.23, 4.1.4.1

2:26 ² - 3.2.3, 3.2.23

Jas. 3

3:1 - 2.12.1

3:6 - 3.14.5

3:8 - 3.14.5

3:11 - 3.8.10

3:15 - 3.16.14

Jas. 4

4:4 - 4.18.4

4:7 ² - 3.12.10, 3.20.2

Jas. 5

5:7 ² - 2.4.3, 3.1.3

5:8 ³ - 2.4.3, 3.1.3, 4.8

5:9 - 2.4.3

5:12 - 3.12.1

5:14 - 3.1.20

5:17 ² - 3.11.6²

5:20 - 3.6.9

5.6.60 - 1 Peter

1Pe. 1

1:1 ⁴ - 2.7.5.2, 3.17.14, 4.1.3.3, 4.17.3.2.3

1:2 - 3.17.14

1:3 ⁵ - 3.7.4, 3.20.6.1, 3.21.7, 4.4.3.5, 4.15.1.2

1:4 ³ - 3.11.18, 3.21.7, 4.4.3.5

1:5 - 4.4.3.5

1:6 ² - 3.2.10, 3.3.18

1:7 ⁵ - 3.1.1², 3.3.18, 3.15.2, 3.21.18

1:9 - 3.6.9

1:10 ⁵ - 3.19.10², 2.3.2.2, 3.12.6, 3.13.18

1:11 ¹³ - 3.19.10³, 3.1.1², 3.1.2², 2.3.2.2, 3.2.7, 3.12.6, 3.13.18, 4.14.3, 4.16.5.5

1:12 ⁵ - 2.3.2.2², 3.1.20, 3.8.6, 3.19.10

1:13 - 3.1.13

1:16 - 3.22.18

1:17 ³ - 3.6.17, 3.13.8, 3.13.8.2

1:18 ⁷ - 3.1.5², 3.5.9², 3.6.17, 3.13.8, 3.13.8.2

1:19 ¹³ - 3.5.9², 4.16.5.10.2², 3.1.5, 3.1.13, 3.3.7, 3.5.6, 3.6.17, 3.13.8, 3.13.8.2, 4.16.5.4, 4.16.5.5

1:20 ⁵ - 3.5.6², 3.13.8, 3.13.8.1, 3.13.8.2

1:22 - 3.6.9

1:23 ⁵ - 3.20.6.1², 2.2.14, 3.21.5, 4.15.1.2

1:24 - 3.8.7

1Pe. 2

2:5 ⁴ - 3.5.10², 3.1.6, 4.13

2:9 ⁷ - 3.5.10², 3.17.14², 3.1.6, 3.7.15, 4.13

2:11 ³ - 3.3.10.1, 3.6.9, 3.13.8

2:22 ³ - 3.1.13, 3.3.7, 3.5.2

2:24 ² - 3.16.21, 3.22.2

2:25 ² - 3.6.9, 3.12.5

1Pe. 3

3:15 ² - 3.1.17, 5.2.36

3:18 - 3.1.18

3:19 ² - 3.1.18, 3.5.5

3:20 ³ - 3.15.2², 3.6.9

3:21 - 3.15.2

3:22 - 3.3.21

1Pe. 4

4:5 ² - 3.1.16, 3.20.12

4:7 ² - 3.1.3, 4.8

4:12 - 3.15.2

4:17 - 4.15

4:18 - 3.22.12

4:19 - 3.6.9

1Pe. 5

5:1 ³ - 3.1.20², 3.1.9

5:2 ³ - 2.2.8, 3.1.20, 3.12.5

5:3 ² - 2.2.8, 3.1.20

5:4 ⁴ - 3.1.20, 3.4.4, 4.6, 4.6.3

5:5 - 3.1.20

5:6 - 4.2.5

5:8 ⁴ - 3.11.15², 3.12.10, 3.20.2

5:13 ⁷ - 4.1.3.3², 4.1.3.5.1², 3.17.14, 4.1.3.4, 4.1.3.5

5.6.61 - 2 Peter

2Pe. 1

1:3 ³ - 2.2.8, 2.7.5.4, 3.17.14

1:9 - 3.1.5

1:10 - 3.1.6

1:11 ² - 3.1.6, 3.11.15

1:16 ³ - 2.13.8, 3.11.3.1, 4.16.2

1:17 ³ - 2.13.8, 3.11.3.1, 4.16.2

1:18 - 3.11.3.1

1:19 ¹² - 3.2.28², 2.2.8, 2.3.2.1.1, 2.7.2, 2.7.5.4, 2.7.5.6, 3.1.1, 3.11.3.1, 3.19.10, 3.22.16, 5.2.33

1:20 ⁹ - 2.2.8, 2.3.2.1.1, 2.3.2.2, 2.7.2, 2.7.5.4, 3.1.10, 3.19.10, 3.22.16, 5.2.33

1:21 ¹⁰ - 5.2.33², 2.2.8, 2.3.2.1.1, 2.3.2.2, 2.7.2, 2.7.5.4, 3.1.10, 3.19.10, 3.22.16

2Pe. 2

2:1 ³ - 3.2.2, 3.5.9, 3.20.11

2:3 ² - 2.13.1, 4.13

2:4 ⁸ - 3.9.3², 2.13.1, 3.9.1, 3.9.14, 3.9.15, 3.20.1, 3.20.12

2:5 ² - 2.13.1, 3.9.1

2:6 ² - 2.13.1, 3.9.1

2:7 - 2.13.1

2:8 - 3.6.9

2:9 - 3.3.10

2:10 ² - 3.2.19, 4.13

2:14 ² - 3.6.9, 4.13

2:15 ² - 3.12.11, 4.13

2:17 ⁴ - 3.8.10, 3.14.11, 3.19.20, 3.20.10

2Pe. 3

3:1 - 3.22.20

3:2 - 3.22.20

3:3 ³ - 3.10.7, 3.22.20, 4.8.2

3:4 ⁴ - 3.10.7, 3.16.15, 3.22.20, 4.8.2

3:5 ⁵ - 3.1.16, 3.4.3, 3.10.1, 3.19.13, 3.22.20

3:6 ³ - 3.4.3, 3.10.1, 3.22.20

3:7 ⁵ - 3.4.3, 3.10.1, 3.20.11, 3.22.20, 4.3.2.16

3:8 ⁵ - 3.1.1², 3.22.7, 3.22.20, 4.11.9

3:9 ⁷ - 2.4.4, 3.2.21, 3.2.22, 3.5.7, 3.14.15, 3.15.8, 3.22.20

3:10 ¹⁶ - 2.13.3⁵, 3.21.1³, 2.13.3.1, 3.1.10, 3.2.9, 3.3.3, 3.5.7, 3.20.11, 3.22.20, 4.8.1

3:11 ¹⁰ - 3.21.1⁴, 2.13.3³, 3.2.9, 3.20.11, 4.8.1

3:12 ¹² - 3.21.1⁴, 2.13.3³, 2.2.13, 3.3.3, 3.16.15, 3.20.11, 4.8.1

3:13 ⁸ - 3.21.1⁵, 2.13.3, 3.22.2, 4.8.1

3:14 ³ - 2.3.1, 3.21.1, 4.8.1

3:16 - 2.2.8

3:17 - 2.2.8

3:18 - 2.2.8

5.6.62 - 1 John

1Jn. 1

1:1 ⁶ - 3.19.13², 2.9.3.4, 3.1.2, 3.22.8, 4.5.5.1

1:2 ³ - 3.1.1, 3.1.5, 3.19.13

1:3 - 3.19.13

1:5 ² - 3.21.23, 3.22.5

1:7 ² - 3.1.5, 3.5.9

1:8 ² - 3.5.3, 3.12.11

1:9 ⁶ - 3.3.4, 3.3.14, 3.5.3, 3.12.11, 3.16.15, 4.16.5.10.2

1:10 - 3.5.3

1Jn. 2

2:1 - 2.9.3.4

2:2 ⁴ - 4.4.3.3², 3.13.8, 3.20.11

2:3 - 3.22.14

2:4 - 3.22.14

2:13 - 4.15.1.3

2:14 ³ - 3.1.2, 3.19.13, 4.5.5.1

2:15 ³ - 3.18.14, 3.21.4, 4.18.4

2:16 ³ - 3.18.14, 3.21.4, 4.18.4

2:17 ³ - 3.18.14, 3.21.4, 4.18.4

2:18 ² - 4.2.8, 4.8

2:19 - 4.4.3.5

2:20 ⁴ - 2.2.3, 2.2.6, 2.5.1, 3.2.17

2:22 ⁴ - 4.2.1², 3.3.8, 3.21.8

2:23 - 3.3.8

2:27 ⁴ - 2.2.3, 2.2.6, 2.5.1, 3.2.17

2:28 ² - 2.4.3, 3.22.12

2:29 ³ - 3.20.6.1², 4.15.1.2

1Jn. 3

3:1 - 3.21.7

3:2 ⁶ - 2.3.1, 3.10.7, 3.21.7, 3.22.4, 3.22.14, 4.16.1

3:3 ⁵ - 2.3.1, 3.2.28, 3.7.4, 3.22.4, 3.22.14

3:5 ³ - 3.1.13, 3.3.7, 3.5.2

3:8 - 3.12.9

3:9 ³ - 3.20.6.1², 4.15.1.2

3:16 ² - 3.6.9²

3:24 - 3.22.14

1Jn. 4

4:1 ⁵ - 3.2.2², 3.2.20, 3.11.7, 3.13.13

4:2 - 3.11.7

4:3 ³ - 3.6.2, 3.11.7, 4.2.6

4:4 ⁷ - 3.6.2, 3.11.7, 3.12.7, 3.15.2, 3.17.14, 3.21.7, 4.15.1.3

4:5 - 3.11.7

4:6 - 3.11.7

4:9 - 3.1.5

4:10 ² - 3.1.5, 3.3.9

4:12 ⁴ - 3.20.11, 3.21.3, 3.22.4, 4.16.1

4:14 ² - 3.13.8, 4.4.3.3

4:19 - 3.1.5

1Jn. 5

5:1 ³ - 3.20.6.1², 4.15.1.2

5:4 ⁴ - 3.5.5, 3.21.8, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.3

5:5 ³ - 3.5.5, 3.21.8, 4.15.1.3

5:7 ² - 3.1.2, 3.19.13

5:8 ² - 3.1.5, 3.5.9

5:10 - 3.21.8

5:11 - 3.20.15

5:12 - 3.20.15

5:13 ² - 4.4.3.5, 4.14.6

5:18 ³ - 3.20.6.1², 4.15.1.2

5:19 ⁶ - 3.4.11, 3.9.20, 3.12.9, 3.17.15, 3.20.2, 4.1.3.3

5.6.63 - 2 John

2Jn. 1

1:1 - 3.1.20

1:8 - 3.11.18

1:9 - 3.2.6

1:12 - 5.2.53

5.6.64 - 3 John

3Jn. 1

1:1 - 3.1.20

1:2 - 3.6.9

1:13 - 3.11.1

5.6.65 - Jude

Jude 1

1:1 ² - 3.17.14, 4.4.3.5

1:3 ³ - 2.2.8, 2.5.1, 2.7.5.4

1:4 - 4.18.2

1:5 ² - 2.2.2.5²

1:6 ⁹ - 3.9.1⁴, 3.9.3, 3.9.14, 3.9.15, 3.20.1, 3.20.12

1:7 ⁵ - 3.9.1³, 3.14.10, 3.14.11

1:9 ⁵ - 3.8.2², 3.11.3.1², 3.12.7

1:12 - 3.12.5

1:13 ³ - 3.14.11, 3.19.20, 3.20.10

1:14 ³ - 3.17.14, 3.19.14, 4.14.3.1

1:15 ² - 3.17.14, 3.19.14

1:21 - 4.8

1:23 - 3.3.4

1:24 ² - 3.14.5, 4.4.3.5

5.6.66 - Revelation Listen to Revelation

Rev. 1

1:1 ⁴⁴ - 3.1.1⁷, 2.7.4⁵, 2.2.13³, 2.7.5.3.6², 3.1.19², 2.2.2.5, 2.2.11, 2.3.3, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9.2, 2.12.1, 2.12.2.2, 2.12.2.4, 2.12.5, 2.13.5.5, 2.14, 2.14.2, 2.14.3, 3.1.3, 3.1.7, 3.1.9, 3.4.1, 3.6.1, 3.10.4, 3.19.2, 3.19.10, 3.21.2, 3.22.8, 3.22.16

1:2 ¹¹ - 3.20.4², 2.9.3.4, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.1.2, 3.1.19, 3.19.9, 3.19.10, 3.19.13, 4.5.5.1

1:3 ³² - 2.7.5.3.6², 2.12.1², 3.1.3², 3.22.7², 1.2, 2.2.4, 2.2.6, 2.2.13, 2.3.1, 2.3.2.1.1, 2.6.2, 2.7.1, 2.7.5.6, 2.9.3.1, 2.12.2.2, 2.12.2.4, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.2.7, 3.3.3, 3.3.8, 3.3.11, 3.14.13, 3.22.9, 3.22.10, 3.22.18, 3.22.21, 4.15.1.1

1:4 ²⁰ - 2.7.5.3.6³, 2.8², 2.9.2, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.4.2, 3.4.8, 3.8.2, 3.10.3, 3.11.17, 3.14.3, 3.16.5, 3.21.2, 3.22.8, 3.22.21, 4.14, 4.15

1:5 ²⁵ - 2.2.13³, 2.4.3, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.1.4, 3.1.5, 3.1.7, 3.3.9, 3.5.9, 3.10.1.1, 3.11.3, 3.14.4, 3.14.5, 3.17.14, 3.19.11, 3.19.13, 3.19.14, 3.20.12, 3.21.6, 3.21.27, 3.22.14, 4.16

1:6 ⁸ - 2.7.5.3.6, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.1.13, 3.5.10, 3.7.15, 3.20.6, 4.13

1:7 ²³ - 3.1.7⁶, 2.4.3, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.9.3.4, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.1.1, 3.1.4, 3.1.8, 3.2.25, 3.5.6, 3.6.13, 3.10.1.1, 3.14.14, 3.19.8, 3.19.11, 3.20.4, 4.14.3.1

1:8 ¹² - 2.7.5.3.6³, 2.2.13, 2.4.1, 2.7.5.3.2, 2.13.1, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.4.3, 3.4.8, 3.21.22

1:9 ²³ - 3.1.10³, 2.14², 3.19.10², 2.7.2, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.8, 2.9.2, 2.13.1, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.1.2, 3.2.3, 3.3.10, 3.13.10, 3.20.4, 3.21.2, 3.22.8, 4.1.3.5.2, 4.14.5

1:10 ¹⁵ - 3.1.1², 3.4.1², 3.10.3², 2.7.5.3.6, 2.12.3, 2.13.5.5, 2.14, 2.14.3, 3.1.10, 3.4.2, 3.10.7, 3.21.10

1:11 ²³ - 2.7.5.3.6², 3.1.8², 3.10.4², 4.15², 2.5.1, 2.7.4, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.1.1, 3.1.4, 3.1.11, 3.4.1, 3.5.1, 3.11.15, 3.16.15, 3.21.6, 3.22.13, 3.22.16, 4.14

1:12 ¹³ - 2.7.5.3.6³, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.1.1, 3.1.14, 3.2.1, 3.4.5, 3.11.4, 4.15.1.4, 4.15.1.4.1, 4.16.4

1:13 ¹² - 2.7.5.3.6², 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.1.1, 3.1.14, 3.2.1, 3.10.1.1, 3.11.4, 3.15.6, 4.15.1.4, 4.15.1.4.1

1:14 ¹⁶ - 2.7.5.3.6², 2.13.5.5, 2.13.8, 2.14.3, 3.1.1, 3.1.14, 3.2.1, 3.4.8, 3.10.1.1, 3.19.12, 3.20.11, 4.2.4, 4.15.1.4, 4.15.1.4.1, 4.16.2

1:15 ¹⁹ - 2.7.5.3.6², 3.10.1.1², 2.13.5.5, 2.13.8, 2.14.3, 3.1.1, 3.1.14, 3.1.15, 3.2.1, 3.2.18, 3.10.3, 3.14.2, 3.19.6, 3.19.15, 4.15.1.4, 4.15.1.4.1, 4.16.2

1:16 ²¹ - 2.7.5.3.6⁴, 2.3.3, 2.7.4, 2.13.5.5, 2.13.8, 2.14.3, 3.1.1, 3.1.14, 3.2.1, 3.4.1, 3.6.13, 3.10.1.1, 3.11.5, 3.16.13, 4.5.5.1, 4.15.1.4, 4.15.1.4.1, 4.16.2

1:17 ²² - 2.7.5.3.6⁵, 3.4.2², 2.2.13, 2.4.2, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.1.1, 3.1.8, 3.1.14, 3.2.1, 3.4.3, 3.10.1.1, 3.11.15, 3.19.10, 4.5.5.1, 4.15.1.4, 4.15.1.4.1

1:18 ²³ - 2.7.5.3.6⁵, 2.2.13, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.1.1, 3.1.14, 3.2.1, 3.4, 3.10.1.1, 3.10.6, 3.17.8, 3.20.4, 3.20.13, 3.21.6, 3.21.22, 4.5.5.1, 4.15.1.4, 4.15.1.4.1, 4.16

1:19 ²⁷ - 2.7.5.3.6³, 3.4.1³, 2.12.5², 2.14.3², 3.10.4², 2.3.2.1, 2.5.1, 2.9.3.1, 2.9.4.2, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.2, 3.1.11, 3.1.14, 3.2.1, 3.3.1, 3.10.7, 3.14.13, 3.15.5, 3.19.9, 4.14

1:20 ¹⁸ - 2.7.5.3.6³, 3.1.20³, 3.11.4², 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.1.12, 3.1.13, 3.1.14, 3.4.5, 3.10.7, 3.12.1, 3.12.4, 4.14

Rev. 2

2:1 ⁴¹ - 2.11.4.1.1⁴, 3.1.20³, 2.7.5.3.6², 3.1.11², 3.1.19², 3.2.17², 3.13.9², 4.15², 4.15.1.2², 2.2.13, 2.3.2.1, 2.3.3, 2.9.4.1, 2.12.4, 2.13, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.2.1, 3.6.13, 3.11.4, 3.14.13, 3.16.15, 3.19.9, 4.1.3.5.2, 4.14, 4.15.1.1.1, 4.15.1.4.1, 4.15.1.5, 5.2.28

2:2 ¹² - 2.11.4.1.1³, 4.15.1.2³, 2.9.3.3, 3.2.20, 3.13.10, 3.14.13, 4.15.1.4.1, 4.15.1.5

2:3 ⁷ - 2.11.4.1.1³, 2.7.5.3.6, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.4.1, 4.15.1.5

2:4 ¹¹ - 2.11.4.1.1⁴, 3.2.1², 3.1.20, 3.2.4, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.4.1, 4.15.1.5

2:5 ¹⁷ - 2.11.4.1.1⁴, 3.1.7², 3.3.3², 3.11.4², 3.1.4, 3.2.16, 3.2.19, 3.3.16, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.4.1, 4.15.1.5

