CrossLinks Topical Index - AH


Ahab : Ahab - death of; Ahab - sons killed; archaeology - Ahab - inscription ; Jezebel - incited Ahab; Jezebel - influence over Ahab
Ahab - death of : 1K. 21:19; 1K. 21:29; 1K. 22:37-38
Ahab - incited by Jezebel : Jezebel - incited Ahab
Ahab - inscription - archaeology : archaeology - Ahab - inscription
Ahab - Jezebel - influence over : Jezebel - influence over Ahab
Ahab - sons killed : 1K. 21:21; 1K. 21:29; 2K. 9:7-8; 2K. 10:10
Aharoni, Yohanan, The Macmillan Bible Atlas : Ref-0846
Aharoni, Yohanan, The Macmillan Bible Atlas - Avi-Yonah, Michael, The Macmillan Bible Atlas : Ref-0846
Aharoni, Yohanan, The Macmillan Bible Atlas - Avi-Yonah, Michael, The Macmillan Bible Atlas - The Macmillan Bible Atlas, Yohanan Aharoni, Michael Avi-Yonah : Ref-0846
Ahaseurus : archaeology - Rock of Behistun
Ahasuerus : Ahasuerus - Darius Hystaspis - Artaxerxes ; Ahasuerus - identity ; chronology - B.C. 0519 - Ahasuerus - third year - Jones ; exegesis - Dan._9:1
Ahasuerus - Cyaxeres - Newton : exegesis - Dan._9:1
Ahasuerus - Darius Hystaspis - Artaxerxes : Ezra 4:6; Ezra 6:14; Est. 1:1-2; Est. 1:9-10; Est. 1:15-17; Est. 1:19; Est. 2:1; Est. 2:12; Est. 2:16; Est. 2:21; Est. 3:1; Est. 3:7-8; Est. 3:12; Est. 6:2; Est. 7:5; Est. 8:1; Est. 8:7; Est. 8:10; Est. 8:12; Est. 9:2; Est. 9:20; Est. 9:30; Est. 10:1; Est. 10:3

✪ See Ezra - age - extreme. "Profane literature will now speak and testify as to the identity of this Ahasuerus. It shall be shown that this material declares him to be Darius Hystaspis (of Marathon, the Great or Darius I), and not Xerxes, as is commonly believed." Ref-0186, p. 209. "Although the Old Testament Apocrypha is not the inspired Word of God, hence is neither authoritative nor trustworthy, it does reveal how the writers of that time interpreted the story of Ezra, The first book of Esdras (c.140 B.C.) recites verbatim Esther 1:1-3, the only change being that of replacing the name “Ahasuerus” with “Darius” (I Esdras 3:1-2). . . . Sir Isaac Newton took the Book of Esdras to be the “best interpreter of the Book of Ezra” and thus,although he never refers to the Book of Esther anywhere in his discussion of the Persians, his chronology accepted Esdras to be correct in identifying the Ahasuerus of Esther as Darius Hystaspis. Ussher and Bishop Lloyd made the same identification." Ref-0186, pp. 212-213. "With the Ahasuerus of Esther as Darius I Hystaspis (of Marathon, the Great), his third year would fall in B.C. 519. Thus Mordecai could have been as young as 78 in the first chapter of Esther and 9 years older at its end (87) rather than 125 years old when promoted to prime minister during the twelfth year of that Persian Monarch . . ." Ref-0186, p. 214. "That the Ahasuerus of Esther is Darius Hystaspes and no other—although as Kitto says, “Almost every Medo-Persian King from Cyaxares I (B.C. 611-571) to Artaxerxes III Ochus (B.C. 358-338), has in turn been advanced as the Ahasuerus of Esther”—is abundantly clear, and would never have been doubted but for the misdating of the events of the Persian period, and the mistaken notion that the same Persian monarch could not be described by two or three different names." Ref-1299, p. 242. "Archbishop Ussher was a profoundly well read scholar, and he identifies Darius Hystaspes with Artaxerxes, and with Ahasuerus, and this is in entire agreement with everything contained in the Old Testament, and with all trustworthy ancient testimony. But since Scaliger, the first modern Chronologer, introduced the new fangled notion that Ahasuerus must be Xerxes, most modern scholars have adopted his error, which rests on no more substantial ground than that of philological conjecture, and supposed congruity of character. . . . erroneous presuppositions . . . make the understanding of the Books of Ezra, Nehemiah and Esther impossible, for these never can be understood until we realize that Darius Hystaspes, the Artaxerxes of Ezra and Nehemiah, and the Ahasuerus of Esther are one and the same person" Ref-1299, p. 243. "The change of name which is so puzzling to us, was perfectly well understood at the time when the Book of Ezra was written, and is thus a proof of the contemporaneity of the Record. But in order that there might be no mistake about the matter, the writer tells us in the most distinct and explicit manner that this Darius is the King who was also called Artaxerxes. In Ezra 6:14 he says, “They builded and finished it according to the commandment of Cyrus and Darius (even Artaxerxes), King of Persia.” Two persons, and two only, are named here; two decrees, and two only are specified, and the Hebrew Vav should be translated “Darius, even Artaxerxes,” not “Darius and Artaxerxes,” as though a reference were intended to some third decree by some third person, a reference which was not in the writer’s mind at all. The word Artaxerxes is an appellation like Pharaoh. The word Xerxes survives to this day. It is the ancient form of the modern “Shah.” “Arta” signifies great or noble, and “Arta-Xerxes” is the exact equivalent of Darius the Great or Xerxes the Great. Similarly the son and successor of Darius Hystaspes, Xerxes in his Inscription at Persepolis, calls himself in one sentence “Xerxes the great King” and in the next “Darius the King.” Abraham Zacutus (15th Century A.D.), astronomer to Emanuel, King of Portugal, David Ganz of Prague (d. A.D. 1613) and the Sedar Olam Zenta or the Lesser Chronicle of the Jews (Anonymous, A.D. 1123), all tell us that “Artaxerxes among the Persians was the common name of their Kings as that of Pharaoh was among the Egyptians.”" Ref-1299, p. 244. "His [Josephus’] “Artaxerxes” is not Artaxerxes Longimanus, and it is incorrect to say that, according to Josephus, Esther was married to Artaxerxes Longimanus. According to Josephus, the Artaxerxes who married Esther was simply Artaxerxes, and that was a name borne by several Persian monarchs, and certainly by Darius Hystaspes. True he does say that this Artaxerxes who married Esther was the son of “Xerxes,” but by “Xerxes” he means quite positively the Artaxerxes of Ezra 7 and Nehemiah, who is identified by modern scholars with Artaxerxes Longimanus, but who is really Darius Hystaspes." Ref‐1299, pp. 266-267. See also Ref-1299, pp. 269-272. "Xerxes (from the Greek pronunciation of the name) is called אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ in Hebrew, which in many English Bibles is transliterated as Ahasuerus. Both the Hebrew and Greek pronunciations are reflections of the Old Persian name Xšayārša." Ref-1307, p. 192 "Ahasuerus is the Hebrew name for the Persian king Xerxes. Following is a quote from the authoritative work, Persia and the Bible, by Edwin Yamauchi (Baker, 1990, p. 187): “The name Xerxes comes from the Greek Xerxēs, which represents Old Persian Khšayāyāršan, meaning ‘ruler over heroes’ or ‘he who rules over men.’ In Elamite his name was Ikšweroš; in Akkadian Ahšiʿaršu. In Hebrew his name was rendered ʾahạšweroš, the Ahasuerus of Esther." Bryant Wood, We Hear You, Ref-0066, Vol. 25 No. 4 Fall 2012, 86-90, p. 88. "Apart from the Book of Esther, Xerxes is mentioned only in Ezra 4:6 in relation to the accusation that was lodged against the Jews in his reign. . . . There seems to be a clear allusion to Xerxes in Daniel 11:2, if one interprets the first three kings as Cambyses, Gaumata, and Darius: “then a fourth [that is, Xerxes], who will be far richer than all the others. When he has gained power by his wealth, he will stir up everyone against the kingdom of Greece.”" Ref-1521, pp. 187-188.