2:6 ⁷ - 2.11.4.1.1⁴, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.4.1, 4.15.1.5

2:7 ²⁹ - 2.11.4.1.1³, 3.22.2³, 3.1.4², 3.2.7², 4.15.1.2², 4.15.1.3², 3.1.20, 3.2.17, 3.5.5, 3.11.18, 3.12.11, 3.13.9, 3.16.15, 3.21.7, 3.22.16, 3.22.19, 4.14, 4.14.9, 4.15.1.1, 4.15.1.4.1, 4.15.1.5

2:8 ¹⁹ - 3.1.20², 3.20.4², 2.11.4.2.3, 2.13, 3.1.8, 3.1.11, 3.1.18, 3.4.3, 3.11.15, 3.14.13, 3.19.9, 3.21.6, 4.1.3.5.2, 4.14, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.4.2, 4.15.1.5

2:9 ¹² - 2.11.4.1.3², 4.15.1.2², 2.11.4.2.3, 3.1.20, 3.2.9, 3.3.16, 3.3.17, 4.2.5, 4.15.1.4.2, 4.15.1.5

2:10 ²⁹ - 3.1.20³, 3.2.8³, 3.4.4², 3.12.11², 4.15.1.4.2², 2.11.4.2.2, 2.11.4.2.3, 2.12.6, 3.2.10, 3.2.13, 3.2.17, 3.3.11, 3.7.9, 3.9.5, 3.11.3, 3.15.2, 3.17.14, 3.20.4, 4.6.3, 4.12.3, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.5

2:11 ²⁶ - 3.1.4², 4.15.1.2², 4.15.1.3², 2.9.3.4, 2.11.4.2.3, 3.1.20, 3.2.7, 3.2.17, 3.3.5, 3.5.5, 3.11.7, 3.11.18, 3.12.11, 3.13.9, 3.16.15, 3.20.4, 3.20.6, 3.20.14, 3.21.7, 3.22.16, 4.14, 4.15.1.1, 4.15.1.5

2:12 ¹⁴ - 2.2.13, 2.3.2.1, 2.13, 3.1.11, 3.1.16, 3.1.20, 3.6.2, 3.14.13, 3.19.9, 4.1.3.5.2, 4.14, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.4.3, 4.15.1.5

2:13 ¹⁶ - 4.15.1.2², 2.11.4.2.2, 3.1.10, 3.1.20, 3.2.6, 3.2.9, 3.2.13, 3.6.9, 3.7.9, 3.17.6, 3.17.14, 4.2.5, 4.12.3, 4.15.1.4.3, 4.15.1.5

2:14 ¹³ - 4.13⁵, 3.2.17², 3.2.6, 3.2.12, 3.2.20, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.4.3, 4.15.1.5

2:15 ¹² - 4.13⁴, 3.2.17², 2.11.4.1.1, 3.2.6, 3.2.12, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.4.3, 4.15.1.5

2:16 ¹² - 3.1.7², 2.7.5.3.6, 2.12.2.4, 3.1.4, 3.1.16, 3.2.7, 3.2.17, 3.3.3, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.4.3, 4.15.1.5

2:17 ²⁹ - 3.2.17⁵, 3.1.4², 3.2.7², 4.15.1.2², 4.15.1.3², 2.7.5.4.1, 2.9.3.4, 3.3.18, 3.5.5, 3.11.18, 3.12.6, 3.12.11, 3.13.9, 3.16.15, 3.19.12, 3.21.7, 3.22.16, 4.14, 4.15.1.1, 4.15.1.4.3, 4.15.1.5

2:18 ²⁴ - 2.2.13², 3.1.15², 2.13, 3.1.1, 3.1.11, 3.1.14, 3.1.20, 3.2.17, 3.2.18, 3.2.23, 3.2.24, 3.4.8, 3.10.1.1, 3.14.13, 3.19.9, 3.19.12, 4.1.3.5.2, 4.2.4, 4.14, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.4.4, 4.15.1.5

2:19 ¹¹ - 4.15.1.2², 3.1.14, 3.1.15, 3.2.17, 3.2.18, 3.2.25, 3.11.15, 3.13.10, 4.15.1.4.4, 4.15.1.5

2:20 ¹⁴ - 3.2.2², 3.2.17², 3.2.18², 3.1.15, 3.3.10, 3.19.2, 3.21.8, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.4.4, 4.15.1.5

2:21 ¹² - 3.2.17², 2.13.7, 3.1.15, 3.2.22, 3.3.10, 3.9.20, 3.16.9, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.4.4, 4.15.1.5

2:22 ¹⁹ - 3.2.17², 3.2.18², 4.15.1.5², 2.12.6, 2.13.1, 2.13.3, 3.1.15, 3.2.22, 3.3.3, 3.3.10, 3.9.21, 3.16.15, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.9.3, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.4.4

2:23 ¹⁹ - 3.2.18³, 3.2.17², 4.9.3², 2.7.5.3.6, 3.1.14, 3.1.15, 3.1.20, 3.3.3, 3.6.16, 3.20.12, 3.22.12, 4.14, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.4.4, 4.15.1.5

2:24 ¹⁰ - 3.1.15, 3.1.20, 3.2.9, 3.2.24, 3.9.21, 3.18.23, 4.2.5, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.4.4, 4.15.1.5

2:25 ⁶ - 2.4.3, 3.1.15, 3.2.22, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.4.4, 4.15.1.5

2:26 ²⁶ - 3.2.18², 3.5.10², 4.15.1.2², 4.15.1.3², 2.9.3.4, 3.1.15, 3.1.20, 3.2.17, 3.2.22, 3.2.25, 3.4.4, 3.5.5, 3.11.2, 3.11.18, 3.12.5, 3.12.11, 3.19.15, 3.20.4, 3.21.7, 4.11.6, 4.15.1.4.4, 4.15.1.5

2:27 ²⁴ - 3.12.5³, 3.5.10², 4.15.1.3², 3.1.15, 3.1.20, 3.2.17, 3.2.18, 3.3.12, 3.4.4, 3.6.13, 3.11.1, 3.14.1, 3.19.15, 3.20.4, 3.22.5, 4.11.6, 4.11.9, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.4.4, 4.15.1.5

2:28 ⁹ - 3.1.15, 3.2.17, 3.9.21, 3.22.16, 4.14.9, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.3, 4.15.1.4.4, 4.15.1.5

2:29 ¹¹ - 3.1.4², 3.1.15, 3.2.7, 3.13.9, 3.16.15, 3.22.16, 4.14, 4.15.1.1, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.5

Rev. 3

3:1 ³⁸ - 3.1.20³, 2.7.5.3.6², 3.1.11², 3.1.19², 3.13.9², 4.15.1.2², 4.15.1.4.5², 2.2.13, 2.3.2.1, 2.3.3, 2.9.4.1, 2.11.4.1.1, 2.13, 2.14.2, 3.2.1, 3.3.1, 3.3.2, 3.4.5, 3.6.13, 3.8.2, 3.14.13, 3.16.15, 3.19.9, 4.1.3.5.2, 4.14, 4.15, 4.15.1.1.1, 4.15.1.5, 4.18.3, 5.2.28

3:2 ⁹ - 3.3.1², 2.2.13, 3.3.3, 3.16.15, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.4.5, 4.15.1.5, 4.18.3

3:3 ¹⁹ - 3.16.15⁴, 3.3.1², 3.3.3², 2.2.13, 2.4.3, 3.3.2, 3.5.7, 3.22.20, 4.8, 4.14, 4.14.8, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.4.5, 4.15.1.5

3:4 ⁹ - 4.15.1.4.5², 3.3.18, 3.14.4, 3.16.15, 3.19.8, 3.19.14, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.5

3:5 ³⁶ - 4.4.3.1⁴, 3.13.8², 4.4.3.5², 4.15.1.2², 4.15.1.3², 2.9.3.4, 3.1.20, 3.3.5, 3.3.18, 3.4.4, 3.5.1, 3.5.5, 3.6.11, 3.11.13, 3.11.18, 3.12.11, 3.16.15, 3.17.4, 3.20.12, 3.20.15, 3.21.4, 3.21.7, 3.22.19, 4.4.3, 4.4.3.2, 4.4.3.3, 4.4.3.4, 4.15.1.4.5, 4.15.1.5

3:6 ¹² - 3.1.4², 3.2.7, 3.13.9, 3.16.15, 3.22.16, 4.14, 4.15.1.1, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.3, 4.15.1.4.5, 4.15.1.5

3:7 ¹⁸ - 2.2.13², 2.3.2.1, 2.13, 3.1.11, 3.1.18, 3.1.20, 3.3.7, 3.3.8, 3.10.1.1, 3.14.13, 3.19.9, 3.19.11, 4.1.3.5.2, 4.14, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.4.6, 4.15.1.5

3:8 ⁵ - 4.15.1.2², 3.4.1, 4.15.1.4.6, 4.15.1.5

3:9 ¹² - 2.11.4.1.3², 3.2.9², 3.3.9², 2.12.6, 3.3.8, 3.3.16, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.4.6, 4.15.1.5

3:10 ⁴⁷ - 3.3.10⁶, 2.2.2.2², 3.1.7², 3.6.1², 3.6.10², 3.7.14², 4.14.5², 4.15.1.4.6², 2.4.4, 2.12.2.2, 2.12.6, 2.13.3, 2.13.7, 3.3.8, 3.6.17, 3.11.10, 3.12.6.1, 3.12.12, 3.12.14, 3.13.8, 3.13.10, 3.13.12, 3.14.6, 3.15.1, 3.16.9, 3.16.14, 3.16.21, 3.17.8, 3.17.12, 3.22.22, 4.14.4.2, 4.14.6, 4.14.8, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.5

3:11 ²² - 3.1.7⁴, 2.4.3², 3.3.10², 3.4.4², 2.7.5.3.6, 2.12.2.4, 3.1.4, 3.2.10, 3.2.25, 3.11.18, 3.19.12, 3.22.7, 4.8, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.4.6, 4.15.1.5

3:12 ³² - 3.2.17⁵, 3.3.12³, 3.17.18.1³, 3.7.3², 4.15.1.2², 4.15.1.3², 2.9.3.4, 3.1.11, 3.3.2, 3.5.5, 3.9.4, 3.11.18, 3.12.11, 3.14.1, 3.21.2, 3.21.7, 3.22.2, 3.22.4, 4.5.5.1, 4.15.1.4.6, 4.15.1.5

3:13 ¹⁰ - 3.1.4², 3.2.7, 3.13.9, 3.16.15, 3.22.16, 4.14, 4.15.1.1, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.5

3:14 ²⁴ - 2.2.13², 3.19.13², 2.3.2.1, 2.4.1, 2.9.4.1, 2.13, 3.1.11, 3.1.20, 3.3.7, 3.3.15, 3.4.11, 3.10.1.1, 3.14.13, 3.19.9, 3.21.5, 3.21.6, 3.22.16, 4.1.3.5.2, 4.14, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.4.7, 4.15.1.5

3:15 ⁷ - 4.15.1.2², 3.1.20, 3.3.15, 3.3.19, 4.15.1.4.7, 4.15.1.5

3:16 ³ - 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.4.7, 4.15.1.5

3:17 ¹⁰ - 2.11.4.1.3², 3.2.9², 3.3.14, 3.3.17, 3.18.11, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.4.7, 4.15.1.5

3:18 ¹¹ - 3.16.15², 3.3.5, 3.3.14, 3.4.4, 3.6.11, 3.17.4, 3.19.8, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.4.7, 4.15.1.5

3:19 ³ - 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.4.7, 4.15.1.5

3:20 ⁷ - 3.3.8, 3.3.20, 4.10.5, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.4.7, 4.15.1.5, 4.16.5.1

3:21 ⁴⁴ - 4.11.6³, 3.4.2², 3.4.4², 3.5.10², 3.22.3², 4.11.5², 4.15.1.2², 4.15.1.3², 2.4.3, 2.9.3.4, 3.1.20, 3.3.9, 3.5.1, 3.5.5, 3.6.2, 3.11.15, 3.11.18, 3.12.5, 3.12.11, 3.14.1.1, 3.14.3, 3.15.2, 3.17.14, 3.19.11, 3.20.4, 3.21.7, 3.22.1, 3.22.5, 4.11.1, 4.11.2, 4.11.4, 4.15.1.4.7, 4.15.1.5, 4.17.2.3, 4.17.4

3:22 ¹⁵ - 3.1.4², 3.22.16², 4.15.1.2², 2.13.5.5, 2.14, 2.14.3, 3.2.7, 3.13.9, 3.16.15, 4.14, 4.15.1.1, 4.15.1.5

Rev. 4

4:1 ³⁶ - 2.14.3⁴, 2.14.2³, 2.12.5², 2.14², 3.1.19², 3.20.5.1², 4.14.8², 2.3.2.1, 2.3.2.2, 2.13.5.3, 2.13.5.5, 2.13.8, 3.1.10, 3.2.1, 3.2.22, 3.3.8, 3.4.4, 3.6.1, 3.11.12, 3.13.1, 3.13.18, 3.15.5, 3.19.11, 4.14, 4.14.9, 4.16.4

4:2 ¹⁷ - 3.1.10², 2.4.1, 2.12.3, 2.14, 2.14.3, 3.3.21, 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.7.9, 3.14.1.1, 3.14.3, 3.17.3, 3.21.5, 3.21.10, 4.14.8, 4.16.4

4:3 ⁸ - 3.14.1.1², 2.14.3, 3.3.21, 3.4.2, 3.10.1.1, 3.14.3, 4.16.4

4:4 ²⁰ - 3.4.4³, 3.20.4³, 4.16.4³, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.14.3, 3.3.5, 3.4.2, 3.14.1.1, 3.14.3, 3.19.4, 3.19.8, 4.6.1, 4.7.3, 4.14.8

4:5 ¹⁷ - 2.7.5.3.6², 3.4.2², 2.14.1, 2.14.3, 3.1.4, 3.4.3, 3.8.2, 3.10.3, 3.11.4, 3.11.8, 3.11.19, 3.14.3, 3.16.18, 3.20.4, 4.16.4

4:6 ²⁰ - 2.7.5.3.3³, 3.14.3², 3.15.2², 4.16.4², 2.14.3, 3.3.18, 3.4.2, 3.4.4, 3.4.6, 3.10.3, 3.21.11, 3.21.21, 3.22.1, 4.7, 4.7.3

4:7 ¹⁸ - 4.7.3³, 3.8.13², 3.9.7², 4.7², 4.7.2², 4.16.4², 2.14.3, 3.4.4, 3.4.6, 3.10.3, 3.14.3

4:8 ²⁴ - 2.7.5.3.2³, 4.16.4³, 3.1.7², 3.14.3², 2.4.1, 2.4.2, 2.7.5.3.3, 2.7.5.3.5, 2.14.3, 3.1.8, 3.3.7, 3.4.4, 3.4.6, 3.7.15, 3.12.10, 3.14.11, 3.15.2, 3.15.4

4:9 ¹³ - 3.4.2², 3.14.3², 4.16.4², 2.7.5.3.6, 2.14.3, 3.4.4, 3.4.6, 3.10.6, 3.15.2, 3.21.5

4:10 ¹⁷ - 4.16.4³, 3.4.2², 2.7.5.3.6, 2.14.3, 3.4.4, 3.4.10, 3.5.8, 3.5.12, 3.7.11, 3.9.20, 3.11.16, 3.14.3, 3.19.4, 4.6.1

4:11 ⁹ - 2.4.1², 2.4.2, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.14.3, 3.5.12, 3.19.1, 3.19.13, 4.16.4

Rev. 5

5:1 ²⁰ - 3.5.1⁴, 3.4.2³, 2.7.5.3.6², 3.4.4², 2.12.2.4, 2.14.3, 3.6.1, 3.10.1.1, 3.10.2, 3.14.1.1, 3.14.3, 3.21.5, 5.2.53

5:2 ⁹ - 3.10.3², 2.7.5.3.6, 2.14.3, 3.4.2, 3.10.1.1, 3.10.2, 3.18.2, 3.18.21

5:3 ⁴ - 2.7.5.3.6, 2.14.3, 3.4.2, 3.10.2

5:4 ⁴ - 2.7.5.3.6, 2.14.3, 3.1.13, 3.4.2

5:5 ²¹ - 3.10.1.1³, 2.2.13², 3.10.3², 4.7², 2.7.5.3.6, 2.14.3, 3.1.7, 3.1.13, 3.3.7, 3.4.2, 3.4.4, 3.5.5, 3.6.2, 3.13.1, 3.19.9, 4.2.5

5:6 ⁴⁸ - 2.7.5.3.6⁴, 3.4.2³, 3.14.3³, 3.5.6², 3.13.3², 3.14.1.1², 3.19.9², 2.2.13, 2.7.5.3.3, 2.14.3, 3.1.1, 3.1.4, 3.4.4, 3.4.5, 3.4.6, 3.4.8, 3.5.1, 3.5.2, 3.6.4, 3.8.2, 3.8.3, 3.11.4, 3.11.7, 3.13.11, 3.14.1, 3.17.14, 3.19.11, 3.21.14, 4.2.1, 4.2.4, 4.5.1, 4.16, 4.16.3.1, 4.16.4, 4.16.5.4, 4.16.5.5, 4.16.5.10.2

5:7 ¹³ - 3.4.2³, 2.14.3, 3.1.1, 3.6.17, 3.10.2, 3.14.1.1, 3.14.3, 3.17.14, 3.19.4, 3.19.11, 4.5.1

5:8 ³² - 4.16.4³, 3.8.3², 3.10.2², 3.14.3², 2.4.2, 2.7.5.3.3, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.14.3, 3.1.1, 3.3.5, 3.4.6, 3.4.10, 3.5.6, 3.5.8, 3.6.11, 3.10.1.1, 3.11.7, 3.11.8, 3.11.16, 3.13.1, 3.14.1.1, 3.14.2, 3.15.7, 3.19.4, 3.19.9, 3.19.11, 4.2.1

5:9 ⁴² - 3.5.9⁵, 3.5.1⁴, 3.1.5², 3.4.4², 3.14.3², 2.4.2, 2.7.5.3.3, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.13.8, 2.14.3, 3.1.1, 3.3.5, 3.4.10, 3.5.2, 3.7.9, 3.7.10, 3.7.13, 3.11.2, 3.13.6, 3.13.15, 3.14.1.2, 3.14.4, 3.15.3, 3.17.15, 3.19.1, 3.19.4, 3.19.13, 3.19.15, 3.21.6, 3.21.22, 3.21.24, 4.16

5:10 ¹⁸ - 3.5.9³, 3.1.6², 2.4.2, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.13.8, 2.14.3, 3.1.1, 3.4.10, 3.14.1.2, 3.14.3, 3.15.3, 3.20.6, 4.11.4, 4.11.6, 4.13

5:11 ¹⁸ - 3.14.3³, 3.4.4², 3.7.11², 2.4.2, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.14.3, 3.4.2, 3.4.6, 3.9.16, 3.13.6, 3.14.1.1, 3.15.3, 3.19.6, 4.16.4

5:12 ¹³ - 2.7.5.3.6², 2.4.2, 2.14.3, 3.4.11, 3.5.6, 3.11.7, 3.14.3, 3.15.3, 3.19.1, 3.19.9, 4.2.1, 4.16.5.10.2

5:13 ¹⁷ - 3.4.2², 2.4.2, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.14.3, 3.1.10, 3.5.1, 3.5.6, 3.7.10, 3.10.1.1, 3.11.7, 3.13.8.2, 3.14.3, 3.15.3, 3.19.1, 3.19.9, 4.2.1

5:14 ¹³ - 2.14.3², 2.13.5.5, 2.14.2, 3.4.6, 3.4.10, 3.5.8, 3.7.11, 3.11.16, 3.14.1.1, 3.14.3, 3.15.3, 3.19.4

Rev. 6

6:1 ⁵¹ - 3.6.1⁷, 2.7.5.3.3³, 2.13.6³, 4.19.2³, 2.4.1², 2.14.3², 3.4.6², 2.2.13, 2.12.4, 2.13.3.1, 2.13.4, 2.13.5.4, 2.13.5.5, 2.13.7, 3.4.4, 3.5.1, 3.5.5, 3.5.6, 3.5.9, 3.6.2, 3.6.17, 3.8.3, 3.10.1.1, 3.10.3, 3.11.7, 3.11.18, 3.14.2, 3.14.3, 3.16.20, 3.19.6, 3.19.9, 4.2.1, 4.14.5, 4.15, 4.19.1, 4.19.4

6:2 ³⁸ - 3.6.2⁶, 3.6.1⁵, 2.13.6⁴, 3.11.7³, 2.4.1², 2.7.5.3.3², 4.6.1², 2.13.3.1, 2.13.5.4, 2.13.7, 2.14.3, 3.4.6, 3.7.9, 3.10.1.1, 3.13.7, 3.15.2, 3.17.14, 3.19.11, 3.19.20, 4.19.1, 4.19.2

6:3 ²² - 2.13.6⁴, 3.6.1⁴, 2.7.5.3.3², 3.4.6², 2.4.1, 2.13.3.1, 2.13.5.4, 2.13.7, 2.14.3, 3.5.5, 3.6.2, 3.6.13, 3.15.2, 4.19.1

6:4 ²⁴ - 2.13.6⁴, 3.6.1⁴, 3.6.2³, 2.4.1², 2.7.5.3.3², 2.13.3.1, 2.13.5.4, 2.13.7, 2.14.3, 3.4.2, 3.4.6, 3.9.15, 3.12.3, 4.19.1

6:5 ²³ - 3.6.1⁵, 2.13.6³, 2.7.5.3.3², 3.4.6², 2.4.1, 2.13.3.1, 2.13.5.4, 2.13.7, 2.14.3, 3.5.5, 3.6.2, 3.7.16, 3.8.7, 3.9.15, 4.19.1

6:6 ²⁹ - 3.6.1⁴, 2.11.2³, 2.13.6³, 2.7.5.3.3², 3.4.6², 2.4.1, 2.7.5.3.2, 2.13.3.1, 2.13.5.4, 2.13.7, 2.14.3, 3.3.1, 3.6.2, 3.6.6, 3.7.16, 3.8.7, 3.9.4, 3.9.15, 3.14.3, 4.19.1

6:7 ²⁰ - 3.6.1⁴, 2.13.6³, 2.7.5.3.3², 3.4.6², 2.4.1, 2.13.3.1, 2.13.5.4, 2.13.7, 2.14.3, 3.5.5, 3.6.2, 3.20.13, 4.19.1

6:8 ²⁹ - 3.6.1⁵, 2.7.5.3.3⁴, 2.13.6⁴, 3.6.2³, 2.4.1², 2.13.3.1, 2.13.5.4, 2.13.7, 2.14.3, 3.1.18, 3.8.7, 3.9.11, 3.9.15, 3.11.7, 4.19.1, 4.19.2

6:9 ⁴⁰ - 3.6.9⁴, 3.7.9³, 2.13.6², 3.3.10², 3.6.1², 3.20.4², 2.4.4, 2.13.5.4, 2.13.7, 2.14.3, 3.1.2, 3.3.4, 3.5.5, 3.6.4, 3.7.1, 3.11.19, 3.12.11, 3.12.12, 3.12.17, 3.13.6, 3.14.1.1, 3.14.13, 3.14.16, 3.16.6, 3.16.7, 3.17.6, 3.19.1, 3.19.2, 3.19.10, 4.3.2.20, 4.16.4

6:10 ³⁶ - 3.3.10³, 3.7.9³, 2.13.6², 3.6.1², 3.13.8², 2.2.13, 2.4.4, 2.13.5.4, 2.13.7, 2.14.3, 3.1.7, 3.3.4, 3.3.7, 3.3.10.1, 3.6.4, 3.6.10, 3.7.1, 3.8.3, 3.10.6, 3.12.12, 3.13.6, 3.13.10, 3.14.1.1, 3.14.18, 3.15.7, 3.16.6, 3.18.20, 3.19.2, 4.3.2.20

6:11 ²⁴ - 3.7.9⁵, 2.13.6², 3.3.10², 3.6.1², 2.4.1, 2.4.4, 2.13.5.4, 2.13.7, 2.14.3, 3.3.4, 3.6.2, 3.7.1, 3.13.6, 3.13.10, 3.14.1.1, 3.19.2, 4.16.4

6:12 ²⁷ - 3.6.12⁴, 3.6.1³, 2.13.3², 2.13.5.4², 2.13.6², 2.14.1², 2.13.7, 2.14.3, 3.5.5, 3.6.17, 3.7.2, 3.8, 3.8.12, 3.11.13, 3.16.18, 3.16.20, 4.5.5, 4.14.3.1

6:13 ¹⁹ - 2.13.3², 2.13.5.4², 2.14.1², 3.6.1², 3.6.12², 2.13.6, 2.13.7, 2.14.3, 3.6.17, 3.7.2, 3.8.10, 3.16.20, 4.5.5, 4.14.3.1

6:14 ²⁰ - 2.13.3², 2.13.5.4², 2.14.1², 3.6.1², 3.6.12², 2.13.6, 2.13.7, 2.14.3, 3.6.14, 3.6.17, 3.7.2, 3.16.20, 3.20.11, 4.5.5, 4.14.3.1

6:15 ¹⁸ - 2.13.3², 2.13.5.4², 2.14.1², 3.19.18², 2.13.7, 2.14.3, 3.6.1, 3.6.12, 3.7.2, 3.8, 3.13.16, 3.20.12, 3.22.11, 4.14.3.1

6:16 ⁴² - 2.13.3³, 3.4.2³, 2.13.5.4², 2.13.7², 2.14.1², 3.6.1², 3.6.12², 3.6.14², 2.13.3.1, 2.14.3, 3.3.10.1, 3.5.1, 3.5.6, 3.6.15, 3.6.17, 3.7.2, 3.8, 3.9.6, 3.10.1.1, 3.11.7, 3.11.18, 3.14.3, 3.14.10, 3.15.1, 3.19.9, 3.19.18, 3.20.12, 3.22.11, 4.2.1, 4.4.3.4, 4.14.3.1, 4.14.5

6:17 ³⁰ - 2.13.3³, 2.13.5.4², 2.13.7², 2.14.1², 3.6.17², 2.13.3.1, 2.14.3, 3.1.4, 3.3.10.1, 3.4.2, 3.6.1, 3.6.12, 3.7.1, 3.7.2, 3.8, 3.9.3, 3.11.18, 3.15.1, 3.19.18, 3.20.12, 3.22.11, 4.4.3.4, 4.14.3.1, 4.14.5

Rev. 7

7:1 ⁴⁰ - 2.7.5.3.3⁵, 3.7.1³, 3.7.4³, 3.14.1.1³, 2.13.4², 2.14.3², 3.9.4², 3.14.1², 3.14.1.2², 2.4.4, 2.12.2.4, 2.13.5.4, 2.14.2, 3.6.9, 3.7.2, 3.7.9, 3.9.20, 3.11.14, 3.12.6, 3.12.17, 3.15.5, 3.20.8, 4.2.3, 4.3.2.5, 4.14.4.4

7:2 ³¹ - 3.8.3³, 3.13.16³, 2.13.4², 2.14.3², 3.7.2², 3.7.4², 3.9.20², 3.10.3², 3.14.1.1², 2.4.1, 2.7.5.3.3, 2.13.5.4, 2.14.2, 3.1.18, 3.4.2, 3.6.2, 3.11.14, 3.12.6, 3.14.1, 3.14.1.2

7:3 ³⁷ - 3.7.4⁴, 3.9.4⁴, 2.13.4², 2.14.3², 3.14.1², 3.14.1.1², 3.20.3², 2.4.2, 2.13.5.4, 2.14.2, 3.1.13, 3.3.10, 3.3.12, 3.6.6, 3.6.17, 3.7.1, 3.7.2, 3.7.3, 3.9.20, 3.11.14, 3.12.6, 3.13.16, 3.14.1.2, 3.17.5, 3.22.4, 4.2.5

7:4 ⁴⁹ - 3.7.4⁴, 2.13.4³, 3.21.12³, 2.7.5.2², 2.14.3², 3.7.1², 3.7.2², 3.9.4², 3.12.17², 3.14.1², 3.20.3², 2.7.5.1, 2.13.5.4, 2.14.2, 3.1.7, 3.3.22, 3.6.17, 3.7.3, 3.7.9, 3.9.16, 3.9.20, 3.11.3, 3.11.13, 3.11.14, 3.12.1, 3.12.6, 3.13.1, 3.14.4, 3.19.21, 4.2.2, 4.4.3.5, 4.17.1, 4.17.3.2.3, 4.17.4

7:5 ³⁵ - 2.7.5.2², 2.13.4², 2.14.3², 3.7.2², 3.7.4², 3.14.1², 3.20.3², 3.21.12², 2.7.5.3.7, 2.13.5.4, 2.14.2, 3.1.7, 3.3.22, 3.6.17, 3.7.1, 3.7.3, 3.9.20, 3.11.3, 3.11.13, 3.11.14, 3.12.6, 3.12.17, 3.13.1, 3.14.4, 4.2.2, 4.17.3.2.3, 4.17.4

7:6 ³⁶ - 3.7.4³, 2.7.5.2², 2.13.4², 2.14.3², 3.7.2², 3.14.1², 3.20.3², 3.21.12², 2.7.5.3.7, 2.13.5.4, 2.14.2, 3.1.7, 3.3.22, 3.6.17, 3.7.1, 3.7.3, 3.9.20, 3.11.3, 3.11.13, 3.11.14, 3.12.6, 3.12.17, 3.13.1, 3.14.4, 4.2.2, 4.17.3.2.3, 4.17.4

7:7 ³⁶ - 3.7.4³, 2.7.5.2², 2.13.4², 2.14.3², 3.7.2², 3.14.1², 3.20.3², 3.21.12², 2.7.5.3.7, 2.13.5.4, 2.14.2, 3.1.7, 3.3.22, 3.6.17, 3.7.1, 3.7.3, 3.9.20, 3.11.3, 3.11.13, 3.11.14, 3.12.6, 3.12.17, 3.13.1, 3.14.4, 4.2.2, 4.17.3.2.3, 4.17.4

7:8 ³⁶ - 3.7.4³, 2.7.5.2², 2.14.3², 3.7.2², 3.14.1², 3.20.3², 3.21.12², 2.7.5.3.7, 2.13.4, 2.13.5.4, 2.14.2, 3.1.7, 3.3.22, 3.6.17, 3.7.1, 3.7.3, 3.9.20, 3.11.3, 3.11.13, 3.11.14, 3.12.6, 3.12.17, 3.13.1, 3.14.4, 3.16.17, 4.2.2, 4.17.3.2.3, 4.17.4

7:9 ⁴³ - 3.7.4⁴, 3.7.1³, 2.14.3², 3.1.7², 3.3.10², 3.11.7², 4.16.4², 2.2.13, 2.4.2, 2.7.5.3.3, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.13.5.4, 2.14.1, 2.14.2, 3.3.4, 3.3.5, 3.4.2, 3.5.6, 3.5.9, 3.6.17, 3.7.2, 3.11.2, 3.11.14, 3.13.6, 3.14.1, 3.14.3, 3.15.5, 3.17.15, 3.19.1, 3.19.4, 3.19.9, 3.19.15, 4.2.1

7:10 ³² - 3.4.2³, 2.14.3², 3.3.10², 3.7.10², 3.11.7², 2.2.13, 2.4.2, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.13.5.4, 2.14.1, 2.14.2, 3.3.4, 3.3.5, 3.5.1, 3.5.6, 3.7.1, 3.7.2, 3.7.4, 3.11.14, 3.13.8.2, 3.14.1, 3.14.3, 3.19.1, 3.19.4, 3.19.9, 4.2.1

7:11 ²⁹ - 3.14.3³, 2.14.3², 3.3.10², 3.4.4², 2.4.2, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.13.5.4, 2.14.1, 2.14.2, 3.3.4, 3.3.5, 3.4.2, 3.4.6, 3.5.11, 3.7.1, 3.7.2, 3.7.4, 3.9.20, 3.11.7, 3.11.14, 3.11.16, 3.14.1, 3.14.1.1, 3.19.4

7:12 ²⁰ - 2.7.5.3.6², 2.14.3², 3.3.10², 2.4.2, 2.13.5.4, 2.14.1, 2.14.2, 3.3.4, 3.3.5, 3.4.4, 3.7.1, 3.7.2, 3.7.4, 3.11.7, 3.11.14, 3.14.1, 3.14.3

7:13 ²⁵ - 2.14.3², 3.3.5², 3.3.10², 3.4.4², 2.4.4, 2.7.4, 2.13.5.4, 2.14.1, 2.14.2, 3.3.4, 3.7.1, 3.7.2, 3.7.4, 3.10.11, 3.11.7, 3.11.14, 3.14.1, 3.14.3, 3.15.2, 3.19.8, 3.20.4

7:14 ⁵⁹ - 2.14.3², 3.1.5², 3.3.10², 3.4.4², 3.7.9², 3.9.4², 3.11.7², 3.13.15², 2.4.4, 2.7.4, 2.12.2.2, 2.13.3, 2.13.5.4, 2.14.1, 2.14.2, 3.2.22, 3.3.4, 3.3.5, 3.5.6, 3.5.9, 3.6.1, 3.7.1, 3.7.2, 3.7.4, 3.10.11, 3.11.14, 3.12.11, 3.12.12, 3.12.17, 3.13.10, 3.14.1, 3.14.1.1, 3.14.3, 3.14.13, 3.15.2, 3.16.6, 3.17.14, 3.19.1, 3.19.2, 3.19.8, 3.19.9, 3.19.14, 3.20.4, 3.20.6, 3.20.12, 3.21.6, 3.22.14, 4.2.1, 4.3.2.20, 4.4.3.5, 4.14.5

7:15 ³⁴ - 2.14.2², 2.14.3², 3.3.10², 3.4.2², 2.13.5.4, 2.14.1, 3.3.4, 3.3.5, 3.7.1, 3.7.2, 3.7.4, 3.7.15, 3.7.17, 3.11.7, 3.11.14, 3.11.19, 3.12.10, 3.12.12, 3.13.6, 3.13.10, 3.13.15, 3.14.1, 3.14.3, 3.15.2, 3.16.17, 3.20.10, 3.21.3, 3.22.3, 4.7.3, 4.16.4

7:16 ²² - 2.14.3², 3.3.10², 3.16.8², 2.13.5.4, 2.14.1, 2.14.2, 3.3.4, 3.3.5, 3.7.1, 3.7.2, 3.7.4, 3.11.7, 3.11.14, 3.13.6, 3.13.10, 3.13.15, 3.14.1, 3.14.3, 3.15.2

7:17 ³⁰ - 2.14.3³, 2.14.1, 2.14.2, 3.3.4, 3.3.5, 3.4.2, 3.4.6, 3.5.6, 3.7.1, 3.7.2, 3.7.4, 3.8.3, 3.8.10, 3.10.1.1, 3.11.7, 3.11.14, 3.12.5, 3.13.6, 3.13.10, 3.13.15, 3.14.1, 3.14.1.1, 3.14.3, 3.15.2, 3.19.9, 3.21.4, 4.2.1, 4.16.3.1

Rev. 8

8:1 ²⁴ - 2.13.3.1⁴, 2.14.3², 2.2.13, 2.13.4, 2.13.5.4, 2.14, 2.14.1, 2.14.2, 3.5.1, 3.5.5, 3.6.1, 3.6.17, 3.7.2, 3.7.4, 3.8.1, 3.10.1, 3.10.1.1, 3.10.2, 3.11.14, 3.12.6.1

8:2 ²³ - 2.7.5.3.6³, 4.16.4³, 3.8.3², 3.10.1², 2.4.1, 2.14, 2.14.2, 2.14.3, 3.1.4, 3.1.10, 3.5.5, 3.8.2, 3.9.1, 3.9.13, 3.11.4, 3.11.15, 3.15.1

8:3 ²⁷ - 4.16.4⁵, 3.8.3³, 2.7.5.3.6², 3.6.2², 3.6.9², 2.4.1, 2.14.2, 2.14.3, 3.4.2, 3.5.5, 3.5.8, 3.6.17, 3.9.13, 3.11.19, 3.14.3, 3.14.18, 3.16.7, 3.18.20

8:4 ¹⁵ - 4.16.4⁵, 2.7.5.3.6², 2.14.2, 2.14.3, 3.5.5, 3.5.8, 3.9.13, 3.14.18, 3.16.7, 3.18.20

8:5 ²⁰ - 4.16.4⁴, 2.7.5.3.6², 3.6.9², 2.14.1, 2.14.2, 2.14.3, 3.4.5, 3.5.5, 3.5.8, 3.6.12, 3.8.5, 3.8.7, 3.11.19, 3.14.18, 3.16.18

8:6 ¹⁰ - 2.7.5.3.6², 2.12.4, 2.14.2, 2.14.3, 3.1.10, 3.5.5, 3.14.18, 3.15.1, 4.16.4

8:7 ²⁶ - 3.8.7⁴, 3.9.4⁴, 3.7.1³, 2.13.7², 3.8², 2.14.3, 3.5.5, 3.6.8, 3.8.2, 3.9.15, 3.15.2, 3.16.3, 3.16.4, 3.16.18, 3.16.21, 3.17.16

8:8 ¹⁵ - 3.8.2², 2.5.1, 2.7.4, 2.13.7, 2.14.2, 2.14.3, 3.5.5, 3.7.1, 3.8.7, 3.9.4, 3.9.15, 3.11.6, 3.16.4, 3.16.18

8:9 ¹⁵ - 2.13.7², 3.9.15², 2.14.2, 2.14.3, 3.6.9, 3.7.1, 3.8.2, 3.8.7, 3.8.8, 3.9.4, 3.14.3, 3.16.4, 3.16.18

8:10 ¹⁷ - 3.6.13², 3.8², 3.9.1², 2.14.3, 3.5.5, 3.7.16, 3.8.2, 3.8.7, 3.9.4, 3.9.15, 3.11.6, 3.12.15, 3.16.4, 3.16.18