Ahasuerus - identity : Ezra 4:6; Est. 1:1-2; Est. 1:9-10; Est. 1:15-19; Est. 2:1; Est. 2:12; Est. 2:16; Est. 2:21; Est. 3:1; Est. 3:7-8; Est. 3:12; Est. 6:2; Est. 7:5; Est. 8:1; Est. 8:7; Est. 8:10; Est. 8:12; Est. 9:2; Est. 9:20; Est. 9:30; Est. 10:1; Est. 10:3; Dan. 9:1

"Among Bible scholars who accept the book of Esther as historical, it is generally believed that the Ahasuerus of Esther was Xerxes I. The primary reason is an apparent word association between the name Ahasuerus and the Old Persian word xshayârshâ. However, there are a number of reasons for equating Ahasuerus with Darius I (Hystaspes), the father of Xerxes I, including the fact that Darius spent considerable time in Susa, where he built a significant palace, whereas Xerxes did not spend much time in Susa, but in Persepolis. Events in the life of Darius can be correlated with dates for events given in Esther more closely than the events in the life of Xerxes." James R. Hughes Which Persian monarch was the Ahasuerus of the Book of Esther?, Ref-0784, volume 30(3) 2016, pp. 74-77, p. 74. "The Ahasuerus mentioned in Daniel 9:1 cannot be the same Ahasuerus as the one mentioned in Esther, since the Ahasuerus of Daniel 9:1 was the father of Darius the Mede. Whereas the rule of the Ahasuerus of Esther is later (either 522–486 bc or 486–465 bc, as traditionally dated1). The Ahasuerus mentioned in Ezra 4:6 is also probably not the king mentioned in Esther. He is probably Cambyses II, the son and successor of Cyrus." James R. Hughes Which Persian monarch was the Ahasuerus of the Book of Esther?, Ref-0784, volume 30(3) 2016, pp. 74-77, p. 74. "The overwhelming consensus among most modern commentators is that Ahasuerus was the Persian monarch named Xerxes I (reigned 486–465 bc), the son of Darius I (reigned 522–486 bc)—a different Darius from the one mentioned in Daniel (5:31; 6:1ff; 9:1; 11:1). Some commentators state that there can be no doubt about this identification. The translators of the NIV assume this identification and include the name Xerxes in the translated text of Esther. This view appears to have first been suggested by Joseph Scaliger (1540–1609), a Dutch scholar, in his work on historical chronology.3 James Ussher (1581–1656) took a different view than that of Scaliger, and understood Ahasuerus to be the father of Xerxes I—i.e. Darius I". James R. Hughes Which Persian monarch was the Ahasuerus of the Book of Esther?, Ref-0784, volume 30(3) 2016, pp. 74-77, p. 74. "This analysis of the historical evidence appears to indicate that Ahasuerus, the husband of Esther, was Darius I, not Xerxes I as is commonly believed today among Evangelicals." James R. Hughes Which Persian monarch was the Ahasuerus of the Book of Esther?, Ref-0784, volume 30(3) 2016, pp. 74-77, p. 77.


Ahasuerus - third year - Jones : chronology - B.C. 0519 - Ahasuerus - third year - Jones
Ahaz : archaeology - Ahaz - bulla ; archaeology - Tiglath-pileser III's palace ; Hezekiah - Ahaz - coregency
Ahaz - archaeology - bulla : archaeology - Ahaz - bulla
Ahaz - archaeology - Tiglath-pileser III's palace : archaeology - Tiglath-pileser III's palace
Ahaz - Hezekiah - coregency : Hezekiah - Ahaz - coregency
Ahaziah : archaeology - Tel Dan Stele ; difficulty - Ahaziah - age at accession
Ahaziah - age at accession - difficulty : difficulty - Ahaziah - age at accession
Ahaziah - Tel Dan Stele : archaeology - Tel Dan Stele
Ahimelech : Abiathar - Ahimelech
Ahimelech - Abiathar : Abiathar - Ahimelech

AH