8:11 ¹³ - 3.8.7², 3.9.1², 3.9.15², 2.14.3, 3.7.16, 3.8.2, 3.9.4, 3.10.9, 3.11.6, 3.16.4

8:12 ¹⁴ - 3.6.12³, 3.16.8², 2.13.7, 2.14.3, 3.5.5, 3.6.13, 3.8, 3.8.2, 3.8.7, 3.9.15, 3.16.4

8:13 ¹⁶ - 2.7.5.3.2², 2.7.5.2, 2.14.3, 3.1.7, 3.1.10, 3.5.5, 3.8.2, 3.9.12, 3.10.3, 3.11.14, 3.12.12, 3.14.6, 3.15.1, 3.18.10, 3.19.17

Rev. 9

9:1 ²⁹ - 3.6.2², 3.8.10², 3.11.14², 2.4.1, 2.14.3, 3.1.18, 3.1.20, 3.5.5, 3.5.13, 3.6.12, 3.6.13, 3.6.17, 3.8.2, 3.8.13, 3.9.1, 3.9.3, 3.9.4, 3.9.12, 3.11.5, 3.11.7, 3.12.1, 3.12.4, 3.13.4, 3.20.1, 4.2.7.1, 4.3.2.17

9:2 ¹⁷ - 3.6.12³, 2.7.4, 2.13.4, 2.13.7, 2.14.3, 3.5.13, 3.8.12, 3.8.13, 3.9.1, 3.9.3, 3.9.12, 3.11.5, 3.13.4, 4.2.7.1, 4.3.2.17

9:3 ⁸ - 2.4.1, 2.13.7, 2.14.3, 3.6.2, 3.8.13, 3.9.3, 3.9.7, 3.9.12

9:4 ¹⁹ - 3.7.1³, 3.8³, 3.9.3², 2.14.3, 3.3.10, 3.3.12, 3.6.6, 3.6.8, 3.7.4, 3.8.7, 3.8.13, 3.9.12, 3.13.16, 3.14.1.1

9:5 ¹⁷ - 2.7.5.3.4², 3.6.2², 3.9.3², 2.4.1, 2.14.3, 3.7.1, 3.8.13, 3.9.5, 3.9.6, 3.9.12, 3.11.3, 3.11.10, 3.16.10, 3.16.17

9:6 ⁹ - 3.9.3², 2.14.3, 3.1.10, 3.6.16, 3.8.13, 3.9.6, 3.9.12, 3.16.10

9:7 ⁸ - 3.9.3², 2.7.4, 2.14.3, 3.8.13, 3.9.7, 3.9.12, 4.6.1

9:8 ⁷ - 2.7.4, 2.14.3, 3.8.13, 3.9.3, 3.9.7, 3.9.12, 3.10.3

9:9 ⁷ - 2.7.4, 2.14.3, 3.8.5, 3.8.13, 3.9.3, 3.9.7, 3.9.12

9:10 ¹¹ - 2.7.5.3.4², 2.7.4, 2.14.3, 3.8.13, 3.9.3, 3.9.5, 3.9.7, 3.9.12, 3.9.19, 3.11.3

9:11 ¹³ - 3.9.3², 2.13.4, 2.14.3, 3.5.13, 3.8.13, 3.9.1, 3.9.12, 3.11.18, 3.12.7, 4.2.6, 4.2.7.1, 4.3.2.17

9:12 ⁴ - 2.14.3, 3.8.13, 3.12.12, 3.15.5

9:13 ¹⁴ - 2.7.5.3.3, 2.13.5.4, 2.14.1, 2.14.3, 3.5.5, 3.6.9, 3.8.2, 3.8.13, 3.9.12, 3.9.20, 3.11.5, 3.11.19, 3.16.12, 4.16.4

9:14 ⁹ - 2.7.5.3.3, 2.12.4, 3.1.10, 3.7.1, 3.8.13, 3.9.1, 3.9.12, 3.11.5, 4.1.3.5.2

9:15 ⁷ - 3.8.7², 3.2.10, 3.8.13, 3.9.5, 3.9.12, 3.11.5

9:16 ⁶ - 2.7.4, 3.8.13, 3.9.12, 3.9.15, 3.11.5, 3.16.12

9:17 ⁹ - 3.11.5², 3.1.10, 3.8.13, 3.9.7, 3.9.12, 3.9.15, 3.9.19, 3.10.3

9:18 ¹¹ - 3.8.7², 3.11.5², 2.7.5.3.2, 3.7.1, 3.8.13, 3.9.7, 3.9.12, 3.9.15, 3.22.18

9:19 ⁵ - 3.11.5², 3.8.13, 3.9.7, 3.9.12

9:20 ²⁰ - 3.3.10.1², 3.10.1², 2.4.4, 2.13.7, 3.2.21, 3.7.1, 3.7.2, 3.8.11, 3.8.13, 3.9.1, 3.9.20, 3.11.10, 3.13.4, 3.14.4, 3.15.3, 3.16.9, 3.22.18, 4.3.2.19

9:21 ¹⁸ - 3.3.10.1², 3.10.1², 3.14.4², 3.21.8², 2.4.4, 2.12.4, 2.13.5.4, 2.13.5.5, 3.2.21, 3.6.17, 3.8.13, 3.11.3, 3.16.9, 3.22.11

Rev. 10

10:1 ²¹ - 3.10.1.1⁶, 3.11.14³, 3.10.1², 2.13.5.5, 3.1.7, 3.4.3, 3.7.1, 3.7.9, 3.10.2, 3.11.1, 3.18.1, 3.18.21, 4.2.6

10:2 ⁹ - 3.10.1.1², 3.4.3, 3.7.1, 3.7.9, 3.10.6, 3.11.2, 3.12.12, 3.20.1

10:3 ¹² - 3.4.5³, 2.7.5.3.6², 3.4.3, 3.6.1, 3.10.1, 3.10.1.1, 3.14.2, 3.18.2, 3.19.6

10:4 ¹⁷ - 3.5.1², 3.14.2², 3.20.3², 2.5.1, 2.7.5.3.6, 3.1.11, 3.1.13, 3.4.5, 3.10.7, 3.10.8, 3.14.13, 3.19.6, 3.19.9, 3.21.3

10:5 ⁴ - 3.10.1.1², 3.7.9, 3.11.2

10:6 ⁸ - 3.10.1.1², 2.4.1, 3.5.1, 3.6.11, 3.12.12, 3.19.13, 3.20.14

10:7 ¹⁹ - 3.5.1³, 3.10.1², 3.10.7², 2.2.13, 2.7.5.5, 2.9.3.1, 3.1.10, 3.1.20, 3.6.11, 3.8.11, 3.10.3, 3.11.3, 3.12.12, 3.17.17, 3.19.2

10:8 ⁶ - 3.10.2², 3.7.9, 3.10.1.1, 3.10.4, 3.21.3

10:9 ⁴ - 3.5.1, 3.10.2, 3.10.10, 3.11.3

10:10 ⁴ - 3.5.1, 3.7.9, 3.10.2, 3.11.3

10:11 ²¹ - 3.10.11², 3.11.2², 3.17.15², 2.2.13, 2.3.1, 2.7.5.3.3, 2.9.3.1, 2.11.4.2.1, 2.12.2.5, 3.1.7, 3.5.1, 3.5.9, 3.10.2, 3.11.1, 3.11.3, 3.11.9, 3.19.15, 3.20.13

Rev. 11

11:1 ³¹ - 4.16.5.9⁴, 2.11.3.1³, 3.11.14², 2.4.1, 2.7.5.3.1, 2.11.2, 2.13.5.3, 2.13.5.4, 3.6.2, 3.6.9, 3.9.20, 3.11.2, 3.11.3, 3.11.8, 3.11.12, 3.11.13, 3.11.19, 3.12.1, 3.12.15, 3.14.13, 3.16.1, 3.21.15, 4.14.2, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.10.1

11:2 ²⁷ - 3.19.15², 2.4.1, 2.7.5.2, 2.11.2, 2.11.3.1, 2.11.3.2, 2.12.4, 2.13.5.2, 2.13.5.3, 3.6.1, 3.9.20, 3.11.2, 3.11.8, 3.11.12, 3.11.13, 3.11.19, 3.12.6, 3.12.15, 3.13.5, 3.16.1, 3.16.15, 3.16.19, 3.21.2, 4.2.3, 4.11.4, 4.16.5

11:3 ³³ - 3.11.3⁵, 2.13.5.3³, 2.7.5.3.1², 3.11.2², 3.11.6², 2.4.4, 2.7.5.2, 2.11.2, 2.12.4, 2.13.5.2, 2.13.5.4, 3.3.22, 3.9.20, 3.10.1, 3.11.1, 3.11.3.1, 3.11.8, 3.11.12, 3.11.14, 3.12.9, 3.13.1, 3.16.1, 3.16.15, 4.14.2

11:4 ¹¹ - 2.7.5.3.1², 2.11.2, 2.13.5.4, 3.3.22, 3.9.20, 3.10.1, 3.11.3, 3.11.3.1, 3.11.12, 3.13.1

11:5 ¹⁹ - 3.11.3⁴, 2.7.5.3.1², 2.11.2, 2.13.5.4, 3.1.14, 3.3.22, 3.9.17, 3.9.20, 3.10.1, 3.11.3.1, 3.11.12, 3.13.1, 3.13.13, 3.14.1.1, 3.16.13

11:6 ²¹ - 2.13.7³, 3.11.3³, 2.7.5.3.1², 3.11.3.1², 2.11.2, 2.13.5.4, 3.1.10, 3.3.22, 3.8.8, 3.9.20, 3.10.1, 3.11.12, 3.13.1, 3.13.3, 3.22.18

11:7 ⁶¹ - 3.11.7⁸, 3.11.3⁷, 2.13.5.4³, 3.13.1³, 3.17.8³, 4.2.1³, 3.14.1.1², 4.2.6², 2.7.5.3.1, 2.11.2, 2.11.3.1, 2.13.5.3, 3.1.2, 3.3.10, 3.3.22, 3.5.6, 3.5.13, 3.6.2, 3.9.1, 3.9.11, 3.9.20, 3.10.1, 3.11.3.1, 3.11.12, 3.12.6, 3.13.4, 3.13.5, 3.13.7, 3.13.15, 3.15.2, 3.16.6, 3.17.6, 3.19.10, 4.2.7, 4.2.7.1, 4.2.8, 4.3.2.16, 4.3.2.17

11:8 ²⁰ - 3.11.3², 3.17.18², 2.7.5.3.1, 2.11.2, 2.13.5.4, 3.3.22, 3.9.20, 3.10.1, 3.11.3.1, 3.11.8, 3.11.12, 3.12.1.1, 3.13.1, 3.14.8, 3.15.3, 3.16.19, 4.1.3.5.2, 4.1.4.2

11:9 ²⁰ - 3.11.3², 2.7.4, 2.7.5.3.1, 2.7.5.3.2, 2.7.5.3.3, 2.11.2, 2.13.5.4, 3.1.7, 3.3.22, 3.5.9, 3.9.20, 3.10.1, 3.10.11, 3.11.4, 3.11.8, 3.11.12, 3.13.1, 3.17.15, 3.19.15

11:10 ²⁰ - 3.11.3³, 2.7.5.3.1², 3.6.10², 2.11.2, 2.13.5.4, 3.1.7, 3.3.10, 3.3.10.1, 3.3.22, 3.9.20, 3.10.1, 3.11.4, 3.11.5, 3.11.12, 3.13.1, 3.13.8

11:11 ¹⁹ - 2.7.5.3.1², 2.7.5.3.2², 3.11.3², 2.11.2, 2.13.5.4, 3.3.22, 3.9.20, 3.10.1, 3.11.12, 3.13.1, 3.13.15, 3.20.5, 3.20.5.1, 3.22.1, 4.2.7, 4.14.2

11:12 ²⁰ - 3.10.1², 3.11.3², 3.14.2², 2.7.5.3.1, 2.7.5.4.2, 2.11.2, 2.13.5.4, 3.3.22, 3.4.1, 3.9.20, 3.11.12, 3.13.1, 3.13.6, 3.14.13, 3.20.5.1, 3.21.3, 4.14.2

11:13 ¹⁹ - 3.6.12², 3.7.1², 3.10.1², 2.7.5.3.1, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.11.2, 2.14.1, 3.3.22, 3.9.20, 3.11.3, 3.11.11, 3.11.12, 3.11.14, 3.15.4, 3.16.18, 3.16.19

11:14 ⁹ - 2.7.5.3.6, 2.14.2, 2.14.3, 3.8.13, 3.9.12, 3.9.20, 3.10.1, 3.11.12, 3.12.12

11:15 ⁴¹ - 2.4.3², 2.13.5.4², 2.14.2², 2.14.3², 3.5.5², 3.8.2², 3.11.15², 3.19.16², 2.4.2, 2.14.1, 3.3.21, 3.5.7, 3.6.1, 3.8.13, 3.9.12, 3.10.4, 3.10.7, 3.10.11, 3.11.12, 3.11.19, 3.12.5, 3.12.10, 3.14.1, 3.14.6, 3.15.1, 3.15.4, 3.16.12, 3.16.17, 3.19.1, 3.19.4, 3.19.6, 3.20.4, 4.11.5

11:16 ¹⁰ - 2.4.2, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.14.3, 3.3.21, 3.4.10, 3.7.11, 3.9.20, 3.11.12, 3.12.5, 3.19.4

11:17 ¹¹ - 3.11.17², 2.4.2, 2.4.3, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.14.3, 3.3.21, 3.10.7, 3.11.12, 3.11.15, 3.12.5

11:18 ²⁰ - 2.14.1², 2.4.2, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.13.3, 2.14.3, 3.1.4, 3.6.16, 3.6.17, 3.10.7, 3.11.12, 3.12.5, 3.13.1, 3.14.7, 3.14.10, 3.19.2, 3.19.15, 3.20.12, 3.22.12, 4.14.5

11:19 ¹⁸ - 2.14.2², 3.16.21², 4.7.3², 2.14, 2.14.1, 2.14.3, 3.4.5, 3.6.1, 3.11.1, 3.11.12, 3.11.19, 3.15.5, 3.16.17, 3.19.15, 4.16.4

Rev. 12

12:1 ³³ - 3.12.1.1⁴, 3.1.20³, 2.13.4², 2.14.3², 3.12.1², 3.15.1², 2.2.8, 2.7.5.3.1, 2.7.5.3.7, 2.7.5.4, 2.7.5.5, 2.13.5.3, 2.13.8, 2.14, 3.1.13, 3.6.9, 3.12.7, 3.14.1.1, 3.16.17, 3.17.1, 3.17.3, 4.1.4.1, 4.6.1, 4.17.3.2.1

12:2 ⁹ - 2.13.4², 2.7.5.4, 2.7.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.1.13, 3.11.10, 3.12.1.1, 3.13.11

12:3 ³¹ - 3.13.1³, 3.17.3³, 2.7.5.3.6², 4.3.2.15², 2.7.5.4.1, 2.13.4, 2.14.3, 3.1.13, 3.5.3, 3.5.6, 3.6.4, 3.6.13, 3.11.15, 3.13.11, 3.15.1, 3.15.2, 3.17.15, 3.19.16, 3.20.2, 3.20.3, 4.1.3.3, 4.1.4.1, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.22, 4.6.2

12:4 ¹⁷ - 2.13.4, 2.14.3, 3.1.13, 3.5.3, 3.5.11, 3.6.13, 3.8.10, 3.9.1, 3.9.16, 3.12.1.1, 3.12.7, 3.13.11, 3.16.14, 3.16.17, 3.17.14, 3.20.2, 3.20.10

12:5 ²¹ - 4.14.2³, 3.12.5², 3.19.15², 2.4.3, 2.14.3, 3.1.13, 3.2.26, 3.2.27, 3.4.2, 3.11.1, 3.11.2, 3.11.12, 3.12.1.1, 3.12.3, 3.12.6, 3.12.17, 3.14.3

12:6 ³⁰ - 3.12.6³, 3.12.6.1², 2.7.5.2, 2.12.4, 2.13.4, 2.13.5.2, 2.13.5.3, 2.13.5.4, 2.14.3, 3.6.1, 3.6.9, 3.9.1, 3.11.2, 3.11.3, 3.11.13, 3.12.1, 3.12.1.1, 3.12.14, 3.13.1, 3.13.5, 3.13.10, 3.13.15, 3.13.17, 3.14.1.1, 3.15.1, 3.16.15, 4.2.2

12:7 ⁹ - 2.10.2, 2.14.3, 3.6.13, 3.8.2, 3.11.15, 3.12.4, 3.12.6, 3.20.2, 4.2.2

12:8 ⁵ - 2.14.3, 3.6.13, 3.12.6, 3.12.17, 4.2.2

12:9 ²⁴ - 3.9.1⁴, 3.20.2³, 3.11.15², 2.14.3, 3.3.10, 3.6.13, 3.12.3, 3.12.4, 3.12.6, 3.12.17, 3.13.14, 3.16.13, 3.16.17, 3.18.23, 3.20.10, 4.2.2, 4.3.2.15, 5.2.72

12:10 ¹⁹ - 3.11.15³, 3.9.1², 2.2.2.8, 2.4.1, 2.4.3, 2.14.3, 3.2.10, 3.3.21, 3.6.13, 3.7.10, 3.10.3, 3.12.6, 3.12.10, 3.19.1, 3.20.10, 4.2.2

12:11 ⁴⁷ - 3.3.10³, 3.6.9³, 3.11.7³, 3.5.6², 3.13.6², 3.14.1.1², 3.14.13², 2.2.13, 2.9.3.4, 2.13.5.4, 2.14.3, 3.1.2, 3.1.5, 3.2.10, 3.4.6, 3.5.9, 3.6.11, 3.6.13, 3.7.9, 3.7.15, 3.11.3, 3.12.6, 3.14.4, 3.15.2, 3.16.6, 3.17.6, 3.17.14, 3.19.1, 3.19.2, 3.19.9, 3.19.10, 3.20.4, 4.2.1, 4.2.2, 4.3.2.16, 4.3.2.20, 4.15.1.3

12:12 ²² - 3.6.10², 2.13.4, 2.14.3, 3.3.10.1, 3.6.13, 3.7.15, 3.8.13, 3.9.1, 3.10.6, 3.11.5, 3.12.3, 3.12.6, 3.12.10, 3.12.17, 3.13.6, 3.13.8, 3.14.1.1, 3.17.11, 3.18.20, 3.20.3, 4.2.2

12:13 ¹¹ - 2.7.5.3.6, 2.14.3, 3.3.10, 3.6.9, 3.11.3, 3.11.7, 3.12.1.1, 3.12.6, 3.20.2, 4.2.2, 4.2.3

12:14 ³⁰ - 3.12.6⁴, 3.12.6.1², 2.4.1, 2.7.5.2, 2.12.4, 2.13.4, 2.13.5.1, 2.13.5.2, 2.13.5.3, 2.13.5.4, 2.14.3, 3.2.17, 3.6.9, 3.9.1, 3.11.2, 3.11.3, 3.11.13, 3.12.1.1, 3.13.1, 3.13.5, 3.13.10, 3.13.15, 3.16.15, 4.2.2, 4.3.2.12, 4.3.2.16

12:15 ³ - 2.14.3, 3.6.9, 4.2.2

12:16 ² - 2.14.3, 3.20.2

12:17 ²¹ - 3.16.6², 3.22.14², 2.7.5.2, 2.13.4, 2.14.3, 3.1.2, 3.7.4, 3.11.7, 3.11.13, 3.12.11, 3.13.1, 3.13.11, 3.14.1.1, 3.14.4, 3.14.12, 3.19.10, 3.20.2, 3.20.4, 4.17.3.2.3

Rev. 13

13:1 ⁸⁵ - 3.13.1⁷, 3.11.7⁶, 3.17.3⁵, 3.13.11⁴, 4.3.2.12⁴, 4.3.2.16⁴, 3.7.1³, 4.2.1³, 2.7.5.3.6², 2.12.2.2², 2.12.4², 2.12.5², 2.13.8², 3.5.6², 3.6.9², 3.12.3², 3.17.15², 4.3.2.4², 2.2.13, 2.7.5.3.1, 2.7.5.3.2, 2.11.3.1, 2.13.4, 2.14.3, 3.4.11, 3.6.2, 3.10.2, 3.12.1.1, 3.13.2, 3.13.7, 3.13.16, 3.15.1, 3.17.1, 3.17.9, 3.17.10, 3.19.16, 3.19.20, 3.21.1, 4.1.3.3, 4.2.3, 4.2.8, 4.3, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.15, 4.3.2.22, 4.6.2, 5.2.31

13:2 ⁴² - 4.3.2.16⁴, 3.13.1³, 4.3.1³, 4.2.1², 4.2.3², 2.4.2, 2.7.4, 2.11.3.1, 2.14.3, 3.4.2, 3.5.6, 3.10.3, 3.11.7, 3.12.1.1, 3.12.3, 3.13.2, 3.13.7, 3.13.12, 3.15.3, 3.16.10, 3.17.3, 3.17.11, 3.18.1, 3.18.23, 3.20.2, 3.20.8, 4.2.5, 4.2.8, 4.3.2.9, 4.3.2.10, 4.3.2.11, 4.3.2.12, 4.3.2.15

13:3 ⁴³ - 3.17.8⁵, 4.3.2.16³, 4.12.1³, 2.11.3.1², 3.9.11², 3.13.1², 3.13.8.2², 4.3.2.13², 4.3.2.15², 4.12², 2.3.2, 2.4.2, 2.14.3, 3.5.6, 3.9.1, 3.11.7, 3.12.1.1, 3.13.7, 3.13.11, 3.13.12, 3.15.2, 3.17.11, 3.20.3, 3.22.2, 4.2.1, 4.2.3, 4.2.7.1, 4.2.8

13:4 ⁵⁴ - 4.3.2.16⁴, 3.13.1³, 3.17.8³, 2.3.2², 2.4.2², 3.13.12², 4.2.5², 4.2.6², 4.2.8², 2.2.8, 2.7.5.3.2, 2.11.3.1, 2.13.4, 2.13.5.3, 2.14.3, 3.3.10.1, 3.5.6, 3.6.2, 3.9.20, 3.11.5, 3.11.7, 3.11.9, 3.12.1.1, 3.12.3, 3.12.6, 3.13.3, 3.13.7, 3.13.8.2, 3.13.11, 3.15.2, 3.15.3, 3.20.2, 3.20.4, 4.2.1, 4.2.3, 4.2.4, 4.2.7.1, 4.2.9, 4.3.2.15, 4.4.3.4, 4.12.1

13:5 ⁴² - 4.3.2.16³, 2.4.1², 2.13.4², 2.13.5.3², 3.6.2², 3.11.3², 4.2.8², 4.3.2.12², 2.3.2, 2.7.5.2, 2.11.3.1, 2.11.3.2, 2.12.2.4, 2.12.4, 2.13.5.2, 2.13.5.4, 2.14.3, 3.6.1, 3.11.2, 3.12.6, 3.13.1, 3.13.5, 3.13.7, 3.14.1, 3.16.9, 3.16.15, 3.17.3, 3.17.10, 3.17.11, 3.17.17, 3.19.11, 4.2.3, 4.12

13:6 ²⁰ - 2.3.2, 2.4.1, 2.11.3.1, 2.13.4, 2.14.3, 3.3.10.1, 3.7.15, 3.11.2, 3.12.12, 3.13.1, 3.13.7, 3.16.9, 3.16.13, 3.21.3, 4.2.3, 4.2.6, 4.2.8, 4.3.2.16, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.9

13:7 ⁵³ - 3.3.10⁴, 3.11.7³, 3.13.7³, 2.4.1², 2.11.3.1², 3.6.2², 3.11.2², 3.13.1², 4.3.2.16², 4.3.2.20², 2.3.2, 2.13.4, 2.13.5.4, 2.14.3, 3.1.7, 3.4.2, 3.4.11, 3.5.9, 3.9.21, 3.11.9, 3.13.5, 3.14.6, 3.14.13, 3.15.2, 3.16.6, 3.17.6, 3.17.14, 3.19.1, 3.19.2, 3.19.15, 3.19.20, 3.21.24, 4.2.3, 4.2.8, 4.3.2.1, 4.3.2.12, 4.11.6, 4.12, 4.14.7

13:8 ⁵⁸ - 3.5.6⁴, 2.4.2³, 3.13.8³, 3.9.20², 3.13.1², 3.17.8², 3.20.15², 4.3.2.16², 4.4.3.3², 4.4.3.4², 2.2.13, 2.3.2, 2.4.1, 2.11.3.1, 2.12.2.4, 2.14.3, 3.1.7, 3.3.10, 3.3.10.1, 3.5.1, 3.6.10, 3.11.2, 3.11.7, 3.11.10, 3.13.3, 3.13.7, 3.13.8.1, 3.13.8.2, 3.13.15, 3.19.9, 3.20.12, 3.21.27, 4.1.1, 4.2.1, 4.2.3, 4.2.8, 4.2.9, 4.3.2.12, 4.3.2.19, 4.4, 4.4.3, 4.4.3.2, 4.12, 4.12.1

13:9 ⁹ - 3.13.9², 2.4.1, 2.11.3.1, 2.14.3, 3.2.7, 3.13.7, 3.22.16, 4.2.3

13:10 ⁹ - 2.4.1, 2.11.3.1, 2.14.3, 3.1.9, 3.13.7, 3.13.9, 3.14.12, 3.16.6, 4.2.3

13:11 ³⁶ - 3.5.6⁴, 3.11.7³, 4.2.8³, 3.13.1², 3.13.11², 3.14.1², 4.2.1², 4.3.2.16², 2.4.1, 2.7.5.3.1, 2.7.5.3.2, 2.11.3.1, 2.14.3, 3.12.3, 3.13.15, 3.16.1, 3.16.13, 3.19.20, 3.20.3, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.2.5, 4.3, 4.3.2.1, 4.3.2.18

13:12 ⁴¹ - 3.13.11⁴, 2.4.2³, 4.3.2.16³, 3.6.10², 3.13.3², 3.19.20², 4.2.8², 2.4.1, 2.11.3.1, 2.14.3, 3.1.7, 3.3.10, 3.3.10.1, 3.5.6, 3.9.11, 3.9.20, 3.11.7, 3.13.8, 3.13.8.2, 3.13.12, 3.13.13, 3.13.15, 3.14.1, 3.16.1, 3.22.2, 4.2.1, 4.2.5, 4.2.9, 4.3.2.18, 4.12.1

13:13 ²¹ - 3.11.5³, 3.13.11³, 4.2.8², 2.4.1, 2.11.3.1, 2.12.5, 2.14.3, 3.3.10.1, 3.12.9, 3.14.1, 3.16.1, 3.16.14, 3.19.20, 4.2.5, 4.3.2.16, 4.12

13:14 ⁵⁵ - 3.13.15⁴, 2.4.1², 2.11.3.1², 3.6.10², 3.13.3², 3.13.11², 3.20.4², 4.2.8², 4.3.2.19², 2.2.8, 2.4.2, 2.14.3, 3.1.7, 3.3.10, 3.3.10.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.6, 3.6.2, 3.9.11, 3.9.20, 3.11.7, 3.12.9, 3.13.5, 3.13.8, 3.13.8.2, 3.13.12, 3.14.7, 3.15.2, 3.16.1, 3.16.14, 3.17.8, 3.17.16, 3.19.20, 3.20.2, 3.20.3, 4.2.1, 4.2.5, 4.2.7.1, 4.3.2.1, 4.3.2.13, 4.3.2.16, 4.3.2.18, 4.12.1, 4.16.5.9

13:15 ⁶³ - 2.13.5.4⁴, 2.4.2³, 3.13.15³, 2.4.1², 3.3.10², 3.9.20², 3.13.7², 3.13.11², 3.17.16², 3.19.1², 4.2.8², 4.3.2.19², 2.2.8, 2.3.2, 2.11.3.1, 2.14.3, 3.4.2, 3.5.6, 3.6.2, 3.7.2, 3.8.11, 3.9.21, 3.11.7, 3.12.17, 3.13.3, 3.13.5, 3.14.1, 3.14.1.1, 3.14.7, 3.14.13, 3.15.2, 3.16.1, 3.16.6, 3.17.6, 3.18.4, 3.19.2, 3.19.20, 3.20.4, 3.21.8, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.2.1, 4.2.9, 4.3.2.16, 4.3.2.18, 4.3.2.20, 4.11.6, 4.12

13:16 ²⁹ - 2.11.3.1², 3.7.3², 4.2.8², 2.2.8, 2.3.2, 2.4.2, 2.14.3, 3.3.12, 3.6.15, 3.8.11, 3.11.18, 3.12.17, 3.13.1, 3.13.11, 3.13.16, 3.14.1, 3.15.2, 3.16.1, 3.17.5, 3.19.20, 3.20.3, 3.20.4, 3.22.4, 4.2.5, 4.3.2.18, 4.12.2

13:17 ³⁰ - 2.11.3.1², 3.15.2², 4.2.8², 4.3.2.16², 2.2.8, 2.4.2, 2.14.3, 3.3.8, 3.3.12, 3.5.6, 3.7.3, 3.7.16, 3.11.7, 3.12.6, 3.12.17, 3.13.1, 3.13.11, 3.13.17, 3.16.1, 3.19.1, 3.19.20, 3.20.4, 4.2.1, 4.3.2.18, 4.12, 4.12.2

13:18 ²⁹ - 2.7.5.3.5³, 2.11.3.1², 3.13.18², 4.3.2.16², 2.7.5.3.2, 2.14.3, 3.5.6, 3.7.3, 3.11.7, 3.12.6.1, 3.12.17, 3.13.1, 3.16.1, 3.16.10, 3.16.16, 3.17.9, 3.22.19, 4.1.3.5.3, 4.2.1, 4.2.6, 4.2.8, 4.12.2, 4.12.2.3, 4.12.2.4

Rev. 14

14:1 ³² - 3.7.3⁴, 2.2.13, 2.4.1, 2.4.4, 2.7.5.1, 2.7.5.3.7, 2.14.3, 3.2.17, 3.3.12, 3.3.22, 3.5.6, 3.5.8, 3.7.2, 3.9.4, 3.11.7, 3.12.17, 3.13.1, 3.13.16, 3.13.18, 3.14.1, 3.14.1.2, 3.15.1, 3.16.15, 3.17.5, 3.19.9, 3.22.4, 4.2.1, 4.4.3.5, 4.5.5.1

14:2 ¹² - 3.15.2², 3.17.18.1², 2.7.5.3.6, 2.14.3, 3.1.15, 3.3.22, 3.5.8, 3.16.15, 3.19.1, 3.19.6

14:3 ²⁴ - 3.14.1.2⁶, 3.14.1.1³, 3.14.3², 2.7.5.3.3, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.14.3, 3.1.5, 3.3.22, 3.4.2, 3.4.4, 3.4.6, 3.5.8, 3.14.5, 3.15.2, 3.16.15, 3.19.1

14:4 ¹⁴ - 3.7.4², 3.14.1.2², 2.14.3, 3.1.5, 3.3.22, 3.5.6, 3.7.15, 3.11.7, 3.12.17, 3.14.4, 3.19.9, 4.2.1

14:5 ⁸ - 3.14.1.1², 3.14.1.2², 2.14.3, 3.3.22, 3.4.2, 3.7.4

14:6 ²⁵ - 3.3.10², 3.6.10², 2.7.5.3.3, 2.14.3, 3.1.7, 3.3.10.1, 3.5.5, 3.5.9, 3.7.9, 3.8.13, 3.9.20, 3.10.11, 3.11.2, 3.13.1, 3.13.8, 3.14.9, 3.16.14, 3.16.19, 3.17.15, 3.19.15, 3.19.17, 3.21.24, 4.4.3.4

14:7 ¹¹ - 2.13.3, 2.14.3, 3.1.4, 3.5.5, 3.6.17, 3.8.10, 3.9.15, 3.9.20, 3.10.3, 3.15.4, 3.17.12

14:8 ²⁴ - 3.16.19², 3.17.2², 3.17.4², 2.14.2, 2.14.3, 3.5.5, 3.9.14, 3.11.8, 3.17.3, 3.17.18, 3.17.18.1, 3.18.2, 3.18.3, 3.19.2, 3.19.15, 4.1, 4.1.3.1, 4.1.4.2.1, 4.1.4.2.2, 4.3.2.4, 4.14.5

14:9 ³⁹ - 3.7.3², 3.11.7², 3.13.15², 3.16.9², 3.17.8², 4.2.1², 4.3.2.16², 4.4.3.4², 2.2.8, 2.3.2, 2.14.2, 2.14.3, 3.1.9, 3.5.5, 3.5.6, 3.6.16, 3.9.20, 3.13.8, 3.13.8.2, 3.13.10, 3.13.16, 3.13.17, 3.15.2, 3.16.1, 3.18.4, 3.20.3, 3.20.4, 4.2.8, 4.2.9, 4.3.2.19, 4.14.5

14:10 ³⁹ - 3.7.3², 3.13.10², 3.16.1², 3.16.9², 3.16.19², 3.17.8², 2.3.2, 2.13.3, 2.14.2, 2.14.3, 3.1.9, 3.5.6, 3.6.16, 3.9.17, 3.11.7, 3.11.10, 3.13.8, 3.13.15, 3.13.16, 3.13.17, 3.15.2, 3.15.8, 3.18.4, 3.19.3, 3.19.9, 3.20.3, 3.20.4, 3.20.10, 3.22.18, 4.2.1, 4.2.8, 4.4.3.4, 4.14.5

14:11 ³² - 3.11.7², 3.17.8², 2.3.2, 2.4.2, 2.14.2, 2.14.3, 3.1.9, 3.3.8, 3.5.6, 3.9.20, 3.12.10, 3.13.8, 3.13.10, 3.13.15, 3.13.17, 3.13.18, 3.15.2, 3.16.1, 3.16.9, 3.18.4, 3.19.3, 3.19.20, 3.20.3, 3.20.4, 3.20.10, 4.2.1, 4.2.8, 4.2.9, 4.3.2.16, 4.4.3.4

14:12 ⁶ - 3.22.14², 2.14.2, 2.14.3, 3.1.9, 3.13.10

14:13 ¹⁷ - 2.7.5.3.6², 2.14.3², 2.14.2, 3.1.3, 3.1.11, 3.2.2, 3.3.10, 3.6.9, 3.7.14, 3.14.2, 3.14.11, 3.14.16, 3.19.9, 3.21.3, 4.4.3.4

14:14 ⁸ - 2.14.3², 4.6.1², 2.4.4, 2.14.1, 3.1.13, 3.15.1

14:15 ¹³ - 2.4.4, 2.14.1, 2.14.2, 2.14.3, 3.6.17, 3.10.3, 3.11.19, 3.15.1, 3.15.6, 3.16.17, 3.17.12, 3.18.2, 4.7.3

14:16 ⁶ - 2.4.4², 2.14.1, 2.14.3, 3.15.1, 4.7.3

14:17 ¹⁰ - 2.14.1, 2.14.2, 2.14.3, 3.11.19, 3.15.1, 3.15.6, 3.16.17, 4.5.2, 4.7.3, 4.16.4

14:18 ¹⁰ - 2.14.1, 2.14.3, 3.6.9, 3.11.19, 3.15.1, 3.15.3, 3.16.7, 3.16.8, 4.5.2, 4.5.5.1

14:19 ¹³ - 3.15.1², 4.5.4², 2.13.3, 2.14.1, 2.14.3, 3.6.16, 3.10.1, 3.19.15, 4.2.5, 4.5.2, 4.5.5.1

14:20 ¹⁴ - 3.15.1², 4.5.4², 2.13.5.5, 2.14, 2.14.1, 2.14.3, 3.10.1, 3.19.11, 3.19.13, 3.19.21, 4.5.2, 4.5.5.1

Rev. 15

15:1 ²⁶ - 2.7.5.3.6³, 2.14.2², 2.13.3, 2.13.5.5, 2.13.7, 2.14, 2.14.3, 3.6.1, 3.6.16, 3.10.3, 3.11.15, 3.11.18, 3.14.10, 3.14.13, 3.15.1, 3.16.1, 3.16.17, 3.17.1, 3.18.1, 3.21.9, 3.22.18, 4.14.5, 4.16.4

15:2 ⁴¹ - 2.7.5.3.6³, 3.14.1.2³, 3.11.7², 3.13.15², 3.14.13², 4.2.1², 2.2.8, 2.3.2, 2.4.2, 2.13.5.4, 2.13.7, 2.14.1, 2.14.3, 3.4.6, 3.5.6, 3.5.8, 3.6.1, 3.12.11, 3.13.6, 3.14.1.1, 3.14.2, 3.16.6, 3.17.6, 3.17.14, 3.19.1, 3.19.2, 3.20.4, 3.21.11, 3.21.21, 4.2.8, 4.3.2.16, 4.11.6, 4.16.4

15:3 ²² - 2.7.5.3.6³, 3.15.3², 2.2.13, 2.4.2, 2.13.7, 2.14.1, 2.14.3, 3.5.6, 3.6.1, 3.11.7, 3.14.3, 3.14.7, 3.14.13, 3.15.2, 3.19.2, 3.19.9, 3.20.4, 4.2.1, 4.16.4

15:4 ¹⁶ - 3.15.3⁴, 2.7.5.3.6³, 2.4.2, 2.14.1, 2.14.3, 3.1.7, 3.11.2, 3.14.7, 3.19.15, 3.20.4, 4.16.4

15:5 ¹⁷ - 2.7.5.3.6², 3.11.19², 3.15.3², 4.16.4², 2.14.3, 3.15.5, 3.16.1, 3.16.2, 3.16.21, 3.19.15, 3.21.3, 4.7.2, 4.7.3

15:6 ¹⁹ - 2.7.5.3.6², 3.11.19², 4.16.4², 2.14.2, 2.14.3, 3.1.13, 3.2.17, 3.7.9, 3.14.15, 3.15.1, 3.16.17, 3.16.21, 3.19.8, 3.19.14, 3.22.18, 4.7.3

15:7 ¹⁹ - 2.7.5.3.6⁴, 3.5.8², 2.7.5.3.3, 2.13.3, 2.14.2, 2.14.3, 3.4.6, 3.6.16, 3.9.12, 3.11.18, 3.14.3, 3.15.1, 3.17.1, 4.14.5, 4.16.4

15:8 ¹⁵ - 2.7.5.3.6², 2.14.3², 3.16.17², 2.13.8, 2.14.2, 3.11.19, 3.16.1, 3.22.18, 4.5.4, 4.7.3, 4.16.2, 4.16.4

Rev. 16

16:1 ²⁸ - 3.11.19³, 2.14.2², 2.14.3², 3.11.18², 3.15.1², 2.13.3, 2.13.4, 2.13.5.4, 3.3.10.1, 3.5.5, 3.6.1, 3.6.16, 3.8.5, 3.10.3, 3.14.10, 3.14.15, 3.16.1, 3.18.1, 3.19.1, 4.5.2, 4.5.5, 4.7.3

16:2 ³¹ - 2.13.5.4⁴, 3.18.4³, 3.11.7², 4.2.1², 4.3.2.16², 2.2.8, 2.3.2, 2.4.2, 2.13.7, 2.14.3, 3.5.5, 3.5.6, 3.6.1, 3.7.1, 3.9.12, 3.11.19, 3.13.8.2, 3.13.15, 3.15.1, 3.15.7, 3.16.1, 3.16.11, 4.2.8

16:3 ¹⁸ - 3.7.1², 2.13.5.4, 2.13.7, 2.14.2, 2.14.3, 3.5.5, 3.6.1, 3.6.9, 3.8.2, 3.8.5, 3.8.8, 3.9.12, 3.11.6, 3.11.19, 3.15.1, 3.15.7, 3.16.4

16:4 ¹³ - 2.13.5.4, 2.13.7, 2.14.3, 3.5.5, 3.6.1, 3.8.5, 3.8.8, 3.9.12, 3.11.6, 3.11.19, 3.12.15, 3.15.1, 3.15.7

16:5 ⁹ - 3.11.17², 2.13.5.4, 2.13.7, 2.14.3, 3.5.5, 3.6.1, 3.11.19, 3.15.1

16:6 ¹³ - 2.13.5.4, 2.13.7, 2.14.3, 3.5.5, 3.6.1, 3.8.8, 3.9.21, 3.11.19, 3.13.15, 3.15.1, 3.17.6, 3.19.1, 3.19.2

16:7 ¹¹ - 3.11.19², 2.13.5.4, 2.14.3, 3.3.10.1, 3.5.5, 3.6.1, 3.6.9, 3.14.15, 3.15.1, 3.19.2

16:8 ¹⁹ - 3.6.2², 3.7.16², 2.4.1, 2.13.5.4, 2.14.3, 3.3.10.1, 3.5.5, 3.6.1, 3.6.12, 3.8.5, 3.8.12, 3.9.12, 3.9.20, 3.11.19, 3.15.1, 3.15.7, 3.22.11

16:9 ¹⁹ - 2.4.4, 2.13.5.4, 2.13.7, 2.14.3, 3.1.7, 3.2.21, 3.3.10.1, 3.5.5, 3.6.1, 3.6.12, 3.7.1, 3.7.16, 3.8.12, 3.9.20, 3.11.19, 3.15.1, 3.16.9, 3.22.18, 4.4.3.4

16:10 ²⁶ - 4.3.2.16⁴, 2.13.5.4, 2.13.7, 2.14.3, 3.2.21, 3.3.10.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.5, 3.5.6, 3.6.1, 3.8.5, 3.9.12, 3.9.20, 3.11.7, 3.11.19, 3.13.2, 3.15.1, 3.15.7, 3.16.1, 3.16.11, 4.2.1, 4.2.8, 4.5.3.4

16:11 ¹⁷ - 2.4.4, 2.13.5.4, 2.13.7, 2.14.3, 3.1.7, 3.2.21, 3.3.10.1, 3.5.5, 3.6.1, 3.6.17, 3.9.20, 3.11.3, 3.11.19, 3.15.1, 3.16.9, 3.22.11, 4.4.3.4

16:12 ³² - 3.9.14³, 3.9.16³, 2.13.3², 2.13.5.4², 3.5.5², 4.5.4², 2.14.3, 3.6.1, 3.6.12, 3.7.1, 3.7.2, 3.8.5, 3.9.12, 3.10.3, 3.11.14, 3.11.19, 3.15.1, 3.15.7, 3.18.9, 3.19.19, 4.1.3.5.2, 4.5.1, 4.5.2, 4.5.3.4

16:13 ⁴⁵ - 2.7.5.3.2³, 2.13.3², 2.13.5.4², 3.5.5², 3.9.14², 4.5.5², 2.4.2, 2.7.5.2, 2.13.7, 2.14.3, 3.2.2, 3.5.6, 3.6.1, 3.6.12, 3.7.1, 3.10.3, 3.11.7, 3.11.14, 3.11.19, 3.12.3, 3.13.1, 3.15.1, 3.16.14, 3.16.16, 3.17.2, 3.17.4, 3.18.2, 3.18.9, 3.19.6, 3.20.2, 3.20.3, 3.20.8, 4.2.1, 4.2.8, 4.3.2.18, 4.5.1, 4.5.3.4, 4.5.4

16:14 ⁵⁰ - 2.13.3², 2.13.5.4², 3.3.10², 3.5.5², 3.9.14², 3.17.14², 3.19.19², 4.5², 4.5.2², 4.5.5², 2.7.5.3.2, 2.13.3.1, 2.14.3, 3.2.2, 3.2.10, 3.6.1, 3.6.12, 3.6.15, 3.7.1, 3.9.5, 3.10.3, 3.11.14, 3.11.19, 3.13.13, 3.14.20, 3.15.1, 3.16.16, 3.17.2, 3.18.9, 3.19.6, 3.19.11, 3.20.3, 3.20.8, 4.3.2.16, 4.3.2.18, 4.3.2.22, 4.5.1, 4.5.3.4, 4.5.4, 5.2.72

16:15 ³⁸ - 2.7.5.3.6², 2.13.3², 2.13.5.4², 3.1.3², 3.1.7², 3.3.3², 3.5.5², 3.16.15², 4.5.5², 2.2.13, 2.4.3, 2.14.3, 3.1.4, 3.3.17, 3.5.7, 3.6.1, 3.6.12, 3.7.1, 3.9.14, 3.10.3, 3.11.14, 3.11.19, 3.14.13, 3.14.20, 3.15.1, 3.20.8, 4.5.1, 4.5.3.4, 4.5.4

16:16 ²⁸ - 3.5.5³, 2.13.3², 2.13.5.4², 4.5.5², 2.14.3, 3.6.1, 3.6.12, 3.7.1, 3.9.14, 3.10.3, 3.11.14, 3.11.19, 3.14.20, 3.15.1, 3.20.8, 4.5, 4.5.1, 4.5.2, 4.5.3.1, 4.5.3.2, 4.5.3.4, 4.5.4, 4.5.6

16:17 ³⁷ - 2.14.1³, 3.4.2², 3.5.5², 3.11.19², 3.15.1², 3.16.1², 4.16.4², 2.4.1, 2.13.5.4, 2.14.3, 3.4.5, 3.5.6, 3.6.1, 3.7.1, 3.8.5, 3.9.12, 3.10.7, 3.11.13, 3.11.14, 3.11.15, 3.15.6, 3.15.7, 3.17.1, 3.17.17, 3.19.1, 3.20.2, 4.5.4, 4.7.3, 4.14.5

16:18 ¹⁶ - 2.14.1³, 3.7.1², 2.13.5.4, 2.14.3, 3.4.5, 3.5.6, 3.6.1, 3.6.12, 3.11.14, 3.11.19, 3.13.18, 3.17.1, 4.5.4

16:19 ⁴³ - 3.14.8³, 3.7.1², 3.11.8², 3.18.4², 4.1.4.2², 4.5.3.4², 2.7.5.3.2, 2.13.5.4, 2.14.1, 2.14.3, 3.5.6, 3.6.1, 3.6.14, 3.6.16, 3.9.14, 3.11.2, 3.11.13, 3.11.14, 3.13.10, 3.14.10, 3.17.1, 3.17.18, 3.17.18.1, 3.18.2, 3.18.5, 3.18.7, 3.19.1, 3.19.15, 3.21.9, 4.1, 4.1.2.3, 4.1.4.2.1, 4.1.4.2.2, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.5.4, 4.14.5

16:20 ⁹ - 3.7.1², 2.13.5.4, 2.14.1, 2.14.3, 3.6.1, 3.11.14, 3.16.4, 4.5.4

16:21 ²⁵ - 3.8.7³, 2.13.7², 3.16.21², 2.4.4, 2.13.5.4, 2.13.5.5, 2.14, 2.14.1, 2.14.3, 3.1.7, 3.3.10.1, 3.6.1, 3.7.1, 3.8.13, 3.9.1, 3.11.14, 3.11.19, 3.16.9, 3.22.18, 4.4.3.4, 4.5.4

Rev. 17

17:1 ¹¹⁵ - 4.1.4.2.2¹⁹, 4.1.3.3⁸, 3.18.1⁷, 4.1.3.5.2⁶, 3.17.9⁵, 4.1.3.5.3⁴, 3.17.18.1³, 3.19.1³, 3.19.2³, 3.19.9³, 4.1.3.1³, 4.1.4.2.3³, 2.13.5.5², 2.14.3², 3.4.6², 3.12.1², 3.13.1², 3.17.16², 3.18.9², 4.1.4.1², 4.9.3², 2.2.7, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.13.8, 2.14, 2.14.1, 3.2.22, 3.5.9, 3.6.11, 3.6.17, 3.8.8, 3.11.4, 3.11.8, 3.12.1.1, 3.14.8, 3.15.1, 3.16.1, 3.17.1, 3.17.3, 3.17.15, 3.18.6, 3.21.2, 3.21.9, 4.1.3, 4.1.3.2, 4.1.4, 4.1.4.2, 4.3.2.1, 4.3.2.5, 4.3.2.12, 4.3.2.21

17:2 ²⁹ - 4.1.4.2.2⁷, 3.17.18.1², 3.18.3², 4.1.3.5.2², 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.1.7, 3.2.22, 3.4.2, 3.6.15, 3.9.21, 3.11.9, 3.14.8, 3.17.2, 3.18.2, 3.18.9, 3.20.3, 4.1.3.1, 4.1.3.3, 4.1.4.2.3

17:3 ⁴⁴ - 3.12.1.1⁴, 3.5.6², 3.11.7², 3.13.1², 3.17.9², 3.17.18.1², 4.1.3.3², 4.1.3.5.2², 4.2.1², 4.3.2.4², 4.3.2.16², 2.7.5.3.6, 2.12.3, 2.13.5.5, 2.14, 2.14.3, 3.1.10, 3.16.9, 3.18.7, 3.18.23, 3.20.3, 3.21.10, 3.22.1, 4.1.3.5.3, 4.1.4.1, 4.1.4.2, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.3, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.15, 4.3.2.22

17:4 ³⁰ - 4.1.4.2.2⁷, 3.17.18.1⁴, 3.12.1.1³, 4.1.3.5.2², 2.7.5.3.6, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.14.8, 3.17.3, 3.17.4, 3.17.16, 3.18.2, 3.18.12, 3.18.16, 3.21.8, 3.21.21, 4.1.4.2, 4.1.4.2.3

17:5 ⁵⁰ - 4.1.4.2.2⁵, 4.1.3.3³, 4.1.3.5.2³, 3.12.1.1², 3.17.1², 3.17.4², 4.1.4.2.3², 4.3.2.5², 2.7.5.3.6, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.3.12, 3.9.14, 3.9.21, 3.10.7, 3.13.12, 3.13.16, 3.14.8, 3.17.5, 3.17.18, 3.18.1, 3.18.3, 3.18.7, 3.18.24, 3.19.1, 3.19.2, 4.1, 4.1.3.1, 4.1.3.2, 4.1.3.4, 4.1.3.5.3, 4.1.4.1, 4.1.4.2, 4.1.4.2.1, 4.2.5, 4.3.2.4, 5.2.25

17:6 ²⁹ - 4.1.4.2.2³, 3.16.6², 3.18.24², 4.1.3.3², 2.7.5.3.6, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.3.10, 3.6.9, 3.6.11, 3.8.8, 3.9.21, 3.12.1.1, 3.13.7, 3.14.13, 3.17.1, 3.17.18.1, 3.18.20, 3.19.2, 4.1.3.5.2, 4.1.4.1, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.3.2.20, 4.3.2.21

17:7 ²⁷ - 3.17.5³, 3.5.6², 4.1.3.5.2², 4.3.2.16², 2.7.5.3.6, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.1.20, 3.11.7, 3.17.9, 3.17.15, 4.1.4.2.1, 4.1.4.2.2, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.2.1, 4.3, 4.3.2.4, 4.3.2.5, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.15, 4.3.2.21, 4.3.2.22

17:8 ⁶⁸ - 3.11.7⁵, 4.3.2.16⁵, 3.13.8⁴, 4.2.7.1⁴, 3.5.6², 3.6.10², 3.9.11², 3.13.1², 4.1.3.5.2², 4.4.3.3², 4.4.3.4², 2.3.2, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.11.3.1, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.1.7, 3.1.8, 3.3.10, 3.3.10.1, 3.5.1, 3.5.13, 3.9.1, 3.13.3, 3.13.8.1, 3.13.8.2, 3.13.11, 3.13.15, 3.17.7, 3.17.9, 3.18.4, 3.20.12, 3.20.15, 3.21.27, 4.1.4.2.1, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.2.1, 4.2.7, 4.2.8, 4.3.2.5, 4.3.2.13, 4.3.2.15, 4.3.2.17, 4.4.2, 4.4.3.2, 4.12, 4.12.1

17:9 ³² - 2.7.5.3.6³, 3.17.9³, 4.1.3.3³, 2.11.2², 3.13.18², 4.1.3.5.2², 4.3.2.4², 4.3.2.5², 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.12.1.1, 3.13.1, 3.17.3, 3.17.7, 4.1.3.5.3, 4.1.4.2.1, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.2.8, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.15, 4.3.2.21

17:10 ⁴² - 2.11.2³, 4.3.2.4³, 4.3.2.5³, 2.7.5.3.6², 3.13.1², 3.13.2², 4.1.3.5.2², 4.3², 4.3.2.4.1², 4.3.2.12², 4.3.2.13², 2.5.1, 2.7.5.1, 2.7.5.3.4, 2.11.4.2.1, 2.12.2.4, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.6.17, 3.13.3, 3.17.3, 3.17.7, 4.1.4.2.1, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.2.8, 4.3.2.8, 4.3.2.15, 4.3.2.16

17:11 ⁴⁶ - 4.3.2.16⁸, 2.11.2³, 4.3.2.13³, 3.13.3², 3.17.8², 4.1.3.5.2², 4.3.2.4², 2.3.2, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.11.3.1, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.5.6, 3.11.7, 3.13.1, 3.13.8.2, 3.16.10, 3.17.7, 3.17.9, 3.17.10, 3.17.11, 4.1.3.3, 4.1.4.2.1, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.2.1, 4.2.7.1, 4.2.8, 4.3.2.5, 4.3.2.17, 4.12, 4.12.1

17:12 ²⁶ - 4.3.2.16³, 4.3.2.22³, 3.5.6², 3.17.10², 4.1.3.5.2², 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.11.7, 3.11.18, 3.13.1, 3.16.14, 3.17.3, 3.17.7, 3.17.11, 4.1.4.2.1, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.2.1, 4.2.8, 4.5.2

17:13 ¹⁹ - 4.1.3.5.2², 4.3.2.16², 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.5.6, 3.11.7, 3.13.1, 3.16.14, 3.16.19, 3.17.7, 3.17.11, 4.1.4.2.1, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.2.1, 4.2.8, 4.3.2.22, 4.3.2.26

17:14 ³⁰ - 3.6.2², 4.1.3.5.2², 4.3.2.16², 2.2.13, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.5.5, 3.5.6, 3.11.7, 3.12.11, 3.13.4, 3.15.2, 3.15.3, 3.16.14, 3.17.7, 3.17.14, 3.17.16, 3.19.9, 3.19.14, 3.19.16, 3.19.19, 4.1.4.2.1, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.2.1, 4.3.2.12, 4.3.2.22, 4.5.2

17:15 ³⁹ - 3.13.1³, 3.17.9³, 4.1.3.5.2³, 3.7.1², 4.1.4.2.2², 4.1.4.2.3², 4.3.2.1², 2.7.5.3.3, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.4.6, 3.5.9, 3.10.2, 3.10.11, 3.11.2, 3.11.9, 3.12.1.1, 3.16.6, 3.17.1, 3.17.7, 3.19.2, 3.19.15, 4.1.1, 4.1.3.1, 4.1.3.5.3, 4.1.4.1, 4.1.4.2.1, 4.2.3, 4.3.2.21

17:16 ⁴⁹ - 4.1.4.2.2⁵, 3.18.9⁴, 3.17.7³, 4.1.3.5.2³, 3.5.6², 3.18.6², 3.18.8², 4.1.3.3², 4.1.4.2.3², 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.6.11, 3.11.7, 3.13.1, 3.13.10, 3.13.12, 3.17.1, 3.17.16, 3.17.18.1, 3.18.1, 3.18.17, 3.19.2, 3.19.9, 3.19.19, 4.1.2.2, 4.1.3.1, 4.1.4.1, 4.1.4.2.1, 4.2.1, 4.2.5, 4.3.2.16, 4.3.2.21, 4.3.2.22

17:17 ³² - 3.17.7³, 4.1.3.1², 4.1.3.3², 4.1.3.5.2², 4.1.4.2.2², 4.1.4.2.3², 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.5.6, 3.6.11, 3.9.5, 3.11.7, 3.13.1, 3.13.10, 3.17.1, 3.17.13, 3.18.6, 3.18.9, 3.19.19, 4.1.4.2.1, 4.2.1, 4.3.2.1, 4.3.2.16, 4.3.2.22, 4.3.2.26

17:18 ⁶² - 4.1.4.2.3⁵, 3.17.16⁴, 3.17.18⁴, 4.1.3.1⁴, 4.1.4.2.2⁴, 3.17.1³, 4.1.3.3³, 4.1.3.5.2³, 3.17.3², 3.18.1², 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.6.15, 3.11.8, 3.12.1.1, 3.14.8, 3.16.19, 3.17.2, 3.17.4, 3.17.7, 3.17.15, 3.17.18.1, 3.18.2, 3.18.7, 3.18.9, 3.18.16, 3.19.1, 3.19.19, 3.21.2, 4.1.4.1, 4.1.4.2, 4.1.4.2.1, 4.3.2.5, 4.3.2.13, 4.3.2.16, 4.3.2.21, 4.3.2.22, 4.5.4

Rev. 18

18:1 ⁶⁰ - 4.1.4.2.2¹², 4.1.3.5.2⁴, 4.1.3.5.3⁴, 3.18.1³, 2.13.5.5², 3.17.16², 3.18.9², 3.19.1², 4.1.3.1², 4.1.4.2.3², 2.11.2, 2.13.4, 2.13.8, 2.14.3, 3.8.2, 3.8.8, 3.9.14, 3.10.1, 3.11.4, 3.11.8, 3.15.5, 3.16.1, 3.17.1, 3.18.6, 3.18.17, 3.19.2, 3.19.9, 3.20.1, 4.1.3, 4.1.3.2, 4.1.3.3, 4.1.4.2, 4.5.4, 4.14.8, 4.16.5.9

18:2 ³⁴ - 3.16.14³, 4.1.3.1³, 4.1.4.2.2³, 3.14.8², 3.17.18.1², 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.9.14, 3.10.1, 3.10.3, 3.16.17, 3.16.19, 3.17.1, 3.17.5, 3.19.3, 3.20.7, 3.20.10, 4.1, 4.1.2.2, 4.1.3.3, 4.1.4.2, 4.1.4.2.1, 4.2.5, 4.3.2.4, 4.11.4, 4.19.4

18:3 ²⁵ - 4.1.4.2.2¹⁰, 3.14.8², 3.17.18.1², 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.6.15, 3.9.21, 3.11.2, 3.17.1, 3.18.9, 3.18.15, 3.19.15, 4.1.3.1, 4.1.3.5.2

18:4 ¹¹ - 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.13.15, 3.14.2, 3.14.13, 3.17.1, 3.18.22, 3.21.3, 3.22.18, 4.1.3.1, 4.1.3.5.2

18:5 ⁷ - 4.1.4.2.2², 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.17.1, 4.1.3.1, 4.1.3.5.2

18:6 ⁸ - 4.1.4.2.2², 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.17.1, 3.17.4, 4.1.3.1, 4.1.3.5.2

18:7 ¹⁰ - 4.1.4.2.2², 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.12.1.1, 3.17.1, 3.17.4, 3.18.9, 4.1.3.1, 4.1.3.5.2

18:8 ¹⁸ - 4.1.4.2.2⁵, 4.1.3.5.2², 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.1.10, 3.14.8, 3.17.1, 3.17.4, 3.17.16, 3.18.6, 3.22.18, 4.1.2.2, 4.1.3.1

18:9 ¹⁸ - 4.1.4.2.2³, 3.18.1², 3.18.8², 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.6.15, 3.17.1, 3.18.6, 3.18.9, 3.18.19, 3.19.19, 4.1.2.2, 4.1.3.1, 4.1.3.5.2

18:10 ²³ - 3.6.17², 3.14.8², 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.9.14, 3.11.8, 3.16.19, 3.17.1, 3.17.3, 3.17.12, 3.17.18, 3.18.1, 3.18.8, 3.18.10, 3.18.17, 3.18.19, 4.1, 4.1.2.2, 4.1.3.1, 4.1.3.5.2, 4.1.4.2.2

18:11 ⁹ - 3.18.1², 2.9.3.4, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.17.1, 3.18.15, 4.1.3.1, 4.1.4.2.2

18:12 ¹⁰ - 3.17.4², 2.9.3.4, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.17.1, 3.18.1, 3.19.8, 4.1.3.1, 4.1.4.2.2

18:13 ¹⁰ - 2.9.3.4, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.6.6, 3.6.9, 3.9.21, 3.17.1, 3.18.1, 4.1.3.1, 4.1.4.2.2

18:14 ⁸ - 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.6.9, 3.7.1, 3.17.1, 3.18.1, 4.1.3.1, 4.1.4.2.2

18:15 ⁹ - 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.7.1, 3.17.1, 3.18.1, 3.18.10, 3.18.17, 3.18.19, 4.1.3.1

18:16 ²¹ - 4.1.4.2.2³, 3.17.4², 3.18.1², 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.7.1, 3.11.8, 3.14.8, 3.16.19, 3.17.1, 3.17.3, 3.17.16, 3.17.18, 3.17.18.1, 3.18.10, 3.18.12, 4.1.3.1

18:17 ²⁰ - 3.17.16³, 3.18.1³, 3.18.17², 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.7.1, 3.17.1, 3.17.12, 3.17.18.1, 3.18.8, 3.18.10, 3.18.19, 4.1.2.2, 4.1.3.1, 4.1.4.2.2

18:18 ²⁰ - 3.14.8³, 4.1.4.2.2³, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.7.1, 3.11.8, 3.16.19, 3.17.1, 3.17.3, 3.17.16, 3.17.18, 3.18.1, 3.18.6, 3.18.17, 4.1.2.2, 4.1.3.1

18:19 ¹⁹ - 3.18.1², 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.7.1, 3.11.8, 3.14.8, 3.17.1, 3.17.3, 3.17.6, 3.17.12, 3.17.16, 3.17.18.1, 3.18.8, 3.18.10, 3.18.17, 4.1.2.2, 4.1.3.1, 4.1.4.2.2

18:20 ¹² - 4.1.4.2.2², 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.1.4, 3.11.18, 3.12.12, 3.17.1, 3.17.3, 3.18.1, 4.1.3.1, 4.1.3.5.2

18:21 ²⁵ - 4.1.3.5.2⁴, 3.17.1², 3.17.3², 4.1.3.1², 4.1.4.2², 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.9.14, 3.10.1.1, 3.14.8, 3.16.19, 3.17.16, 3.17.18, 4.1, 4.1.2.2, 4.1.3.4, 4.1.4.2.2, 4.19.4

18:22 ⁵ - 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.17.1, 4.1.3.1, 4.1.3.4

18:23 ¹⁸ - 4.1.3.1³, 4.1.4.2.2², 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.9.21, 3.12.9, 3.17.1, 3.17.2, 3.17.18.1, 3.18.3, 3.18.23, 3.19.15, 3.20.2, 3.20.3, 4.1.3.4

18:24 ²⁴ - 2.14.3⁵, 4.1.4.2.2⁵, 4.1.3.1², 2.13.5.5, 2.14.1, 3.3.10, 3.9.21, 3.17.1, 3.17.6, 3.17.18.1, 3.18.6, 3.18.20, 3.19.2, 4.1.3.4, 4.1.4.1

Rev. 19

19:1 ⁴⁶ - 2.12.4², 2.14.2², 3.19.1², 4.10.1², 2.2.11, 2.4.2, 2.7.4, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.13.4, 2.13.5.3, 2.13.5.5, 2.13.7, 2.13.8, 2.14.1, 2.14.3, 3.1.7, 3.2.22, 3.4.4, 3.5.8, 3.6.1, 3.6.11, 3.7.10, 3.9.20, 3.10.7, 3.11.18, 3.12.10, 3.12.12, 3.14.2, 3.15.5, 3.16.1, 3.17.1, 3.18.22, 3.19.11, 3.20.1, 4.1.3.3, 4.1.3.5.2, 4.1.4.2.2, 4.10.4, 4.11.6, 4.14, 4.14.5, 5.2.58

19:2 ³⁷ - 4.1.4.2.2⁶, 3.17.1³, 2.14.3², 4.1.4.2², 2.4.2, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.13.7, 2.14.1, 3.5.8, 3.6.1, 3.9.21, 3.12.12, 3.14.8, 3.16.6, 3.17.3, 3.17.5, 3.17.16, 3.17.18.1, 3.18.20, 3.18.22, 3.19.1, 3.19.5, 4.1.3.1, 4.1.3.3, 4.1.4.1, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.3.2.20, 4.5.4

19:3 ¹⁴ - 2.14.3², 2.4.2, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.13.7, 2.14.1, 3.6.1, 3.12.12, 3.14.11, 3.17.1, 3.18.8, 3.18.9, 3.18.22, 4.1.2.2

19:4 ²³ - 2.14.3², 3.4.2², 3.14.1.1², 3.14.3², 2.4.2, 2.7.5.3.3, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.13.7, 2.14.1, 3.4.4, 3.4.6, 3.4.10, 3.5.8, 3.6.1, 3.7.11, 3.11.16, 3.18.22, 3.19.9, 4.1.4.2.2

19:5 ¹² - 2.14.3², 3.11.18², 2.4.2, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.13.7, 2.14.1, 3.1.17, 3.4.2, 3.6.1, 3.19.2

19:6 ¹⁵ - 2.14.3², 2.4.2, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.13.7, 2.14.1, 3.1.15, 3.4.5, 3.6.1, 3.14.2, 3.19.1, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.10, 4.14.3.1, 4.16.4

19:7 ³⁸ - 3.21.2⁴, 4.10.1³, 4.10.5³, 2.14.3², 3.6.17², 4.10², 2.2.13, 2.4.2, 2.13.7, 2.14.1, 3.3.4, 3.3.12, 3.4.4, 3.5.6, 3.6.1, 3.11.7, 3.12.1, 3.15.6, 3.19.8, 3.19.9, 3.21.9, 3.21.11, 3.22.17, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.2.1, 4.14, 4.14.3.1, 4.14.8

19:8 ²¹ - 2.14.3², 4.10.5², 2.4.2, 2.13.7, 2.14.1, 3.3.4, 3.4.4, 3.6.1, 3.6.2, 3.15.6, 3.17.4, 3.19.8, 3.21.2, 4.1.4.2.3, 4.10, 4.10.1, 4.14, 4.14.3.1, 4.14.8

19:9 ²⁹ - 3.19.9³, 2.7.5.3.6², 2.14.3², 3.2.17², 2.13.7, 2.13.8, 2.14.1, 3.1.3, 3.1.11, 3.3.4, 3.3.20, 3.5.6, 3.6.1, 3.11.7, 3.14.13, 3.19.8, 3.20.6, 3.21.5, 4.1.4.2.2, 4.2.1, 4.10, 4.10.5, 4.14.3.1, 4.14.8

19:10 ¹⁴ - 2.2.13², 2.14.3², 2.13.7, 2.14, 2.14.1, 3.1.2, 3.3.4, 3.6.1, 3.9.20, 3.11.3, 3.20.4, 4.14.3.1

19:11 ⁴⁹ - 3.6.2³, 2.13.3², 2.13.3.1², 2.14.3², 3.1.5², 3.5.2², 3.10.1.1², 3.11.15², 3.19.11², 2.2.13, 2.4.3, 2.12.5, 2.13.5.3, 2.13.7, 2.14, 3.1.1, 3.3.4, 3.3.7, 3.3.14, 3.3.21, 3.4.1, 3.5.5, 3.6.1, 3.6.12, 3.16.15, 3.17.1, 3.17.16, 3.19.2, 3.19.21, 3.21.5, 4.3, 4.3.2.14, 4.5.1, 4.5.2, 4.5.4, 4.5.5.1, 4.10.5, 4.14.3.1, 4.17.4

19:12 ⁴⁰ - 3.6.2³, 2.13.3², 2.13.3.1², 2.14.3², 3.11.15², 3.19.12², 2.4.3, 2.12.5, 2.13.5.3, 2.13.7, 3.1.1, 3.1.5, 3.1.14, 3.2.17, 3.3.4, 3.3.12, 3.3.21, 3.4.8, 3.6.1, 3.16.15, 3.17.1, 3.17.16, 3.19.16, 3.19.21, 3.20.11, 3.21.5, 4.3, 4.3.2.14, 4.5.4, 4.5.5.1, 4.6.2, 4.10.5, 4.14.3.1

19:13 ³⁶ - 3.19.13³, 2.13.3², 2.13.3.1², 2.14.3², 3.11.15², 4.5.5.1², 2.2.13, 2.4.3, 2.12.5, 2.13.5.3, 2.13.7, 3.1.1, 3.1.2, 3.1.5, 3.3.4, 3.3.21, 3.6.1, 3.10.1.1, 3.14.20, 3.16.15, 3.17.1, 3.17.16, 3.19.21, 3.21.5, 4.3, 4.3.2.14, 4.5.4, 4.10.5, 4.14.3.1

19:14 ⁴² - 4.10.5³, 2.13.3², 2.13.3.1², 2.14.3², 3.11.15², 3.17.14², 3.19.8², 4.14.3.1², 2.4.3, 2.12.5, 2.13.5.3, 2.13.7, 2.13.8, 3.1.1, 3.1.5, 3.3.4, 3.3.5, 3.3.21, 3.6.1, 3.6.2, 3.14.20, 3.16.15, 3.17.1, 3.17.4, 3.17.16, 3.19.15, 3.19.21, 4.3, 4.3.2.14, 4.5.2, 4.5.4, 4.5.5, 4.5.5.1

19:15 ⁵¹ - 2.4.3³, 3.19.21³, 2.13.3², 2.13.3.1², 2.14.3², 3.11.15², 3.12.5², 2.12.5, 2.13.5.3, 2.13.7, 3.1.1, 3.1.5, 3.1.15, 3.1.16, 3.2.26, 3.2.27, 3.3.21, 3.4.1, 3.6.1, 3.6.2, 3.11.1, 3.11.2, 3.11.5, 3.14.10, 3.14.19, 3.15.1, 3.16.13, 3.16.15, 3.17.1, 3.17.16, 3.19.13, 3.19.15, 3.20.1, 4.3, 4.3.2.14, 4.5.2, 4.5.4, 4.5.5.1, 4.5.6, 4.10.5, 4.11.9, 4.14.5

19:16 ³¹ - 2.4.3², 2.13.3², 2.13.3.1², 2.14.3², 3.11.15², 2.2.13, 2.12.5, 2.13.5.3, 2.13.7, 3.1.1, 3.1.5, 3.3.21, 3.6.1, 3.10.1.1, 3.15.3, 3.16.15, 3.17.1, 3.17.16, 3.19.16, 3.19.21, 3.20.1, 4.3, 4.3.2.14, 4.5.4, 4.5.5.1, 4.10.5

19:17 ³⁸ - 3.8.13⁴, 2.13.3.1³, 2.13.3², 2.14.3², 3.14.17², 2.4.3, 2.12.5, 2.13.5.3, 2.13.5.4, 2.13.7, 3.1.5, 3.3.3, 3.3.21, 3.6.1, 3.6.8, 3.8.1, 3.11.9, 3.11.15, 3.13.16, 3.16.14, 3.17.1, 3.17.2, 3.17.16, 3.19.6, 3.19.21, 4.3, 4.3.2.14, 4.5.2, 4.5.4, 4.5.5.1

19:18 ³⁷ - 2.13.3.1³, 3.8.13³, 2.13.3², 2.14.3², 3.14.17², 2.4.3, 2.12.5, 2.13.5.3, 2.13.5.4, 2.13.7, 3.1.5, 3.3.3, 3.3.21, 3.6.1, 3.6.8, 3.6.15, 3.8.1, 3.11.9, 3.11.15, 3.11.18, 3.17.1, 3.17.16, 3.18.9, 3.19.6, 3.19.21, 4.3, 4.3.2.14, 4.5.2, 4.5.4, 4.5.5.1

19:19 ⁴⁴ - 2.13.3.1³, 2.13.3², 2.14.3², 3.17.14², 3.19.6², 4.5.2², 2.4.3, 2.12.5, 2.13.5.3, 2.13.5.4, 2.13.7, 3.1.5, 3.3.21, 3.5.6, 3.6.1, 3.6.15, 3.7.1, 3.11.7, 3.11.15, 3.11.18, 3.17.1, 3.17.8, 3.17.16, 3.18.9, 3.19.14, 3.19.15, 3.19.21, 4.1.4.2.2, 4.2.1, 4.2.8, 4.3, 4.3.2.14, 4.3.2.16, 4.5.4, 4.5.6, 4.12, 4.12.3

19:20 ⁸⁵ - 4.3.2.16⁶, 3.11.15³, 2.3.2², 2.4.3², 2.13.3², 2.13.3.1², 2.13.5.3², 2.13.5.4², 2.14.3², 3.3.21², 3.11.7², 3.13.11², 3.17.8², 3.19.6², 3.20.2², 3.20.10², 4.2.1², 4.3.2.18², 4.5.4², 2.2.8, 2.4.2, 2.11.3.1, 2.12.5, 2.13.7, 3.1.5, 3.5.6, 3.6.1, 3.6.2, 3.8.7, 3.9.17, 3.11.3, 3.12.9, 3.13.1, 3.13.8.2, 3.13.10, 3.13.12, 3.13.13, 3.14.11, 3.15.2, 3.16.14, 3.16.17, 3.17.1, 3.17.16, 3.19.11, 3.19.20, 3.19.21, 4.2.6, 4.2.7.1, 4.2.8, 4.2.9, 4.3, 4.3.1, 4.3.2.12, 4.3.2.14, 4.3.2.19, 4.4.3.4, 4.11.6, 4.12, 4.12.3, 4.14.3.1, 4.16.5.9

19:21 ³¹ - 2.14.3³, 2.13.3², 2.13.3.1², 2.13.5.3², 3.19.6², 3.19.15², 2.4.3, 2.12.5, 2.13.5.4, 2.13.7, 3.1.5, 3.3.21, 3.6.1, 3.11.15, 3.16.20, 3.17.1, 3.17.3, 3.17.8, 3.17.14, 3.17.16, 3.19.21, 3.20.3, 4.3.2.14, 4.5.2

Rev. 20

20:1 ⁵⁸ - 3.20.1⁶, 4.11.9⁴, 4.11.2³, 2.12.5², 2.14.3², 3.9.1², 3.9.14², 3.10.7², 3.20.5², 4.14.3.1², 5.2.1², 2.2.11, 2.3.3, 2.7.3, 2.7.4, 2.10.1, 2.14.2, 3.1.6, 3.1.18, 3.4.4, 3.6.2, 3.7.4, 3.9.11, 3.10.1, 3.12.9, 3.12.12, 3.16.1, 3.16.17, 3.17.1, 3.19.1, 4.2.7, 4.3.2.17, 4.11, 4.11.3, 4.11.7, 4.11.10, 5.2.13, 5.2.58, 5.2.59, 5.5

20:2 ³⁹ - 3.20.1⁴, 2.14.3², 3.9.1², 3.9.11², 4.11.2², 4.14.3.1², 2.4.3, 2.7.4, 2.12.5, 3.1.6, 3.1.18, 3.6.2, 3.9.14, 3.10.7, 3.11.15, 3.12.3, 3.12.8, 3.12.9, 3.12.12, 3.16.1, 3.16.17, 3.17.1, 3.19.1, 3.20.2, 3.20.10, 4.2.7, 4.3.2.17, 4.11.4, 4.11.9, 4.16.5, 5.5

20:3 ⁴⁷ - 3.20.1⁴, 2.14.3², 3.12.9², 3.17.1², 3.20.3², 4.11.2², 4.11.4², 2.12.5, 2.13.4, 2.13.5.5, 3.1.6, 3.1.13, 3.1.18, 3.5.5, 3.6.2, 3.9.1, 3.9.5, 3.9.11, 3.9.14, 3.10.7, 3.11.2, 3.12.6.1, 3.12.12, 3.16.1, 3.16.17, 3.18.23, 3.19.1, 3.19.15, 3.20.6.1, 3.21.25, 4.2.7, 4.3.2.17, 4.5.1, 4.11.9, 4.14.3.1, 4.16.5, 5.2.13, 5.5

20:4 ¹²⁹ - 3.4.4⁵, 4.3.2.16⁵, 3.20.1⁴, 2.4.3³, 3.3.10³, 3.13.15³, 4.11.4³, 2.7.3², 2.14.3², 3.1.6², 3.2.27², 3.3.12², 3.3.21², 3.6.2², 3.6.9², 3.11.7², 3.12.5², 3.14.13², 3.17.14², 3.20.5.1², 4.10.5², 4.11.6², 4.11.9², 4.14.3.1², 2.2.8, 2.3.2, 2.9.1, 2.10, 2.12.5, 2.13.5.4, 2.13.5.5, 2.13.7, 3.1.1, 3.1.2, 3.1.3, 3.2.25, 3.2.28, 3.5.5, 3.5.6, 3.5.10, 3.6.11, 3.7.3, 3.9.20, 3.11.3, 3.11.12, 3.11.15, 3.11.18, 3.12.1, 3.12.6, 3.12.6.1, 3.12.11, 3.12.17, 3.13.6, 3.13.8.2, 3.13.16, 3.14.1.1, 3.14.16, 3.15.2, 3.16.6, 3.16.17, 3.17.1, 3.17.6, 3.17.9, 3.17.17, 3.19.1, 3.19.2, 3.19.9, 3.19.10, 3.19.14, 3.20.4, 3.20.6.1, 3.21.1, 3.21.2, 3.22.2, 3.22.5, 4.2.1, 4.2.8, 4.3.1, 4.3.2.12, 4.3.2.14, 4.3.2.20, 4.4.3.4, 4.5.1, 4.5.5, 4.10.1, 4.11.2, 4.11.5, 4.11.6.1, 4.11.7, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.10.2, 5.2.13, 5.5

20:5 ⁵⁴ - 3.20.1³, 3.20.5.1³, 3.20.6.1³, 2.14.3², 3.1.6², 3.2.27², 3.3.21², 3.12.5², 4.3.2.16², 4.10.5², 4.11.4², 2.7.3, 2.12.5, 2.13.5.5, 2.13.7, 3.1.3, 3.2.28, 3.3.12, 3.5.5, 3.5.10, 3.6.2, 3.11.15, 3.11.18, 3.12.6, 3.12.6.1, 3.17.14, 3.21.1, 3.21.2, 3.22.5, 4.3.1, 4.3.2.12, 4.3.2.14, 4.5.5, 4.10.1, 4.11.2, 4.11.7, 4.11.9, 4.14.3.1, 5.2.13, 5.5

20:6 ⁶⁶ - 3.20.1³, 3.20.5.1³, 2.7.5.3.6², 2.14.3², 3.1.3², 3.1.6², 3.2.27², 3.3.21², 3.5.10², 3.11.18², 3.12.5², 4.3.2.16², 4.10.5², 2.2.13, 2.12.5, 2.13.5.5, 2.13.7, 3.2.11, 3.2.26, 3.2.28, 3.3.12, 3.4.4, 3.5.5, 3.5.9, 3.6.2, 3.11.15, 3.12.6, 3.12.6.1, 3.14.10, 3.17.14, 3.20.4, 3.20.6, 3.20.6.1, 3.21.1, 3.21.2, 3.22.2, 3.22.5, 4.3.1, 4.3.2.12, 4.3.2.14, 4.5.5, 4.10.1, 4.11.2, 4.11.4, 4.11.7, 4.11.9, 4.13, 4.14.3.1, 4.16.5.10.2, 5.2.13, 5.5

20:7 ²² - 2.14.3², 3.20.1², 3.20.8², 2.12.5, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.1, 3.1.3, 3.1.6, 3.9.14, 3.11.18, 3.16.17, 3.18.2, 3.20.3, 3.21.23, 3.22.7, 4.11.2, 4.11.9, 4.14.3.1, 4.16.5.10.2

20:8 ²⁷ - 2.7.5.3.3², 2.14.3², 3.20.3², 3.20.8², 2.12.5, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.1, 3.1.3, 3.1.6, 3.2.10, 3.9.5, 3.9.11, 3.11.18, 3.12.9, 3.16.17, 3.19.15, 3.20.2, 3.21.9, 3.21.23, 3.22.7, 4.11.2, 4.11.9, 4.16.5.10.2

20:9 ²² - 2.14.3², 3.20.8², 2.12.5, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.1, 3.1.3, 3.1.6, 3.2.27, 3.11.18, 3.12.9, 3.16.17, 3.20.3, 3.21.1, 3.21.9, 3.21.23, 3.22.7, 4.1.3.4, 4.11.2, 4.11.9, 4.16.5.10.2

20:10 ⁵³ - 3.19.20⁴, 3.14.11³, 2.14.3², 3.11.7², 3.12.9², 3.13.11², 3.20.3², 3.20.8², 4.2.1², 4.2.5², 4.3.2.16², 4.3.2.18², 2.4.3, 2.12.5, 2.13.5.5, 2.13.8, 2.14.1, 3.1.6, 3.2.27, 3.5.6, 3.9.1, 3.9.17, 3.10.7, 3.11.10, 3.12.7, 3.12.10, 3.13.1, 3.13.10, 3.14.10, 3.16.17, 3.17.8, 3.20.2, 3.20.10, 3.21.23, 4.2.7.1, 4.2.8, 4.11.2, 4.11.9

20:11 ³³ - 3.4.2³, 3.6.14², 3.11.18², 3.16.17², 3.20.6.1², 3.21.1², 2.4.1, 2.12.5, 2.13.3, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.1, 2.14.3, 3.5.1, 3.6.16, 3.12.6, 3.17.8, 3.18.2, 3.19.21, 3.20.5.1, 3.20.8, 3.22.1, 3.22.12, 3.22.20, 4.4.3.4, 4.11.9, 4.16.5.11

20:12 ³⁵ - 3.17.8³, 3.11.18², 3.20.6.1², 4.4.3.4², 2.7.3, 2.12.5, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.1, 2.14.3, 3.1.16, 3.2.23, 3.4.2, 3.5.1, 3.12.6, 3.13.8, 3.16.17, 3.18.2, 3.19.15, 3.19.20, 3.20.5.1, 3.20.8, 3.20.12, 3.21.1, 3.21.27, 3.22.12, 3.22.20, 4.4.1, 4.4.3.1, 4.11.9, 4.16.5.11

20:13 ²⁹ - 3.17.8², 3.19.20², 3.20.6.1², 3.21.1², 2.12.5, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.1, 2.14.3, 3.4.2, 3.5.13, 3.6.8, 3.11.18, 3.12.6, 3.16.17, 3.18.2, 3.20.5.1, 3.20.8, 3.20.12, 3.21.27, 3.22.12, 3.22.20, 4.4.1, 4.4.3.4, 4.11.9, 4.16.5.11

20:14 ³² - 3.11.18², 3.20.6.1², 3.21.1², 2.12.5, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.1, 2.14.3, 3.2.11, 3.4.2, 3.6.8, 3.8.7, 3.12.6, 3.16.17, 3.17.8, 3.18.2, 3.19.20, 3.20.5.1, 3.20.6, 3.20.8, 3.20.12, 3.21.4, 3.21.27, 3.22.1, 3.22.12, 3.22.20, 4.4.1, 4.11.6, 4.11.9, 4.16.5.11

20:15 ³⁸ - 3.19.20², 3.20.12², 4.4.3.4², 2.12.5, 2.14.1, 2.14.3, 3.2.21, 3.2.23, 3.4.2, 3.5.1, 3.8.7, 3.11.18, 3.12.6, 3.13.8, 3.14.10, 3.14.11, 3.15.2, 3.16.17, 3.17.8, 3.17.14, 3.18.2, 3.20.5.1, 3.20.6.1, 3.20.8, 3.20.10, 3.21.8, 3.21.27, 3.22.12, 3.22.18, 3.22.20, 3.22.22, 4.4.1, 4.4.3.1, 4.4.3.2, 4.11.9

Rev. 21

21:1 ³⁹ - 4.11.4³, 2.12.2.5², 2.13.8², 3.21.1², 3.22.1², 2.4.1, 2.4.3, 2.12.2.1, 2.13.3, 2.14.2, 2.14.3, 3.4.6, 3.5.6, 3.6.14, 3.10.11, 3.11.18, 3.14.1, 3.16.17, 3.16.20, 3.19.3, 3.20.2, 3.20.11, 3.21.4, 3.21.9, 3.21.16, 3.21.23, 3.22.2, 4.10.4, 4.11.3, 4.11.6, 4.11.7, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.11

21:2 ³⁸ - 2.13.8³, 3.17.18.1³, 3.3.12², 3.19.7², 3.21.9², 3.22.1², 4.10.4², 2.7.3, 2.8, 2.9.2, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.1, 3.1.9, 3.11.2, 3.12.1, 3.12.6, 3.19.9, 3.21.1, 3.21.2, 3.21.10, 3.21.11, 3.22.8, 3.22.17, 4.10.5, 4.10.6, 4.11.4, 4.14, 4.16.5.11, 5.2.63

21:3 ²¹ - 2.13.8³, 3.7.15², 3.22.3², 4.16.2², 2.4.3, 2.14.1, 3.3.4, 3.3.12, 3.7.17, 3.12.12, 3.14.2, 3.14.10, 3.21.1, 3.21.9, 3.22.1, 4.16.1

21:4 ²¹ - 2.13.8³, 3.21.1², 3.22.1², 2.14.1, 3.1.18, 3.5.6, 3.7.17, 3.19.1, 3.20.5.1, 3.20.14, 3.21.9, 3.22.2, 3.22.3, 4.4.3.4, 4.11.3, 4.11.6, 4.11.7

21:5 ⁹ - 3.4.2², 2.14.1, 3.1.11, 3.3.14, 3.19.9, 3.21.1, 3.21.9, 3.22.1

21:6 ¹⁹ - 2.7.5.3.6², 3.22.1², 3.22.17², 2.2.13, 2.14.1, 3.1.8, 3.1.11, 3.3.14, 3.4.6, 3.5.5, 3.7.17, 3.8.10, 3.16.17, 3.21.1, 3.21.9, 3.22.13

21:7 ¹² - 2.9.3.4, 2.13.8, 2.14.1, 3.5.5, 3.11.18, 3.12.11, 3.20.14, 3.21.1, 3.21.9, 3.22.1, 4.15.1.2, 4.15.1.3

21:8 ¹⁴ - 3.9.21², 3.18.23², 2.14.1, 3.2.11, 3.9.17, 3.14.10, 3.20.6, 3.20.14, 3.21.1, 3.21.9, 3.22.1, 4.11.3

21:9 ³⁵ - 2.7.5.3.6³, 3.17.18.1², 3.19.7², 3.19.9², 3.21.2², 3.22.1², 2.2.13, 2.13.8, 2.14.1, 3.1.1, 3.3.12, 3.5.6, 3.6.17, 3.11.7, 3.11.15, 3.12.1, 3.15.1, 3.17.1, 3.17.18, 3.21.10, 3.21.11, 3.22.17, 3.22.18, 4.2.1, 4.10.4, 4.10.5, 4.10.6, 4.14

21:10 ²³ - 3.17.18.1⁴, 3.21.2², 2.12.3, 2.14, 3.1.10, 3.3.12, 3.4.2, 3.11.8, 3.13.1, 3.14.1, 3.14.8, 3.16.19, 3.17.3, 3.17.18, 3.19.7, 3.21.9, 3.22.1, 4.1.4.2, 4.16.5.1

21:11 ⁶ - 3.4.3², 3.21.2², 3.17.18.1, 3.21.18

21:12 ¹⁵ - 2.7.5.3.7², 3.1.7², 3.4.4², 3.7.4², 2.7.5.2, 3.12.1, 3.21.2, 3.21.17, 3.22.2, 4.10.5, 4.17.3.2.3

21:13 ⁸ - 4.7², 2.7.5.2, 2.7.5.3.2, 2.7.5.3.3, 3.4.4, 3.21.2, 3.21.12

21:14 ¹⁶ - 2.7.5.3.7², 3.4.4², 3.21.12², 3.22.2², 2.7.5.2, 3.5.6, 3.11.7, 3.17.18.1, 3.19.9, 3.21.2, 4.2.1, 4.10.5

21:15 ⁴ - 3.11.1, 3.21.2, 3.22.14, 3.22.18

21:16 ⁵ - 3.21.2³, 2.7.5.3.7, 4.16.5.11

21:17 ³ - 3.21.2², 3.13.18

21:18 ⁷ - 3.17.18.1², 3.21.11², 3.4.3, 3.21.2, 3.21.21

21:19 ¹⁰ - 3.4.3³, 2.7.5.3.7, 2.9.3.4, 2.13.8, 3.17.18.1, 3.21.2, 3.21.11, 3.21.14

21:20 ⁴ - 2.7.5.3.7, 3.4.3, 3.17.18.1, 3.21.2

21:21 ⁸ - 2.7.5.3.7², 2.13.8, 3.15.2, 3.17.18.1, 3.21.2, 3.21.11, 3.21.12

21:22 ¹⁹ - 3.3.12², 4.16.5.1², 4.16.5.11², 3.5.6, 3.11.7, 3.19.9, 3.21.2, 3.21.13, 3.21.16, 3.21.19.1, 4.2.1, 4.10.6, 4.11.7, 4.16.1, 4.16.2, 4.16.5

21:23 ¹⁵ - 2.13.8³, 4.16.2², 3.5.6, 3.11.7, 3.17.18.1, 3.18.1, 3.19.9, 3.21.2, 3.21.24, 4.2.1, 4.11.7, 4.16.5.11

21:24 ¹³ - 3.17.18.1³, 2.13.8, 3.11.2, 3.19.15, 3.21.2, 3.21.3, 3.21.9, 3.21.12, 3.21.23, 3.22.2, 3.22.14

21:25 ⁹ - 2.13.8, 3.12.10, 3.21.2, 3.21.3, 3.21.9, 3.21.12, 3.22.2, 3.22.14, 4.11.7

21:26 ⁷ - 3.15.4, 3.19.15, 3.21.2, 3.21.3, 3.21.9, 3.22.2, 3.22.14

21:27 ²² - 3.17.18.1³, 2.13.8², 4.4.3.2², 3.5.1, 3.5.6, 3.11.7, 3.17.8, 3.19.9, 3.20.12, 3.20.15, 3.21.2, 3.21.8, 3.21.21, 3.22.1, 4.2.1, 4.4, 4.4.3, 4.4.3.4

Rev. 22

22:1 ³³ - 2.12.2.5², 2.13.8², 3.4.6², 2.2.13, 2.4.3, 2.12.2.1, 2.14.2, 3.3.12, 3.3.21, 3.4.2, 3.5.6, 3.7.17, 3.11.7, 3.11.18, 3.12.2, 3.12.15, 3.14.1, 3.15.2, 3.19.9, 3.20.2, 3.21.6, 3.21.10, 3.21.11, 3.21.24, 3.22.2, 4.2.1, 4.11.1, 4.11.4, 4.16.5, 4.16.5.1

22:2 ¹⁸ - 2.7.5.3.7³, 2.13.8², 3.2.7², 3.4.6, 3.7.17, 3.11.2, 3.19.15, 3.21.9, 3.21.10, 3.21.23, 3.21.24, 3.22.2, 3.22.19, 4.16.5.11

22:3 ²⁰ - 3.22.2², 2.4.3, 2.13.8, 3.3.4, 3.3.21, 3.4.2, 3.5.6, 3.7.17, 3.11.7, 3.19.2, 3.19.9, 3.21.4, 3.21.9, 3.21.23, 3.21.24, 3.22.1, 3.22.3, 4.2.1, 4.11.6

22:4 ¹³ - 3.21.3², 3.2.17, 3.3.4, 3.3.12, 3.6.6, 3.7.3, 3.9.4, 3.14.1, 3.20.12, 3.21.2, 3.21.24, 4.16.1

22:5 ¹⁴ - 2.14.3², 3.21.24², 2.13.5.5, 2.14, 2.14.1, 3.2.27, 3.17.18.1, 3.20.4, 3.21.11, 4.11.6, 4.11.7, 4.16.2

22:6 ¹⁹ - 3.1.1⁵, 2.12.2.4², 2.9.3.1, 2.13.5.5, 2.14, 2.14.3, 3.1.3, 3.3.14, 3.4.1, 3.4.6, 3.19.2, 3.19.9, 3.21.5, 3.22.7

22:7 ²⁹ - 2.7.5.3.6³, 3.1.3³, 2.4.3², 3.1.1², 3.1.7², 1.2, 2.2.6, 2.2.13, 2.3.1, 2.9.3.1, 2.12.2.4, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.1.4, 3.2.25, 3.3.8, 3.5.1, 3.14.13, 3.21.10, 3.22.9, 3.22.18, 4.8

22:8 ¹³ - 3.1.1², 3.1.9², 2.8, 2.9.2, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.4.11, 3.5.13, 3.19.10, 3.21.2, 3.22.8

22:9 ¹³ - 3.1.1², 2.4.2, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.4.11, 3.5.1, 3.5.13, 3.9.20, 3.10.11, 3.11.18, 3.19.10, 3.22.7

22:10 ¹³ - 3.5.1², 3.20.3², 2.2.13, 2.3.1, 2.9.3.1, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.10.4, 3.13.18, 3.22.7, 4.8

22:11 ³ - 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.16.9

22:12 ¹¹ - 2.4.3², 3.1.7², 2.7.5.3.6, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.1.4, 3.11.18, 3.20.12, 3.22.7

22:13 ¹⁰ - 2.7.5.3.6², 3.21.6², 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.1.8, 3.1.11, 3.3.14, 3.11.15

22:14 ¹⁴ - 2.7.5.3.6², 2.13.8², 2.2.6, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.1.3, 3.2.7, 3.14.13, 3.21.12, 3.22.2, 3.22.19, 4.16.5.11

22:15 ⁶ - 3.18.23², 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.9.21, 4.11.3

22:16 ¹⁶ - 2.7.5.3.6², 3.1.1², 2.2.13, 2.13.5.5, 2.13.8, 2.14.3, 3.2.28, 3.3.22, 3.4.1, 3.5.5, 3.6.13, 3.15.6, 4.14, 4.14.9

22:17 ⁹ - 2.2.1, 2.4.3, 2.13.5.5, 2.13.8, 2.14.3, 3.12.1, 3.21.6, 4.10.5, 4.14

22:18 ¹⁵ - 3.1.3², 2.2.13, 2.3.1, 2.6.2, 2.7.2, 2.7.5.3.6, 2.9.3.1, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.5.1, 3.22.18, 3.22.19, 4.15.1.1, 4.15.1.5

22:19 ¹⁸ - 3.1.3², 2.2.13, 2.3.1, 2.6.2, 2.7.2, 2.9.3.1, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.5.1, 3.11.2, 3.21.2, 3.22.2, 4.4.3, 4.4.3.2, 4.4.3.4, 4.15.1.1, 4.15.1.5

22:20 ¹⁵ - 2.12.2.4³, 2.4.3², 3.1.7², 2.7.5.3.6, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3, 3.1.1, 3.1.4, 3.2.25, 3.22.17, 4.8

22:21 ³ - 2.7.2, 2.13.5.5, 2.14.3